@xemahq/repo-build-tooling 0.21.0 → 0.21.2

package/README.md

@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@ pnpm exec xema-scrub-swagger-paths dist
 | `xema-scrub-swagger-paths <dist-dir>...` | Rewrites `@nestjs/swagger` plugin output that names a private install path, then fails the build if any leak remains (`--self-test` available) |
 | `xema-composed-image <command>` | Build-time half of a composed-process image: `members`, `filters`, `dirs`, `pins`, `index`, `load`, `stage`, `pnpm-context`, `sync-injected`, `prisma-check`, `migrate`, `coordinate`, `load-image`, `smoke-refusal`, `dockerfile` |
 | `xema-arm64-supplement-needed` | Decides whether an arm64 supplement is still owed at `REGISTRY/IMAGE:CONTENT_TAG` (env: `REGISTRY`, `IMAGE`, `CONTENT_TAG`, `REGISTRY_USER`, `REGISTRY_TOKEN`). `needed=false` only when the coordinate serves an index whose linux/arm64 child is proven by its own image config; any other resolvable state is `needed=true`; a 401/403/5xx or an unresolvable child is an error. Writes `needed=true\|false` to `$GITHUB_OUTPUT`. Replaces the generated `arm64-supplement-needed.mjs` copy. |
-| `xema-promote-image --service <name> --dev-ref <repo> --release-ref <repo> --tag <tag> --commit <sha> --main-ref <ref> --signer-repository <owner/repo> --develop-workflow <file> --release-workflow <file>... --promotion-predicate-out <path> -- <tag command>` | Publishes the develop image's digest under the release tag instead of rebuilding: `reused` (the release digest carries an `image-promotion/v1` attestation signed by a `--release-workflow` identity on main, with exactly one verified statement about the digest and a `ghcr.io/<owner>/dev/<name>` source; no dev-ref probe), `copied` (the proven develop digest, digest-preserving; fails closed if the release digest differs) or `miss` (build it; a reuse whose release digest has no `image-promotion/v1` attestation, a legacy image, is a miss with `reason=reuse-no-promotion` on the stdout line; a signature or identity failure, or a source outside `dev/`, is an error; a copy whose dev digest carries no SLSA v1 provenance at all, an image reused on develop from before provenance, is a miss with `reason=copy-no-develop-provenance`, while provenance that is present but fails a leg is an error). A develop digest is proven only if its SLSA v1 provenance is signed by the develop workflow at `refs/heads/develop`, its revision is an ancestor of the main ref, and the tag command prints the same tag at that revision and at `--commit`; any failed leg is an error, never a miss. On every non-miss result it writes the `https://xema.dev/attestations/image-promotion/v1` predicate for the caller to attest: a copy states the facts just proved; a reuse states this run's `release` and `promotedCommit` and carries `source` and `developProvenance` from the earlier promotion. Writes `result`, `digest`, `source`, `revision`, `evidence`, `provenance_digest`, `promotion_predicate`, `promotion_predicate_type` to `$GITHUB_OUTPUT`. Needs `docker`, `cosign` (major v2, the same as the develop attest step and xema-deploy's verify; it runs `cosign version` first and refuses any other major or an unparsable version), `git` and full history. It does not sign |
-| `xema-buildx-builder ensure` | Ensures the runner's persistent, capped buildkitd container (`xema-buildkit-signed-<runner>`, state volume `-state`) is up and is the current buildx builder. Env: `RUNNER_NAME`, `BUILDKIT_IMAGE`, `BUILDKIT_LIMITS` (JSON `cpus`, `memory`, `maxParallelism`, `gcMaxUsedSpace`, all required and positive), optional `BUILDKIT_READY_DEADLINE_SECONDS` (positive integer, default 180). Pinned to the runner's cgroup cpuset; recreated once when the image, caps or config change. Prints `buildx-boot path= secs= builder=`. |
+| `xema-promote-image --service <name> --dev-ref <repo> --release-ref <repo> --tag <tag> --commit <sha> --main-ref <ref> --signer-repository <owner/repo> --develop-workflow <file> --release-workflow <file>... [--release-index-workflow <file>] --promotion-predicate-out <path> -- <tag command>` | Publishes the develop image's digest under the release tag instead of rebuilding: `reused` (the release digest carries an `image-promotion/v1` attestation signed by a `--release-workflow` identity on main, with exactly one verified statement about the digest and a `ghcr.io/<owner>/dev/<name>` source; no dev-ref probe), `copied` (the proven develop digest, digest-preserving; fails closed if the release digest differs) or `miss` (build it; a reuse whose release digest has no `image-promotion/v1` attestation, a legacy image, is a miss with `reason=reuse-no-promotion` on the stdout line; with `--release-index-workflow`, a release tag that names an image index signed by that workflow on main, with exactly one `linux/amd64` child whose own digest passes that same reuse check, is instead `reused` with `evidence=release-index`, `digest` = the amd64 child A, `index_digest` = the index D and no predicate, but only when A's selected promotion statement promotes `--commit` itself (a rerun; a later commit with the same content takes the existing miss and attests its own promotion). On `evidence=release-index` the caller skips sign/attest, tags `:<sha>` and `main-<sha>` to the amd64 subject `digest` (release-arm64 resolves `:<sha>` to it and verifies its promotion), and points only the content tag (and `latest`, if it moves it) at the index `index_digest`. Any failed step keeps the miss, and two amd64 children are an error; a signature or identity failure, or a source outside `dev/`, is an error; a copy whose dev digest carries no SLSA v1 provenance at all, an image reused on develop from before provenance, is a miss with `reason=copy-no-develop-provenance`, while provenance that is present but fails a leg is an error). A develop digest is proven only if its SLSA v1 provenance is signed by the develop workflow at `refs/heads/develop`, its revision is an ancestor of the main ref, and the tag command prints the same tag at that revision and at `--commit`; any failed leg is an error, never a miss. On every non-miss result it writes the `https://xema.dev/attestations/image-promotion/v1` predicate for the caller to attest: a copy states the facts just proved; a reuse states this run's `release` and `promotedCommit` and carries `source` and `developProvenance` from the earlier promotion. Writes `result`, `digest`, `source`, `revision`, `evidence`, `provenance_digest`, `promotion_predicate`, `promotion_predicate_type` to `$GITHUB_OUTPUT`. Needs `docker`, `cosign` (major v2, the same as the develop attest step and xema-deploy's verify; it runs `cosign version` first and refuses any other major or an unparsable version), `git` and full history. It does not sign |
+| `xema-buildx-builder ensure` | Ensures the runner's persistent, capped buildkitd container (`xema-buildkit-signed-<runner>`, state volume `-state`) is up and is the current buildx builder. Env: `RUNNER_NAME`, `BUILDKIT_IMAGE`, `BUILDKIT_LIMITS` (JSON `cpus`, `memory`, `maxParallelism`, `gcMaxUsedSpace`, all required and positive), optional `BUILDKIT_READY_DEADLINE_SECONDS` (positive integer, default 180). The slot is `RUNNER_NAME` with a trailing `-<hostname>` stripped only when it equals this container's own hostname, so a recreated runner container reuses its builder and cache. Pinned to the runner's cgroup cpuset; caps are clamped so every `xema-buildkit-signed-*` builder on the host fits (memory at most half of `docker info` MemTotal divided by N, CPUs at most NCPU divided by N). On each run it removes this verb's labelled builders, and their `-state` volumes, whose recorded runner container is no longer running; unlabelled containers are never touched. Recreated once when the image, effective caps, config or runner container change. Prints `buildx-boot path= secs= builder=`. |
 | `xema-check-no-vendored-deps` | Fails on a `workspace:` range for a package the repository does not own |
 | `xema-prepush-sanity` | Lefthook `pre-push`: turbo `lint` and `typecheck` on what the push changes plus dependents (root `lint` only without turbo; typecheck is CI-only there); CI is the proof |
 | `xema-check-workspace-ranges` | Fails on a `workspace:` range the local package does not satisfy |

