@xincli/opentui-core 0.4.6

package/src/lib/stdin-parser.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,2007 @@
+// Byte-level stdin parser that turns raw terminal input into typed StdinEvents.
+//
+// This replaces a two-phase token -> decode pipeline with a single state machine
+// that produces fully typed events (key, mouse, paste, response) directly from
+// bytes. The parser owns all byte framing and protocol recognition. It does NOT
+// own event dispatch — that belongs to KeyHandler and the renderer.
+
+import { Buffer } from "node:buffer"
+import { SystemClock, type Clock, type TimerHandle } from "./clock.js"
+import { parseKeypress, type ParsedKey } from "./parse.keypress.js"
+import { MouseParser, type RawMouseEvent } from "./parse.mouse.js"
+import type { PasteMetadata } from "./paste.js"
+
+export { SystemClock, type Clock, type TimerHandle } from "./clock.js"
+
+export type StdinResponseProtocol = "csi" | "cpr" | "osc" | "dcs" | "apc" | "unknown"
+
+// The four event types the parser produces. Everything stdin sends becomes
+// exactly one of these.
+export type StdinEvent =
+  | {
+      type: "key"
+      raw: string
+      key: ParsedKey
+    }
+  | {
+      type: "mouse"
+      raw: string
+      encoding: "sgr" | "x10"
+      event: RawMouseEvent
+    }
+  | {
+      type: "paste"
+      bytes: Uint8Array
+      metadata?: PasteMetadata
+    }
+  | {
+      type: "response"
+      protocol: StdinResponseProtocol
+      sequence: string
+    }
+
+export interface StdinParserProtocolContext {
+  kittyKeyboardEnabled: boolean
+  privateCapabilityRepliesActive: boolean
+  pixelResolutionQueryActive: boolean
+  explicitWidthCprActive: boolean
+  startupCursorCprActive: boolean
+}
+
+export interface StdinParserOptions {
+  timeoutMs?: number
+  maxPendingBytes?: number
+  armTimeouts?: boolean
+  onTimeoutFlush?: () => void
+  useKittyKeyboard?: boolean
+  protocolContext?: Partial<StdinParserProtocolContext>
+  clock?: Clock
+}
+
+// State machine tags for the byte scanner. Each tag represents which protocol
+// framing mode the parser is currently inside. The sawEsc flag in osc/dcs/apc
+// tracks whether the previous byte was ESC, since the two-byte ST terminator
+// (ESC \) can split across push() calls.
+type ParserState =
+  | { tag: "ground" }
+  | { tag: "utf8"; expected: number; seen: number }
+  | { tag: "esc" }
+  | { tag: "ss3" }
+  | { tag: "csi" }
+  | { tag: "csi_sgr_mouse"; part: number; hasDigit: boolean }
+  | { tag: "csi_sgr_mouse_deferred"; part: number; hasDigit: boolean }
+  | { tag: "csi_parametric"; semicolons: number; segments: number; hasDigit: boolean; firstParamValue: number | null }
+  | {
+      tag: "csi_parametric_deferred"
+      semicolons: number
+      segments: number
+      hasDigit: boolean
+      firstParamValue: number | null
+    }
+  | {
+      // Startup cursor CPR cancellation can happen before the parser has enough
+      // bytes to distinguish a stale reply from ordinary CSI input. This state
+      // keeps consuming that one pending reply until it is either discarded as
+      // CPR noise or handed back to normal CSI parsing.
+      tag: "csi_parametric_ignored"
+      semicolons: number
+      segments: number
+      hasDigit: boolean
+      firstParamValue: number | null
+    }
+  | { tag: "csi_private_reply"; semicolons: number; hasDigit: boolean; sawDollar: boolean }
+  | { tag: "csi_private_reply_deferred"; semicolons: number; hasDigit: boolean; sawDollar: boolean }
+  | { tag: "osc"; sawEsc: boolean }
+  | { tag: "dcs"; sawEsc: boolean }
+  | { tag: "apc"; sawEsc: boolean }
+  | { tag: "esc_recovery" }
+  | { tag: "esc_less_mouse" }
+  | { tag: "esc_less_x10_mouse" }
+
+// Collects paste body incrementally, bypassing the main ByteQueue so large
+// pastes don't grow the parser buffer. Keeps only a small tail for end-marker
+// detection across chunk boundaries.
+interface PasteCollector {
+  tail: Uint8Array
+  parts: Uint8Array[]
+  totalLength: number
+}
+
+// 20ms is to distinguish a lone ESC keypress from the start of an
+// escape sequence. Gemini/Claude uses 50ms, Codex uses 20ms, trying
+// this as a balanced default for now.
+const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 20
+const DEFAULT_MAX_PENDING_BYTES = 64 * 1024
+const INITIAL_PENDING_CAPACITY = 256
+const ESC = 0x1b
+const BEL = 0x07
+const BRACKETED_PASTE_START = Buffer.from("\x1b[200~")
+const BRACKETED_PASTE_END = Buffer.from("\x1b[201~")
+const EMPTY_BYTES = new Uint8Array(0)
+const KEY_DECODER = new TextDecoder()
+const DEFAULT_PROTOCOL_CONTEXT: StdinParserProtocolContext = {
+  kittyKeyboardEnabled: false,
+  privateCapabilityRepliesActive: false,
+  pixelResolutionQueryActive: false,
+  explicitWidthCprActive: false,
+  startupCursorCprActive: false,
+}
+// rxvt uses $-terminated CSI sequences for shifted function keys (e.g. ESC[2$).
+// Standard CSI treats $ as an intermediate byte, not a final, so we match these
+// explicitly to avoid waiting for a "real" final byte that never arrives.
+const RXVT_DOLLAR_CSI_RE = /^\x1b\[\d+\$$/
+
+const SYSTEM_CLOCK = new SystemClock()
+
+// Byte buffer for pending input. Uses start/end offsets so consume() just
+// advances the start pointer without copying. Compacts (via copyWithin) only
+// when the consumed prefix exceeds half the buffer, keeping amortized cost low.
+class ByteQueue {
+  private buf: Uint8Array
+  private start = 0
+  private end = 0
+
+  constructor(capacity = INITIAL_PENDING_CAPACITY) {
+    this.buf = new Uint8Array(capacity)
+  }
+
+  get length(): number {
+    return this.end - this.start
+  }
+
+  get capacity(): number {
+    return this.buf.length
+  }
+
+  view(): Uint8Array {
+    return this.buf.subarray(this.start, this.end)
+  }
+
+  // Returns a view of the contents and resets the queue. The view shares
+  // the underlying buffer, so it becomes invalid on the next append().
