@xdev-asia/xdev-knowledge-mcp 1.0.42 → 1.0.44

package/content/series/luyen-thi/luyen-thi-aws-ml-specialty/chapters/04-phan-4-on-tap/lessons/10-bai-10-bai-toan-thuong-gap.md

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+---
+id: f7a8daa0-e49a-4fac-b232-d6a8b998e120
+title: 'Bài 10: Các Bài Toán ML Thường Gặp'
+slug: bai-10-bai-toan-thuong-gap
+description: >-
+  Fraud detection, recommendation systems, NLP pipeline, time series forecasting,
+  computer vision — nhận dạng bài toán và chọn đúng AWS service/algorithm.
+duration_minutes: 55
+is_free: true
+video_url: null
+sort_order: 10
+section_title: "Phần 4: Ôn Tập Tổng Hợp"
+course:
+  id: 019c9619-lt02-7002-c002-lt0200000002
+  title: 'Luyện thi AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty'
+  slug: luyen-thi-aws-ml-specialty
+---
+
+<div style="text-align: center; margin: 2rem 0;">
+<img src="/storage/uploads/2026/04/aws-mls-bai10-ml-patterns.png" alt="AWS ML Problem Patterns" style="max-width: 800px; width: 100%; border-radius: 12px;" />
+<p><em>ML Problem Patterns: Fraud detection, Recommendation, NLP, Time Series, và Computer Vision trên AWS</em></p>
+</div>
+
+<h2 id="pattern-matching"><strong>1. Nhận Dạng Bài Toán Nhanh</strong></h2>
+
+<p>Phần lớn câu hỏi MLS-C01 là <strong>scenario-based</strong>: đọc mô tả business problem, chọn AWS service hoặc algorithm phù hợp nhất. Bài học này cung cấp framework để nhận dạng nhanh.</p>
+
+<pre><code class="language-text">ML Problem Recognition Framework:
+
+READ SCENARIO
+    ↓
+Is output a CATEGORY?          → Classification
+Is output a NUMBER?            → Regression
+Is output a CLUSTER/GROUP?     → Clustering (no labels)
+Is output a RANK/SCORE?        → Recommendation / Ranking
+Is output a DETECTION (anomaly)? → Anomaly Detection
+Is output a SEQUENCE?          → Time Series / Seq2Seq
+</code></pre>
+
+<h2 id="fraud-detection"><strong>2. Fraud Detection</strong></h2>
+
+<p>Fraud detection là bài toán điển hình trong đề thi. Key challenge: <strong>extreme class imbalance</strong> (99.9% transactions là legitimate).</p>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Challenge</th><th>Solution</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td>Class imbalance</td><td>SMOTE, class_weight, <strong>precision-recall</strong> (not accuracy)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Real-time scoring</td><td>SageMaker Real-time Endpoint</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Unsupervised fraud (no labels)</td><td><strong>Random Cut Forest</strong> (anomaly detection)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Graph-based fraud rings</td><td><strong>Amazon Neptune</strong> + GNN (GraphSAGE)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Supervised (labeled history)</td><td><strong>XGBoost</strong> or Linear Learner</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Exam tip:</strong> Khi câu hỏi nói "không có nhãn fraud" hoặc "phát hiện hành vi bất thường" → <strong>Random Cut Forest</strong>. Khi có lịch sử giao dịch gian lận đã được gán nhãn → Classification (XGBoost).</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h2 id="recommendation"><strong>3. Recommendation Systems</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Type</th><th>Algorithm</th><th>AWS Service</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td>Collaborative Filtering</td><td>Factorization Machines, Neural CF</td><td>SageMaker FM, <strong>Amazon Personalize</strong></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Content-Based</td><td>TF-IDF, Embeddings</td><td>SageMaker Knn</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Hybrid</td><td>FM + content features</td><td>Amazon Personalize (HRNN)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Cold Start Problem</td><td>Content features, metadata</td><td>Personalize context metadata</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Đề thi thường hỏi: <em>"Real-time personalized recommendations for e-commerce"</em> → câu trả lời gần như luôn là <strong>Amazon Personalize</strong> (managed service).</p>
+
+<h2 id="nlp"><strong>4. NLP Pipeline</strong></h2>
+
+<pre><code class="language-text">NLP Task Decision Tree:
+
+Classify documents?
