agents 0.0.0-d6a4eda → 0.0.0-d72c6a2

package/src/index.ts

@@ -1,34 +1,34 @@
+import type { env } from "cloudflare:workers";
+import { AsyncLocalStorage } from "node:async_hooks";
+import type { Client } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/index.js";
+import type { SSEClientTransportOptions } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/sse.js";
+
+import type {
+  Prompt,
+  Resource,
+  ServerCapabilities,
+  Tool
+} from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/types.js";
+import { parseCronExpression } from "cron-schedule";
+import { nanoid } from "nanoid";
+import { EmailMessage } from "cloudflare:email";
 import {
-  Server,
-  routePartykitRequest,
-  type PartyServerOptions,
-  getServerByName,
   type Connection,
   type ConnectionContext,
+  type PartyServerOptions,
+  Server,
   type WSMessage,
+  getServerByName,
+  routePartykitRequest
 } from "partyserver";
-
-import { parseCronExpression } from "cron-schedule";
-import { nanoid } from "nanoid";
-
-import { AsyncLocalStorage } from "node:async_hooks";
-import { MCPClientManager } from "./mcp/client";
-import {
-  DurableObjectOAuthClientProvider,
-  type AgentsOAuthProvider,
-} from "./mcp/do-oauth-client-provider";
-import type {
-  Tool,
-  Resource,
-  Prompt,
-} from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/types.js";
-
-import type { Client } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/index.js";
-import type { SSEClientTransportOptions } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/client/sse.js";
-
 import { camelCaseToKebabCase } from "./client";
+import { MCPClientManager } from "./mcp/client";
+// import type { MCPClientConnection } from "./mcp/client-connection";
+import { DurableObjectOAuthClientProvider } from "./mcp/do-oauth-client-provider";
+import { genericObservability, type Observability } from "./observability";
+import { MessageType } from "./ai-types";
 
-export type { Connection, WSMessage, ConnectionContext } from "partyserver";
+export type { Connection, ConnectionContext, WSMessage } from "partyserver";
 
 /**
  * RPC request message from client
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ export type RPCRequest = {
  * State update message from client
  */
 export type StateUpdateMessage = {
-  type: "cf_agent_state";
+  type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_STATE;
   state: unknown;
 };
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ export type StateUpdateMessage = {
  * RPC response message to client
  */
 export type RPCResponse = {
-  type: "rpc";
+  type: MessageType.RPC;
   id: string;
 } & (
   | {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ function isRPCRequest(msg: unknown): msg is RPCRequest {
     typeof msg === "object" &&
     msg !== null &&
     "type" in msg &&
-    msg.type === "rpc" &&
+    msg.type === MessageType.RPC &&
     "id" in msg &&
     typeof msg.id === "string" &&
     "method" in msg &&
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ function isStateUpdateMessage(msg: unknown): msg is StateUpdateMessage {
     typeof msg === "object" &&
     msg !== null &&
     "type" in msg &&
-    msg.type === "cf_agent_state" &&
+    msg.type === MessageType.CF_AGENT_STATE &&
     "state" in msg
   );
 }
@@ -112,16 +112,16 @@ export type CallableMetadata = {
   streaming?: boolean;
 };
 
-// biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: <explanation>
 const callableMetadata = new Map<Function, CallableMetadata>();
 
 /**
  * Decorator that marks a method as callable by clients
  * @param metadata Optional metadata about the callable method
  */
-export function unstable_callable(metadata: CallableMetadata = {}) {
+export function callable(metadata: CallableMetadata = {}) {
   return function callableDecorator<This, Args extends unknown[], Return>(
     target: (this: This, ...args: Args) => Return,
+    // biome-ignore lint/correctness/noUnusedFunctionParameters: later
     context: ClassMethodDecoratorContext
   ) {
     if (!callableMetadata.has(target)) {
@@ -132,6 +132,30 @@ export function unstable_callable(metadata: CallableMetadata = {}) {
   };
 }
 
+let didWarnAboutUnstableCallable = false;
+
+/**
+ * Decorator that marks a method as callable by clients
+ * @deprecated this has been renamed to callable, and unstable_callable will be removed in the next major version
+ * @param metadata Optional metadata about the callable method
+ */
+export const unstable_callable = (metadata: CallableMetadata = {}) => {
+  if (!didWarnAboutUnstableCallable) {
+    didWarnAboutUnstableCallable = true;
+    console.warn(
+      "unstable_callable is deprecated, use callable instead. unstable_callable will be removed in the next major version."
+    );
+  }
+  callable(metadata);
+};
+
+export type QueueItem<T = string> = {
+  id: string;
+  payload: T;
+  callback: keyof Agent<unknown>;
+  created_at: number;
+};
+
 /**
  * Represents a scheduled task within an Agent
  * @template T Type of the payload data
@@ -177,7 +201,7 @@ function getNextCronTime(cron: string) {
  * MCP Server state update message from server -> Client
  */
 export type MCPServerMessage = {
-  type: "cf_agent_mcp_servers";
+  type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_MCP_SERVERS;
   mcp: MCPServersState;
 };
 
@@ -194,7 +218,12 @@ export type MCPServer = {
   name: string;
   server_url: string;
   auth_url: string | null;
+  // This state is specifically about the temporary process of getting a token (if needed).
+  // Scope outside of that can't be relied upon because when the DO sleeps, there's no way
+  // to communicate a change to a non-ready state.
   state: "authenticating" | "connecting" | "ready" | "discovering" | "failed";
+  instructions: string | null;
+  capabilities: ServerCapabilities | null;
 };
 
