@znight/messaging 0.0.0-stage → 0.1.0

package/src/drivers/shared.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/** Helpers shared by the drivers (internal). */
+import type { DeadLetterRequest } from '../driver.ts'
+
+import { headerRecord, MessagingHeaders } from '../headers.ts'
+import { errorMessage, truncate } from '../internal/async.ts'
+
+/** Longest error message copied into the `x-znight-error` header. */
+export const MAX_ERROR_HEADER_LENGTH = 1024
+
+/**
+ * Headers of a dead-lettered copy: the original headers without the attempt counter (so that a
+ * redrive starts over) plus the reason, the error, the original queue and the attempts made.
+ */
+export function deadLetterHeaders(
+  headers: Readonly<Record<string, string>>,
+  request: DeadLetterRequest,
+  originalQueue: string,
+): Record<string, string> {
+  const result = headerRecord()
+  for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(headers)) if (name !== MessagingHeaders.Attempt) result[name] = value
+  result[MessagingHeaders.DeadLetterReason] = request.reason
+  result[MessagingHeaders.Error] = truncate(errorMessage(request.error), MAX_ERROR_HEADER_LENGTH)
+  result[MessagingHeaders.OriginalQueue] = originalQueue
+  result[MessagingHeaders.Attempts] = String(request.attempt)
+  return result
+}
+
+/** Converts a header value of any type to a string (`undefined` for null/undefined). */
+export function headerValueToString(value: unknown): string | undefined {
+  if (value === undefined || value === null) return undefined
+  if (typeof value === 'string') return value
+  if (typeof value === 'number' || typeof value === 'boolean' || typeof value === 'bigint') return String(value)
+  if (value instanceof Uint8Array) return new TextDecoder().decode(value)
+  if (value instanceof Date) return value.toISOString()
+  try {
+    return JSON.stringify(value, (_key, inner: unknown) => (typeof inner === 'bigint' ? inner.toString() : inner))
+  } catch {
+    return String(value)
+  }
+}
+
+/** Builds a string header record from arbitrary entries (null-prototype, `undefined` values skipped). */
+export function toHeaderRecord(entries: Iterable<readonly [string, unknown]>): Record<string, string> {
+  const result = headerRecord()
+  for (const [name, value] of entries) {
+    const text = headerValueToString(value)
+    if (text !== undefined) result[name] = text
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
+/** Reads a header (exact name). */
+export function readHeader(headers: Readonly<Record<string, string>>, name: string): string | undefined {
+  return Object.hasOwn(headers, name) ? headers[name] : undefined
+}
+
+/** Positive finite number option with a default. */
+export function durationOption(value: unknown, fallback: number, name: string): number {
+  if (value === undefined) return fallback
+  if (typeof value !== 'number' || Number.isNaN(value) || value < 0) {
+    throw new TypeError(`[znight] ${name} must be a number of milliseconds >= 0, got ${String(value)}`)
+  }
+  return value
+}
+
+/** A promise with its resolvers. */
+export interface Deferred<T> {
+  readonly promise: Promise<T>
+  resolve(value: T): void
+  reject(error: unknown): void
+}
+
+export function deferred<T>(): Deferred<T> {
+  let resolve!: (value: T) => void
+  let reject!: (error: unknown) => void
+  const promise = new Promise<T>((res, rej) => {
+    resolve = res
+    reject = rej
+  })
+  return { promise, resolve, reject }
+}

package/src/drivers/sqs.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,583 @@
+/**
+ * `@znight/messaging/sqs`: Amazon SQS driver built on `@aws-sdk/client-sqs` v3 (optional peer
+ * dependency). Standard and FIFO queues.
+ *
+ * - Long polling (`WaitTimeSeconds`, default 20 s), never more messages in flight than the consumer
+ *   concurrency (batches of up to 10).
+ * - Attempts come from `ApproximateReceiveCount`.
+ * - Retries change the visibility timeout of the message (`ChangeMessageVisibility`): the message
+ *   reappears after the delay (up to 12 h), no republication.