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@xemahq/repo-build-tooling",
-  "version": "0.21.0",
+  "version": "0.21.2",
   "description": "Dev-time build tooling shared by every Xema repository. Ships as plain ESM, depending only on @xemahq/release-policy for registry access, so the published artifact is the reviewed source.",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
   "author": "Neuralchowder Inc. <developer@xema.dev> (https://xema.dev)",
@@ -52,6 +52,6 @@
     "test": "node --test src/buildx-builder.test.mjs && node src/scrub-swagger-plugin-paths.mjs --self-test && node --test src/check-workspace-range-matches-local.test.mjs && node --test src/check-no-vendored-deps.test.mjs && node --test src/readiness.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-image.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-image-coordinate-cli.test.mjs && node --test src/declaration-refusal.test.mjs && node --test src/smoke-refusal.test.mjs && node --test src/load-image.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-image-coordinate.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-image-dockerfile.test.mjs && node --test src/service-bootstrap.test.mjs && node --test src/service-bootstrap-protocols.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-image-prebuilt-dockerfile.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-image-in-image-closure.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-image-stage.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-image-pnpm-context.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-image-sync-injected.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-image-prisma-check.test.mjs && node --test src/composed-migrate.test.mjs && node --test src/promote-image.test.mjs && node --test src/arm64-supplement-needed.test.mjs && node --test src/prepush-sanity.test.mjs"
   },
   "xemaRelease": {
-    "sourceDigest": "sha256:bc219d66a33857aaeb74bad77ae50b0f53228368249eb16803ecfd7ef6a8fe03"
+    "sourceDigest": "sha256:417658f5270347a7cfc99992c7004050eb9f0603498c75094f9610da66f6ccb2"
   }
 }

package/src/buildx-builder-host.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Pure host-level decisions of xema-buildx-builder: the stable slot name, the host clamp on the caps and the
+// orphan selection. No docker and no I/O here; the verb feeds in what `docker` reported.
+
+export const BUILDER_PREFIX = 'xema-buildkit-signed-';
+export const OWNER_LABEL = 'xema.buildkit.owner';
+export const OWNER_VALUE = 'xema-buildx-builder';
+export const HOST_LABEL = 'xema.buildkit.runner-host';
+
+const UNIT = { '': 1, b: 1, k: 1024, m: 1024 ** 2, g: 1024 ** 3 };
+const MEBIBYTE = 1024 ** 2;
+const MEMORY_SHARE = 0.5;
+const CONTAINER_ID = /^[0-9a-f]{12}$/;
+
+/**
+ * The runner's slot: RUNNER_NAME with a trailing `-<hostname>` stripped, only when that suffix is exactly this
+ * container's own hostname (the runner container id GitHub appends to the name). A recreated runner container
+ * then keeps its builder and cache. Anything else keeps RUNNER_NAME unchanged: never a guess.
+ */
+export function runnerSlot(runnerName, hostname) {
+  if (runnerName === undefined || runnerName === '') throw new Error('RUNNER_NAME is empty or unset: the builder key is derived from it');
+  const suffix = `-${hostname}`;
+  const stripped = hostname !== '' && runnerName.endsWith(suffix) && runnerName.length > suffix.length ? runnerName.slice(0, -suffix.length) : runnerName;
+  return stripped.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9_.-]/g, '-');
+}
+
+export function builderName(slot) {
+  return `${BUILDER_PREFIX}${slot}`;
+}
+
+/** A validated size such as `8g` in bytes. */
+export function memoryBytes(size) {
+  const match = /^([0-9]+)([bkmgBKMG]?)$/.exec(size);
+  return Number(match[1]) * UNIT[match[2].toLowerCase()];
+}
+
+/**
+ * The caps actually applied: the configured limit, clamped so N builders together stay inside the host
+ * (half of its memory, all of its CPUs). N counts every signed builder on the host, this one included.
+ * Memory is whole MiB (docker's `m` unit); CPUs are rounded down to 2 decimals.
+ */
+export function effectiveCaps(limits, host, builders) {
+  if (!Number.isInteger(builders) || builders < 1) throw new Error(`builder count must be a positive integer, got ${builders}`);
+  const memoryMiB = Math.floor(Math.min(memoryBytes(limits.memory), (host.memTotal * MEMORY_SHARE) / builders) / MEBIBYTE);
+  const cpus = Math.floor(Math.min(Number(limits.cpus), host.ncpu / builders) * 100) / 100;
+  if (memoryMiB < 1 || cpus <= 0) throw new Error(`host (${host.memTotal} bytes, ${host.ncpu} cpus) is too small for ${builders} signed builders`);
+  return { cpus: String(cpus), memory: `${memoryMiB}m` };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builders that carry this verb's labels and whose recorded runner container is no longer running.
+ * `known` rows: { name, owner, host }; `runningIds`: ids of the running containers on the host.
+ * A recorded host that is not a container id (a host-network runner records the machine's hostname) cannot
+ * be judged and is never an orphan. Unlabelled containers are never touched; `keep` is the caller's own.
+ */
+export function orphanBuilders(known, runningIds, keep) {
+  return known.filter((row) =>
+    row.name !== keep &&
+    row.owner === OWNER_VALUE &&
+    CONTAINER_ID.test(row.host) &&
+    !runningIds.some((id) => id.startsWith(row.host) || row.host.startsWith(id)));
+}

package/src/buildx-builder-limits.mjs

@@ -33,14 +33,8 @@ export function buildkitdToml(limits) {
   return `[worker.oci]\n  gc = true\n  maxUsedSpace = "${limits.gcMaxUsedSpace}"\n  max-parallelism = ${limits.maxParallelism}\n`;
 }
 
-/** The label value: a change of image, caps, cpuset or config recreates the container exactly once. */
-export function configHash(image, limits, cpuset, toml, sha256) {
-  const caps = `cpus=${limits.cpus} memory=${limits.memory} memory-swap=${limits.memory} cpuset=${cpuset}`;
-  return sha256(`${image}\n${caps}\n${toml}`);
-}
-
-/** The builder key: `xema-buildkit-signed-*` is reserved for signed lanes (T133), so a PR build can never share its cache mounts. The lowercased runner name with anything outside [a-z0-9_.-] mapped to '-'. */
-export function builderName(runnerName) {
-  if (runnerName === undefined || runnerName === '') throw new Error('RUNNER_NAME is empty or unset: the builder key is derived from it');
-  return `xema-buildkit-signed-${runnerName.toLowerCase().replace(/[^a-z0-9_.-]/g, '-')}`;
+/** The label value: `caps` are the EFFECTIVE caps (after the host clamp); a change of image, caps, cpuset or config recreates the container exactly once. */
+export function configHash(image, caps, cpuset, toml, sha256) {
+  const capText = `cpus=${caps.cpus} memory=${caps.memory} memory-swap=${caps.memory} cpuset=${cpuset}`;
+  return sha256(`${image}\n${capText}\n${toml}`);
 }

package/src/buildx-builder.mjs

@@ -13,11 +13,12 @@
 import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process';
 import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
 import { mkdtempSync, readFileSync, rmSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
+import { hostname as osHostname, tmpdir } from 'node:os';
 import { join } from 'node:path';
 
 import { invokedDirectly } from './readiness.mjs';
-import { buildkitdToml, builderName, configHash, parseLimits } from './buildx-builder-limits.mjs';
+import { BUILDER_PREFIX, HOST_LABEL, OWNER_LABEL, OWNER_VALUE, builderName, effectiveCaps, orphanBuilders, runnerSlot } from './buildx-builder-host.mjs';
+import { buildkitdToml, configHash, parseLimits } from './buildx-builder-limits.mjs';
 