+    → Text Classification → BlazingText (word2vec mode), Comprehend Custom
+
+Extract entities from text?
+    → Named Entity Recognition → Amazon Comprehend (NER)
+
+Translate text?
+    → Amazon Translate
+
+Summarize documents?
+    → Hugging Face on SageMaker (T5, BART)
+
+Q&A / Generation?
+    → SageMaker JumpStart foundation models (Llama, Falcon)
+
+Toxic content detection?
+    → Amazon Comprehend (Sentiment + custom classifier)
+</code></pre>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>NLP Task</th><th>Algorithm/Service</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td>Document classification</td><td>BlazingText, Comprehend Custom</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Topic modeling</td><td><strong>Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)</strong>, NTM</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Sentiment analysis</td><td>Amazon Comprehend</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Language detection</td><td>Amazon Comprehend</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Machine translation</td><td>Amazon Translate</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Conversational AI</td><td>Amazon Lex (chatbot) + Lambda</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h2 id="time-series"><strong>5. Time Series Forecasting</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Service/Algorithm</th><th>Use Case</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td><strong>DeepAR+</strong> (SageMaker built-in)</td><td>Multiple related time series, cold start</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Forecast</strong></td><td>Fully managed, business forecasting (demand, inventory)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>ARIMA</strong></td><td>Single stationary series, classic approach</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Prophet</strong></td><td>Seasonality + holidays, Facebook's library</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Exam tip:</strong> "Predict retail demand for thousands of products" → <strong>DeepAR+</strong> (multiple related series) or <strong>Amazon Forecast</strong> (managed). Key differentiator: DeepAR+ trains one model for ALL items, while classical methods need one model per series.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h2 id="computer-vision"><strong>6. Computer Vision</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>CV Task</th><th>Algorithm</th><th>Service</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td>Image Classification</td><td><strong>Image Classification (ResNet)</strong></td><td>SageMaker built-in</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Object Detection</td><td><strong>Object Detection (SSD/YOLO)</strong></td><td>SageMaker built-in</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Semantic Segmentation</td><td><strong>Semantic Segmentation</strong></td><td>SageMaker built-in</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Rekognition (no ML needed)</td><td>Faces, objects, text, moderation</td><td><strong>Amazon Rekognition</strong></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Custom labels in images</td><td>Fine-tuning</td><td>Rekognition Custom Labels</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h2 id="mapping-table"><strong>7. Business Domain → AWS Service Mapping</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Industry / Scenario</th><th>AWS Service</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td>E-commerce personalization</td><td>Amazon Personalize</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Call center analytics</td><td>Amazon Transcribe + Comprehend</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Medical image analysis</td><td>Amazon HealthLake + SageMaker (custom model)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Document understanding (invoices, forms)</td><td><strong>Amazon Textract</strong></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Product search (semantic)</td><td>Amazon OpenSearch + KNN</td></tr>
+<tr><td>IoT anomaly detection</td><td><strong>Amazon Lookout for Equipment</strong></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Manufacturing defect detection</td><td><strong>Amazon Lookout for Vision</strong></td></tr>
+<tr><td>Financial forecasting (managed)</td><td>Amazon Forecast</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Churn prediction</td><td>XGBoost (SageMaker)</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h2 id="practice"><strong>8. Practice Questions</strong></h2>