+ * - The visibility of in-flight messages is extended while their handler runs (lease extension).
+ * - Dead letters are sent to the dead-letter queue (`<queue>-dlq`, or the target of the queue
+ *   `RedrivePolicy`), then deleted from the queue. At subscribe time the driver verifies that the
+ *   dead-letter queue exists and that the redrive `maxReceiveCount` allows every `@Retry` attempt.
+ * - Headers are message attributes (SQS allows 10 per message); binary payloads are sent base64
+ *   encoded (`x-znight-encoding: base64`).
+ */
+import type { Message, MessageAttributeValue, SendMessageCommandInput, SQSClientConfig } from '@aws-sdk/client-sqs'
+import type {
+  DeadLetterRequest,
+  DeliveryHandler,
+  DriverCapabilities,
+  DriverContext,
+  DriverDelivery,
+  MessagingDriver,
+  RetryRequest,
+  SubscribeOptions,
+  Subscription,
+} from '../driver.ts'
+import type { OutboundMessage } from '../message.ts'
+
+import {
+  ChangeMessageVisibilityCommand,
+  DeleteMessageCommand,
+  GetQueueAttributesCommand,
+  GetQueueUrlCommand,
+  ReceiveMessageCommand,
+  SendMessageCommand,
+  SQSClient,
+} from '@aws-sdk/client-sqs'
+
+import { bodyToBytes } from '../codec.ts'
+import { brokerUnavailableError, consumerError } from '../errors.ts'
+import { headerRecord, MessagingHeaders } from '../headers.ts'
+import { errorMessage, sleep, truncate } from '../internal/async.ts'
+import { durationOption, MAX_ERROR_HEADER_LENGTH } from './shared.ts'
+
+/** Options of {@link sqs}. */
+export interface SqsDriverOptions {
+  /** An existing client (you keep ownership: it is not destroyed on close). */
+  readonly client?: SQSClient
+  /** Configuration of the client created by the driver (region, endpoint, credentials...). */
+  readonly clientConfig?: SQSClientConfig
+  /** Queue URLs by queue name, to skip `GetQueueUrl`. Queue arguments may also be full URLs. */
+  readonly queueUrls?: Readonly<Record<string, string>>
+  /** Long polling duration, in seconds (0–20). Default: 20. */
+  readonly waitTimeSeconds?: number
+  /** Visibility timeout of received messages, in seconds. Default: the queue attribute. */
+  readonly visibilityTimeout?: number
+  /** Extend the visibility of messages while they are handled. Default: `true`. */
+  readonly extendVisibility?: boolean
+  /** Longest retry delay waited in-process. Default: 1000 ms (SQS delays have a 1 s granularity). */
+  readonly maxInProcessDelayMs?: number
+  /** Default dead-letter queue name. Default: `<queue>-dlq` (`<name>-dlq.fifo` for FIFO queues). */
+  readonly deadLetterName?: (queue: string) => string
+}
+
+/** Longest visibility timeout (12 hours). */
+const MAX_VISIBILITY_SECONDS = 43_200
+/** Longest `DelaySeconds` (15 minutes). */
+const MAX_DELAY_SECONDS = 900
+const MAX_ATTRIBUTES = 10
+const ATTRIBUTE_NAME = /^(?!aws\.|amazon\.)(?!\.)(?!.*\.\.)[\w.-]{1,256}(?<!\.)$/i
+/** Message attributes carrying transport fields (not exposed as headers). */
+const TRANSPORT_ATTRIBUTES = new Set<string>([
+  MessagingHeaders.Id,
+  MessagingHeaders.Type,
+  MessagingHeaders.ContentType,
+  MessagingHeaders.Encoding,
+])
+
+/** Creates a {@link SqsDriver}. */
+export function sqs(options: SqsDriverOptions = {}): SqsDriver {
+  return new SqsDriver(options)
+}
+
+interface QueueInfo {
+  readonly name: string
+  readonly url: string
+  readonly fifo: boolean
+}
+
+interface SqsSubscription {
+  readonly queue: QueueInfo
+  readonly handler: DeliveryHandler
+  readonly options: SubscribeOptions
+  readonly deadLetter: QueueInfo | undefined
+  readonly visibilityTimeout: number
+  readonly abort: AbortController
+  /** Last delivery of each FIFO message group (serialised per group). */
+  readonly groups: Map<string, Promise<void>>
+  inflight: number
+  active: boolean
+  wake: (() => void) | undefined
+  loop: Promise<void> | undefined
+}
+
+/** Amazon SQS {@link MessagingDriver}. See the module documentation. */
+export class SqsDriver implements MessagingDriver {
+  readonly name = 'sqs'
+  readonly capabilities: DriverCapabilities