 const ADMITTED_EVENTS = ['push', 'workflow_dispatch'];
 const ADMITTED_REFS = ['refs/heads/main', 'refs/heads/develop'];
@@ -57,7 +58,8 @@ export async function ensure(env, log = console.log) {
   const image = env.BUILDKIT_IMAGE;
   if (image === undefined || image === '') throw new Error('BUILDKIT_IMAGE is required');
   const limits = parseLimits(env.BUILDKIT_LIMITS);
-  const key = builderName(env.RUNNER_NAME);
+  const hostname = osHostname();
+  const key = builderName(runnerSlot(env.RUNNER_NAME, hostname));
   const cpusetFile = env.BUILDKIT_CPUSET_FILE ?? DEFAULT_CPUSET_FILE;
   let cpuset = '';
   try {
@@ -68,31 +70,51 @@ export async function ensure(env, log = console.log) {
   if (cpuset === '') throw new Error(`${cpusetFile} is missing or empty: cannot bound the builder to the runner's cpuset (cgroup v2 required)`);
   const deadlineSeconds = parseDeadlineSeconds(env.BUILDKIT_READY_DEADLINE_SECONDS);
   const toml = buildkitdToml(limits);
-  const cfg = configHash(image, limits, cpuset, toml, sha256);
 
   const scratch = mkdtempSync(join(tmpdir(), 'xema-buildkitd-'));
   try {
     const configFile = join(scratch, 'buildkitd.toml');
     writeFileSync(configFile, toml);
     const start = Date.now();
+
+    // Orphans first: a builder whose runner container is gone keeps its caps on the host for ever otherwise.
+    const listed = () => docker(['ps', '-a', '--filter', `name=^/${BUILDER_PREFIX}`, '--format', `{{.Names}}|{{.Label "${OWNER_LABEL}"}}|{{.Label "${HOST_LABEL}"}}`]).stdout
+      .split('\n').filter((l) => l !== '').map((l) => { const [name, owner, host] = l.split('|'); return { name, owner, host }; });
+    const runningIds = docker(['ps', '--format', '{{.ID}}']).stdout.split('\n').filter((l) => l !== '');
+    for (const orphan of orphanBuilders(listed(), runningIds, key)) {
+      log(`::notice::removing orphaned builder ${orphan.name} (runner container ${orphan.host} is gone) and its state volume`);
+      docker(['rm', '-f', orphan.name], { allowFailure: true });
+      docker(['volume', 'rm', `${orphan.name}-state`], { allowFailure: true });
+    }
+
+    // Clamp to the host: N builders share it, this one included.
+    const info = docker(['info', '--format', '{{.MemTotal}} {{.NCPU}}']).stdout.split(' ').map(Number);
+    if (info.length !== 2 || !info.every((n) => Number.isInteger(n) && n > 0)) throw new Error(`docker info did not report MemTotal and NCPU: '${info.join(' ')}'`);
+    const present = listed();
+    const builders = present.some((row) => row.name === key) ? present.length : present.length + 1;
+    const caps = effectiveCaps(limits, { memTotal: info[0], ncpu: info[1] }, builders);
+    const cfg = configHash(image, caps, cpuset, toml, sha256);
+
     const create = () => {
       docker(['create', '--name', key, '--restart', 'unless-stopped', '--privileged',
-        '--cpus', limits.cpus, '--memory', limits.memory, '--memory-swap', limits.memory, '--cpuset-cpus', cpuset,
+        '--cpus', caps.cpus, '--memory', caps.memory, '--memory-swap', caps.memory, '--cpuset-cpus', cpuset,
         '-v', `${key}-state:/var/lib/buildkit`, '--label', `${LABEL}=${cfg}`,
+        '--label', `${OWNER_LABEL}=${OWNER_VALUE}`, '--label', `${HOST_LABEL}=${hostname}`,
         image, '--config', '/etc/buildkitd.toml']);
       docker(['cp', configFile, `${key}:/etc/buildkitd.toml`]);
       docker(['start', key]);
     };
 
     let path;
-    if (docker(['ps', '-a', '--filter', `name=^/${key}$`, '--format', '{{.Names}}']).stdout === '') {
+    if (!present.some((row) => row.name === key)) {
       path = 'created';
       create();
     } else {
       const have = docker(['inspect', '-f', `{{ index .Config.Labels "${LABEL}" }}`, key]).stdout;
       const haveImage = docker(['inspect', '-f', '{{.Config.Image}}', key]).stdout;
-      if (have !== cfg || haveImage !== image) {
-        log(`::notice::buildkitd ${key} config or image changed (${have || 'none'} ${haveImage} -> ${cfg} ${image}): recreating once, state volume kept`);
+      const haveHost = docker(['inspect', '-f', `{{ index .Config.Labels "${HOST_LABEL}" }}`, key]).stdout;
+      if (have !== cfg || haveImage !== image || haveHost !== hostname) {
+        log(`::notice::buildkitd ${key} config, image or runner container changed (${have || 'none'} ${haveImage} ${haveHost} -> ${cfg} ${image} ${hostname}): recreating once, state volume kept`);
         docker(['rm', '-f', key]);
         path = 'recreated';
         create();
@@ -103,7 +125,7 @@ export async function ensure(env, log = console.log) {
         docker(['start', key]);
       }
     }
-    log(`buildx-boot ${key}: ${path}; caps cpus=${limits.cpus} memory=${limits.memory} cpuset=${cpuset} max-parallelism=${limits.maxParallelism}; waiting for workers (deadline ${deadlineSeconds}s)`);
+    log(`buildx-boot ${key}: ${path}; caps cpus=${caps.cpus} memory=${caps.memory} (limit ${limits.cpus}/${limits.memory}, ${builders} builders on the host) cpuset=${cpuset} max-parallelism=${limits.maxParallelism}; waiting for workers (deadline ${deadlineSeconds}s)`);
 
     let check = 0;
     for (;;) {
@@ -131,7 +153,7 @@ export async function ensure(env, log = console.log) {
     docker(['buildx', 'inspect', '--bootstrap', key]);
 
     const secs = Math.floor((Date.now() - start) / 1000);
-    const line = `buildx-boot path=${path} secs=${secs} builder=${key}`;
+    const line = `buildx-boot path=${path} secs=${secs} builder=${key} cpus=${caps.cpus} memory=${caps.memory}`;
     log(line);
     return { path, secs, builder: key, line };
   } finally {

package/src/buildx-builder.test.mjs

@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
 import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process';
 import { chmodSync, mkdtempSync, readFileSync, rmSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs';
-import { tmpdir } from 'node:os';
+import { hostname, tmpdir } from 'node:os';
 import { join } from 'node:path';
 import test from 'node:test';
 import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 
+import { runnerSlot } from './buildx-builder-host.mjs';
+
 const BIN = fileURLToPath(new URL('./buildx-builder.mjs', import.meta.url));
+const HOST = hostname();
+const OTHER_HOST = `${HOST}-other`;
+const OWN = 'xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1';
+const ownRow = (host = HOST) => `${OWN}|xema-buildx-builder|${host}`;
 const LIMITS = '{"cpus":"4","memory":"8g","maxParallelism":4,"gcMaxUsedSpace":"5GB"}';
 