 /**
@@ -216,23 +245,26 @@ const STATE_WAS_CHANGED = "cf_state_was_changed";
 const DEFAULT_STATE = {} as unknown;
 
 const agentContext = new AsyncLocalStorage<{
-  agent: Agent<unknown>;
+  agent: Agent<unknown, unknown>;
   connection: Connection | undefined;
   request: Request | undefined;
+  email: AgentEmail | undefined;
 }>();
 
 export function getCurrentAgent<
-  T extends Agent<unknown, unknown> = Agent<unknown, unknown>,
+  T extends Agent<unknown, unknown> = Agent<unknown, unknown>
 >(): {
   agent: T | undefined;
   connection: Connection | undefined;
-  request: Request<unknown, CfProperties<unknown>> | undefined;
+  request: Request | undefined;
+  email: AgentEmail | undefined;
 } {
   const store = agentContext.getStore() as
     | {
         agent: T;
         connection: Connection | undefined;
-        request: Request<unknown, CfProperties<unknown>> | undefined;
+        request: Request | undefined;
+        email: AgentEmail | undefined;
       }
     | undefined;
   if (!store) {
@@ -240,17 +272,47 @@ export function getCurrentAgent<
       agent: undefined,
       connection: undefined,
       request: undefined,
+      email: undefined
     };
   }
   return store;
 }
 
+/**
+ * Wraps a method to run within the agent context, ensuring getCurrentAgent() works properly
+ * @param agent The agent instance
+ * @param method The method to wrap
+ * @returns A wrapped method that runs within the agent context
+ */
+
+// biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: I can't typescript
+function withAgentContext<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(
+  method: T
+): (this: Agent<unknown, unknown>, ...args: Parameters<T>) => ReturnType<T> {
+  return function (...args: Parameters<T>): ReturnType<T> {
+    const { connection, request, email, agent } = getCurrentAgent();
+
+    if (agent === this) {
+      // already wrapped, so we can just call the method
+      return method.apply(this, args);
+    }
+    // not wrapped, so we need to wrap it
+    return agentContext.run({ agent: this, connection, request, email }, () => {
+      return method.apply(this, args);
+    });
+  };
+}
+
 /**
  * Base class for creating Agent implementations
  * @template Env Environment type containing bindings
  * @template State State type to store within the Agent
  */
-export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
+export class Agent<
+  Env = typeof env,
+  State = unknown,
+  Props extends Record<string, unknown> = Record<string, unknown>
+> extends Server<Env, Props> {
   private _state = DEFAULT_STATE as State;
 
   private _ParentClass: typeof Agent<Env, State> =
@@ -312,9 +374,14 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
    */
   static options = {
     /** Whether the Agent should hibernate when inactive */
-    hibernate: true, // default to hibernate
+    hibernate: true // default to hibernate
   };
 
+  /**
+   * The observability implementation to use for the Agent
+   */
+  observability?: Observability = genericObservability;
+
   /**
    * Execute SQL queries against the Agent's database
    * @template T Type of the returned rows
@@ -344,6 +411,9 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
   constructor(ctx: AgentContext, env: Env) {
     super(ctx, env);
 
+    // Auto-wrap custom methods with agent context
+    this._autoWrapCustomMethods();
+
     this.sql`
       CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cf_agents_state (
         id TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
@@ -351,6 +421,15 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
       )
     `;
 
+    this.sql`
+      CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cf_agents_queues (
+        id TEXT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL,
+        payload TEXT,
+        callback TEXT,
+        created_at INTEGER DEFAULT (unixepoch())
+      )
+    `;
+
     void this.ctx.blockConcurrencyWhile(async () => {
       return this._tryCatch(async () => {
         // Create alarms table if it doesn't exist
@@ -387,7 +466,7 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
     const _onRequest = this.onRequest.bind(this);
     this.onRequest = (request: Request) => {
       return agentContext.run(
-        { agent: this, connection: undefined, request },
+        { agent: this, connection: undefined, request, email: undefined },
         async () => {
           if (this.mcp.isCallbackRequest(request)) {
             await this.mcp.handleCallbackRequest(request);
@@ -395,15 +474,15 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
             // after the MCP connection handshake, we can send updated mcp state
             this.broadcast(
               JSON.stringify({
-                type: "cf_agent_mcp_servers",
-                mcp: this._getMcpServerStateInternal(),
+                mcp: this.getMcpServers(),
+                type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_MCP_SERVERS
               })
             );
 
             // We probably should let the user configure this response/redirect, but this is fine for now.
             return new Response("<script>window.close();</script>", {
-              status: 200,
               headers: { "content-type": "text/html" },
+              status: 200
             });
           }
 
@@ -415,7 +494,7 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
     const _onMessage = this.onMessage.bind(this);
     this.onMessage = async (connection: Connection, message: WSMessage) => {
       return agentContext.run(
-        { agent: this, connection, request: undefined },
+        { agent: this, connection, request: undefined, email: undefined },
         async () => {
           if (typeof message !== "string") {
             return this._tryCatch(() => _onMessage(connection, message));
@@ -424,7 +503,7 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
           let parsed: unknown;
           try {
             parsed = JSON.parse(message);
-          } catch (e) {
+          } catch (_e) {
             // silently fail and let the onMessage handler handle it
             return this._tryCatch(() => _onMessage(connection, message));
           }
@@ -448,7 +527,6 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
                 throw new Error(`Method ${method} is not callable`);
               }
 
-              // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: <explanation>
               const metadata = callableMetadata.get(methodFn as Function);
 
               // For streaming methods, pass a StreamingResponse object
@@ -460,22 +538,37 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
 
