@wundr.io/cli 1.0.10 → 1.0.12

package/src/framework/error-handler.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+/**
+ * CLI Error Handler - Centralized error handling with recovery suggestions.
+ *
+ * Provides:
+ * - Typed error codes with hierarchical naming
+ * - Contextual recovery suggestions for every error
+ * - Consistent formatting across all commands
+ * - Verbose mode stack traces
+ * - Error wrapping for async operations
+ * - Custom error handler registration for extensions
+ *
+ * @module framework/error-handler
+ */
+
+import chalk from 'chalk';
+
+import type { CommandContext, CommandDefinition } from './command-interface';
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Error Codes
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Hierarchical error code type.
+ *
+ * Format: WUNDR_{DOMAIN}_{NUMBER}
+ * Domain groups: CLI, DAEMON, CONFIG, AGENT, MEMORY, PLUGIN, BATCH, SETUP, AUDIT
+ */
+export type ErrorCode =
+  // CLI errors
+  | 'WUNDR_CLI_001' // Command not found
+  | 'WUNDR_CLI_002' // Invalid arguments
+  | 'WUNDR_CLI_003' // Missing required option
+  | 'WUNDR_CLI_004' // Operation cancelled by user
+  | 'WUNDR_CLI_005' // Not in a Wundr project directory
+  // Daemon errors
+  | 'WUNDR_DAEMON_001' // Daemon not running
+  | 'WUNDR_DAEMON_002' // Daemon already running
+  | 'WUNDR_DAEMON_003' // Port already in use
+  | 'WUNDR_DAEMON_004' // Failed to start daemon
+  | 'WUNDR_DAEMON_005' // Failed to stop daemon
+  | 'WUNDR_DAEMON_006' // Daemon health check failed
+  // Config errors
+  | 'WUNDR_CONFIG_001' // Config file not found
+  | 'WUNDR_CONFIG_002' // Config validation failed
+  | 'WUNDR_CONFIG_003' // Config write failed
+  | 'WUNDR_CONFIG_004' // Invalid config key path
+  // Agent errors
+  | 'WUNDR_AGENT_001' // Agent spawn failed
+  | 'WUNDR_AGENT_002' // Agent not found
+  | 'WUNDR_AGENT_003' // Agent already exists
+  | 'WUNDR_AGENT_004' // Maximum agents exceeded
+  | 'WUNDR_AGENT_005' // Agent communication failed
+  // Memory errors
+  | 'WUNDR_MEMORY_001' // Memory store not initialized
+  | 'WUNDR_MEMORY_002' // Memory query failed
+  | 'WUNDR_MEMORY_003' // Memory sync failed
+  | 'WUNDR_MEMORY_004' // Embedding generation failed
+  // Plugin errors
+  | 'WUNDR_PLUGIN_001' // Plugin not found
+  | 'WUNDR_PLUGIN_002' // Plugin install failed
+  | 'WUNDR_PLUGIN_003' // Plugin incompatible
+  | 'WUNDR_PLUGIN_004' // Plugin activation failed
+  // Batch errors
+  | 'WUNDR_BATCH_001' // Batch file not found
+  | 'WUNDR_BATCH_002' // Batch validation failed
+  | 'WUNDR_BATCH_003' // Batch execution failed
+  | 'WUNDR_BATCH_004' // Batch timeout
+  // Setup errors
+  | 'WUNDR_SETUP_001' // Tool installation failed
+  | 'WUNDR_SETUP_002' // Profile not found
+  | 'WUNDR_SETUP_003' // Platform not supported
+  | 'WUNDR_SETUP_004' // Insufficient permissions
+  // Audit errors
+  | 'WUNDR_AUDIT_001' // Audit scan failed
+  | 'WUNDR_AUDIT_002' // Critical vulnerability found
+  // System errors
+  | 'WUNDR_SYS_001' // File not found
+  | 'WUNDR_SYS_002' // Permission denied
+  | 'WUNDR_SYS_003' // Network error
+  | 'WUNDR_SYS_004' // Disk space insufficient
+  // Generic fallback
+  | string;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Error Details
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Additional context attached to a CLI error.