+  take(): Uint8Array {
+    const chunk = this.view()
+    this.start = 0
+    this.end = 0
+    return chunk
+  }
+
+  append(chunk: Uint8Array): void {
+    if (chunk.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.ensureCapacity(this.length + chunk.length)
+    this.buf.set(chunk, this.end)
+    this.end += chunk.length
+  }
+
+  // Drops the first `count` bytes. Compacts when the consumed prefix
+  // exceeds half the buffer to reclaim wasted space at the front.
+  consume(count: number): void {
+    if (count <= 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (count >= this.length) {
+      this.start = 0
+      this.end = 0
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.start += count
+    if (this.start >= this.buf.length / 2) {
+      this.buf.copyWithin(0, this.start, this.end)
+      this.end -= this.start
+      this.start = 0
+    }
+  }
+
+  clear(): void {
+    this.start = 0
+    this.end = 0
+  }
+
+  reset(capacity = INITIAL_PENDING_CAPACITY): void {
+    this.buf = new Uint8Array(capacity)
+    this.start = 0
+    this.end = 0
+  }
+
+  // Tries reclaiming space by compacting data to the front first.
+  // Doubles the allocation if that still isn't enough.
+  private ensureCapacity(requiredLength: number): void {
+    const currentLength = this.length
+    if (requiredLength <= this.buf.length) {
+      const availableAtEnd = this.buf.length - this.end
+      if (availableAtEnd >= requiredLength - currentLength) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      this.buf.copyWithin(0, this.start, this.end)
+      this.end = currentLength
+      this.start = 0
+      if (requiredLength <= this.buf.length) {
+        return
+      }
+    }
+
+    let nextCapacity = this.buf.length
+    while (nextCapacity < requiredLength) {
+      nextCapacity *= 2
+    }
+
+    const next = new Uint8Array(nextCapacity)
+    next.set(this.view(), 0)
+    this.buf = next
+    this.start = 0
+    this.end = currentLength
+  }
+}
+
+function normalizePositiveOption(value: number | undefined, fallback: number): number {
+  if (typeof value !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(value) || value <= 0) {
+    return fallback
+  }
+
+  return Math.floor(value)
+}
+
+// Returns the expected byte count for a UTF-8 sequence given its lead byte,
+// or 0 for bytes that aren't valid UTF-8 leads. Returning 0 tells the parser
+// this is a legacy high-byte character (0x80–0xBF, 0xC0–0xC1, 0xF5+) that
+// goes through the parseKeypress() meta-key path instead.
+function utf8SequenceLength(first: number): number {
+  if (first < 0x80) return 1
+  if (first >= 0xc2 && first <= 0xdf) return 2
+  if (first >= 0xe0 && first <= 0xef) return 3
+  if (first >= 0xf0 && first <= 0xf4) return 4
+  return 0
+}
+
+function bytesEqual(left: Uint8Array, right: Uint8Array): boolean {
+  if (left.length !== right.length) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  for (let index = 0; index < left.length; index += 1) {
+    if (left[index] !== right[index]) {
+      return false
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true
+}
+
+// Checks whether a byte sequence is a complete SGR mouse report:
+// ESC [ < Ps ; Ps ; Ps M/m  (three semicolon-separated digit groups).
+function isMouseSgrSequence(sequence: Uint8Array): boolean {
+  if (sequence.length < 7) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  if (sequence[0] !== ESC || sequence[1] !== 0x5b || sequence[2] !== 0x3c) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  const final = sequence[sequence.length - 1]
+  if (final !== 0x4d && final !== 0x6d) {
+    return false
+  }
+
+  let part = 0
+  let hasDigit = false
+  for (let index = 3; index < sequence.length - 1; index += 1) {
+    const byte = sequence[index]!
+    if (byte >= 0x30 && byte <= 0x39) {
+      hasDigit = true
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (byte === 0x3b && hasDigit && part < 2) {
+      part += 1
+      hasDigit = false
+      continue
+    }
+
+    return false
+  }
+
+  return part === 2 && hasDigit
+}
+
+function isAsciiDigit(byte: number): boolean {
+  return byte >= 0x30 && byte <= 0x39
+}
+
+interface ParametricCsiLike {
+  semicolons: number
+  segments: number
+  hasDigit: boolean
+  firstParamValue: number | null
+}
+
+interface PrivateReplyCsiLike {
+  semicolons: number
+  hasDigit: boolean
+  sawDollar: boolean
+}
+
+function parsePositiveDecimalPrefix(sequence: Uint8Array, start: number, endExclusive: number): number | null {
+  if (start >= endExclusive) return null
+
+  let value = 0
+  let sawDigit = false
+  for (let index = start; index < endExclusive; index += 1) {
+    const byte = sequence[index]!
+    if (!isAsciiDigit(byte)) return null
+    sawDigit = true
+    value = value * 10 + (byte - 0x30)
+  }
+
+  return sawDigit ? value : null
+}
+
+// Returns the leading kitty codepoint from field 1, like `97` in `97:65`.
+// The CSI scanner uses this at `;` boundaries to recognize alternate-key
+// forms (`codepoint[:shifted[:base]]`). That keeps split kitty sequences
+// pending, instead of flushing them as unknown on timeout.
+function parseKittyFirstFieldCodepoint(sequence: Uint8Array, start: number, endExclusive: number): number | null {
+  if (start >= endExclusive) return null
+
+  let firstColon = -1
+  for (let index = start; index < endExclusive; index += 1) {
+    if (sequence[index] === 0x3a) {
+      firstColon = index
+      break
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (firstColon === -1) return null
+
+  const codepoint = parsePositiveDecimalPrefix(sequence, start, firstColon)
+  if (codepoint === null) return null
+
+  // Remaining bytes in field 1 must stay kitty-compatible: digits or colons.
+  for (let index = firstColon + 1; index < endExclusive; index += 1) {
+    const byte = sequence[index]!