+
+<p><strong>Q1:</strong> A retail company wants to predict next quarter's sales for 10,000 individual products, incorporating holiday seasonality and promotional events. Which solution is MOST appropriate?</p>
+<ul>
+<li>A) Train separate ARIMA models for each of the 10,000 products</li>
+<li>B) Use Amazon Forecast with related time series data ✓</li>
+<li>C) Use Amazon Comprehend for trend analysis</li>
+<li>D) Use Amazon Rekognition to analyze product images</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>Explanation: Amazon Forecast is designed for business demand forecasting at scale, can handle thousands of related time series simultaneously, and supports external factors like holidays and promotions. Training 10,000 separate ARIMA models would be impractical and miss cross-series patterns.</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>Q2:</strong> A bank needs to detect fraudulent transactions in real time WITHOUT having labeled historical fraud data. Which algorithm should they use?</p>
+<ul>
+<li>A) XGBoost classifier</li>
+<li>B) Linear Learner with binary classification</li>
+<li>C) Random Cut Forest ✓</li>
+<li>D) BlazingText</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>Explanation: Without labeled fraud data, this is an unsupervised anomaly detection problem. Random Cut Forest detects anomalies (transactions that deviate from normal patterns) without requiring labeled examples. XGBoost and Linear Learner are supervised and require labeled training data.</em></p>
+
+<p><strong>Q3:</strong> A company wants to extract key-value pairs from scanned insurance claim forms (PDFs). No custom ML training has been done. Which AWS service should they use?</p>
+<ul>
+<li>A) Amazon Comprehend</li>
+<li>B) Amazon Textract ✓</li>
+<li>C) SageMaker Object Detection</li>
+<li>D) Amazon Rekognition</li>
+</ul>
+<p><em>Explanation: Amazon Textract is purpose-built for extracting text, forms (key-value pairs), and tables from scanned documents including PDFs. It requires no ML training. Comprehend analyzes text meaning; Rekognition analyzes images; neither handles structured form extraction like Textract.</em></p>

package/content/series/luyen-thi/luyen-thi-aws-ml-specialty/chapters/04-phan-4-on-tap/lessons/11-bai-11-cheat-sheet.md

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+---
+id: 722555b5-e196-45c3-9061-a4f72197e2ed
+title: 'Bài 11: Cheat Sheet Tổng Hợp'
+slug: bai-11-cheat-sheet
+description: >-
+  Bảng tổng hợp toàn bộ khoá học: thuật toán SageMaker, AWS AI services,
+  evaluation metrics, công thức quan trọng và các bẫy thường gặp trong đề thi.
+duration_minutes: 40
+is_free: true
+video_url: null
+sort_order: 11
+section_title: "Phần 4: Ôn Tập Tổng Hợp"
+course:
+  id: 019c9619-lt02-7002-c002-lt0200000002
+  title: 'Luyện thi AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty'
+  slug: luyen-thi-aws-ml-specialty
+---
+
+<h2 id="algorithms-master"><strong>1. SageMaker Built-in Algorithms Master Table</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Algorithm</th><th>Type</th><th>Best For</th><th>Input</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td><strong>XGBoost</strong></td><td>Supervised (C/R)</td><td>Tabular data, competitions</td><td>CSV, LibSVM</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Linear Learner</strong></td><td>Supervised (C/R)</td><td>High-dimensional, fast</td><td>CSV, RecordIO</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Random Cut Forest</strong></td><td>Unsupervised</td><td>Anomaly detection</td><td>CSV, RecordIO</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>K-Means</strong></td><td>Unsupervised</td><td>Customer segmentation</td><td>CSV, RecordIO</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>PCA</strong></td><td>Dimensionality Reduction</td><td>Feature reduction</td><td>CSV, RecordIO</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Factorization Machines</strong></td><td>Supervised (C/R)</td><td>Sparse data, recommendations</td><td>RecordIO only</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>DeepAR+</strong></td><td>Supervised</td><td>Time series forecasting</td><td>JSON Lines</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>BlazingText</strong></td><td>Supervised / Unsupervised</td><td>Text classification, word2vec</td><td>Text files</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Object2Vec</strong></td><td>Supervised</td><td>Semantic similarity</td><td>JSON