 // A fake docker on PATH: appends every call to calls.log; `ps` answers $FAKE_PS, `inspect -f ...Labels...` answers $FAKE_LABEL,
@@ -18,8 +24,9 @@ function sandbox() {
   writeFileSync(fake, `#!/bin/sh
 echo "$@" >> "${log}"
 case "$1" in
-  ps) printf '%s' "$FAKE_PS" ;;
-  inspect) case "$*" in *Labels*) printf '%s' "$FAKE_LABEL" ;; *Config.Image*) printf '%s' "\${FAKE_IMAGE:-moby/buildkit:v0.1}" ;; *Running*) printf '%s' "$FAKE_RUNNING" ;; esac ;;
+  ps) case "$*" in *'{{.ID}}'*) printf '%s' "$FAKE_RUNNING_IDS" ;; *) printf '%s' "$FAKE_LIST" ;; esac ;;
+  info) printf '%s' "\${FAKE_INFO:-68719476736 10}" ;;
+  inspect) case "$*" in *runner-host*) printf '%s' "$FAKE_HOST" ;; *Labels*) printf '%s' "$FAKE_LABEL" ;; *Config.Image*) printf '%s' "\${FAKE_IMAGE:-moby/buildkit:v0.1}" ;; *Running*) printf '%s' "$FAKE_RUNNING" ;; esac ;;
   exec) if [ "\${FAKE_EXEC_FAIL:-0}" = 1 ]; then echo "no workers" >&2; exit 1; fi ;;
   buildx) [ "$2" = inspect ] && [ "$3" != --bootstrap ] && exit 1; exit 0 ;;
 esac
@@ -31,7 +38,7 @@ exit 0
   const run = (extra = {}) => {
     const env = {
       PATH: `${dir}:${process.env.PATH}`, RUNNER_NAME: 'Owl Runner/1', BUILDKIT_IMAGE: 'moby/buildkit:v0.1',
-      BUILDKIT_LIMITS: LIMITS, BUILDKIT_CPUSET_FILE: cpuset, GITHUB_EVENT_NAME: 'push', GITHUB_REF: 'refs/heads/develop', ...extra,
+      BUILDKIT_LIMITS: LIMITS, FAKE_HOST: HOST, BUILDKIT_CPUSET_FILE: cpuset, GITHUB_EVENT_NAME: 'push', GITHUB_REF: 'refs/heads/develop', ...extra,
     };
     for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(env)) if (v === undefined) delete env[k];
     const r = spawnSync(process.execPath, [BIN, 'ensure'], { env, encoding: 'utf8' });
@@ -97,32 +104,32 @@ test('missing or invalid limits, runner name, image and cpuset fail before any d
 test('first run creates the capped container pinned to the runner cpuset, then prints the buildx-boot line', () => {
   const s = sandbox();
   try {
-    const r = s.run({ FAKE_PS: '' });
+    const r = s.run({});
     assert.equal(r.status, 0, r.stderr);
     const create = r.calls.split('\n').find((l) => l.startsWith('create '));
     assert.match(create, /--name xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1 /);
-    assert.match(create, /--cpus 4 --memory 8g --memory-swap 8g --cpuset-cpus 10-27/);
+    assert.match(create, /--cpus 4 --memory 8192m --memory-swap 8192m --cpuset-cpus 10-27/);
     assert.match(create, /--privileged/);
     assert.match(create, /-v xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1-state:\/var\/lib\/buildkit/);
     assert.match(r.calls, /cp .*buildkitd\.toml xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1:\/etc\/buildkitd\.toml/);
     assert.match(r.calls, /buildx create --name xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1 --driver remote/);
     assert.match(r.calls, /buildx use xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1/);
-    assert.match(r.stdout, /^buildx-boot path=created secs=\d+ builder=xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1$/m);
+    assert.match(r.stdout, /^buildx-boot path=created secs=\d+ builder=xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1 cpus=4 memory=8192m$/m);
   } finally { rmSync(s.dir, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
 });
 
 test('a changed hash recreates once, keeping the state volume; the same hash reuses', () => {
   const s = sandbox();
   try {
-    const first = s.run({ FAKE_PS: '' });
+    const first = s.run({});
     const label = /--label xema\.buildkit\.cfg=([0-9a-f]{64})/.exec(first.calls)[1];
     rmSync(join(s.dir, 'calls.log'));
-    const recreated = s.run({ FAKE_PS: 'xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1', FAKE_LABEL: 'stale' });
+    const recreated = s.run({ FAKE_LIST: ownRow(), FAKE_LABEL: 'stale' });
     assert.match(recreated.calls, /rm -f xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1/);
     assert.doesNotMatch(recreated.calls, /volume rm/);
     assert.match(recreated.stdout, /path=recreated/);
     rmSync(join(s.dir, 'calls.log'));
-    const reused = s.run({ FAKE_PS: 'xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1', FAKE_LABEL: label, FAKE_RUNNING: 'true' });
+    const reused = s.run({ FAKE_LIST: ownRow(), FAKE_LABEL: label, FAKE_RUNNING: 'true' });
     assert.doesNotMatch(reused.calls, /^(create|rm) /m);
     assert.match(reused.stdout, /path=running/);
   } finally { rmSync(s.dir, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
@@ -131,19 +138,93 @@ test('a changed hash recreates once, keeping the state volume; the same hash reu
 test('a matching label but a different running image recreates once', () => {
   const s = sandbox();
   try {
-    const first = s.run({ FAKE_PS: '' });
+    const first = s.run({});
     const label = /--label xema\.buildkit\.cfg=([0-9a-f]{64})/.exec(first.calls)[1];
     rmSync(join(s.dir, 'calls.log'));
-    const r = s.run({ FAKE_PS: 'xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1', FAKE_LABEL: label, FAKE_RUNNING: 'true', FAKE_IMAGE: 'moby/buildkit:old' });
+    const r = s.run({ FAKE_LIST: ownRow(), FAKE_LABEL: label, FAKE_RUNNING: 'true', FAKE_IMAGE: 'moby/buildkit:old' });
     assert.match(r.calls, /rm -f xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1/);
     assert.match(r.stdout, /path=recreated/);
   } finally { rmSync(s.dir, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
 });
 
+test('a recreated runner container (new hostname) recreates its builder once, keeping the state volume', () => {
+  const s = sandbox();
+  try {
+    const first = s.run({});
+    const label = /--label xema\.buildkit\.cfg=([0-9a-f]{64})/.exec(first.calls)[1];
+    rmSync(join(s.dir, 'calls.log'));
+    const r = s.run({ FAKE_LIST: ownRow(OTHER_HOST), FAKE_HOST: OTHER_HOST, FAKE_LABEL: label, FAKE_RUNNING: 'true' });
+    assert.match(r.stdout, /path=recreated/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(r.calls, /volume rm/);
+  } finally { rmSync(s.dir, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
+});
+
+test('runnerSlot strips a trailing -<hostname> only when it is exactly the injected hostname', () => {
+  assert.equal(runnerSlot('xema-fox1-2f7dad65784b', '2f7dad65784b'), 'xema-fox1');
+  assert.equal(runnerSlot('xema-fox1-2f7dad65784b', 'aaaaaaaaaaaa'), 'xema-fox1-2f7dad65784b');
+  assert.equal(runnerSlot('xema-fox1-2f7dad65784b', 'f7dad65784b'), 'xema-fox1-2f7dad65784b', 'a suffix of the id is not the id');
+  assert.equal(runnerSlot('xema-fox1-2f7dad65784b', 'ad65784b'), 'xema-fox1-2f7dad65784b');
+  assert.equal(runnerSlot('2f7dad65784b', '2f7dad65784b'), '2f7dad65784b', 'the whole name is kept: there is no slot left to strip to');
+  assert.equal(runnerSlot('Owl Runner/1', ''), 'owl-runner-1');
+  assert.throws(() => runnerSlot('', 'host'), /RUNNER_NAME/);
+});
+
+test('the verb names the builder and its volume from the stripped slot', () => {
+  const s = sandbox();
+  try {
+    // HOST is only the value the process under test will read; the case is true whatever it is.
+    const r = s.run({ RUNNER_NAME: `xema-fox1-${HOST}` });
+    assert.match(r.stdout, /builder=xema-buildkit-signed-xema-fox1 /);
+    assert.match(r.calls, /-v xema-buildkit-signed-xema-fox1-state:/);
+  } finally { rmSync(s.dir, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
+});
+
+test('orphan GC removes only labelled builders whose runner container is gone, with their state volume', () => {
+  const s = sandbox();
+  try {
+    const list = [
+      ownRow(),
+      'xema-buildkit-signed-dead|xema-buildx-builder|aaaaaaaaaaaa',
+      'xema-buildkit-signed-alive|xema-buildx-builder|bbbbbbbbbbbb',
+      'xema-buildkit-signed-hostnet|xema-buildx-builder|fox-host',
+      'xema-buildkit-signed-foreign||cccccccccccc',
+    ].join('\n');
+    const r = s.run({ FAKE_LIST: list, FAKE_RUNNING_IDS: 'bbbbbbbbbbbb\ndddddddddddd', FAKE_HOST: HOST });
+    assert.match(r.calls, /^rm -f xema-buildkit-signed-dead$/m);
+    assert.match(r.calls, /^volume rm xema-buildkit-signed-dead-state$/m);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(r.calls, /rm -f xema-buildkit-signed-(alive|hostnet|foreign)/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(r.stdout, /removing orphaned builder xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1/);
+    assert.doesNotMatch(r.calls, /volume rm xema-buildkit-signed-(alive|hostnet|foreign)/);
+  } finally { rmSync(s.dir, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
+});
+
+test('the caps are clamped so N signed builders fit the host, and the effective caps are printed', () => {
+  const s = sandbox();
+  try {
+    const list = [1, 2, 3].map((n) => `xema-buildkit-signed-other${n}|xema-buildx-builder|bbbbbbbbbbbb`).join('\n');
+    // 16 GiB, 8 cpus, 4 builders (3 others + this one): memory 16/2/4 = 2 GiB, cpus 8/4 = 2.
+    const r = s.run({ FAKE_LIST: list, FAKE_RUNNING_IDS: 'bbbbbbbbbbbb', FAKE_INFO: '17179869184 8' });
+    const create = r.calls.split('\n').find((l) => l.startsWith('create '));
+    assert.match(create, /--cpus 2 --memory 2048m --memory-swap 2048m/);
+    assert.match(r.stdout, /builder=xema-buildkit-signed-owl-runner-1 cpus=2 memory=2048m$/m);
+  } finally { rmSync(s.dir, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
+});
+
+test('changed effective caps recreate the builder once', () => {
+  const s = sandbox();
+  try {
+    const first = s.run({});
+    const label = /--label xema\.buildkit\.cfg=([0-9a-f]{64})/.exec(first.calls)[1];
+    rmSync(join(s.dir, 'calls.log'));
+    const r = s.run({ FAKE_LIST: ownRow(), FAKE_LABEL: label, FAKE_RUNNING: 'true', FAKE_INFO: '8589934592 8' });
+    assert.match(r.stdout, /path=recreated/);
+  } finally { rmSync(s.dir, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
+});
+
 test('a builder that never becomes ready fails at the deadline with the container logs', () => {
   const s = sandbox();
   try {
-    const r = s.run({ FAKE_PS: '', FAKE_EXEC_FAIL: '1', BUILDKIT_READY_DEADLINE_SECONDS: '1' });
+    const r = s.run({ FAKE_EXEC_FAIL: '1', BUILDKIT_READY_DEADLINE_SECONDS: '1' });
     assert.equal(r.status, 1);
     assert.match(r.stderr, /not ready after 1s/);
     assert.match(r.calls, /logs --tail 50/);