               // For regular methods, execute and send response
               const result = await methodFn.apply(this, args);
+
+              this.observability?.emit(
+                {
+                  displayMessage: `RPC call to ${method}`,
+                  id: nanoid(),
+                  payload: {
+                    method,
+                    streaming: metadata?.streaming
+                  },
+                  timestamp: Date.now(),
+                  type: "rpc"
+                },
+                this.ctx
+              );
+
               const response: RPCResponse = {
-                type: "rpc",
+                done: true,
                 id,
-                success: true,
                 result,
-                done: true,
+                success: true,
+                type: MessageType.RPC
               };
               connection.send(JSON.stringify(response));
             } catch (e) {
               // Send error response
               const response: RPCResponse = {
-                type: "rpc",
-                id: parsed.id,
-                success: false,
                 error:
                   e instanceof Error ? e.message : "Unknown error occurred",
+                id: parsed.id,
+                success: false,
+                type: MessageType.RPC
               };
               connection.send(JSON.stringify(response));
               console.error("RPC error:", e);
@@ -493,66 +586,104 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
       // TODO: This is a hack to ensure the state is sent after the connection is established
       // must fix this
       return agentContext.run(
-        { agent: this, connection, request: ctx.request },
-        async () => {
-          setTimeout(() => {
-            if (this.state) {
-              connection.send(
-                JSON.stringify({
-                  type: "cf_agent_state",
-                  state: this.state,
-                })
-              );
-            }
-
+        { agent: this, connection, request: ctx.request, email: undefined },
+        () => {
+          if (this.state) {
             connection.send(
               JSON.stringify({
-                type: "cf_agent_mcp_servers",
-                mcp: this._getMcpServerStateInternal(),
+                state: this.state,
+                type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_STATE
               })
             );
+          }
 
-            return this._tryCatch(() => _onConnect(connection, ctx));
-          }, 20);
+          connection.send(
+            JSON.stringify({
+              mcp: this.getMcpServers(),
+              type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_MCP_SERVERS
+            })
+          );
+
+          this.observability?.emit(
+            {
+              displayMessage: "Connection established",
+              id: nanoid(),
+              payload: {
+                connectionId: connection.id
+              },
+              timestamp: Date.now(),
+              type: "connect"
+            },
+            this.ctx
+          );
+          return this._tryCatch(() => _onConnect(connection, ctx));
         }
       );
     };
 
     const _onStart = this.onStart.bind(this);
-    this.onStart = async () => {
+    this.onStart = async (props?: Props) => {
       return agentContext.run(
-        { agent: this, connection: undefined, request: undefined },
+        {
+          agent: this,
+          connection: undefined,
+          request: undefined,
+          email: undefined
+        },
         async () => {
-          const servers = this.sql<MCPServerRow>`
+          await this._tryCatch(() => {
+            const servers = this.sql<MCPServerRow>`
             SELECT id, name, server_url, client_id, auth_url, callback_url, server_options FROM cf_agents_mcp_servers;
           `;
 
-          // from DO storage, reconnect to all servers using our saved auth information
-          await Promise.allSettled(
-            servers.map((server) => {
-              return this._connectToMcpServerInternal(
-                server.name,
-                server.server_url,
-                server.callback_url,
-                server.server_options
-                  ? JSON.parse(server.server_options)
-                  : undefined,
-                {
-                  id: server.id,
-                  oauthClientId: server.client_id ?? undefined,
-                }
-              );
-            })
-          );
-
-          this.broadcast(
-            JSON.stringify({
-              type: "cf_agent_mcp_servers",
-              mcp: this._getMcpServerStateInternal(),
-            })
-          );
+            this.broadcast(
+              JSON.stringify({
+                mcp: this.getMcpServers(),
+                type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_MCP_SERVERS
+              })
+            );
 
-          await this._tryCatch(() => _onStart());
+            // from DO storage, reconnect to all servers not currently in the oauth flow using our saved auth information
+            if (servers && Array.isArray(servers) && servers.length > 0) {
+              servers.forEach((server) => {
+                this._connectToMcpServerInternal(
+                  server.name,
+                  server.server_url,
+                  server.callback_url,
+                  server.server_options
+                    ? JSON.parse(server.server_options)
+                    : undefined,
+                  {
+                    id: server.id,
+                    oauthClientId: server.client_id ?? undefined
+                  }
+                )
+                  .then(() => {
+                    // Broadcast updated MCP servers state after each server connects
+                    this.broadcast(
+                      JSON.stringify({
+                        mcp: this.getMcpServers(),
+                        type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_MCP_SERVERS
+                      })
+                    );
+                  })
+                  .catch((error) => {
+                    console.error(
+                      `Error connecting to MCP server: ${server.name} (${server.server_url})`,
+                      error
+                    );
+                    // Still broadcast even if connection fails, so clients know about the failure
+                    this.broadcast(
+                      JSON.stringify({
+                        mcp: this.getMcpServers(),
+                        type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_MCP_SERVERS
+                      })
+                    );
+                  });
+              });
+            }
+            return _onStart(props);
+          });
         }
       );
     };
@@ -573,16 +704,26 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
   `;
     this.broadcast(
       JSON.stringify({
-        type: "cf_agent_state",
         state: state,
+        type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_STATE
       }),
       source !== "server" ? [source.id] : []
     );
     return this._tryCatch(() => {
-      const { connection, request } = agentContext.getStore() || {};
+      const { connection, request, email } = agentContext.getStore() || {};
       return agentContext.run(
-        { agent: this, connection, request },
+        { agent: this, connection, request, email },
         async () => {
+          this.observability?.emit(
+            {
+              displayMessage: "State updated",
+              id: nanoid(),
+              payload: {},
+              timestamp: Date.now(),
+              type: "state:update"
+            },
+            this.ctx
+          );
           return this.onStateUpdate(state, source);
         }
       );
@@ -602,23 +743,89 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
    * @param state Updated state
    * @param source Source of the state update ("server" or a client connection)
    */
+  // biome-ignore lint/correctness/noUnusedFunctionParameters: overridden later
   onStateUpdate(state: State | undefined, source: Connection | "server") {
     // override this to handle state updates
   }
 