+    if (byte !== 0x3a && !isAsciiDigit(byte)) return null
+  }
+
+  return codepoint
+}
+
+function canStillBeKittyU(state: ParametricCsiLike): boolean {
+  return state.semicolons >= 1
+}
+
+function canStillBeKittySpecial(state: ParametricCsiLike): boolean {
+  return state.semicolons === 1 && state.segments > 1
+}
+
+function canStillBeExplicitWidthCpr(state: ParametricCsiLike): boolean {
+  return state.firstParamValue === 1 && state.semicolons === 1
+}
+
+function canStillBeStartupCursorCpr(state: ParametricCsiLike): boolean {
+  return state.semicolons === 1
+}
+
+function canStillBeStartupCursorCprPrefix(state: ParametricCsiLike): boolean {
+  return state.segments === 1 && state.semicolons <= 1
+}
+
+function canStillBePixelResolution(state: ParametricCsiLike): boolean {
+  return state.firstParamValue === 4 && state.semicolons === 2
+}
+
+function canDeferParametricCsi(state: ParametricCsiLike, context: StdinParserProtocolContext): boolean {
+  return (
+    (context.kittyKeyboardEnabled && (canStillBeKittyU(state) || canStillBeKittySpecial(state))) ||
+    (context.explicitWidthCprActive && canStillBeExplicitWidthCpr(state)) ||
+    (context.startupCursorCprActive && canStillBeStartupCursorCpr(state)) ||
+    (context.pixelResolutionQueryActive && canStillBePixelResolution(state))
+  )
+}
+
+function canCompleteDeferredParametricCsi(
+  state: ParametricCsiLike,
+  byte: number,
+  context: StdinParserProtocolContext,
+): boolean {
+  if (context.kittyKeyboardEnabled) {
+    if (state.hasDigit && byte === 0x75) return true
+    if (
+      state.hasDigit &&
+      state.semicolons === 1 &&
+      state.segments > 1 &&
+      (byte === 0x7e || (byte >= 0x41 && byte <= 0x5a))
+    ) {
+      return true
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (
+    context.explicitWidthCprActive &&
+    state.hasDigit &&
+    state.firstParamValue === 1 &&
+    state.semicolons === 1 &&
+    byte === 0x52
+  ) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (context.startupCursorCprActive && state.hasDigit && state.semicolons === 1 && byte === 0x52) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  if (
+    context.pixelResolutionQueryActive &&
+    state.hasDigit &&
+    state.firstParamValue === 4 &&
+    state.semicolons === 2 &&
+    byte === 0x74
+  ) {
+    return true
+  }
+
+  return false
+}
+
+function classifyParametricCsiProtocol(state: ParametricCsiLike, finalByte: number): StdinResponseProtocol {
+  if (finalByte === 0x52 && state.semicolons === 1 && state.segments === 1 && state.hasDigit) {
+    return "cpr"
+  }
+
+  return "csi"
+}
+
+function canDeferPrivateReplyCsi(context: StdinParserProtocolContext): boolean {
+  return context.privateCapabilityRepliesActive
+}
+
+function canCompleteDeferredPrivateReplyCsi(
+  state: PrivateReplyCsiLike,
+  byte: number,
+  context: StdinParserProtocolContext,
+): boolean {
+  if (!context.privateCapabilityRepliesActive) return false
+  if (state.sawDollar) return state.hasDigit && byte === 0x79
+  if (byte === 0x63) return state.hasDigit || state.semicolons > 0
+  if (byte === 0x6e) return state.hasDigit
+  return state.hasDigit && byte === 0x75
+}
+
+function concatBytes(left: Uint8Array, right: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+  if (left.length === 0) {
+    return right
+  }
+
+  if (right.length === 0) {
+    return left
+  }
+
+  const combined = new Uint8Array(left.length + right.length)
+  combined.set(left, 0)
+  combined.set(right, left.length)
+  return combined
+}
+
+function withEscPrefix(bytes: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+  const prefixed = new Uint8Array(bytes.length + 1)
+  prefixed[0] = ESC
+  prefixed.set(bytes, 1)
+  return prefixed
+}
+
+function indexOfBytes(haystack: Uint8Array, needle: Uint8Array): number {
+  if (needle.length === 0) {
+    return 0
+  }
+
+  const limit = haystack.length - needle.length
+  for (let offset = 0; offset <= limit; offset += 1) {
+    let matched = true
+    for (let index = 0; index < needle.length; index += 1) {
+      if (haystack[offset + index] !== needle[index]) {
+        matched = false
+        break
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (matched) {
+      return offset
+    }
+  }
+
+  return -1
+}
+
+// Decodes raw protocol bytes as latin1. Used for mouse and response events
+// where the wire bytes may not be valid UTF-8 but need a lossless string
+// form for downstream sequence handlers.
+function decodeLatin1(bytes: Uint8Array): string {
+  return Buffer.from(bytes.buffer, bytes.byteOffset, bytes.byteLength).toString("latin1")
+}
+
+function decodeUtf8(bytes: Uint8Array): string {
+  return KEY_DECODER.decode(bytes)
+}
+
+function createPasteCollector(): PasteCollector {
+  return {
+    tail: EMPTY_BYTES,
+    parts: [],
+    totalLength: 0,
+  }
+}
+
+function joinPasteBytes(parts: Uint8Array[], totalLength: number): Uint8Array {
+  if (totalLength === 0) {
+    return EMPTY_BYTES
+  }
+
+  if (parts.length === 1) {
+    return parts[0]!
+  }
+
+  const bytes = new Uint8Array(totalLength)
+  let offset = 0
+  for (const part of parts) {
+    bytes.set(part, offset)
+    offset += part.length
+  }
+
+  return bytes
+}
+
+// Push-driven stdin parser. Callers feed raw bytes via push(), then read
+// typed events via read() or drain(). At most one incomplete protocol unit
+// is buffered at a time; everything else is immediately converted to events.
+//
+// The parser guarantees chunk-shape invariance: the same bytes always produce
+// the same events, regardless of chunk boundaries. A lone ESC resolves via
+// timeout, split UTF-8 codepoints reassemble correctly, and bracketed paste
+// markers may split across any chunk boundary.
+export class StdinParser {
+  private readonly pending = new ByteQueue(INITIAL_PENDING_CAPACITY)
+  private readonly events: StdinEvent[] = []
+  private readonly timeoutMs: number
+  private readonly maxPendingBytes: number
+  private readonly armTimeouts: boolean
+  private readonly onTimeoutFlush: (() => void) | null
+  private readonly useKittyKeyboard: boolean
+  private readonly mouseParser = new MouseParser()
+  private readonly clock: Clock
+  private protocolContext: StdinParserProtocolContext
+  private timeoutId: TimerHandle | null = null
+  private destroyed = false
+  // When the current incomplete unit first appeared. Null when nothing is pending.
+  private pendingSinceMs: number | null = null
+  // When true, the state machine treats the current incomplete prefix as
+  // final and emits it as one atomic event (e.g. a lone ESC becomes an
+  // Escape key). Set by the timeout, consumed by the next read() or drain().
+  private forceFlush = false
+  // True only immediately after a timeout flush emits a lone ESC key. The next
+  // `[` may begin a delayed `[<...M/m` mouse continuation recovery path.