package/src/promote-image-provenance.mjs

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 // nearest commit, is an error; the selected statements must all yield the same source and developProvenance.
 
 import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
-import { describeFailure, runTool } from './promote-image-registry.mjs';
+import { DIGEST_PATTERN, describeFailure, isImageIndex, readManifestByDigest, runTool } from './promote-image-registry.mjs';
 
 export const GITHUB_SERVER = 'https://github.com';
 export const GITHUB_OIDC_ISSUER = 'https://token.actions.githubusercontent.com';
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ function attestationTypes(subject, label, run) {
  * Returns `undefined` when the digest carries no promotion attestation (a legacy image); a registry error, a signature or identity
  * failure, or a source outside `<registry>/<owner>/dev/`, is an error.
  */
-export function reuseEarlierPromotion({ releaseRef, tag, digest, repository, releaseWorkflows, commit }, run = runTool) {
+export function reuseEarlierPromotion({ releaseRef, tag, digest, repository, releaseWorkflows, commit, exactCommit = false }, run = runTool) {
   const subject = `${releaseRef}@${digest}`;
   const label = 'reuse';
   // (a) presence, without identity verification: only the predicate types are read
@@ -165,6 +165,8 @@ export function reuseEarlierPromotion({ releaseRef, tag, digest, repository, rel
   const nearest = nearestPromotedCommit(
     new Set(about.map(promoted).filter((value) => typeof value === 'string' && COMMIT.test(value))), commit, subject, label, run,
   );
+  // `exactCommit`: only a statement promoting this very commit counts; an ancestor's is `undefined` (the caller's miss)
+  if (exactCommit && nearest !== commit) return undefined;
   const selected = about.filter((statement) => promoted(statement) === nearest);
   const admitted = new Set(selected.map((statement) => JSON.stringify(admissible(statement, { subject, tag, digest, releaseRef, repository, label }))));
   if (admitted.size !== 1) {
@@ -201,6 +203,60 @@ function admissible(statement, { subject, tag, digest, releaseRef, repository, l
   };
 }
 
+// cosign v2's definite "this digest is not signed by that identity" answers; any other failure is an error.
+const NO_MATCHING_SIGNATURE = /\bno (?:matching )?signatures\b/i;
+
+/**
+ * Whether `subject` carries a signature by `pattern` (GitHub OIDC issuer). A definite "no matching signature" is
+ * `false`; a failure to run cosign or any other cosign failure is an error.
+ */
+function hasSignature(subject, pattern, label, run) {
+  const verified = run('cosign', ['verify', '--certificate-identity-regexp', pattern, '--certificate-oidc-issuer', GITHUB_OIDC_ISSUER, subject]);
+  if (verified.error) throw new Error(`${label}: could not run cosign to verify ${subject}: ${verified.error.message}`);
+  if (verified.status === 0) return true;
+  const detail = describeFailure(verified);
+  if (verified.status === 1 && NO_MATCHING_SIGNATURE.test(detail)) return false;
+  throw new Error(`${label}: verifying the signature of ${subject} failed: ${detail}`);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Reuse of a release tag that release-arm64 already moved from main's amd64 digest A to a multi-arch index D. Every
+ * step fails closed: `undefined` (the caller's existing miss) unless ALL of
+ *   (1) `releaseDigest` (what `<releaseRef>:<tag>` resolves to), read by digest, is an image index D;
+ *   (2) D is signed by `indexWorkflow` of `repository` on main;
+ *   (3) D has exactly one linux/amd64 child A (two are refused as ambiguous);
+ *   (4) A carries a verified image-promotion/v1 statement under main's `releaseWorkflows` whose selected (nearest)
+ *       promotedCommit IS `commit` (a rerun; an ancestor's is the miss), bound to this repository, tag and digest A
+ *       (`reuseEarlierPromotion`, whose refusals stay errors).
+ * Returns `{ digest: A, index: D, source, developProvenance }`.
+ */
+export function reuseThroughReleaseIndex({ releaseRef, tag, releaseDigest, repository, releaseWorkflows, indexWorkflow, commit }, run = runTool) {
+  const label = 'reuse via release index';
+  const index = releaseDigest;
+  // (1) an index, read by digest and hash-checked
+  const manifest = readManifestByDigest(releaseRef, index, run);
+  if (!isImageIndex(manifest)) return undefined;
+  // (2) signed by the index workflow on main
+  if (!hasSignature(`${releaseRef}@${index}`, workflowIdentityPattern(repository, [indexWorkflow], 'main'), label, run)) return undefined;
+  // (3) exactly one linux/amd64 child
+  const amd64 = (Array.isArray(manifest.manifests) ? manifest.manifests : [])
+    .filter((child) => child?.platform?.os === 'linux' && child.platform.architecture === 'amd64');
+  if (amd64.length === 0) return undefined;
+  if (amd64.length > 1) {
+    throw new Error(`${label}: ambiguous: index ${releaseRef}@${index} has ${amd64.length} linux/amd64 children (${amd64.map((child) => child.digest).join(', ')})`);
+  }
+  const digest = amd64[0].digest;
+  if (typeof digest !== 'string' || !DIGEST_PATTERN.test(digest) || digest === index) {
+    throw new Error(`${label}: index ${releaseRef}@${index} names no sha256 linux/amd64 child digest: ${digest}`);
+  }
+  // (4) the existing promotion verification of A, select-by-promotedCommit included
+  // ... restricted to a statement promoting this very `commit` (a rerun): a later commit with the same content must
+  // take the existing path and attest its own promotion, never reuse one that carries none
+  const earlier = reuseEarlierPromotion({ releaseRef, tag, digest, repository, releaseWorkflows, commit, exactCommit: true }, run);
+  if (earlier === undefined) return undefined;
+  return { digest, index, ...earlier };
+}
+
 /**
  * Whether `<devRef>@<digest>` carries any SLSA v1 provenance attestation, listed without verifying a signature. A digest
  * with none (an image reused on develop from before provenance) is not promotable but not an error; a registry error is.