Lines</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Image Classification</strong></td><td>Supervised</td><td>Image labels</td><td>RecordIO, raw images</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Object Detection</strong></td><td>Supervised</td><td>Bounding boxes</td><td>RecordIO, JSON</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Semantic Segmentation</strong></td><td>Supervised</td><td>Pixel-level classification</td><td>Images + masks</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>LDA</strong></td><td>Unsupervised</td><td>Topic modeling</td><td>CSV, RecordIO</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>NTM</strong></td><td>Unsupervised</td><td>Neural topic modeling</td><td>CSV, RecordIO</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>IP Insights</strong></td><td>Unsupervised</td><td>IP address anomaly</td><td>CSV</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h2 id="aws-ai-services"><strong>2. AWS AI Services — No-Code ML</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Service</th><th>Purpose</th><th>Output</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Rekognition</strong></td><td>Image/video analysis</td><td>Labels, faces, text, moderation</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Textract</strong></td><td>Document extraction</td><td>Text, forms, tables</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Comprehend</strong></td><td>NLP, text analytics</td><td>Entities, sentiment, topics</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Translate</strong></td><td>Machine translation</td><td>Translated text</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Transcribe</strong></td><td>Speech to text</td><td>Transcription, subtitles</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Polly</strong></td><td>Text to speech</td><td>Audio</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Lex</strong></td><td>Conversational AI (chatbot)</td><td>Intent, slots</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Kendra</strong></td><td>Intelligent search</td><td>Answers, documents</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Personalize</strong></td><td>Recommendations</td><td>Item rankings, user recs</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Forecast</strong></td><td>Time series forecasting</td><td>Predictions + confidence</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Lookout for Vision</strong></td><td>Visual anomaly (manufacturing)</td><td>Pass/Fail, anomaly map</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Amazon Lookout for Equipment</strong></td><td>Equipment anomaly (IoT)</td><td>Anomaly scores</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h2 id="metrics"><strong>3. Evaluation Metrics Quick Reference</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Metric</th><th>Formula</th><th>Use When</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td><strong>Accuracy</strong></td><td>(TP+TN)/(TP+TN+FP+FN)</td><td>Balanced classes</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Precision</strong></td><td>TP/(TP+FP)</td><td>FP is costly (spam filter)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Recall (Sensitivity)</strong></td><td>TP/(TP+FN)</td><td>FN is costly (cancer diagnosis)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>F1 Score</strong></td><td>2×(P×R)/(P+R)</td><td>Imbalanced classes</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>AUC-ROC</strong></td><td>Area under TPR vs FPR curve</td><td>Overall classifier quality</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>RMSE</strong></td><td>√(Σ(yᵢ-ŷᵢ)²/n)</td><td>Regression, penalizes outliers</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>MAE</strong></td><td>Σ|yᵢ-ŷᵢ|/n</td><td>Regression, robust to outliers</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>MAPE</strong></td><td>Σ|yᵢ-ŷᵢ|/|yᵢ| × 100%</td><td>Forecasting, interpretable %</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h2 id="traps"><strong>4. Common Exam Traps</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Trap</strong></th><th>What the Exam Says</th><th>Correct Answer</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td>Imbalanced data + accuracy</td><td>"Model has 99% accuracy" (fraud)</td><td>Use Precision/Recall/F1, not accuracy</td></tr>