+ */
+export interface ErrorDetails {
+  /** The command that was running when the error occurred */
+  command?: string;
+
+  /** Relevant file path */
+  file?: string;
+
+  /** Relevant port number */
+  port?: number;
+
+  /** Process ID */
+  pid?: number;
+
+  /** Agent or session ID */
+  entityId?: string;
+
+  /** Plugin name */
+  plugin?: string;
+
+  /** Original error that caused this one */
+  cause?: Error;
+
+  /** Arbitrary additional context */
+  [key: string]: unknown;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Recovery suggestion displayed to the user.
+ */
+export interface RecoverySuggestion {
+  /** Human-readable description of what to do */
+  description: string;
+
+  /** Optional command the user can run */
+  command?: string;
+
+  /** Optional documentation link */
+  docLink?: string;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// CLI Error
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Typed CLI error with error code, details, and recovery suggestions.
+ *
+ * All framework-level errors should use this type. Commands create them
+ * via `CliErrorHandler.createError()` and throw them; the handler
+ * formats them for display.
+ */
+export class CliError extends Error {
+  public readonly code: ErrorCode;
+  public readonly details: ErrorDetails;
+  public readonly suggestions: RecoverySuggestion[];
+  public readonly recoverable: boolean;
+  public readonly timestamp: Date;
+
+  constructor(
+    code: ErrorCode,
+    message: string,
+    details: ErrorDetails = {},
+    suggestions: RecoverySuggestion[] = [],
+    recoverable: boolean = false
+  ) {
+    super(message);
+    this.name = 'CliError';
+    this.code = code;
+    this.details = details;
+    this.suggestions = suggestions;
+    this.recoverable = recoverable;
+    this.timestamp = new Date();
+
+    // Maintain proper stack trace
+    if (Error.captureStackTrace) {
+      Error.captureStackTrace(this, CliError);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Error Classification
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * High-level error classification for routing error handling behavior.
+ */
+export type ErrorClassification =
+  | 'user'
+  | 'system'
+  | 'network'
+  | 'config'
+  | 'plugin'
+  | 'unknown';
+
+/**
+ * Classified error with category and recommended action.
+ */
+export interface ClassifiedError {
+  classification: ErrorClassification;
+  retryable: boolean;
+  userFacing: boolean;
+  exitCode: number;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Classify an error code into a high-level category.
+ *
+ * User errors: bad input, missing args, invalid config values
+ * System errors: file not found, permission denied, disk full
+ * Network errors: connection refused, timeout, DNS failure
+ * Config errors: missing config, validation failure
+ * Plugin errors: plugin not found, incompatible, activation failure
+ */
+export function classifyError(code: ErrorCode): ClassifiedError {
+  if (code.includes('_CLI_')) {
+    return {
+      classification: 'user',
+      retryable: false,
+      userFacing: true,
+      exitCode: 1,
+    };
+  }
+  if (code.includes('_CONFIG_')) {
+    return {
+      classification: 'config',
+      retryable: false,
+      userFacing: true,
+      exitCode: 1,
+    };
+  }
+  if (code.includes('_PLUGIN_')) {
+    return {
+      classification: 'plugin',
+      retryable: true,
+      userFacing: true,
+      exitCode: 1,
+    };
+  }
+  if (
+    code === 'WUNDR_SYS_003' ||
+    code.includes('ECONNREFUSED') ||
+    code.includes('ETIMEDOUT') ||
+    code.includes('ENOTFOUND')
+  ) {
+    return {
+      classification: 'network',
+      retryable: true,
+      userFacing: true,
+      exitCode: 2,
+    };
+  }
+  if (code.startsWith('WUNDR_SYS_')) {
+    return {
+      classification: 'system',
+      retryable: false,
+      userFacing: true,
+      exitCode: 3,
+    };
+  }
+  if (code.includes('_DAEMON_003')) {
+    return {
+      classification: 'system',
+      retryable: false,
+      userFacing: true,
+      exitCode: 3,
+    };
+  }
+  return {
+    classification: 'unknown',
+    retryable: false,
+    userFacing: true,
+    exitCode: 1,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Classify any Error (including non-CliError) into a high-level category.