   /**
-   * Called when the Agent receives an email
+   * Called when the Agent receives an email via routeAgentEmail()
+   * Override this method to handle incoming emails
    * @param email Email message to process
    */
-  onEmail(email: ForwardableEmailMessage) {
+  async _onEmail(email: AgentEmail) {
+    // nb: we use this roundabout way of getting to onEmail
+    // because of https://github.com/cloudflare/workerd/issues/4499
     return agentContext.run(
-      { agent: this, connection: undefined, request: undefined },
+      { agent: this, connection: undefined, request: undefined, email: email },
       async () => {
-        console.error("onEmail not implemented");
+        if ("onEmail" in this && typeof this.onEmail === "function") {
+          return this._tryCatch(() =>
+            (this.onEmail as (email: AgentEmail) => Promise<void>)(email)
+          );
+        } else {
+          console.log("Received email from:", email.from, "to:", email.to);
+          console.log("Subject:", email.headers.get("subject"));
+          console.log(
+            "Implement onEmail(email: AgentEmail): Promise<void> in your agent to process emails"
+          );
+        }
       }
     );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Reply to an email
+   * @param email The email to reply to
+   * @param options Options for the reply
+   * @returns void
+   */
+  async replyToEmail(
+    email: AgentEmail,
+    options: {
+      fromName: string;
+      subject?: string | undefined;
+      body: string;
+      contentType?: string;
+      headers?: Record<string, string>;
+    }
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    return this._tryCatch(async () => {
+      const agentName = camelCaseToKebabCase(this._ParentClass.name);
+      const agentId = this.name;
+
+      const { createMimeMessage } = await import("mimetext");
+      const msg = createMimeMessage();
+      msg.setSender({ addr: email.to, name: options.fromName });
+      msg.setRecipient(email.from);
+      msg.setSubject(
+        options.subject || `Re: ${email.headers.get("subject")}` || "No subject"
+      );
+      msg.addMessage({
+        contentType: options.contentType || "text/plain",
+        data: options.body
+      });
+
+      const domain = email.from.split("@")[1];
+      const messageId = `<${agentId}@${domain}>`;
+      msg.setHeader("In-Reply-To", email.headers.get("Message-ID")!);
+      msg.setHeader("Message-ID", messageId);
+      msg.setHeader("X-Agent-Name", agentName);
+      msg.setHeader("X-Agent-ID", agentId);
+
+      if (options.headers) {
+        for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(options.headers)) {
+          msg.setHeader(key, value);
+        }
+      }
+      await email.reply({
+        from: email.to,
+        raw: msg.asRaw(),
+        to: email.from
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
   private async _tryCatch<T>(fn: () => T | Promise<T>) {
     try {
       return await fn();
@@ -627,6 +834,68 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
     }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Automatically wrap custom methods with agent context
+   * This ensures getCurrentAgent() works in all custom methods without decorators
+   */
+  private _autoWrapCustomMethods() {
+    // Collect all methods from base prototypes (Agent and Server)
+    const basePrototypes = [Agent.prototype, Server.prototype];
+    const baseMethods = new Set<string>();
+    for (const baseProto of basePrototypes) {
+      let proto = baseProto;
+      while (proto && proto !== Object.prototype) {
+        const methodNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(proto);
+        for (const methodName of methodNames) {
+          baseMethods.add(methodName);
+        }
+        proto = Object.getPrototypeOf(proto);
+      }
+    }
+    // Get all methods from the current instance's prototype chain
+    let proto = Object.getPrototypeOf(this);
+    let depth = 0;
+    while (proto && proto !== Object.prototype && depth < 10) {
+      const methodNames = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(proto);
+      for (const methodName of methodNames) {
+        const descriptor = Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(proto, methodName);
+
+        // Skip if it's a private method, a base method, a getter, or not a function,
+        if (
+          baseMethods.has(methodName) ||
+          methodName.startsWith("_") ||
+          !descriptor ||
+          !!descriptor.get ||
+          typeof descriptor.value !== "function"
+        ) {
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        // Now, methodName is confirmed to be a custom method/function
+        // Wrap the custom method with context
+        const wrappedFunction = withAgentContext(
+          // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: I can't typescript
+          this[methodName as keyof this] as (...args: any[]) => any
+          // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noExplicitAny: I can't typescript
+        ) as any;
+
+        // if the method is callable, copy the metadata from the original method
+        if (this._isCallable(methodName)) {
+          callableMetadata.set(
+            wrappedFunction,
+            callableMetadata.get(this[methodName as keyof this] as Function)!
+          );
+        }
+
+        // set the wrapped function on the prototype
+        this.constructor.prototype[methodName as keyof this] = wrappedFunction;
+      }
+
+      proto = Object.getPrototypeOf(proto);
+      depth++;
+    }
+  }
+
   override onError(
     connection: Connection,
     error: unknown
@@ -661,6 +930,131 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
     throw new Error("Not implemented");
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Queue a task to be executed in the future
+   * @param payload Payload to pass to the callback
+   * @param callback Name of the method to call
+   * @returns The ID of the queued task
+   */
+  async queue<T = unknown>(callback: keyof this, payload: T): Promise<string> {
+    const id = nanoid(9);
+    if (typeof callback !== "string") {
+      throw new Error("Callback must be a string");
+    }
+
+    if (typeof this[callback] !== "function") {
+      throw new Error(`this.${callback} is not a function`);
+    }
+
+    this.sql`
+      INSERT OR REPLACE INTO cf_agents_queues (id, payload, callback)
+      VALUES (${id}, ${JSON.stringify(payload)}, ${callback})
+    `;
+
+    void this._flushQueue().catch((e) => {
+      console.error("Error flushing queue:", e);
+    });
+
+    return id;
+  }
+
+  private _flushingQueue = false;
+
+  private async _flushQueue() {
+    if (this._flushingQueue) {
+      return;
+    }
+    this._flushingQueue = true;
+    while (true) {
+      const result = this.sql<QueueItem<string>>`
+      SELECT * FROM cf_agents_queues
+      ORDER BY created_at ASC
+    `;
+
+      if (!result || result.length === 0) {
+        break;
+      }
+
+      for (const row of result || []) {
+        const callback = this[row.callback as keyof Agent<Env>];
+        if (!callback) {
+          console.error(`callback ${row.callback} not found`);
+          continue;
+        }
+        const { connection, request, email } = agentContext.getStore() || {};
+        await agentContext.run(
+          {
+            agent: this,
+            connection,
+            request,
+            email
+          },
+          async () => {
+            // TODO: add retries and backoff
+            await (
+              callback as (
+                payload: unknown,
+                queueItem: QueueItem<string>
+              ) => Promise<void>
+            ).bind(this)(JSON.parse(row.payload as string), row);
+            await this.dequeue(row.id);
+          }
+        );
+      }
+    }
+    this._flushingQueue = false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dequeue a task by ID
+   * @param id ID of the task to dequeue
+   */
+  async dequeue(id: string) {
+    this.sql`DELETE FROM cf_agents_queues WHERE id = ${id}`;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dequeue all tasks
+   */
+  async dequeueAll() {
+    this.sql`DELETE FROM cf_agents_queues`;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Dequeue all tasks by callback
+   * @param callback Name of the callback to dequeue
+   */
+  async dequeueAllByCallback(callback: string) {
+    this.sql`DELETE FROM cf_agents_queues WHERE callback = ${callback}`;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get a queued task by ID
+   * @param id ID of the task to get
+   * @returns The task or undefined if not found
+   */
+  async getQueue(id: string): Promise<QueueItem<string> | undefined> {
+    const result = this.sql<QueueItem<string>>`
+      SELECT * FROM cf_agents_queues WHERE id = ${id}
+    `;
+    return result
+      ? { ...result[0], payload: JSON.parse(result[0].payload) }
+      : undefined;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get all queues by key and value
+   * @param key Key to filter by
+   * @param value Value to filter by
+   * @returns Array of matching QueueItem objects
+   */
+  async getQueues(key: string, value: string): Promise<QueueItem<string>[]> {
+    const result = this.sql<QueueItem<string>>`
+      SELECT * FROM cf_agents_queues
+    `;
+    return result.filter((row) => JSON.parse(row.payload)[key] === value);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Schedule a task to be executed in the future
    * @template T Type of the payload data
@@ -676,6 +1070,21 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
   ): Promise<Schedule<T>> {
     const id = nanoid(9);
 