+  private justFlushedEsc = false
+  private state: ParserState = { tag: "ground" }
+  // Scan position within pending.view() during scanPending().
+  private cursor = 0
+  // Start of the protocol unit currently being parsed. The bytes from
+  // unitStart through cursor all belong to one atomic unit.
+  private unitStart = 0
+  // When non-null, the parser is inside a bracketed paste. All incoming
+  // bytes flow through consumePasteBytes() instead of the normal state machine.
+  private paste: PasteCollector | null = null
+
+  constructor(options: StdinParserOptions = {}) {
+    this.timeoutMs = normalizePositiveOption(options.timeoutMs, DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS)
+    this.maxPendingBytes = normalizePositiveOption(options.maxPendingBytes, DEFAULT_MAX_PENDING_BYTES)
+    this.armTimeouts = options.armTimeouts ?? true
+    this.onTimeoutFlush = options.onTimeoutFlush ?? null
+    this.useKittyKeyboard = options.useKittyKeyboard ?? true
+    this.clock = options.clock ?? SYSTEM_CLOCK
+    this.protocolContext = {
+      ...DEFAULT_PROTOCOL_CONTEXT,
+      kittyKeyboardEnabled: options.protocolContext?.kittyKeyboardEnabled ?? false,
+      privateCapabilityRepliesActive: options.protocolContext?.privateCapabilityRepliesActive ?? false,
+      pixelResolutionQueryActive: options.protocolContext?.pixelResolutionQueryActive ?? false,
+      explicitWidthCprActive: options.protocolContext?.explicitWidthCprActive ?? false,
+      startupCursorCprActive: options.protocolContext?.startupCursorCprActive ?? false,
+    }
+  }
+
+  public get bufferCapacity(): number {
+    return this.pending.capacity
+  }
+
+  public updateProtocolContext(patch: Partial<StdinParserProtocolContext>): void {
+    this.ensureAlive()
+    this.protocolContext = { ...this.protocolContext, ...patch }
+    this.reconcileDeferredStateWithProtocolContext()
+    this.reconcileTimeoutState()
+  }
+
+  // A startup CPR can be split either after `ESC[` or after the first `;`.
+  // Normalize both shapes into one ignore-state so leaving split-footer can
+  // cancel the stale reply without also swallowing unrelated CSI sequences.
+  private getAbortableStartupCursorCprState(): Extract<ParserState, { tag: "csi_parametric_ignored" }> | null {
+    if (this.pending.length === 0) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    switch (this.state.tag) {
+      case "csi": {
+        const bytes = this.pending.view()
+        const firstParamStart = this.unitStart + 2
+        if (this.cursor < firstParamStart) {
+          return null
+        }
+
+        let firstParamValue: number | null = null
+        for (let index = firstParamStart; index < this.cursor; index += 1) {
+          const byte = bytes[index]!
+          if (!isAsciiDigit(byte)) {
+            return null
+          }
+
+          firstParamValue = (firstParamValue ?? 0) * 10 + (byte - 0x30)
+        }
+
+        return {
+          tag: "csi_parametric_ignored",
+          semicolons: 0,
+          segments: 1,
+          hasDigit: this.cursor > firstParamStart,
+          firstParamValue,
+        }
+      }
+
+      case "csi_parametric":
+      case "csi_parametric_deferred":
+        if (
+          !canStillBeStartupCursorCprPrefix(this.state) ||
+          (this.protocolContext.explicitWidthCprActive && canStillBeExplicitWidthCpr(this.state))
+        ) {
+          return null
+        }
+
+        return {
+          tag: "csi_parametric_ignored",
+          semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+          segments: this.state.segments,
+          hasDigit: this.state.hasDigit,
+          firstParamValue: this.state.firstParamValue,
+        }
+    }
+
+    return null
+  }
+
+  public abortPendingStartupCursorCpr(): void {
+    this.ensureAlive()
+
+    const nextState = this.getAbortableStartupCursorCprState()
+    if (!nextState) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.state = nextState
+
+    if (this.pendingSinceMs === null) {
+      this.markPending()
+    }
+
+    this.forceFlush = false
+    this.reconcileTimeoutState()
+  }
+
+  // Feeds raw stdin bytes into the parser. Converts as much as possible into
+  // queued events and leaves at most one incomplete unit behind in pending.
+  //
+  // When a chunk contains a paste start marker, bytes before the marker go
+  // through normal parsing, then paste mode takes over for the rest. This
+  // prevents large pastes from growing the main buffer.
+  public push(data: Uint8Array): void {
+    this.ensureAlive()
+    if (data.length === 0) {
+      // Preserve the existing empty-chunk -> empty-keypress behavior.
+      this.emitKeyOrResponse("unknown", "")
+      return
+    }
+
+    let remainder = data
+    while (remainder.length > 0) {
+      if (this.paste) {
+        remainder = this.consumePasteBytes(remainder)
+        continue
+      }
+
+      // If we're in ground state with nothing pending, scan the incoming
+      // chunk for a paste start marker. Only append through the marker so
+      // scanPending() enters paste mode without buffering the full paste.
+      const immediatePasteStartIndex =
+        this.state.tag === "ground" && this.pending.length === 0 ? indexOfBytes(remainder, BRACKETED_PASTE_START) : -1
+      const appendEnd =
+        immediatePasteStartIndex === -1 ? remainder.length : immediatePasteStartIndex + BRACKETED_PASTE_START.length
+
+      this.pending.append(remainder.subarray(0, appendEnd))
+      remainder = remainder.subarray(appendEnd)
+      this.scanPending()
+
+      if (this.paste && this.pending.length > 0) {
+        remainder = this.consumePasteBytes(this.takePendingBytes())
+        continue
+      }
+
+      if (!this.paste && this.pending.length > this.maxPendingBytes) {
+        this.flushPendingOverflow()
+        this.scanPending()
+
+        if (this.paste && this.pending.length > 0) {
+          remainder = this.consumePasteBytes(this.takePendingBytes())
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    this.reconcileTimeoutState()
+  }
+
+  // Pops one event from the queue. If the queue is empty and a timeout has
+  // set forceFlush, re-scans pending to convert the timed-out incomplete
+  // unit into one final event before returning it.
+  public read(): StdinEvent | null {
+    this.ensureAlive()
+
+    if (this.events.length === 0 && this.forceFlush) {
+      this.scanPending()
+      this.reconcileTimeoutState()
+    }
+
+    return this.events.shift() ?? null
+  }
+
+  // Delivers all queued events. Stops early if the parser is destroyed
+  // during a callback (e.g. an event handler triggers teardown).