package/src/promote-image-registry.mjs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 // behind a rebuild.
 
 import { spawnSync } from 'node:child_process';
+import { createHash } from 'node:crypto';
 
 export const DIGEST_PATTERN = /^sha256:[0-9a-f]{64}$/;
 
@@ -61,3 +62,28 @@ export function copyByDigest(source, target, run = runTool) {
     throw new Error(`copying ${source} to ${target} failed: ${describeFailure(result)}`);
   }
 }
+
+const INDEX_MEDIA_TYPES = Object.freeze(['application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json', 'application/vnd.docker.distribution.manifest.list.v2+json']);
+
+/**
+ * Reads the manifest `<repository>@<digest>` BY DIGEST (`imagetools inspect --raw`) and returns it parsed, refusing
+ * unless the bytes hash to `digest` (one trailing newline the printer may add is not part of the manifest).
+ */
+export function readManifestByDigest(repository, digest, run = runTool) {
+  const reference = `${repository}@${digest}`;
+  const result = run('docker', ['buildx', 'imagetools', 'inspect', reference, '--raw']);
+  if (result.error || result.status !== 0) throw new Error(`reading the manifest of ${reference} failed: ${describeFailure(result)}`);
+  const raw = String(result.stdout ?? '');
+  const hashes = (text) => `sha256:${createHash('sha256').update(text, 'utf8').digest('hex')}` === digest;
+  if (!hashes(raw) && !(raw.endsWith('\n') && hashes(raw.slice(0, -1)))) {
+    throw new Error(`the manifest read for ${reference} does not hash to ${digest}`);
+  }
+  try {
+    return JSON.parse(raw);
+  } catch (error) {
+    throw new Error(`the manifest of ${reference} is not JSON`, { cause: error });
+  }
+}
+
+/** Whether a parsed manifest is an image index (OCI index or Docker manifest list). */
+export const isImageIndex = (manifest) => INDEX_MEDIA_TYPES.includes(manifest?.mediaType);

package/src/promote-image.mjs

@@ -7,7 +7,13 @@
 //      `--release-workflow` identities; the statement of the nearest promotedCommit that is an ancestor of
 //      (or equal to) `--commit` is the evidence (as xema-deploy's deploy verifier selects), and its source must be a
 //      `ghcr.io/<owner>/dev/<name>` reference                  -> reused (evidence=prior-promotion)
-//      - no image-promotion/v1 attestation (a legacy image)    -> miss (reason=reuse-no-promotion): the caller builds
+//      - no image-promotion/v1 attestation (a legacy image)    -> miss (reason=reuse-no-promotion): the caller builds,
+//        unless `--release-index-workflow` is given and the tag names release-arm64's index over main's amd64 digest A:
+//        the index is signed by that workflow on main, has exactly one linux/amd64 child A, and A passes this very
+//        reuse check with a statement promoting `--commit` itself (a rerun)
+//                                                               -> reused (evidence=release-index, digest=A, index_digest=D,
+//        no predicate: the caller neither signs nor attests, tags :<sha>/main-<sha> to A and only the content tag (and
+//        latest) to D); any failed step keeps the miss
 //      - a signature / identity failure, or a source outside dev/ -> error, never a miss
 //   2. else `<dev-ref>:<tag>` exists: prove it (legs a, b, c in
 //      promote-image-provenance.mjs), copy it by digest (`imagetools create`
@@ -17,7 +23,7 @@
 //      - provenance present but any leg fails                  -> error, never a miss
 //   3. else                                                  -> miss: the caller builds.
 //
-// On every non-miss result it writes the promotion predicate
+// On every non-miss result except `evidence=release-index` it writes the promotion predicate
 // (`https://xema.dev/attestations/image-promotion/v1`) to `--promotion-predicate-out`, for the caller to
 // `cosign attest` under main's own identity. A copy states the facts it just proved; a reuse states this run's
 // release and commit and carries `source` and `developProvenance` from main's earlier promotion. It signs
@@ -33,7 +39,7 @@
 // No retries. Every refusal is an error, never a miss.
 //
 // Outputs: `result`, `digest`, `source`, `revision`, `evidence`,
-// `provenance_digest`, `promotion_predicate` and `promotion_predicate_type` appended to `$GITHUB_OUTPUT`
+// `provenance_digest`, `promotion_predicate`, `promotion_predicate_type` (and `index_digest` on evidence=release-index) appended to `$GITHUB_OUTPUT`
 // (required; empty values where a fact does not apply), and one stdout line
 // `promote-image result=<r> digest=<d> src=<repository>@<d> revision=<sha> evidence=<e>`, with ` reason=<why>` appended
 // to a miss that has a reason.
@@ -43,13 +49,14 @@ import process from 'node:process';
 import { describeErrorChain } from '@xemahq/release-policy/registry';
 import { invokedDirectly } from './readiness.mjs';
 import { IMAGE_PROMOTION_PREDICATE_TYPE, promotionPredicate, reusedPromotionPredicate, writePromotionPredicate } from './promote-image-predicate.mjs';
-import { hasDevelopProvenance, reuseEarlierPromotion, verifyDevelopProvenance } from './promote-image-provenance.mjs';
+import { hasDevelopProvenance, reuseEarlierPromotion, reuseThroughReleaseIndex, verifyDevelopProvenance } from './promote-image-provenance.mjs';
 import { copyByDigest, probeDigest, runTool } from './promote-image-registry.mjs';
 
 export const PromoteResult = Object.freeze({ REUSED: 'reused', COPIED: 'copied', MISS: 'miss' });
 export const PromoteEvidence = Object.freeze({
   PRIOR_PROMOTION: 'prior-promotion',
   DEVELOP_PROVENANCE: 'develop-provenance',
+  RELEASE_INDEX: 'release-index',
   NONE: 'none',
 });
 export const PromoteMissReason = Object.freeze({ NO_PROMOTION: 'reuse-no-promotion', NO_DEVELOP_PROVENANCE: 'copy-no-develop-provenance' });
@@ -78,11 +85,13 @@ export function assertCosignMajor(run = runTool) {
 const USAGE =
   'usage: xema-promote-image --service <name> --dev-ref <registry/repository> --release-ref <registry/repository> ' +
   '--tag <content tag> --commit <40-hex> --main-ref <git ref> --signer-repository <owner/repo> ' +
-  '--develop-workflow <file.yaml> --release-workflow <file.yaml>... --promotion-predicate-out <path> -- <tag command>...';
+  '--develop-workflow <file.yaml> --release-workflow <file.yaml>... [--release-index-workflow <file.yaml>] ' +
+  '--promotion-predicate-out <path> -- <tag command>...';
 
 const SINGLE = Object.freeze(['service', 'dev-ref', 'release-ref', 'tag', 'commit', 'main-ref', 'signer-repository',
   'develop-workflow', 'promotion-predicate-out']);
 const REPEATABLE = Object.freeze(['release-workflow']);
+const OPTIONAL = Object.freeze(['release-index-workflow']);
 // A repository reference with no tag and no digest (those are passed separately).
 const REPOSITORY_REF = /^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9.-]*(:[0-9]+)?(\/[a-z0-9]+(?:(?:[._]|__|-+)[a-z0-9]+)*)+$/;
 // The OCI distribution tag grammar.
@@ -104,7 +113,7 @@ export function parsePromoteArguments(argv) {
     const arg = flags[i];
     const name = arg.startsWith('--') ? arg.slice(2) : undefined;
     const repeatable = REPEATABLE.includes(name);
-    if (name === undefined || (!SINGLE.includes(name) && !repeatable)) throw new Error(`unknown argument ${arg}\n${USAGE}`);
+    if (name === undefined || (!SINGLE.includes(name) && !OPTIONAL.includes(name) && !repeatable)) throw new Error(`unknown argument ${arg}\n${USAGE}`);
     if (!repeatable && options[name] !== undefined) throw new Error(`${arg} given twice`);
     const value = flags[i + 1];
     if (value === undefined || value.startsWith('--') || value === '') throw new Error(`${arg} needs a value`);
@@ -123,7 +132,8 @@ export function parsePromoteArguments(argv) {
   if (!COMMIT.test(options.commit)) refuse('commit', options.commit, 'a 40-hex commit');
   if (options['main-ref'].startsWith('-')) refuse('main-ref', options['main-ref'], 'a git ref');
   if (!GITHUB_REPOSITORY.test(options['signer-repository'])) refuse('signer-repository', options['signer-repository'], 'an owner/repo');
-  for (const file of [options['develop-workflow'], ...options['release-workflow']]) {
+  const indexWorkflow = options['release-index-workflow'];
+  for (const file of [options['develop-workflow'], ...options['release-workflow'], ...(indexWorkflow === undefined ? [] : [indexWorkflow])]) {
     if (!WORKFLOW_FILE.test(file)) throw new Error(`workflow '${file}' is not a workflow file name under .github/workflows`);
   }
   return {
@@ -136,6 +146,7 @@ export function parsePromoteArguments(argv) {
     repository: options['signer-repository'],
     developWorkflow: options['develop-workflow'],
     releaseWorkflows: options['release-workflow'],
+    indexWorkflow,
     predicateOut: options['promotion-predicate-out'],
     tagCommand,
   };
@@ -145,16 +156,31 @@ const MISS = Object.freeze({ result: PromoteResult.MISS, digest: '', source: '',
 