+ */
+export function classifyAnyError(error: Error): ClassifiedError {
+  if (error instanceof CliError) {
+    return classifyError(error.code);
+  }
+
+  // Check for system error codes
+  const systemError = error as Error & { code?: string };
+  if (systemError.code) {
+    const mapping = SYSTEM_ERROR_MAP[systemError.code];
+    if (mapping) {
+      return classifyError(mapping.code);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Check message heuristics
+  const msg = error.message.toLowerCase();
+  if (
+    msg.includes('network') ||
+    msg.includes('timeout') ||
+    msg.includes('connection')
+  ) {
+    return {
+      classification: 'network',
+      retryable: true,
+      userFacing: true,
+      exitCode: 2,
+    };
+  }
+  if (msg.includes('permission') || msg.includes('access denied')) {
+    return {
+      classification: 'system',
+      retryable: false,
+      userFacing: true,
+      exitCode: 3,
+    };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    classification: 'unknown',
+    retryable: false,
+    userFacing: true,
+    exitCode: 1,
+  };
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Error Recovery Handler
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+ * Custom error recovery handler for extending error handling.
+ */
+export interface ErrorRecoveryHandler {
+  /** Whether this handler can handle the given error code */
+  canHandle(code: ErrorCode): boolean;
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to recover from the error.
+   * Returns true if recovery succeeded, false otherwise.
+   */
+  recover(error: CliError, context: CommandContext): Promise<boolean>;
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Built-in Recovery Suggestions
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const BUILT_IN_SUGGESTIONS: Record<string, RecoverySuggestion[]> = {
+  WUNDR_CLI_001: [
+    { description: 'Check available commands', command: 'wundr --help' },
+    {
+      description: 'Search for similar commands',
+      command: 'wundr --help | grep <term>',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_CLI_002: [
+    { description: 'Check command syntax', command: 'wundr <command> --help' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_CLI_005: [
+    {
+      description: 'Initialize a Wundr project',
+      command: 'wundr init project',
+    },
+    { description: 'Navigate to your project directory first' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_DAEMON_001: [
+    { description: 'Start the orchestrator daemon', command: 'wundr start' },
+    {
+      description: 'Check daemon logs for errors',
+      command: 'wundr orchestrator logs',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_DAEMON_002: [
+    { description: 'Check current daemon status', command: 'wundr status' },
+    { description: 'Stop the running daemon first', command: 'wundr stop' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_DAEMON_003: [
+    { description: 'Use a different port', command: 'wundr start --port 9000' },
+    { description: 'Check what is using the port', command: 'lsof -i :<port>' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_DAEMON_004: [
+    {
+      description: 'Check if the orchestrator daemon module is installed',
+      command: 'npm ls @wundr/orchestrator-daemon',
+    },
+    { description: 'View daemon logs', command: 'wundr orchestrator logs' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_CONFIG_001: [
+    { description: 'Create a default config', command: 'wundr config reset' },
+    {
+      description: 'Initialize a project with config',
+      command: 'wundr init config',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_CONFIG_002: [
+    {
+      description: 'Validate your configuration',
+      command: 'wundr config validate',
+    },
+    {
+      description: 'Reset to default configuration',
+      command: 'wundr config reset --force',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_CONFIG_004: [
+    {
+      description: 'View current config to find valid keys',
+      command: 'wundr config show',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_AGENT_001: [
+    {
+      description: 'Check that the daemon is running',
+      command: 'wundr status',
+    },
+    {
+      description: 'View agent limits in config',
+      command: 'wundr config show',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_AGENT_002: [
+    { description: 'List active agents', command: 'wundr agent list' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_AGENT_004: [
+    {
+      description: 'Stop idle agents to free slots',
+      command: 'wundr agent list',
+    },
+    {
+      description: 'Increase maxSessions in config',
+      command: 'wundr orchestrator config set daemon.maxSessions=200',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_MEMORY_001: [
+    {
+      description: 'Initialize the memory/RAG store',
+      command: 'wundr init rag',
+    },