+<tr><td>FM input format</td><td>Factorization Machines</td><td>Requires RecordIO ONLY (not CSV)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Managed vs custom</td><td>"quickest to implement"</td><td>Prefer managed (Personalize, Forecast)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Overfitting fix</td><td>Training accuracy high, validation low</td><td>Regularization (L1/L2) or more data</td></tr>
+<tr><td>SageMaker + Internet</td><td>"secure environment, no internet"</td><td>VPC + Network Isolation + VPC Endpoints</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ground Truth labeling</td><td>"reduce labeling cost"</td><td>Auto-labeling (active learning) in GT</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Bias in model</td><td>"identify bias before deployment"</td><td>SageMaker Clarify</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Multiple models behind one endpoint</td><td>"save cost, single endpoint"</td><td>Multi-Model Endpoint (MME)</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h2 id="storage-formats"><strong>5. Data / Storage Quick Reference</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Scenario</th><th>Best Choice</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td>Large tabular training data</td><td>S3 + CSV or Parquet; RecordIO for SageMaker</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Real-time streaming data ingestion</td><td>Kinesis Data Streams → Firehose → S3</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Ad-hoc SQL queries on S3 data</td><td>Amazon Athena</td></tr>
+<tr><td>ETL transformation → Feature Store</td><td>AWS Glue (Spark ETL) → SageMaker Feature Store</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Business intelligence / dashboards</td><td>Amazon QuickSight</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Data warehouse for ML features</td><td>Amazon Redshift → ML (Redshift ML)</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Exam tip:</strong> Hãy nhớ: khi đề bài nói "fastest / easiest / no code" → AWS Managed AI Service. Khi nói "custom model / flexibility / bring your own" → SageMaker. Đây là decision boundary quan trọng nhất.</p>
+</blockquote>

package/content/series/luyen-thi/luyen-thi-aws-ml-specialty/chapters/04-phan-4-on-tap/lessons/12-bai-12-chien-luoc-thi.md

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+---
+id: 87d7c5c5-d20a-47a8-b64e-7f9db75bb1d2
+title: 'Bài 12: Chiến Lược Thi MLS-C01'
+slug: bai-12-chien-luoc-thi
+description: >-
+  Cấu trúc đề thi MLS-C01, phân bổ điểm số theo domain, chiến lược quản lý
+  thời gian, kỹ thuật loại trừ đáp án và kế hoạch ôn tập cuối kỳ.
+duration_minutes: 35
+is_free: true
+video_url: null
+sort_order: 12
+section_title: "Phần 4: Ôn Tập Tổng Hợp"
+course:
+  id: 019c9619-lt02-7002-c002-lt0200000002
+  title: 'Luyện thi AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty'
+  slug: luyen-thi-aws-ml-specialty
+---
+
+<h2 id="exam-structure"><strong>1. Cấu Trúc Đề Thi MLS-C01</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Item</th><th>Details</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td><strong>Total Questions</strong></td><td>65 câu</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Scored Questions</strong></td><td>50 câu (15 unscored/experimental)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Time Limit</strong></td><td>180 phút (3 giờ)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Passing Score</strong></td><td>750/1000</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Question Format</strong></td><td>Multiple choice + Multiple response</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Languages</strong></td><td>Có thể chọn tiếng Nhật, tiếng Hàn (không có tiếng Việt)</td></tr>
+<tr><td><strong>Validity</strong></td><td>3 năm</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h2 id="domain-weights"><strong>2. Domain Weights — Phân Bổ Điểm</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Domain</th><th>Weight</th><th>Questions (~)</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td>Domain 1: Data Engineering</td><td>20%</td><td>~13 câu</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Domain 2: Exploratory Data Analysis</td><td>24%</td><td>~16 câu</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Domain 3: Modeling</td><td>36%</td><td>~24 câu</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Domain 4: ML Implementation & Operations</td><td>20%</td><td>~13 câu</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Exam tip:</strong> <strong>Domain 3 (Modeling) chiếm 36%</strong> — đây là domain quan trọng nhất. Ưu tiên ôn: SageMaker built-in algorithms, evaluation metrics, hyperparameter tuning, và underfitting/overfitting.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h2 id="time-management"><strong>3. Chiến Lược Quản Lý Thời Gian</strong></h2>