+  public drain(onEvent: (event: StdinEvent) => void): void {
+    this.ensureAlive()
+
+    while (true) {
+      if (this.destroyed) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      const event = this.read()
+      if (!event) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      onEvent(event)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Marks the parser for forced flush if enough time has passed since
+  // incomplete data arrived. Does not immediately emit events — the next
+  // read() or drain() does the actual flush. This separation keeps the
+  // timer callback from emitting events mid-flight in user code.
+  public flushTimeout(nowMsValue: number = this.clock.now()): void {
+    this.ensureAlive()
+
+    if (
+      this.pendingSinceMs !== null &&
+      (nowMsValue < this.pendingSinceMs || nowMsValue - this.pendingSinceMs < this.timeoutMs)
+    ) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.tryForceFlush()
+  }
+
+  // Sets forceFlush when there are pending bytes outside of a paste.
+  // Extracted so the setTimeout callback in reconcileTimeoutState() can
+  // bypass flushTimeout()'s elapsed-time comparison. Timer scheduling and
+  // clock.now() sampling can disagree by a small amount; re-checking elapsed
+  // time in the callback can skip a flush and leave pending bytes stuck.
+  private tryForceFlush(): void {
+    if (this.paste || this.pendingSinceMs === null || this.pending.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.forceFlush = true
+  }
+
+  public reset(): void {
+    if (this.destroyed) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.clearTimeout()
+    this.resetState()
+  }
+
+  public resetMouseState(): void {
+    this.ensureAlive()
+    this.mouseParser.reset()
+  }
+
+  public destroy(): void {
+    if (this.destroyed) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.clearTimeout()
+    this.destroyed = true
+    this.resetState()
+  }
+
+  private ensureAlive(): void {
+    if (this.destroyed) {
+      throw new Error("StdinParser has been destroyed")
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Scans the pending byte buffer one byte at a time, dispatching on the
+  // current parser state. All protocol framing lives in this single switch
+  // — intentionally not split into per-mode scan helpers.
+  //
+  // Exits when: all bytes consumed (ground), more bytes needed (incomplete
+  // unit), or paste mode entered (body handled by consumePasteBytes).
+  private scanPending(): void {
+    while (!this.paste) {
+      const bytes = this.pending.view()
+      if (this.state.tag === "ground" && this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+        this.pending.clear()
+        this.cursor = 0
+        this.unitStart = 0
+        this.pendingSinceMs = null
+        this.forceFlush = false
+        return
+      }
+
+      const byte = this.cursor < bytes.length ? bytes[this.cursor]! : -1
+      switch (this.state.tag) {
+        case "ground": {
+          this.unitStart = this.cursor
+
+          // After a timeout-flushed lone ESC, a following `[` may be the start
+          // of a delayed `[<...M/m` mouse continuation. Recover only this narrow
+          // case; otherwise clear the recovery flag and parse bytes normally.
+          if (this.justFlushedEsc) {
+            if (byte === 0x5b) {
+              this.justFlushedEsc = false
+              this.cursor += 1
+              this.state = { tag: "esc_recovery" }
+              continue
+            }
+
+            this.justFlushedEsc = false
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = { tag: "esc" }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte < 0x80) {
+            this.emitKeyOrResponse("unknown", decodeUtf8(bytes.subarray(this.cursor, this.cursor + 1)))
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor + 1)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          // Invalid UTF-8 lead byte. Could be a legacy high-byte from an
+          // older terminal. If it's the last byte in the buffer, wait for
+          // more data or a timeout before committing. On timeout, emit
+          // through parseKeypress() which handles meta-key behavior.
+          const expected = utf8SequenceLength(byte)
+          if (expected === 0) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush && this.cursor + 1 === bytes.length) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitLegacyHighByte(byte)
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor + 1)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.cursor += 1
+          this.state = { tag: "utf8", expected, seen: 1 }
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "utf8": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitLegacyHighByte(bytes[this.unitStart]!)
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.unitStart + 1)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          // Not a valid continuation byte. Treat the lead byte as a legacy
+          // high-byte character and restart parsing from this position.
+          if ((byte & 0xc0) !== 0x80) {
+            this.emitLegacyHighByte(bytes[this.unitStart]!)
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.unitStart + 1)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          const nextSeen = this.state.seen + 1
+          this.cursor += 1
+          if (nextSeen < this.state.expected) {
+            this.state = { tag: "utf8", expected: this.state.expected, seen: nextSeen }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.emitKeyOrResponse("unknown", decodeUtf8(bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor)))
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "esc": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            const flushedLoneEsc = this.cursor === this.unitStart + 1 && bytes[this.unitStart] === ESC
+            this.emitKeyOrResponse("unknown", decodeUtf8(bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor)))
+            this.justFlushedEsc = flushedLoneEsc
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          // The byte after ESC determines the sub-protocol:
+          // [  ->  CSI, O  ->  SS3, ]  ->  OSC, P  ->  DCS, _  ->  APC.
+          switch (byte) {
+            case 0x5b:
+              this.cursor += 1
+              this.state = { tag: "csi" }
+              continue
+            case 0x4f:
+              this.cursor += 1
+              this.state = { tag: "ss3" }
+              continue
+            case 0x5d:
+              this.cursor += 1
+              this.state = { tag: "osc", sawEsc: false }
+              continue
+            case 0x50:
+              this.cursor += 1
+              this.state = { tag: "dcs", sawEsc: false }
+              continue
+            case 0x5f:
+              this.cursor += 1
+              this.state = { tag: "apc", sawEsc: false }
+              continue
+            // ESC ESC: stay in esc state. Terminals encode Alt+ESC and
+            // similar sequences as ESC ESC [...], so we keep scanning.
+            case ESC:
+              this.cursor += 1
+              continue
+            default:
+              this.cursor += 1
+              this.emitKeyOrResponse("unknown", decodeUtf8(bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor)))
+              this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+              this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+              continue
+          }
+        }
+
+        case "ss3": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.cursor += 1
+          this.emitKeyOrResponse("unknown", decodeUtf8(bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor)))
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // Narrow recovery path for delayed mouse continuations after a
+        // timeout-flushed lone ESC. Wait for either `<` (SGR) or `M` (X10); if
+        // neither arrives, flush `[` as a normal key.