+    { description: 'Check RAG store status', command: 'wundr rag status' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_MEMORY_003: [
+    { description: 'Retry the sync operation', command: 'wundr rag sync' },
+    {
+      description: 'Prune and rebuild the store',
+      command: 'wundr rag prune && wundr rag sync',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_PLUGIN_001: [
+    {
+      description: 'Search available plugins',
+      command: 'wundr plugin search <name>',
+    },
+    { description: 'List installed plugins', command: 'wundr plugin list' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_PLUGIN_002: [
+    { description: 'Check your network connection' },
+    {
+      description: 'Try installing with --force',
+      command: 'wundr plugin install <name> --force',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_BATCH_001: [
+    { description: 'List available batch jobs', command: 'wundr batch list' },
+    {
+      description: 'Create a new batch job',
+      command: 'wundr batch create <name>',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_BATCH_002: [
+    {
+      description: 'Validate the batch file',
+      command: 'wundr batch validate <file>',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_SETUP_002: [
+    {
+      description: 'List available profiles',
+      command: 'wundr setup --interactive',
+    },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_SETUP_004: [
+    { description: 'Run with elevated permissions if needed' },
+    { description: 'Check file/directory permissions' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_SYS_001: [
+    { description: 'Check the file path and try again' },
+    { description: 'Ensure you are in the correct directory' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_SYS_002: [
+    { description: 'Check file and directory permissions' },
+    { description: 'Run with appropriate user privileges' },
+  ],
+  WUNDR_SYS_003: [
+    { description: 'Check your internet connection' },
+    { description: 'Check if a proxy is configured correctly' },
+    { description: 'Retry the operation' },
+  ],
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// System Error Mappings
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+const SYSTEM_ERROR_MAP: Record<string, { code: ErrorCode; message: string }> = {
+  ENOENT: { code: 'WUNDR_SYS_001', message: 'File or directory not found' },
+  EACCES: { code: 'WUNDR_SYS_002', message: 'Permission denied' },
+  EPERM: { code: 'WUNDR_SYS_002', message: 'Operation not permitted' },
+  ECONNREFUSED: { code: 'WUNDR_SYS_003', message: 'Connection refused' },
+  ENOTFOUND: { code: 'WUNDR_SYS_003', message: 'Host not found' },
+  ETIMEDOUT: { code: 'WUNDR_SYS_003', message: 'Connection timed out' },
+  ENOSPC: { code: 'WUNDR_SYS_004', message: 'Insufficient disk space' },
+  EADDRINUSE: { code: 'WUNDR_DAEMON_003', message: 'Port already in use' },
+};
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// CLI Error Handler
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+export class CliErrorHandler {
+  private customHandlers: ErrorRecoveryHandler[] = [];
+  private customSuggestions: Map<string, RecoverySuggestion[]> = new Map();
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Error Creation
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  /**
+   * Create a typed CLI error.
+   *
+   * @param code - Error code from the registry
+   * @param message - Human-readable error message
+   * @param details - Additional context
+   * @param recoverable - Whether the error is potentially recoverable
+   * @returns A CliError instance
+   */
+  createError(
+    code: ErrorCode,
+    message: string,
+    details: ErrorDetails = {},
+    recoverable: boolean = false
+  ): CliError {
+    const suggestions = this.getSuggestions(code);
+    return new CliError(code, message, details, suggestions, recoverable);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wrap a system error (ENOENT, EACCES, etc.) into a CliError.
+   *
+   * @param error - The original system error
+   * @param context - Additional context about what operation was being performed
+   * @returns A CliError with appropriate code and suggestions
+   */
+  wrapSystemError(
+    error: Error & { code?: string },
+    context: string = ''
+  ): CliError {
+    const systemCode = error.code ?? '';
+    const mapping = SYSTEM_ERROR_MAP[systemCode];
+
+    if (mapping) {
+      return this.createError(
+        mapping.code,
+        context ? `${context}: ${mapping.message}` : mapping.message,
+        { cause: error },
+        true
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Unknown system error
+    return this.createError(
+      'WUNDR_CLI_002',
+      context ? `${context}: ${error.message}` : error.message,
+      { cause: error },
+      false
+    );
+  }
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Error Handling
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  /**
+   * Handle a command execution error.