+
+<pre><code class="language-text">Time Budget (180 minutes, 65 questions):
+
+Average: 2.5 minutes per question
+
+Strategy:
+Round 1 (120 min): Attempt all 65 questions
+  - Answer confident questions immediately
+  - Flag uncertain questions (don't spend > 3 min each)
+  
+Round 2 (45 min): Review flagged questions
+  - Apply elimination technique
+  - Check scenario keywords
+
+Round 3 (15 min): Final review
+  - Check unmarked questions
+  - Don't change answers unless certain
+</code></pre>
+
+<h2 id="elimination"><strong>4. Kỹ Thuật Loại Trừ Đáp Án</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Keyword in Question</th><th>Eliminate</th><th>Keep / Prefer</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td>"no labels / unlabeled data"</td><td>Supervised algorithms</td><td>K-Means, RCF, PCA</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"quickest / easiest / no code"</td><td>Custom SageMaker models</td><td>Managed AI services</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"real-time predictions"</td><td>Batch Transform</td><td>Real-time Endpoint</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"low traffic, cost-efficient inference"</td><td>Real-time Endpoint</td><td>Serverless Inference</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"no internet, secure"</td><td>Public endpoint</td><td>VPC + Network Isolation</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"imbalanced dataset"</td><td>Accuracy metric</td><td>F1, Precision, Recall, AUC</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"multiple models, save cost"</td><td>Separate endpoints</td><td>Multi-Model Endpoint</td></tr>
+<tr><td>"structured tabular data"</td><td>Image/NLP algorithms</td><td>XGBoost, Linear Learner</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h2 id="study-plan"><strong>5. Kế Hoạch Ôn Tập Cuối Kỳ</strong></h2>
+
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th>Ngày</th><th>Focus</th></tr></thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr><td>Day 1</td><td>Review Domain 3 (Modeling): algorithms + metrics + HPO</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Day 2</td><td>Review Domain 2 (EDA): data preparation + feature engineering</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Day 3</td><td>Review Domain 1+4 (Data Engineering + Operations)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Day 4</td><td>Practice exam 1 (65 câu): identify weak areas</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Day 5</td><td>Review weak areas từ Practice Exam 1</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Day 6</td><td>Practice exam 2 (65 câu)</td></tr>
+<tr><td>Day 7</td><td>Cheat sheet review only — nghỉ ngơi, không học mới</td></tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h2 id="day-of-exam"><strong>6. Ngày Thi</strong></h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Đến sớm 30 phút (Pearson VUE test center) hoặc check kỹ environment (online proctored)</li>
+<li>Đọc kỹ toàn bộ câu hỏi — đừng chỉ đọc 2-3 dòng đầu</li>
+<li>Highlight keywords: "MOST cost-effective", "LEAST operational overhead", "FASTEST to deploy"</li>
+<li>Khi thấy 2 đáp án đều đúng: chọn cái phù hợp nhất với constraints trong câu hỏi</li>
+<li>Không để trống câu nào — guess nếu không biết (không bị trừ điểm)</li>
+</ul>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p><strong>Exam tip:</strong> AWS Specialty exams thường có câu hỏi dài (3-5 dòng scenario). Keywords ở CUỐI câu thường là key constraint: "with minimal operational overhead", "in the most cost-effective manner", "without requiring data scientists" — đọc kỹ đến cuối!</p>
+</blockquote>

package/content/series/luyen-thi/luyen-thi-aws-ml-specialty/index.md

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ description: >-
   (MLS-C01). Nắm vững SageMaker, data engineering, modeling, triển khai ML trên AWS
   ở mức chuyên gia.
 
-featured_image: null
+featured_image: images/blog/aws-ml-specialty-series-banner.png
 level: advanced
 duration_hours: 40
 lesson_count: 12

package/content/series/luyen-thi/luyen-thi-cka/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+---
+id: lt-cka-series-001
+title: "Luyện thi CKA — Certified Kubernetes Administrator"
+slug: luyen-thi-cka
+description: >-
+  Lộ trình ôn tập toàn diện cho kỳ thi CKA (Certified Kubernetes Administrator).