 /**
  * Runs the steps. Returns `{ result, digest, source, evidence, predicate?, revision?, provenanceDigest?, reason? }`;
- * `predicate` is set on every non-miss result, `reason` on a miss that has one.
+ * `predicate` is set on every non-miss result except `evidence=release-index`, `reason` on a miss that has one.
  */
 export function promoteImage(options, run = runTool) {
-  const { service, devRef, releaseRef, tag, commit, repository, releaseWorkflows } = options;
+  const { service, devRef, releaseRef, tag, commit, repository, releaseWorkflows, indexWorkflow } = options;
   assertCosignMajor(run);
   const releaseTagged = `${releaseRef}:${tag}`;
   const released = probeDigest(releaseTagged, run);
   if (released !== undefined) {
     const earlier = reuseEarlierPromotion({ releaseRef, tag, digest: released, repository, releaseWorkflows, commit }, run);
-    if (earlier === undefined) return { ...MISS, reason: PromoteMissReason.NO_PROMOTION };
+    if (earlier === undefined) {
+      const viaIndex = indexWorkflow === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : reuseThroughReleaseIndex({ releaseRef, tag, releaseDigest: released, repository, releaseWorkflows, indexWorkflow, commit }, run);
+      if (viaIndex === undefined) return { ...MISS, reason: PromoteMissReason.NO_PROMOTION };
+      // release-arm64 already merged A into the index the tag names: nothing to sign or attest, no predicate.
+      return {
+        result: PromoteResult.REUSED,
+        digest: viaIndex.digest,
+        source: viaIndex.source.reference,
+        evidence: PromoteEvidence.RELEASE_INDEX,
+        revision: viaIndex.source.revision,
+        provenanceDigest: viaIndex.developProvenance.payloadDigest,
+        indexDigest: viaIndex.index,
+      };
+    }
     return {
       result: PromoteResult.REUSED,
       digest: released,
@@ -196,7 +222,7 @@ export function main(argv, { githubOutput, run = runTool, write = (text) => proc
   if (existsSync(options.predicateOut)) {
     throw new Error(`--promotion-predicate-out ${options.predicateOut} already exists; refusing to leave a stale predicate to attest`);
   }
-  const { result, digest, source, evidence, predicate, revision, provenanceDigest, reason } = promoteImage(options, run);
+  const { result, digest, source, evidence, predicate, revision, provenanceDigest, reason, indexDigest } = promoteImage(options, run);
   if (predicate !== undefined) writePromotionPredicate(options.predicateOut, predicate);
   const outputs = {
     result,
@@ -207,6 +233,7 @@ export function main(argv, { githubOutput, run = runTool, write = (text) => proc
     provenance_digest: provenanceDigest ?? '',
     promotion_predicate: predicate === undefined ? '' : options.predicateOut,
     promotion_predicate_type: predicate === undefined ? '' : IMAGE_PROMOTION_PREDICATE_TYPE,
+    ...(indexDigest === undefined ? {} : { index_digest: indexDigest }),
   };
   appendFileSync(githubOutput, Object.entries(outputs).map(([key, value]) => `${key}=${value}\n`).join(''));
   write(`promote-image result=${result} digest=${digest} src=${source} revision=${outputs.revision} evidence=${evidence}${reason === undefined ? '' : ` reason=${reason}`}\n`);

package/src/promote-image.test.mjs

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ const PROMOTION_TYPE = 'https://xema.dev/attestations/image-promotion/v1';
 // A fake `docker`, `cosign` and `git` on PATH, and a fake tag command, all
 // answering from one JSON state file:
 //   tags / errors / copyDigest   `docker buildx imagetools inspect|create`
+//   raw[repository@digest]       the manifest bytes `docker buildx imagetools inspect --raw` prints
 //   signatures[subject]          the identity `cosign verify` finds
 //   downloadErrors[subject]      what `cosign download attestation` fails with
 //   attestations[subject]        { identity, statements, type? } (type defaults to slsaprovenance1) `cosign verify-attestation` finds
@@ -45,6 +46,11 @@ if (tool === 'docker') {
   if (args[2] === 'inspect') {
     const ref = args[3];
     if (state.errors[ref]) fail(state.errors[ref]);
+    if (args[4] === '--raw') {
+      if (state.raw?.[ref] === undefined) fail('ERROR: ' + ref + ': not found\\n');
+      process.stdout.write(state.raw[ref]);
+      process.exit(0);
+    }
     if (!state.tags[ref]) fail('ERROR: ' + ref + ': not found\\n');
     process.stdout.write(JSON.stringify({ mediaType: 'application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json', digest: state.tags[ref] }));
     process.exit(0);
@@ -203,10 +209,10 @@ function promotionStatement({ subjectDigest = OTHER, predicateType = PROMOTION_T
 