+  readonly #options: SqsDriverOptions
+  readonly #subscriptions = new Set<SqsSubscription>()
+  readonly #queues = new Map<string, Promise<QueueInfo>>()
+  #client: SQSClient | undefined
+  #ownsClient = false
+  #logger: DriverContext['logger'] = { debug() {}, info() {}, warn() {}, error() {} }
+  #closed = false
+
+  constructor(options: SqsDriverOptions = {}) {
+    const wait = options.waitTimeSeconds
+    if (wait !== undefined && !(Number.isInteger(wait) && wait >= 0 && wait <= 20)) {
+      throw new TypeError(`[znight] sqs(): waitTimeSeconds must be an integer between 0 and 20, got ${String(wait)}`)
+    }
+    const visibility = options.visibilityTimeout
+    if (
+      visibility !== undefined &&
+      !(Number.isInteger(visibility) && visibility >= 0 && visibility <= MAX_VISIBILITY_SECONDS)
+    ) {
+      throw new TypeError('[znight] sqs(): visibilityTimeout must be an integer number of seconds (0–43200)')
+    }
+    this.#options = options
+    this.capabilities = Object.freeze({
+      nativeDelay: true,
+      maxNativeDelayMs: MAX_VISIBILITY_SECONDS * 1000,
+      maxInProcessDelayMs: durationOption(options.maxInProcessDelayMs, 1000, 'sqs maxInProcessDelayMs'),
+      deliveryCount: 'native',
+      maxPublishDelayMs: MAX_DELAY_SECONDS * 1000,
+    })
+  }
+
+  /** The SQS client (available once connected). */
+  get client(): SQSClient | undefined {
+    return this.#client
+  }
+
+  async connect(context: DriverContext): Promise<void> {
+    await Promise.resolve()
+    this.#logger = context.logger
+    if (this.#closed) throw brokerUnavailableError('SQS: the driver is closed, create a new one')
+    if (this.#client !== undefined) return
+    if (this.#options.client === undefined) {
+      this.#client = new SQSClient(this.#options.clientConfig ?? {})
+      this.#ownsClient = true
+    } else {
+      this.#client = this.#options.client
+    }
+  }
+
+  async close(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.#closed) return
+    this.#closed = true
+    const subscriptions = [...this.#subscriptions]
+    this.#subscriptions.clear()
+    for (const subscription of subscriptions) this.#stopPolling(subscription)
+    await Promise.allSettled(subscriptions.map(subscription => subscription.loop))
+    if (this.#ownsClient) this.#client?.destroy()
+    this.#client = undefined
+  }
+
+  deadLetterName(queue: string): string {
+    if (this.#options.deadLetterName !== undefined) return this.#options.deadLetterName(queue)
+    const name = queueName(queue)
+    return name.endsWith('.fifo') ? `${name.slice(0, -5)}-dlq.fifo` : `${name}-dlq`
+  }
+
+  #sqs(action: string): SQSClient {
+    const client = this.#client
+    if (client === undefined) {
+      throw brokerUnavailableError(
+        this.#closed ? `SQS: cannot ${action}, the driver is closed` : `SQS: cannot ${action} before connect()`,
+      )
+    }
+    return client
+  }
+
+  /** Resolves (and caches) the URL of a queue name or URL. */
+  #queue(queue: string): Promise<QueueInfo> {
+    let info = this.#queues.get(queue)
+    if (info === undefined) {
+      info = this.#resolveQueue(queue)
+      this.#queues.set(queue, info)
+      info.catch(() => this.#queues.delete(queue))
+    }
+    return info
+  }
+
+  async #resolveQueue(queue: string): Promise<QueueInfo> {
+    const name = queueName(queue)
+    const configured = this.#options.queueUrls?.[queue]
+    if (configured !== undefined) return { name, url: configured, fifo: name.endsWith('.fifo') }
+    if (/^https?:\/\//.test(queue)) return { name, url: queue, fifo: name.endsWith('.fifo') }
+    try {
+      const result = await this.#sqs(`resolve the queue "${queue}"`).send(new GetQueueUrlCommand({ QueueName: queue }))
+      if (result.QueueUrl === undefined) throw new Error('no QueueUrl in the response')
+      return { name, url: result.QueueUrl, fifo: name.endsWith('.fifo') }
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw consumerError(`SQS: queue "${queue}" not found (${errorMessage(error)})`, [
+        'Create the queue, or map its URL with sqs({ queueUrls: { name: url } })',