+  Bao phủ đầy đủ 5 domain hands-on: Troubleshooting (30%), Cluster Architecture (25%),
+  Services & Networking (20%), Workloads & Scheduling (15%), Storage (10%).
+  12 bài học kèm bài tập thực hành terminal.
+
+featured_image: null
+level: intermediate
+duration_hours: 35
+lesson_count: 12
+price: '0.00'
+is_free: true
+view_count: 0
+average_rating: '0.00'
+review_count: 0
+enrollment_count: 0
+meta: null
+published_at: '2026-04-05T10:00:00.000000Z'
+created_at: '2026-04-05T10:00:00.000000Z'
+
+author:
+  id: 019c9616-d2b4-713f-9b2c-40e2e92a05cf
+  name: Duy Tran
+  avatar: avatars/7e8eb5c6-4cac-455b-a701-4060f085d501.jpeg
+
+category:
+  id: 019c9616-cat9-7009-a009-000000000009
+  name: Luyện thi chứng chỉ
+  slug: luyen-thi
+
+tags:
+
+- name: Kubernetes
+    slug: kubernetes
+- name: CKA
+    slug: cka
+- name: CNCF
+    slug: cncf
+- name: Chứng chỉ
+    slug: chung-chi
+- name: DevOps
+    slug: devops
+- name: Linux Foundation
+    slug: linux-foundation
+
+quiz_slug: cka
+
+sections:
+
+- id: cka-section-01
+    title: "Domain 1: Cluster Architecture, Installation & Configuration (25%)"
+    description: kubeadm, RBAC, cluster upgrade, etcd backup/restore
+    sort_order: 1
+    lessons:
+  - id: cka-d1-l01
+        title: "Bài 1: Kubernetes Architecture & kubeadm Cluster Setup"
+        slug: 01-kien-truc-cka-kubeadm
+        description: >-
+          Control plane components sâu. kubeadm init, join, config.
+          High Availability cluster topology. Certificate rotation.
+          kubectl config, contexts, kubeconfig.
+        duration_minutes: 65
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 1
+        video_url: null
+  - id: cka-d1-l02
+        title: "Bài 2: Cluster Upgrade với kubeadm"
+        slug: 02-cluster-upgrade-kubeadm
+        description: >-
+          Upgrade strategy: control plane → worker nodes.
+          drain, cordon, uncordon. Version skew policy.
+          kubeadm upgrade plan/apply. Rollback procedures.
+        duration_minutes: 60
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 2
+        video_url: null
+  - id: cka-d1-l03
+        title: "Bài 3: RBAC — Role-Based Access Control"
+        slug: 03-rbac-cka
+        description: >-
+          Role vs ClusterRole. RoleBinding vs ClusterRoleBinding.
+          ServiceAccounts và token. kubectl auth can-i.
+          Aggregated ClusterRoles. Least privilege patterns.
+        duration_minutes: 60
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 3
+        video_url: null
+
+- id: cka-section-02
+    title: "Domain 2: Workloads & Scheduling (15%)"
+    description: Deployments, DaemonSets, scheduling, taints/tolerations, affinity
+    sort_order: 2
+    lessons:
+  - id: cka-d2-l01
+        title: "Bài 4: Deployments, DaemonSets & StatefulSets"
+        slug: 04-deployments-daemonsets-statefulsets
+        description: >-
+          Rolling update strategies. Rollback. ReplicaSet vs Deployment.
+          DaemonSet use cases. StatefulSet: headless service, volumeClaimTemplates.
+          Resource requests & limits. QoS classes.
+        duration_minutes: 60
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 4
+        video_url: null
+  - id: cka-d2-l02
+        title: "Bài 5: Scheduling — Taints, Tolerations & Affinity"
+        slug: 05-scheduling-taints-affinity
+        description: >-
+          Manual scheduling (nodeName, nodeSelector). Node Affinity/Anti-affinity.