+        case "esc_recovery": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitKeyOrResponse("unknown", decodeUtf8(bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor)))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x3c) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = { tag: "esc_less_mouse" }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x4d) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = { tag: "esc_less_x10_mouse" }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.emitKeyOrResponse("unknown", decodeUtf8(bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.unitStart + 1)))
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(this.unitStart + 1)
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "csi": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          // A new ESC inside an incomplete CSI means the previous sequence
+          // was interrupted. Flush everything before the new ESC as one
+          // opaque response, then restart parsing at the new ESC.
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          // X10 mouse: ESC [ M plus 3 raw payload bytes (button, x, y).
+          // cursor === unitStart + 2 confirms M comes right after ESC[,
+          // not as a later final byte in a different CSI sequence.
+          if (byte === 0x4d && this.cursor === this.unitStart + 2) {
+            const end = this.cursor + 4
+            if (bytes.length < end) {
+              if (!this.forceFlush) {
+                this.markPending()
+                return
+              }
+
+              this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, bytes.length))
+              this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+              this.consumePrefix(bytes.length)
+              continue
+            }
+
+            this.emitMouse(bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end), "x10")
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(end)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x24) {
+            const candidateEnd = this.cursor + 1
+            const candidate = decodeUtf8(bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, candidateEnd))
+            if (RXVT_DOLLAR_CSI_RE.test(candidate)) {
+              this.emitKeyOrResponse("csi", candidate)
+              this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+              this.consumePrefix(candidateEnd)
+              continue
+            }
+
+            if (!this.forceFlush && candidateEnd >= bytes.length) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x3c && this.cursor === this.unitStart + 2) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = { tag: "csi_sgr_mouse", part: 0, hasDigit: false }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          // Some terminals use ESC [[A..E / ESC [[5~ / ESC [[6~ variants.
+          // Treat the second `[` immediately after ESC[ as part of the CSI
+          // payload instead of as a final byte so parseKeypress() can match
+          // `[[A`, `[[B`, `[[5~`, etc.
+          if (byte === 0x5b && this.cursor === this.unitStart + 2) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x3f && this.cursor === this.unitStart + 2) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = { tag: "csi_private_reply", semicolons: 0, hasDigit: false, sawDollar: false }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x3b) {
+            const firstParamStart = this.unitStart + 2
+            const firstParamEnd = this.cursor
+            let firstParamValue = parsePositiveDecimalPrefix(bytes, firstParamStart, firstParamEnd)
+
+            if (firstParamValue === null && this.protocolContext.kittyKeyboardEnabled) {
+              firstParamValue = parseKittyFirstFieldCodepoint(bytes, firstParamStart, firstParamEnd)
+            }
+
+            if (firstParamValue !== null) {
+              this.cursor += 1
+              this.state = {
+                tag: "csi_parametric",
+                semicolons: 1,
+                segments: 1,
+                hasDigit: false,
+                firstParamValue,
+              }
+              continue
+            }
+          }
+
+          // Standard CSI final byte (0x40–0x7E). Check for bracketed paste
+          // start, SGR mouse, or a regular CSI key/response.
+          if (byte >= 0x40 && byte <= 0x7e) {
+            const end = this.cursor + 1
+            const rawBytes = bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end)
+
+            if (bytesEqual(rawBytes, BRACKETED_PASTE_START)) {
+              this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+              this.consumePrefix(end)
+              this.paste = createPasteCollector()
+              continue
+            }
+
+            if (isMouseSgrSequence(rawBytes)) {
+              this.emitMouse(rawBytes, "sgr")
+              this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+              this.consumePrefix(end)
+              continue
+            }
+
+            this.emitKeyOrResponse("csi", decodeUtf8(rawBytes))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(end)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.cursor += 1
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "csi_sgr_mouse": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.state = { tag: "csi_sgr_mouse_deferred", part: this.state.part, hasDigit: this.state.hasDigit }
+            this.pendingSinceMs = null
+            this.forceFlush = false
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (isAsciiDigit(byte)) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = { tag: "csi_sgr_mouse", part: this.state.part, hasDigit: true }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x3b && this.state.hasDigit && this.state.part < 2) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = { tag: "csi_sgr_mouse", part: this.state.part + 1, hasDigit: false }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte >= 0x40 && byte <= 0x7e) {
+            const end = this.cursor + 1
+            const rawBytes = bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end)
+            if (isMouseSgrSequence(rawBytes)) {
+              this.emitMouse(rawBytes, "sgr")
+            } else {
+              this.emitKeyOrResponse("csi", decodeUtf8(rawBytes))
+            }
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(end)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.state = { tag: "csi" }
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "csi_sgr_mouse_deferred": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            this.pendingSinceMs = null
+            this.forceFlush = false
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (isAsciiDigit(byte) || byte === 0x3b || byte === 0x4d || byte === 0x6d) {
+            this.state = { tag: "csi_sgr_mouse", part: this.state.part, hasDigit: this.state.hasDigit }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "csi_parametric": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            if (canDeferParametricCsi(this.state, this.protocolContext)) {
+              this.state = {
+                tag: "csi_parametric_deferred",
+                semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+                segments: this.state.segments,
+                hasDigit: this.state.hasDigit,
+                firstParamValue: this.state.firstParamValue,
+              }
+              this.pendingSinceMs = null
+              this.forceFlush = false
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (isAsciiDigit(byte)) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_parametric",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+              segments: this.state.segments,
+              hasDigit: true,
+              firstParamValue: this.state.firstParamValue,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x3a && this.state.hasDigit && this.state.segments < 3) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_parametric",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+              segments: this.state.segments + 1,
+              hasDigit: false,
+              firstParamValue: this.state.firstParamValue,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x3b && this.state.semicolons < 2) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_parametric",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons + 1,
+              segments: 1,
+              hasDigit: false,
+              firstParamValue: this.state.firstParamValue,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte >= 0x40 && byte <= 0x7e) {
+            const end = this.cursor + 1
+            const protocol = classifyParametricCsiProtocol(this.state, byte)
+            this.emitKeyOrResponse(protocol, decodeUtf8(bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end)))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(end)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.state = { tag: "csi" }
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "csi_parametric_deferred": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            this.pendingSinceMs = null
+            this.forceFlush = false
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (isAsciiDigit(byte) || byte === 0x3a || byte === 0x3b) {
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_parametric",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+              segments: this.state.segments,
+              hasDigit: this.state.hasDigit,
+              firstParamValue: this.state.firstParamValue,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (canCompleteDeferredParametricCsi(this.state, byte, this.protocolContext)) {
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_parametric",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+              segments: this.state.segments,
+              hasDigit: this.state.hasDigit,
+              firstParamValue: this.state.firstParamValue,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "csi_parametric_ignored": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (isAsciiDigit(byte)) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_parametric_ignored",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+              segments: this.state.segments,
+              hasDigit: true,
+              firstParamValue:
+                this.state.semicolons === 0
+                  ? (this.state.firstParamValue ?? 0) * 10 + (byte - 0x30)
+                  : this.state.firstParamValue,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x3b && this.state.semicolons === 0 && this.state.hasDigit) {
+            // `CSI 1;...R` is also used by the explicit-width probe, so once we
+            // learn that first param we must hand control back to normal CSI
+            // parsing instead of discarding the rest of the reply.