+      ])
+    }
+  }
+
+  // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Publishing
+  // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  async publish(queue: string, message: OutboundMessage): Promise<void> {
+    const info = await this.#queue(queue)
+    const binary = typeof message.body !== 'string'
+    const attributes: Record<string, string> = headerRecord()
+    attributes[MessagingHeaders.Id] = message.id
+    if (message.type !== undefined) attributes[MessagingHeaders.Type] = message.type
+    attributes[MessagingHeaders.ContentType] = message.contentType
+    if (binary) attributes[MessagingHeaders.Encoding] = 'base64'
+    for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(message.headers)) {
+      if (TRANSPORT_ATTRIBUTES.has(name)) continue
+      attributes[name] = value
+    }
+    const input: SendMessageCommandInput = {
+      QueueUrl: info.url,
+      MessageBody: encodeBody(message.body),
+      MessageAttributes: toAttributes(attributes, queue),
+    }
+    if (message.delayMs > 0) {
+      if (info.fifo) throw new RangeError(`[znight] SQS FIFO queue "${queue}" does not support per-message delays`)
+      input.DelaySeconds = Math.min(MAX_DELAY_SECONDS, Math.ceil(message.delayMs / 1000))
+    }
+    if (info.fifo) {
+      input.MessageGroupId = message.key ?? 'default'
+      input.MessageDeduplicationId = message.id
+    }
+    await this.#sqs(`publish to "${queue}"`).send(new SendMessageCommand(input))
+  }
+
+  // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Consuming
+  // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  async subscribe(queue: string, handler: DeliveryHandler, options: SubscribeOptions): Promise<Subscription> {
+    const info = await this.#queue(queue)
+    const client = this.#sqs(`subscribe to "${queue}"`)
+    const { Attributes: attributes = {} } = await client.send(
+      new GetQueueAttributesCommand({ QueueUrl: info.url, AttributeNames: ['VisibilityTimeout', 'RedrivePolicy'] }),
+    )
+    const visibilityTimeout = this.#options.visibilityTimeout ?? (Number(attributes.VisibilityTimeout) || 30)
+    const redrive = parseRedrivePolicy(attributes.RedrivePolicy)
+    if (redrive !== undefined && redrive.maxReceiveCount < options.maxAttempts) {
+      throw consumerError(
+        `SQS: queue "${queue}" moves messages to its dead-letter queue after ${redrive.maxReceiveCount} receive(s), but ${options.consumer} allows ${options.maxAttempts} attempt(s)`,
+        [
+          `Raise the RedrivePolicy maxReceiveCount of "${queue}" to at least ${options.maxAttempts}`,
+          'Or lower the @Retry attempts',
+        ],
+      )
+    }
+    let deadLetter: QueueInfo | undefined
+    let dlqName = options.deadLetterQueue
+    if (dlqName !== undefined && redrive !== undefined) {
+      const target = queueName(redrive.deadLetterTargetArn)
+      if (dlqName === this.deadLetterName(queue)) dlqName = target
+      else if (dlqName !== target) {
+        this.#logger.warn(
+          `SQS: ${options.consumer} dead-letters to "${dlqName}" but the RedrivePolicy of "${queue}" targets "${target}"`,
+        )
+      }
+    }
+    if (dlqName !== undefined) deadLetter = await this.#queue(dlqName)
+
+    const subscription: SqsSubscription = {
+      queue: info,
+      handler,
+      options,
+      deadLetter,
+      visibilityTimeout,
+      abort: new AbortController(),
+      groups: new Map(),
+      inflight: 0,
+      active: true,
+      wake: undefined,
+      loop: undefined,
+    }
+    this.#subscriptions.add(subscription)
+    subscription.loop = this.#poll(subscription)
+    return {
+      cancel: async (): Promise<void> => {
+        this.#stopPolling(subscription)
+        await subscription.loop
+      },
+      close: async (): Promise<void> => {
+        this.#stopPolling(subscription)
+        this.#subscriptions.delete(subscription)
+        await subscription.loop
+      },
+    }
+  }
+
+  #stopPolling(subscription: SqsSubscription): void {
+    subscription.active = false