+   *
+   * Formats the error for display, including:
+   * - Error code and message
+   * - Context details
+   * - Recovery suggestions
+   * - Stack trace (in verbose mode)
+   *
+   * @param error - The error to handle
+   * @param command - The command that was executing
+   * @param context - The command context
+   */
+  handleCommandError(
+    error: Error,
+    command: CommandDefinition | undefined,
+    context: CommandContext
+  ): void {
+    const verbose = context.globalOptions.verbose;
+    const json = context.globalOptions.json;
+
+    // JSON mode: output structured error
+    if (json) {
+      const errorData = this.toJson(error, command);
+      console.error(JSON.stringify(errorData, null, 2));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // CLI error with full metadata
+    if (error instanceof CliError) {
+      this.formatCliError(error, verbose, command?.name);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Plain error
+    this.formatPlainError(error, verbose, command?.name);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Wrap an async operation with consistent error handling.
+   *
+   * @param operation - The async operation to execute
+   * @param errorContext - Context string for error messages
+   * @param code - Error code to use if the operation fails
+   * @returns The operation result
+   */
+  async withErrorHandling<T>(
+    operation: () => Promise<T>,
+    errorContext: string,
+    code: ErrorCode = 'WUNDR_CLI_002'
+  ): Promise<T> {
+    try {
+      return await operation();
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (error instanceof CliError) {
+        throw error;
+      }
+
+      if (error instanceof Error) {
+        const systemError = error as Error & { code?: string };
+        if (systemError.code && SYSTEM_ERROR_MAP[systemError.code]) {
+          throw this.wrapSystemError(systemError, errorContext);
+        }
+        throw this.createError(
+          code,
+          `${errorContext}: ${error.message}`,
+          { cause: error },
+          true
+        );
+      }
+
+      throw this.createError(
+        code,
+        `${errorContext}: ${String(error)}`,
+        {},
+        false
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Custom Handlers
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  /**
+   * Register a custom error recovery handler.
+   *
+   * @param handler - The recovery handler
+   */
+  registerHandler(handler: ErrorRecoveryHandler): void {
+    this.customHandlers.push(handler);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Register custom recovery suggestions for an error code.
+   *
+   * @param code - Error code
+   * @param suggestions - Recovery suggestions
+   */
+  registerSuggestions(code: string, suggestions: RecoverySuggestion[]): void {
+    this.customSuggestions.set(code, suggestions);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempt to recover from an error using registered handlers.
+   *
+   * @param error - The error to recover from
+   * @param context - Command context
+   * @returns Whether recovery was successful
+   */
+  async attemptRecovery(
+    error: CliError,
+    context: CommandContext
+  ): Promise<boolean> {
+    for (const handler of this.customHandlers) {
+      if (handler.canHandle(error.code)) {
+        try {
+          const recovered = await handler.recover(error, context);
+          if (recovered) {
+            context.logger.success('Error recovered successfully.');
+            return true;
+          }
+        } catch {
+          // Recovery handler itself failed; continue to next
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Private Helpers
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  /**
+   * Get recovery suggestions for an error code, merging built-in and custom.
+   */
+  private getSuggestions(code: ErrorCode): RecoverySuggestion[] {
+    const builtIn = BUILT_IN_SUGGESTIONS[code] ?? [];
+    const custom = this.customSuggestions.get(code) ?? [];
+    return [...builtIn, ...custom];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Format a CliError for terminal display.