+    const emitScheduleCreate = (schedule: Schedule<T>) =>
+      this.observability?.emit(
+        {
+          displayMessage: `Schedule ${schedule.id} created`,
+          id: nanoid(),
+          payload: {
+            callback: callback as string,
+            id: id
+          },
+          timestamp: Date.now(),
+          type: "schedule:create"
+        },
+        this.ctx
+      );
+
     if (typeof callback !== "string") {
       throw new Error("Callback must be a string");
     }
@@ -695,13 +1104,17 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
 
       await this._scheduleNextAlarm();
 
-      return {
-        id,
+      const schedule: Schedule<T> = {
         callback: callback,
+        id,
         payload: payload as T,
         time: timestamp,
-        type: "scheduled",
+        type: "scheduled"
       };
+
+      emitScheduleCreate(schedule);
+
+      return schedule;
     }
     if (typeof when === "number") {
       const time = new Date(Date.now() + when * 1000);
@@ -716,14 +1129,18 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
 
       await this._scheduleNextAlarm();
 
-      return {
-        id,
+      const schedule: Schedule<T> = {
         callback: callback,
-        payload: payload as T,
         delayInSeconds: when,
+        id,
+        payload: payload as T,
         time: timestamp,
-        type: "delayed",
+        type: "delayed"
       };
+
+      emitScheduleCreate(schedule);
+
+      return schedule;
     }
     if (typeof when === "string") {
       const nextExecutionTime = getNextCronTime(when);
@@ -738,14 +1155,18 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
 
       await this._scheduleNextAlarm();
 
-      return {
-        id,
+      const schedule: Schedule<T> = {
         callback: callback,
-        payload: payload as T,
         cron: when,
+        id,
+        payload: payload as T,
         time: timestamp,
-        type: "cron",
+        type: "cron"
       };
+
+      emitScheduleCreate(schedule);
+
+      return schedule;
     }
     throw new Error("Invalid schedule type");
   }
@@ -809,7 +1230,7 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
       .toArray()
       .map((row) => ({
         ...row,
-        payload: JSON.parse(row.payload as string) as T,
+        payload: JSON.parse(row.payload as string) as T
       })) as Schedule<T>[];
 
     return result;
@@ -821,6 +1242,22 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
    * @returns true if the task was cancelled, false otherwise
    */
   async cancelSchedule(id: string): Promise<boolean> {
+    const schedule = await this.getSchedule(id);
+    if (schedule) {
+      this.observability?.emit(
+        {
+          displayMessage: `Schedule ${id} cancelled`,
+          id: nanoid(),
+          payload: {
+            callback: schedule.callback,
+            id: schedule.id
+          },
+          timestamp: Date.now(),
+          type: "schedule:cancel"
+        },
+        this.ctx
+      );
+    }
     this.sql`DELETE FROM cf_agents_schedules WHERE id = ${id}`;
 
     await this._scheduleNextAlarm();
@@ -830,9 +1267,9 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
   private async _scheduleNextAlarm() {
     // Find the next schedule that needs to be executed
     const result = this.sql`
-      SELECT time FROM cf_agents_schedules 
+      SELECT time FROM cf_agents_schedules
       WHERE time > ${Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)}
-      ORDER BY time ASC 
+      ORDER BY time ASC
       LIMIT 1
     `;
     if (!result) return;
@@ -859,40 +1296,61 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
       SELECT * FROM cf_agents_schedules WHERE time <= ${now}
     `;
 