+          Pod Affinity/Anti-affinity. Taints & Tolerations.
+          Priority Classes. Resource quotas & LimitRanges.
+        duration_minutes: 60
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 5
+        video_url: null
+
+- id: cka-section-03
+    title: "Domain 3: Services & Networking (20%)"
+    description: Services, DNS, Ingress, NetworkPolicies, CNI
+    sort_order: 3
+    lessons:
+  - id: cka-d3-l01
+        title: "Bài 6: Services, Endpoints & CoreDNS"
+        slug: 06-services-endpoints-coredns
+        description: >-
+          ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalName, Headless.
+          Endpoints & EndpointSlices. CoreDNS configuration.
+          Service discovery patterns. kube-proxy modes (iptables, IPVS).
+        duration_minutes: 60
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 6
+        video_url: null
+  - id: cka-d3-l02
+        title: "Bài 7: Ingress, Network Policies & CNI"
+        slug: 07-ingress-networkpolicies-cni
+        description: >-
+          Ingress controllers (nginx). Ingress rules, TLS.
+          NetworkPolicy: ingress/egress rules, label selectors.
+          CNI plugins: Calico, Flannel, Cilium overview.
+          Pod CIDR vs Service CIDR.
+        duration_minutes: 65
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 7
+        video_url: null
+
+- id: cka-section-04
+    title: "Domain 4: Storage (10%)"
+    description: PV, PVC, StorageClass, volumes
+    sort_order: 4
+    lessons:
+  - id: cka-d4-l01
+        title: "Bài 8: Persistent Volumes, PVCs & StorageClass"
+        slug: 08-persistent-volumes-storageclass
+        description: >-
+          PersistentVolume, PersistentVolumeClaim lifecycle. Access modes.
+          Reclaim policies. StorageClass & dynamic provisioning.
+          hostPath, emptyDir, NFS. VolumeMount vs VolumeFrom.
+        duration_minutes: 55
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 8
+        video_url: null
+
+- id: cka-section-05
+    title: "Domain 5: Troubleshooting (30%)"
+    description: Node, workload, networking troubleshooting, etcd backup
+    sort_order: 5
+    lessons:
+  - id: cka-d5-l01
+        title: "Bài 9: etcd Backup & Restore"
+        slug: 09-etcd-backup-restore
+        description: >-
+          etcd architecture. etcdctl snapshot save/restore.
+          Environment variables: ETCDCTL_API, certificates.
+          Static pod manifest cho etcd. Recovery procedures.
+          Encryption at rest configuration.
+        duration_minutes: 55
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 9
+        video_url: null
+  - id: cka-d5-l02
+        title: "Bài 10: Troubleshooting Nodes & Cluster"
+        slug: 10-troubleshooting-nodes
+        description: >-
+          Node NotReady: kubelet, container runtime issues.
+          journalctl, systemctl debugging. Certificate issues.
+          Control plane component failures. Static pods.
+          kubectl describe node, kubectl get events.
+        duration_minutes: 60
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 10
+        video_url: null
+  - id: cka-d5-l03
+        title: "Bài 11: Troubleshooting Workloads"
+        slug: 11-troubleshooting-workloads
+        description: >-
+          Pod stuck states: Pending, CrashLoopBackOff, ImagePullBackOff, OOMKilled.
+          kubectl logs, exec, describe. Init container debugging.
+          Resource constraints. Liveness/Readiness probe failures.
+        duration_minutes: 60
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 11
+        video_url: null
+  - id: cka-d5-l04
+        title: "Bài 12: Troubleshooting Networking & Exam Strategy"
+        slug: 12-troubleshooting-networking-exam
+        description: >-
+          DNS resolution failures. Service not reachable. kube-proxy issues.
+          Network policy blocking traffic. nslookup, curl debugging.
+          CKA exam tips: time management, kubectl shortcuts, imperative commands.
+        duration_minutes: 60
+        is_free: true
+        sort_order: 12
+        video_url: null