+            if (this.protocolContext.explicitWidthCprActive && this.state.firstParamValue === 1) {
+              this.state = { tag: "csi" }
+              continue
+            }
+
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_parametric_ignored",
+              semicolons: 1,
+              segments: 1,
+              hasDigit: false,
+              firstParamValue: this.state.firstParamValue,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x52 && this.state.semicolons === 1 && this.state.hasDigit) {
+            const end = this.cursor + 1
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(end)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (this.state.semicolons === 0) {
+            this.state = { tag: "csi" }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "csi_private_reply": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            if (canDeferPrivateReplyCsi(this.protocolContext)) {
+              this.state = {
+                tag: "csi_private_reply_deferred",
+                semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+                hasDigit: this.state.hasDigit,
+                sawDollar: this.state.sawDollar,
+              }
+              this.pendingSinceMs = null
+              this.forceFlush = false
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (isAsciiDigit(byte)) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_private_reply",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+              hasDigit: true,
+              sawDollar: this.state.sawDollar,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x3b) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_private_reply",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons + 1,
+              hasDigit: false,
+              sawDollar: false,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x24 && this.state.hasDigit && !this.state.sawDollar) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_private_reply",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+              hasDigit: true,
+              sawDollar: true,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte >= 0x40 && byte <= 0x7e) {
+            const end = this.cursor + 1
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("csi", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(end)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.state = { tag: "csi" }
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "csi_private_reply_deferred": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            this.pendingSinceMs = null
+            this.forceFlush = false
+            return
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (isAsciiDigit(byte) || byte === 0x3b || byte === 0x24) {
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_private_reply",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+              hasDigit: this.state.hasDigit,
+              sawDollar: this.state.sawDollar,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (canCompleteDeferredPrivateReplyCsi(this.state, byte, this.protocolContext)) {
+            this.state = {
+              tag: "csi_private_reply",
+              semicolons: this.state.semicolons,
+              hasDigit: this.state.hasDigit,
+              sawDollar: this.state.sawDollar,
+            }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // OSC sequences end at BEL or ESC \. DCS and APC end at ESC \
+        // only. The sawEsc flag tracks whether the previous byte was ESC,
+        // since the two-byte ESC \ can split across push() calls.
+        case "osc": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (this.state.sawEsc) {
+            if (byte === 0x5c) {
+              const end = this.cursor + 1
+              this.emitOpaqueResponse("osc", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end))
+              this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+              this.consumePrefix(end)
+              continue
+            }
+
+            this.state = { tag: "osc", sawEsc: false }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === BEL) {
+            const end = this.cursor + 1
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("osc", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(end)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = { tag: "osc", sawEsc: true }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.cursor += 1
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "dcs": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (this.state.sawEsc) {
+            if (byte === 0x5c) {
+              const end = this.cursor + 1
+              this.emitOpaqueResponse("dcs", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end))
+              this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+              this.consumePrefix(end)
+              continue
+            }
+
+            this.state = { tag: "dcs", sawEsc: false }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = { tag: "dcs", sawEsc: true }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.cursor += 1
+          continue
+        }
+
+        case "apc": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (this.state.sawEsc) {
+            if (byte === 0x5c) {
+              const end = this.cursor + 1
+              this.emitOpaqueResponse("apc", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end))
+              this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+              this.consumePrefix(end)
+              continue
+            }
+
+            this.state = { tag: "apc", sawEsc: false }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === ESC) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            this.state = { tag: "apc", sawEsc: true }
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.cursor += 1
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // Delayed SGR mouse continuation after `esc_recovery` has consumed the
+        // leading `[`. Reconstruct the already-flushed ESC for valid mouse
+        // reports so wheel/click input still works; keep malformed or partial
+        // bytes opaque so they never leak into text input.
+        case "esc_less_mouse": {
+          if (this.cursor >= bytes.length) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if ((byte >= 0x30 && byte <= 0x39) || byte === 0x3b) {
+            this.cursor += 1
+            continue
+          }
+
+          if (byte === 0x4d || byte === 0x6d) {
+            const end = this.cursor + 1
+            const rawBytes = bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end)
+            const prefixed = withEscPrefix(rawBytes)
+            if (isMouseSgrSequence(prefixed)) {
+              this.emitMouse(prefixed, "sgr")
+            } else {
+              this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", rawBytes)
+            }
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(end)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+          continue
+        }
+
+        // Delayed X10 mouse continuation after `esc_recovery` has consumed the
+        // leading `[`. Reconstruct the already-flushed ESC for valid mouse
+        // reports so wheel/click input still works; keep malformed or partial
+        // bytes opaque so they never leak into text input.
+        case "esc_less_x10_mouse": {
+          const end = this.unitStart + 5
+
+          if (bytes.length < end) {
+            if (!this.forceFlush) {
+              this.markPending()
+              return
+            }
+
+            this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, bytes.length))
+            this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+            this.consumePrefix(bytes.length)
+            continue
+          }
+
+          const rawBytes = bytes.subarray(this.unitStart, end)
+          this.emitMouse(withEscPrefix(rawBytes), "x10")
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(end)
+          continue
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Tries to parse the raw string as a key via parseKeypress(). If it
+  // recognizes the sequence (printable char, arrow, function key, etc.),
+  // emits a key event. Otherwise emits a response event — this is how
+  // capability responses, focus sequences, and other non-key CSI traffic
+  // avoids becoming text.
+  private emitKeyOrResponse(protocol: StdinResponseProtocol, raw: string): void {
+    const parsed = parseKeypress(raw, { useKittyKeyboard: this.useKittyKeyboard })
+    if (parsed) {
+      this.events.push({
+        type: "key",
+        raw: parsed.raw,
+        key: parsed,
+      })
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.events.push({
+      type: "response",
+      protocol,
+      sequence: raw,
+    })
+  }
+
+  private emitMouse(rawBytes: Uint8Array, encoding: "sgr" | "x10"): void {
+    const event = this.mouseParser.parseMouseEvent(rawBytes)
+    if (!event) {
+      this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", rawBytes)
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.events.push({
+      type: "mouse",
+      raw: decodeLatin1(rawBytes),
+      encoding,
+      event,
+    })
+  }
+
+  // Handles single bytes in the 0x80–0xFF range that aren't valid UTF-8
+  // leads. Passes them through parseKeypress() which maps them to the
+  // existing meta-key behavior (e.g. Alt+letter in terminals that send
+  // high bytes instead of ESC-prefixed sequences).