 // A release digest main already promoted: its image-promotion/v1 attestation(s), signed by a main workflow.
 // `lineage` defaults to EARLIER_COMMIT being an ancestor of COMMIT.
-function promotedRelease({ source, identity = MAIN_IDENTITY, type = PROMOTION_TYPE, extra, statements, lineage = [[EARLIER_COMMIT, COMMIT]] } = {}) {
+function promotedRelease({ source, identity = MAIN_IDENTITY, type = PROMOTION_TYPE, extra, statements, lineage = [[EARLIER_COMMIT, COMMIT]], promotedCommit } = {}) {
   return {
     tags: { [`${RELEASE}:${TAG}`]: OTHER },
-    attestations: { [`${RELEASE}@${OTHER}`]: { identity, type, statements: statements ?? [promotionStatement({ source, extra })] } },
+    attestations: { [`${RELEASE}@${OTHER}`]: { identity, type, statements: statements ?? [promotionStatement({ source, extra, promotedCommit })] } },
     lineage,
   };
 }
@@ -610,3 +616,150 @@ test('an unparsable cosign version is refused', () => {
   const r = refused({ ...provenDevelop(), cosignVersion: 'GitVersion:    devel\n' }, /no parsable GitVersion/);
   assert.deepEqual(r.state.calls, [['cosign', 'version']]);
 });
+
+// ---- reuse through release-arm64's index: `:<tag>` names index D over main's amd64 digest A (= OTHER) ----
+const ARM64_IDENTITY = 'https://github.com/acme/svc/.github/workflows/release-arm64.yaml@refs/heads/main';
+const ARM64_CHILD = `sha256:${'a'.repeat(64)}`;
+const child = (digest, architecture) => ({ mediaType: 'application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json', digest, size: 1, platform: { os: 'linux', architecture } });
+const ATTESTATION_CHILD = {
+  mediaType: 'application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json', digest: `sha256:${'b'.repeat(64)}`, size: 1,
+  platform: { os: 'unknown', architecture: 'unknown' }, annotations: { 'vnd.docker.reference.type': 'attestation-manifest' },
+};
+const indexBytes = (manifests, mediaType = 'application/vnd.oci.image.index.v1+json') => JSON.stringify({ schemaVersion: 2, mediaType, manifests });
+
+// `children` / `mediaType` shape D; `signer` signs D; `amd64` is A's state (promoted by main by default).
+function releasedIndex({ children = [child(OTHER, 'amd64'), child(ARM64_CHILD, 'arm64'), ATTESTATION_CHILD], mediaType, signer = ARM64_IDENTITY, amd64 = promotedRelease({ promotedCommit: COMMIT }), raw } = {}) {
+  const bytes = indexBytes(children, mediaType);
+  const index = sha(bytes);
+  return {
+    index,
+    state: {
+      ...amd64,
+      tags: { [`${RELEASE}:${TAG}`]: index },
+      raw: { [`${RELEASE}@${index}`]: raw ?? `${bytes}\n` },
+      signatures: signer === null ? {} : { [`${RELEASE}@${index}`]: signer },
+      attestations: { ...amd64.attestations, [`${RELEASE}@${index}`]: { identity: ARM64_IDENTITY, statements: [provenance(index)] } },
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+function runIndexed(state) {
+  const { run, flags, cleanup } = scenario(state);
+  const at = flags.indexOf('--promotion-predicate-out');
+  try {
+    // spread now: it reads the predicate file before cleanup removes it
+    return { ...run([...flags.slice(0, at), '--release-index-workflow', 'release-arm64.yaml', ...flags.slice(at)]) };
+  } finally {
+    cleanup();
+  }
+}
+
+const MISS_LINE = 'promote-image result=miss digest= src= revision= evidence=none reason=reuse-no-promotion\n';
+const assertIndexMiss = (r) => {
+  assert.equal(r.status, 0, r.stderr);
+  assert.equal(r.stdout, MISS_LINE);
+  assert.equal(r.outputs.result, 'miss');
+  assert.equal(r.predicate, undefined);
+  assert.deepEqual(creates(r.state), []);
+};
+const assertIndexRefused = (r, pattern) => {
+  assert.equal(r.status, 1, r.stdout);
+  assert.match(r.stderr, pattern);
+  assert.deepEqual(r.outputs, {});
+  assert.equal(r.predicate, undefined);
+};
+
+test('release index: the tag names release-arm64\'s index over main\'s promoted amd64 digest: reused at A, no predicate, nothing copied', () => {
+  const { index, state } = releasedIndex();
+  const r = runIndexed(state);
+  assert.equal(r.status, 0, r.stderr);
+  assert.equal(r.stdout, `promote-image result=reused digest=${OTHER} src=${DEV}@${OTHER} revision=${REVISION} evidence=release-index\n`);
+  assert.deepEqual(r.outputs, {
+    result: 'reused', digest: OTHER, source: `${DEV}@${OTHER}`, revision: REVISION, evidence: 'release-index',
+    provenance_digest: EARLIER_PROVENANCE.payloadDigest, promotion_predicate: '', promotion_predicate_type: '', index_digest: index,
+  });
+  assert.equal(r.predicate, undefined);
+  assert.deepEqual(creates(r.state), []);
+  assert.ok(r.state.calls.some((call) => call[0] === 'docker' && call[4] === `${RELEASE}@${index}` && call[5] === '--raw'));
+  assert.ok(r.state.calls.some((call) => call[0] === 'cosign' && call[1] === 'verify' && call.at(-1) === `${RELEASE}@${index}`));
+  assert.equal(r.state.calls.some((call) => call[0] === 'docker' && call[3] === `${DEV}:${TAG}`), false);
+});
+
+test('release index: without --release-index-workflow the index stays the existing miss', () => {
+  const { run, cleanup } = scenario(releasedIndex().state);
+  try {
+    const r = run();
+    assertIndexMiss(r);
+    assert.equal(r.state.calls.some((call) => call[5] === '--raw'), false);
+  } finally {
+    cleanup();
+  }
+});
+
+test('release index check 1: a tag naming a plain image without a promotion stays the existing miss', () => {
+  const bytes = JSON.stringify({ schemaVersion: 2, mediaType: 'application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json', layers: [] });
+  const plain = sha(bytes);
+  assertIndexMiss(runIndexed({
+    tags: { [`${RELEASE}:${TAG}`]: plain }, raw: { [`${RELEASE}@${plain}`]: bytes },
+    attestations: { [`${RELEASE}@${plain}`]: { identity: MAIN_IDENTITY, statements: [provenance(plain)] } },
+  }));
+});
+
+test('release index check 1: manifest bytes that do not hash to the tag digest are refused', () => {
+  const { state } = releasedIndex({ raw: indexBytes([child(DIGEST, 'amd64')]) });
+  assertIndexRefused(runIndexed(state), /does not hash to sha256:/);
+});
+
+test('release index: a tag naming a plain promoted image keeps the existing reuse unchanged (no index read)', () => {
+  const r = runIndexed(promotedRelease());
+  assert.equal(r.status, 0, r.stderr);
+  assert.equal(r.outputs.evidence, 'prior-promotion');
+  assert.equal(r.outputs.digest, OTHER);
+  assert.equal(r.predicate.promotedCommit, COMMIT);
+  assert.equal(r.state.calls.some((call) => call[5] === '--raw'), false);
+});
+
+test('release index check 2: an index signed by another main workflow is the existing miss', () => {
+  assertIndexMiss(runIndexed(releasedIndex({ signer: MAIN_IDENTITY }).state));
+});
+
+test('release index check 2: an unsigned index is the existing miss', () => {
+  assertIndexMiss(runIndexed(releasedIndex({ signer: null }).state));
+});
+
+test('release index check 2: an index signed by release-arm64 off main is the existing miss', () => {
+  assertIndexMiss(runIndexed(releasedIndex({ signer: ARM64_IDENTITY.replace('refs/heads/main', 'refs/heads/develop') }).state));
+});
+
+test('release index check 3: an index with no linux/amd64 child is the existing miss', () => {
+  assertIndexMiss(runIndexed(releasedIndex({ children: [child(ARM64_CHILD, 'arm64'), ATTESTATION_CHILD] }).state));
+});
+
+test('release index check 3: an index with two linux/amd64 children is refused as ambiguous', () => {
+  const { state } = releasedIndex({ children: [child(OTHER, 'amd64'), child(DIGEST, 'amd64'), child(ARM64_CHILD, 'arm64')] });
+  assertIndexRefused(runIndexed(state), /reuse via release index: ambiguous: .* has 2 linux\/amd64 children/);
+});
+
+test('release index check 4: an amd64 child with no promotion attestation is the existing miss', () => {
+  const amd64 = { attestations: { [`${RELEASE}@${OTHER}`]: { identity: MAIN_IDENTITY, statements: [provenance(OTHER)] } } };
+  assertIndexMiss(runIndexed(releasedIndex({ amd64 }).state));
+});
+
+test('release index check 4: an amd64 promotion stating another tag is refused', () => {
+  const amd64 = promotedRelease({ promotedCommit: COMMIT, extra: { release: { repository: RELEASE, tag: 'a'.repeat(64), digest: OTHER } } });
+  assertIndexRefused(runIndexed(releasedIndex({ amd64 }).state), /states release tag a+, not c+/);
+});
+
+test('release index check 4: an amd64 promotion signed off main is refused', () => {
+  assertIndexRefused(runIndexed(releasedIndex({ amd64: promotedRelease({ promotedCommit: COMMIT, identity: DEVELOP_IDENTITY }) }).state), /reuse: .* has no image-promotion\/v1 attestation signed by/);
+});
+
+test('release index check 4: an amd64 promotion of no ancestor commit is refused', () => {
+  assertIndexRefused(runIndexed(releasedIndex({ amd64: promotedRelease({ lineage: [] }) }).state), /reuse: no image-promotion\/v1 statement on .* promotes/);
+});
+
+test('release index check 4: an amd64 promotion of an ancestor commit (a later commit, same content) falls through to the existing miss', () => {
+  const r = runIndexed(releasedIndex({ amd64: promotedRelease() }).state);
+  assertIndexMiss(r);
+  assert.equal(r.outputs.index_digest, undefined);
+});