-    for (const row of result || []) {
-      const callback = this[row.callback as keyof Agent<Env>];
-      if (!callback) {
-        console.error(`callback ${row.callback} not found`);
-        continue;
-      }
-      await agentContext.run(
-        { agent: this, connection: undefined, request: undefined },
-        async () => {
-          try {
-            await (
-              callback as (
-                payload: unknown,
-                schedule: Schedule<unknown>
-              ) => Promise<void>
-            ).bind(this)(JSON.parse(row.payload as string), row);
-          } catch (e) {
-            console.error(`error executing callback "${row.callback}"`, e);
-          }
+    if (result && Array.isArray(result)) {
+      for (const row of result) {
+        const callback = this[row.callback as keyof Agent<Env>];
+        if (!callback) {
+          console.error(`callback ${row.callback} not found`);
+          continue;
         }
-      );
-      if (row.type === "cron") {
-        // Update next execution time for cron schedules
-        const nextExecutionTime = getNextCronTime(row.cron);
-        const nextTimestamp = Math.floor(nextExecutionTime.getTime() / 1000);
+        await agentContext.run(
+          {
+            agent: this,
+            connection: undefined,
+            request: undefined,
+            email: undefined
+          },
+          async () => {
+            try {
+              this.observability?.emit(
+                {
+                  displayMessage: `Schedule ${row.id} executed`,
+                  id: nanoid(),
+                  payload: {
+                    callback: row.callback,
+                    id: row.id
+                  },
+                  timestamp: Date.now(),
+                  type: "schedule:execute"
+                },
+                this.ctx
+              );
 
-        this.sql`
+              await (
+                callback as (
+                  payload: unknown,
+                  schedule: Schedule<unknown>
+                ) => Promise<void>
+              ).bind(this)(JSON.parse(row.payload as string), row);
+            } catch (e) {
+              console.error(`error executing callback "${row.callback}"`, e);
+            }
+          }
+        );
+        if (row.type === "cron") {
+          // Update next execution time for cron schedules
+          const nextExecutionTime = getNextCronTime(row.cron);
+          const nextTimestamp = Math.floor(nextExecutionTime.getTime() / 1000);
+
+          this.sql`
           UPDATE cf_agents_schedules SET time = ${nextTimestamp} WHERE id = ${row.id}
         `;
-      } else {
-        // Delete one-time schedules after execution
-        this.sql`
+        } else {
+          // Delete one-time schedules after execution
+          this.sql`
           DELETE FROM cf_agents_schedules WHERE id = ${row.id}
         `;
+        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -908,14 +1366,30 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
     this.sql`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS cf_agents_state`;
     this.sql`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS cf_agents_schedules`;
     this.sql`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS cf_agents_mcp_servers`;
+    this.sql`DROP TABLE IF EXISTS cf_agents_queues`;
 
     // delete all alarms
     await this.ctx.storage.deleteAlarm();
     await this.ctx.storage.deleteAll();
+    this.ctx.abort("destroyed"); // enforce that the agent is evicted
+
+    this.observability?.emit(
+      {
+        displayMessage: "Agent destroyed",
+        id: nanoid(),
+        payload: {},
+        timestamp: Date.now(),
+        type: "destroy"
+      },
+      this.ctx
+    );
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Get all methods marked as callable on this Agent
+   * @returns A map of method names to their metadata
+   */
   private _isCallable(method: string): boolean {
-    // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: <explanation>
     return callableMetadata.has(this[method as keyof this] as Function);
   }
 
@@ -948,11 +1422,24 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
       callbackUrl,
       options
     );
+    this.sql`
+        INSERT
+        OR REPLACE INTO cf_agents_mcp_servers (id, name, server_url, client_id, auth_url, callback_url, server_options)
+      VALUES (
+        ${result.id},
+        ${serverName},
+        ${url},
+        ${result.clientId ?? null},
+        ${result.authUrl ?? null},
+        ${callbackUrl},
+        ${options ? JSON.stringify(options) : null}
+        );
+    `;
 
     this.broadcast(
       JSON.stringify({
-        type: "cf_agent_mcp_servers",
-        mcp: this._getMcpServerStateInternal(),
+        mcp: this.getMcpServers(),
+        type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_MCP_SERVERS
       })
     );
 
@@ -960,7 +1447,7 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
   }
 
   async _connectToMcpServerInternal(
-    serverName: string,
+    _serverName: string,
     url: string,
     callbackUrl: string,
     // it's important that any options here are serializable because we put them into our sqlite DB for reconnection purposes
@@ -981,7 +1468,11 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
       id: string;
       oauthClientId?: string;
     }
-  ): Promise<{ id: string; authUrl: string | undefined }> {
+  ): Promise<{
+    id: string;
+    authUrl: string | undefined;
+    clientId: string | undefined;
+  }> {
     const authProvider = new DurableObjectOAuthClientProvider(
       this.ctx.storage,
       this.name,
@@ -1004,40 +1495,28 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
           fetch: (url, init) =>
             fetch(url, {
               ...init,
-              headers: options?.transport?.headers,
-            }),
+              headers: options?.transport?.headers
+            })
         },
         requestInit: {
-          headers: options?.transport?.headers,
-        },
+          headers: options?.transport?.headers
+        }
       };
     }
 
     const { id, authUrl, clientId } = await this.mcp.connect(url, {
+      client: options?.client,
       reconnect,
       transport: {
         ...headerTransportOpts,
-        authProvider,
-      },
-      client: options?.client,
+        authProvider
+      }
     });
 
-    this.sql`
-      INSERT OR REPLACE INTO cf_agents_mcp_servers (id, name, server_url, client_id, auth_url, callback_url, server_options)
-      VALUES (
-        ${id},
-        ${serverName},
-        ${url},
-        ${clientId ?? null},
-        ${authUrl ?? null},
-        ${callbackUrl},
-        ${options ? JSON.stringify(options) : null}
-      );
-    `;
-
     return {
-      id,
       authUrl,
+      clientId,
+      id
     };
   }
 