+    subscription.abort.abort()
+    subscription.wake?.()
+  }
+
+  async #poll(subscription: SqsSubscription): Promise<void> {
+    const { queue, options } = subscription
+    const signal = subscription.abort.signal
+    let errorDelay = 500
+    while (subscription.active) {
+      const free = options.concurrency - subscription.inflight
+      if (free <= 0) {
+        await new Promise<void>(resolve => {
+          subscription.wake = resolve
+        })
+        subscription.wake = undefined
+        continue
+      }
+      try {
+        const result = await this.#sqs(`receive from "${queue.name}"`).send(
+          new ReceiveMessageCommand({
+            QueueUrl: queue.url,
+            MaxNumberOfMessages: Math.min(10, free),
+            WaitTimeSeconds: this.#options.waitTimeSeconds ?? 20,
+            VisibilityTimeout: subscription.visibilityTimeout,
+            MessageSystemAttributeNames: ['ApproximateReceiveCount', 'SentTimestamp', 'MessageGroupId'],
+            MessageAttributeNames: ['All'],
+          }),
+          { abortSignal: signal },
+        )
+        errorDelay = 500
+        for (const message of result.Messages ?? []) {
+          if (subscription.active) this.#deliver(subscription, message)
+          // stopped while receiving: the message becomes visible again after its visibility timeout
+        }
+      } catch (error) {
+        if (!subscription.active) break
+        this.#logger.warn(`SQS: receiving from "${queue.name}" failed, retrying in ${errorDelay} ms`, { err: error })
+        try {
+          await sleep(errorDelay, signal)
+        } catch {
+          break
+        }
+        errorDelay = Math.min(errorDelay * 2, 30_000)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  #deliver(subscription: SqsSubscription, message: Message): void {
+    const { queue } = subscription
+    const client = this.#sqs('handle a message')
+    const receiptHandle = message.ReceiptHandle as string
+    const attributes = message.MessageAttributes ?? {}
+    const transport = headerRecord()
+    const headers = headerRecord()
+    for (const [name, attribute] of Object.entries(attributes)) {
+      const value = attributeToString(attribute)
+      if (value === undefined) continue
+      if (TRANSPORT_ATTRIBUTES.has(name)) transport[name] = value
+      else headers[name] = value
+    }
+    const encoded = message.Body ?? ''
+    const body = transport[MessagingHeaders.Encoding] === 'base64' ? Buffer.from(encoded, 'base64') : encoded
+    const system = message.Attributes ?? {}
+    const receiveCount = Number(system.ApproximateReceiveCount)
+    const sentAt = Number(system.SentTimestamp)
+    const id = transport[MessagingHeaders.Id] ?? message.MessageId ?? receiptHandle
+    const groupId = system.MessageGroupId
+
+    subscription.inflight++
+    let lease: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | undefined
+    /** Lease extension in flight (one at a time). */
+    let extending: Promise<void> | undefined
+    const extendEvery = Math.floor((subscription.visibilityTimeout * 1000) / 2)
+    if ((this.#options.extendVisibility ?? true) && extendEvery >= 1000) {
+      lease = setInterval(() => {
+        if (extending !== undefined) return
+        extending = client
+          .send(
+            new ChangeMessageVisibilityCommand({
+              QueueUrl: queue.url,
+              ReceiptHandle: receiptHandle,
+              VisibilityTimeout: subscription.visibilityTimeout,
+            }),
+          )
+          .then(
+            () => undefined,
+            (error: unknown) => {
+              this.#logger.warn(`SQS: failed to extend the visibility of message ${id}`, { err: error })
+            },
+          )
+          .finally(() => {
+            extending = undefined
+          })
+      }, extendEvery)
+    }
+    /**
+     * Stops extending the lease before a settlement, once the extension in flight landed: otherwise it
+     * could reach SQS after the settlement and override the visibility it set (retry delay, release).