+  private emitLegacyHighByte(byte: number): void {
+    const parsed = parseKeypress(Buffer.from([byte]), { useKittyKeyboard: this.useKittyKeyboard })
+    if (parsed) {
+      this.events.push({
+        type: "key",
+        raw: parsed.raw,
+        key: parsed,
+      })
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.events.push({
+      type: "response",
+      protocol: "unknown",
+      sequence: String.fromCharCode(byte),
+    })
+  }
+
+  private emitOpaqueResponse(protocol: StdinResponseProtocol, rawBytes: Uint8Array): void {
+    this.events.push({
+      type: "response",
+      protocol,
+      sequence: decodeLatin1(rawBytes),
+    })
+  }
+
+  // Advances past a completed protocol unit. Resets cursor, unitStart,
+  // and timeout state so the next scan iteration starts clean.
+  private consumePrefix(endExclusive: number): void {
+    this.pending.consume(endExclusive)
+    this.cursor = 0
+    this.unitStart = 0
+    this.pendingSinceMs = null
+    this.forceFlush = false
+  }
+
+  // Removes all bytes from the pending queue and returns them. Used when
+  // entering paste mode — leftover bytes after the paste start marker
+  // need to flow through consumePasteBytes() instead.
+  private takePendingBytes(): Uint8Array {
+    const buffered = this.pending.take()
+    this.cursor = 0
+    this.unitStart = 0
+    this.pendingSinceMs = null
+    this.forceFlush = false
+    return buffered
+  }
+
+  // Emits all pending bytes as one opaque response and clears the buffer.
+  // This keeps the parser buffer bounded at maxPendingBytes without
+  // dropping data or splitting it into per-character events.
+  private flushPendingOverflow(): void {
+    if (this.pending.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", this.pending.view())
+    this.pending.clear()
+    this.cursor = 0
+    this.unitStart = 0
+    this.pendingSinceMs = null
+    this.forceFlush = false
+    this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+  }
+
+  // Records when incomplete data first appeared so flushTimeout() can
+  // decide whether enough time has elapsed to force-flush it.
+  private markPending(): void {
+    this.pendingSinceMs = this.clock.now()
+  }
+
+  // Processes bytes during an active bracketed paste. Searches for the end
+  // marker (ESC[201~) using a sliding tail window so the marker can split
+  // across chunk boundaries. Bytes that can't be part of the end marker are
+  // appended to the paste collector without decoding.
+  //
+  // Returns any bytes that follow the end marker — those go back through
+  // normal parsing in the push() loop.
+  private consumePasteBytes(chunk: Uint8Array): Uint8Array {
+    const paste = this.paste!
+    const combined = concatBytes(paste.tail, chunk)
+    const endIndex = indexOfBytes(combined, BRACKETED_PASTE_END)
+
+    if (endIndex !== -1) {
+      this.pushPasteBytes(combined.subarray(0, endIndex))
+
+      this.events.push({
+        type: "paste",
+        bytes: joinPasteBytes(paste.parts, paste.totalLength),
+      })
+
+      this.paste = null
+      return combined.subarray(endIndex + BRACKETED_PASTE_END.length)
+    }
+
+    // Keep enough trailing bytes to detect an end marker split across chunks.
+    // Everything before that point is safe to retain immediately.
+    const keep = Math.min(BRACKETED_PASTE_END.length - 1, combined.length)
+    const stableLength = combined.length - keep
+    if (stableLength > 0) {
+      this.pushPasteBytes(combined.subarray(0, stableLength))
+    }
+
+    paste.tail = Uint8Array.from(combined.subarray(stableLength))
+    return EMPTY_BYTES
+  }
+
+  private pushPasteBytes(bytes: Uint8Array): void {
+    if (bytes.length === 0) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    // Copy here because subarray() inputs may alias the caller's chunk or the
+    // parser's pending buffer across pushes. The emitted paste event must keep
+    // the original bytes even if those backing buffers are later reused.
+    this.paste!.parts.push(Uint8Array.from(bytes))
+    this.paste!.totalLength += bytes.length
+  }
+
+  private reconcileDeferredStateWithProtocolContext(): void {
+    switch (this.state.tag) {
+      case "csi_parametric_deferred":
+        if (!canDeferParametricCsi(this.state, this.protocolContext)) {
+          this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", this.pending.view().subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+        }
+        return
+
+      case "csi_private_reply_deferred":
+        if (!canDeferPrivateReplyCsi(this.protocolContext)) {
+          this.emitOpaqueResponse("unknown", this.pending.view().subarray(this.unitStart, this.cursor))
+          this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+          this.consumePrefix(this.cursor)
+        }
+        return
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Arms or disarms the timeout after every push(). If there's an incomplete
+  // unit in the buffer, starts a timer. When the timer fires, it sets
+  // forceFlush so the next read() converts the incomplete unit into one
+  // atomic event (e.g. a lone ESC becoming an Escape key).
+  private reconcileTimeoutState(): void {
+    if (!this.armTimeouts) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (this.paste || this.pendingSinceMs === null || this.pending.length === 0) {
+      this.clearTimeout()
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.clearTimeout()
+    this.timeoutId = this.clock.setTimeout(() => {
+      this.timeoutId = null
+      if (this.destroyed) {
+        return
+      }
+
+      try {
+        this.tryForceFlush()
+        this.onTimeoutFlush?.()
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.error("stdin parser timeout flush failed", error)
+      }
+    }, this.timeoutMs)
+  }
+
+  private clearTimeout(): void {
+    if (!this.timeoutId) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.clock.clearTimeout(this.timeoutId)
+    this.timeoutId = null
+  }
+
+  // Clears all parser state: pending bytes, queued events, timeout tracking,
+  // and any active paste collector. Called by both reset() (suspend/resume)
+  // and destroy() to ensure no stale state survives.
+  private resetState(): void {
+    this.pending.reset(INITIAL_PENDING_CAPACITY)
+    this.events.length = 0
+    this.pendingSinceMs = null
+    this.forceFlush = false
+    this.justFlushedEsc = false
+    this.state = { tag: "ground" }
+    this.cursor = 0
+    this.unitStart = 0
+    this.paste = null
+    this.mouseParser.reset()
+  }
+}