@@ -1048,31 +1527,37 @@ export class Agent<Env, State = unknown> extends Server<Env> {
     `;
     this.broadcast(
       JSON.stringify({
-        type: "cf_agent_mcp_servers",
-        mcp: this._getMcpServerStateInternal(),
+        mcp: this.getMcpServers(),
+        type: MessageType.CF_AGENT_MCP_SERVERS
       })
     );
   }
 
-  private _getMcpServerStateInternal(): MCPServersState {
+  getMcpServers(): MCPServersState {
     const mcpState: MCPServersState = {
-      servers: {},
-      tools: this.mcp.listTools(),
       prompts: this.mcp.listPrompts(),
       resources: this.mcp.listResources(),
+      servers: {},
+      tools: this.mcp.listTools()
     };
 
     const servers = this.sql<MCPServerRow>`
       SELECT id, name, server_url, client_id, auth_url, callback_url, server_options FROM cf_agents_mcp_servers;
     `;
 
-    for (const server of servers) {
-      mcpState.servers[server.id] = {
-        name: server.name,
-        server_url: server.server_url,
-        auth_url: server.auth_url,
-        state: this.mcp.mcpConnections[server.id].connectionState,
-      };
+    if (servers && Array.isArray(servers) && servers.length > 0) {
+      for (const server of servers) {
+        const serverConn = this.mcp.mcpConnections[server.id];
+        mcpState.servers[server.id] = {
+          auth_url: server.auth_url,
+          capabilities: serverConn?.serverCapabilities ?? null,
+          instructions: serverConn?.instructions ?? null,
+          name: server.name,
+          server_url: server.server_url,
+          // mark as "authenticating" because the server isn't automatically connected, so it's pending authenticating
+          state: serverConn?.connectionState ?? "authenticating"
+        };
+      }
     }
 
     return mcpState;
@@ -1116,17 +1601,17 @@ export async function routeAgentRequest<Env>(
   const corsHeaders =
     options?.cors === true
       ? {
-          "Access-Control-Allow-Origin": "*",
-          "Access-Control-Allow-Methods": "GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS",
           "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials": "true",
-          "Access-Control-Max-Age": "86400",
+          "Access-Control-Allow-Methods": "GET, POST, HEAD, OPTIONS",
+          "Access-Control-Allow-Origin": "*",
+          "Access-Control-Max-Age": "86400"
         }
       : options?.cors;
 
   if (request.method === "OPTIONS") {
     if (corsHeaders) {
       return new Response(null, {
-        headers: corsHeaders,
+        headers: corsHeaders
       });
     }
     console.warn(
@@ -1139,7 +1624,7 @@ export async function routeAgentRequest<Env>(
     env as Record<string, unknown>,
     {
       prefix: "agents",
-      ...(options as PartyServerOptions<Record<string, unknown>>),
+      ...(options as PartyServerOptions<Record<string, unknown>>)
     }
   );
 
@@ -1152,24 +1637,238 @@ export async function routeAgentRequest<Env>(
     response = new Response(response.body, {
       headers: {
         ...response.headers,
-        ...corsHeaders,
-      },
+        ...corsHeaders
+      }
     });
   }
   return response;
 }
 