+   */
+  private formatCliError(
+    error: CliError,
+    verbose: boolean,
+    commandName?: string
+  ): void {
+    // Header
+    console.error('');
+    console.error(chalk.red.bold('Error'));
+    console.error(chalk.red(`  Code:    ${error.code}`));
+    console.error(chalk.red(`  Message: ${error.message}`));
+
+    if (commandName) {
+      console.error(chalk.gray(`  Command: ${commandName}`));
+    }
+
+    // Details
+    if (verbose && Object.keys(error.details).length > 0) {
+      console.error(chalk.gray('\n  Details:'));
+      for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(error.details)) {
+        if (key === 'cause') continue; // Show cause separately
+        console.error(
+          chalk.gray(`    ${key}: ${this.formatDetailValue(value)}`)
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Suggestions
+    if (error.suggestions.length > 0) {
+      console.error('');
+      if (error.recoverable) {
+        console.error(chalk.yellow('  This error may be recoverable. Try:'));
+      } else {
+        console.error(chalk.yellow('  Suggestions:'));
+      }
+
+      for (const suggestion of error.suggestions) {
+        if (suggestion.command) {
+          console.error(chalk.yellow(`    - ${suggestion.description}`));
+          console.error(chalk.cyan(`      $ ${suggestion.command}`));
+        } else {
+          console.error(chalk.yellow(`    - ${suggestion.description}`));
+        }
+
+        if (suggestion.docLink) {
+          console.error(chalk.gray(`      Docs: ${suggestion.docLink}`));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Stack trace in verbose mode
+    if (verbose) {
+      if (error.details.cause instanceof Error && error.details.cause.stack) {
+        console.error(chalk.gray('\n  Caused by:'));
+        console.error(chalk.gray(`    ${error.details.cause.message}`));
+        const causeStack = error.details.cause.stack.split('\n').slice(1, 5);
+        for (const line of causeStack) {
+          console.error(chalk.gray(`    ${line.trim()}`));
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (error.stack) {
+        console.error(chalk.gray('\n  Stack trace:'));
+        const stackLines = error.stack.split('\n').slice(1, 8);
+        for (const line of stackLines) {
+          console.error(chalk.gray(`    ${line.trim()}`));
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      console.error(chalk.gray('\n  Run with --verbose for more details.'));
+    }
+
+    console.error('');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Format a plain Error for terminal display.
+   */
+  private formatPlainError(
+    error: Error,
+    verbose: boolean,
+    commandName?: string
+  ): void {
+    console.error('');
+    console.error(chalk.red.bold('Error'));
+    console.error(chalk.red(`  ${error.message}`));
+
+    if (commandName) {
+      console.error(chalk.gray(`  Command: ${commandName}`));
+    }
+
+    if (verbose && error.stack) {
+      console.error(chalk.gray('\n  Stack trace:'));
+      const stackLines = error.stack.split('\n').slice(1, 8);
+      for (const line of stackLines) {
+        console.error(chalk.gray(`    ${line.trim()}`));
+      }
+    } else if (!verbose) {
+      console.error(chalk.gray('\n  Run with --verbose for more details.'));
+    }
+
+    console.error('');
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Convert an error to a JSON-serializable object.
+   */
+  private toJson(
+    error: Error,
+    command?: CommandDefinition
+  ): Record<string, unknown> {
+    const base: Record<string, unknown> = {
+      error: true,
+      message: error.message,
+      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+    };
+
+    if (command) {
+      base['command'] = command.name;
+    }
+
+    if (error instanceof CliError) {
+      base['code'] = error.code;
+      base['recoverable'] = error.recoverable;
+      base['suggestions'] = error.suggestions;
+
+      // Include non-Error details
+      const safeDetails: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+      for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(error.details)) {
+        if (value instanceof Error) {
+          safeDetails[key] = { message: value.message, name: value.name };
+        } else {
+          safeDetails[key] = value;
+        }
+      }
+      base['details'] = safeDetails;
+    }
+
+    return base;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Format a detail value for display.
+   */
+  private formatDetailValue(value: unknown): string {
+    if (value === null || value === undefined) return '(none)';
+    if (value instanceof Error) return value.message;
+    if (typeof value === 'object') return JSON.stringify(value);
+    return String(value);
+  }
+}