+     * When the settlement fails, the runtime releases the message (or its visibility timeout expires).
+     */
+    const stopLease = async (): Promise<void> => {
+      if (lease !== undefined) clearInterval(lease)
+      lease = undefined
+      await extending
+    }
+    let settled = false
+    const check = (action: string): void => {
+      if (settled) throw new Error(`[sqs] message ${id} was already settled (${action})`)
+    }
+    const done = (): void => {
+      settled = true
+    }
+    const changeVisibility = async (seconds: number): Promise<void> => {
+      await client.send(
+        new ChangeMessageVisibilityCommand({
+          QueueUrl: queue.url,
+          ReceiptHandle: receiptHandle,
+          VisibilityTimeout: seconds,
+        }),
+      )
+    }
+    const remove = async (): Promise<void> => {
+      await client.send(new DeleteMessageCommand({ QueueUrl: queue.url, ReceiptHandle: receiptHandle }))
+    }
+    const delivery: DriverDelivery = {
+      id,
+      body,
+      contentType: transport[MessagingHeaders.ContentType],
+      headers,
+      type: transport[MessagingHeaders.Type],
+      key: groupId,
+      attempt: Number.isSafeInteger(receiveCount) && receiveCount > 0 ? receiveCount : 1,
+      redelivered: receiveCount > 1,
+      timestamp: Number.isFinite(sentAt) ? sentAt : undefined,
+      raw: message,
+      ack: async (): Promise<void> => {
+        check('ack')
+        await stopLease()
+        await remove()
+        done()
+      },
+      release: async (): Promise<void> => {
+        check('release')
+        await stopLease()
+        await changeVisibility(0)
+        done()
+      },
+      retry: async (request: RetryRequest): Promise<void> => {
+        check('retry')
+        await stopLease()
+        await changeVisibility(Math.min(MAX_VISIBILITY_SECONDS, Math.ceil(request.delayMs / 1000)))
+        done()
+      },
+      deadLetter: async (request: DeadLetterRequest): Promise<void> => {
+        check('dead-letter')
+        await stopLease()
+        const target =
+          request.queue === undefined ? undefined : (subscription.deadLetter ?? (await this.#queue(request.queue)))
+        if (target !== undefined) {
+          await client.send(
+            new SendMessageCommand(
+              this.#deadLetterInput(target, queue, encoded, transport, headers, request, groupId, id),
+            ),
+          )
+        }
+        await remove()
+        done()
+      },
+    }
+    // FIFO queues: messages of a group are handled one after the other, in order
+    const serialKey = queue.fifo ? groupId : undefined
+    const previous = serialKey === undefined ? undefined : subscription.groups.get(serialKey)
+    const run = (): Promise<void> => subscription.handler(delivery)
+    const handled = (previous === undefined ? run() : previous.then(run, run))
+      .catch((error: unknown) => {
+        this.#logger.error(`SQS: unexpected failure handling message ${id}`, { err: error })
+      })
+      .finally(() => {
+        if (lease !== undefined) clearInterval(lease)
+        subscription.inflight--
+        if (serialKey !== undefined && subscription.groups.get(serialKey) === handled)
+          subscription.groups.delete(serialKey)
+        subscription.wake?.()
+      })
+    if (serialKey !== undefined) subscription.groups.set(serialKey, handled)
+  }
+
+  #deadLetterInput(
+    target: QueueInfo,
+    source: QueueInfo,
+    body: string,