+export type EmailResolver<Env> = (
+  email: ForwardableEmailMessage,
+  env: Env
+) => Promise<{
+  agentName: string;
+  agentId: string;
+} | null>;
+
+/**
+ * Create a resolver that uses the message-id header to determine the agent to route the email to
+ * @returns A function that resolves the agent to route the email to
+ */
+export function createHeaderBasedEmailResolver<Env>(): EmailResolver<Env> {
+  return async (email: ForwardableEmailMessage, _env: Env) => {
+    const messageId = email.headers.get("message-id");
+    if (messageId) {
+      const messageIdMatch = messageId.match(/<([^@]+)@([^>]+)>/);
+      if (messageIdMatch) {
+        const [, agentId, domain] = messageIdMatch;
+        const agentName = domain.split(".")[0];
+        return { agentName, agentId };
+      }
+    }
+
+    const references = email.headers.get("references");
+    if (references) {
+      const referencesMatch = references.match(
+        /<([A-Za-z0-9+/]{43}=)@([^>]+)>/
+      );
+      if (referencesMatch) {
+        const [, base64Id, domain] = referencesMatch;
+        const agentId = Buffer.from(base64Id, "base64").toString("hex");
+        const agentName = domain.split(".")[0];
+        return { agentName, agentId };
+      }
+    }
+
+    const agentName = email.headers.get("x-agent-name");
+    const agentId = email.headers.get("x-agent-id");
+    if (agentName && agentId) {
+      return { agentName, agentId };
+    }
+
+    return null;
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a resolver that uses the email address to determine the agent to route the email to
+ * @param defaultAgentName The default agent name to use if the email address does not contain a sub-address
+ * @returns A function that resolves the agent to route the email to
+ */
+export function createAddressBasedEmailResolver<Env>(
+  defaultAgentName: string
+): EmailResolver<Env> {
+  return async (email: ForwardableEmailMessage, _env: Env) => {
+    const emailMatch = email.to.match(/^([^+@]+)(?:\+([^@]+))?@(.+)$/);
+    if (!emailMatch) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    const [, localPart, subAddress] = emailMatch;
+
+    if (subAddress) {
+      return {
+        agentName: localPart,
+        agentId: subAddress
+      };
+    }
+
+    // Option 2: Use defaultAgentName namespace, localPart as agentId
+    // Common for catch-all email routing to a single EmailAgent namespace
+    return {
+      agentName: defaultAgentName,
+      agentId: localPart
+    };
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Create a resolver that uses the agentName and agentId to determine the agent to route the email to
+ * @param agentName The name of the agent to route the email to
+ * @param agentId The id of the agent to route the email to
+ * @returns A function that resolves the agent to route the email to
+ */
+export function createCatchAllEmailResolver<Env>(
+  agentName: string,
+  agentId: string
+): EmailResolver<Env> {
+  return async () => ({ agentName, agentId });
+}
+
+export type EmailRoutingOptions<Env> = AgentOptions<Env> & {
+  resolver: EmailResolver<Env>;
+};
+
+// Cache the agent namespace map for email routing
+// This maps both kebab-case and original names to namespaces
+const agentMapCache = new WeakMap<
+  Record<string, unknown>,
+  Record<string, unknown>
+>();
+
 /**
  * Route an email to the appropriate Agent
- * @param email Email message to route
- * @param env Environment containing Agent bindings
- * @param options Routing options
+ * @param email The email to route
+ * @param env The environment containing the Agent bindings
+ * @param options The options for routing the email
+ * @returns A promise that resolves when the email has been routed
  */
 export async function routeAgentEmail<Env>(
   email: ForwardableEmailMessage,
   env: Env,
-  options?: AgentOptions<Env>
-): Promise<void> {}
+  options: EmailRoutingOptions<Env>
+): Promise<void> {
+  const routingInfo = await options.resolver(email, env);
+
+  if (!routingInfo) {
+    console.warn("No routing information found for email, dropping message");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Build a map that includes both original names and kebab-case versions
+  if (!agentMapCache.has(env as Record<string, unknown>)) {
+    const map: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(env as Record<string, unknown>)) {
+      if (
+        value &&
+        typeof value === "object" &&
+        "idFromName" in value &&
+        typeof value.idFromName === "function"
+      ) {
+        // Add both the original name and kebab-case version
+        map[key] = value;
+        map[camelCaseToKebabCase(key)] = value;
+      }
+    }
+    agentMapCache.set(env as Record<string, unknown>, map);
+  }
+
+  const agentMap = agentMapCache.get(env as Record<string, unknown>)!;
+  const namespace = agentMap[routingInfo.agentName];
+
+  if (!namespace) {
+    // Provide helpful error message listing available agents
+    const availableAgents = Object.keys(agentMap)
+      .filter((key) => !key.includes("-")) // Show only original names, not kebab-case duplicates
+      .join(", ");
+    throw new Error(
+      `Agent namespace '${routingInfo.agentName}' not found in environment. Available agents: ${availableAgents}`
+    );
+  }
+
+  const agent = await getAgentByName(
+    namespace as unknown as AgentNamespace<Agent<Env>>,
+    routingInfo.agentId
+  );
+
+  // let's make a serialisable version of the email
+  const serialisableEmail: AgentEmail = {
+    getRaw: async () => {
+      const reader = email.raw.getReader();
+      const chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
+
+      let done = false;
+      while (!done) {
+        const { value, done: readerDone } = await reader.read();
+        done = readerDone;
+        if (value) {
+          chunks.push(value);
+        }
+      }
+
+      const totalLength = chunks.reduce((sum, chunk) => sum + chunk.length, 0);
+      const combined = new Uint8Array(totalLength);
+      let offset = 0;
+      for (const chunk of chunks) {
+        combined.set(chunk, offset);
+        offset += chunk.length;
+      }
+
+      return combined;
+    },
+    headers: email.headers,
+    rawSize: email.rawSize,
+    setReject: (reason: string) => {
+      email.setReject(reason);
+    },
+    forward: (rcptTo: string, headers?: Headers) => {
+      return email.forward(rcptTo, headers);
+    },
+    reply: (options: { from: string; to: string; raw: string }) => {
+      return email.reply(
+        new EmailMessage(options.from, options.to, options.raw)
+      );
+    },
+    from: email.from,
+    to: email.to
+  };
+
+  await agent._onEmail(serialisableEmail);
+}
+
+export type AgentEmail = {
+  from: string;
+  to: string;
+  getRaw: () => Promise<Uint8Array>;
+  headers: Headers;
+  rawSize: number;
+  setReject: (reason: string) => void;
+  forward: (rcptTo: string, headers?: Headers) => Promise<void>;
+  reply: (options: { from: string; to: string; raw: string }) => Promise<void>;
+};
+
+export type EmailSendOptions = {
+  to: string;
+  subject: string;
+  body: string;
+  contentType?: string;
+  headers?: Record<string, string>;
+  includeRoutingHeaders?: boolean;
+  agentName?: string;
+  agentId?: string;
+  domain?: string;
+};
 
 /**
  * Get or create an Agent by name
@@ -1180,12 +1879,17 @@ export async function routeAgentEmail<Env>(
  * @param options Options for Agent creation
  * @returns Promise resolving to an Agent instance stub
  */
-export async function getAgentByName<Env, T extends Agent<Env>>(
+export async function getAgentByName<
+  Env,
+  T extends Agent<Env>,
+  Props extends Record<string, unknown> = Record<string, unknown>
+>(
   namespace: AgentNamespace<T>,
   name: string,
   options?: {
     jurisdiction?: DurableObjectJurisdiction;
     locationHint?: DurableObjectLocationHint;
+    props?: Props;
   }
 ) {
   return getServerByName<Env, T>(namespace, name, options);
@@ -1213,11 +1917,11 @@ export class StreamingResponse {
       throw new Error("StreamingResponse is already closed");
     }
     const response: RPCResponse = {
-      type: "rpc",
+      done: false,
       id: this._id,
-      success: true,
       result: chunk,
-      done: false,
+      success: true,
+      type: MessageType.RPC
     };
     this._connection.send(JSON.stringify(response));
   }
@@ -1232,11 +1936,11 @@ export class StreamingResponse {
     }
     this._closed = true;
     const response: RPCResponse = {
-      type: "rpc",
+      done: true,
       id: this._id,
-      success: true,
       result: finalChunk,
-      done: true,
+      success: true,
+      type: MessageType.RPC
     };
     this._connection.send(JSON.stringify(response));
   }