+    transport: Readonly<Record<string, string>>,
+    headers: Readonly<Record<string, string>>,
+    request: DeadLetterRequest,
+    groupId: string | undefined,
+    id: string,
+  ): SendMessageCommandInput {
+    const attributes = headerRecord()
+    Object.assign(attributes, transport)
+    attributes[MessagingHeaders.DeadLetterReason] = request.reason
+    attributes[MessagingHeaders.Error] =
+      truncate(errorMessage(request.error), MAX_ERROR_HEADER_LENGTH) || 'unknown error'
+    attributes[MessagingHeaders.OriginalQueue] = source.name
+    attributes[MessagingHeaders.Attempts] = String(request.attempt)
+    const dropped: string[] = []
+    for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(headers)) {
+      if (Object.keys(attributes).length >= MAX_ATTRIBUTES) dropped.push(name)
+      else attributes[name] = value
+    }
+    if (dropped.length > 0) {
+      this.#logger.warn(
+        `SQS: dead-letter copy of message ${id} exceeds ${MAX_ATTRIBUTES} attributes, dropped: ${dropped.join(', ')}`,
+      )
+    }
+    const input: SendMessageCommandInput = {
+      QueueUrl: target.url,
+      MessageBody: body,
+      MessageAttributes: toAttributes(attributes, target.name),
+    }
+    if (target.fifo) {
+      input.MessageGroupId = groupId ?? 'default'
+      input.MessageDeduplicationId = `${id}-dead-letter`.slice(0, 128)
+    }
+    return input
+  }
+}
+
+/** Queue name of a name, URL or ARN (last segment). */
+function queueName(queue: string): string {
+  const segments = queue.split(/[/:]/)
+  return segments[segments.length - 1] ?? queue
+}
+
+function encodeBody(body: Uint8Array | string): string {
+  return typeof body === 'string' ? body : Buffer.from(bodyToBytes(body)).toString('base64')
+}
+
+function toAttributes(
+  attributes: Readonly<Record<string, string>>,
+  queue: string,
+): Record<string, MessageAttributeValue> {
+  const entries = Object.entries(attributes)
+  if (entries.length > MAX_ATTRIBUTES) {
+    throw new RangeError(
+      `[znight] SQS messages carry at most ${MAX_ATTRIBUTES} attributes (Znight uses up to 4): too many headers for "${queue}"`,
+    )
+  }
+  const result: Record<string, MessageAttributeValue> = {}
+  for (const [name, value] of entries) {
+    if (!ATTRIBUTE_NAME.test(name)) throw new TypeError(`[znight] "${name}" is not a valid SQS message attribute name`)
+    if (value === '') throw new TypeError(`[znight] SQS message attributes cannot be empty (header "${name}")`)
+    result[name] = { DataType: 'String', StringValue: value }
+  }
+  return result
+}
+
+function attributeToString(attribute: MessageAttributeValue): string | undefined {
+  if (attribute.StringValue !== undefined) return attribute.StringValue
+  if (attribute.BinaryValue !== undefined) return Buffer.from(attribute.BinaryValue).toString('base64')
+  return undefined
+}
+
+function parseRedrivePolicy(
+  value: string | undefined,
+): { deadLetterTargetArn: string; maxReceiveCount: number } | undefined {
+  if (value === undefined || value === '') return undefined
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(value) as { deadLetterTargetArn?: unknown; maxReceiveCount?: unknown }
+    const maxReceiveCount = Number(parsed.maxReceiveCount)
+    if (typeof parsed.deadLetterTargetArn !== 'string' || !Number.isFinite(maxReceiveCount)) return undefined
+    return { deadLetterTargetArn: parsed.deadLetterTargetArn, maxReceiveCount }
+  } catch {
+    return undefined
+  }
+}