@wular/pnext 0.1.7 → 0.1.9

package/src/cli/adapters/vercel.ts

@@ -1,38 +1,21 @@
-import { copyFile, link, mkdir, readFile, rename, rm, symlink, writeFile } from 'node:fs/promises'
-import { existsSync, readFileSync, readdirSync, realpathSync, rmSync, statSync } from 'node:fs'
-import { builtinModules } from 'node:module'
+import { copyFile, cp, mkdir, readFile, readdir, rename, rm } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import { constants, existsSync, readdirSync } from 'node:fs'
 import path from 'node:path'
-import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url'
-import { DEFAULT_OUT_DIR, devOutSegment, pathToFileHref } from '../../config'
+import { pathToFileHref } from '../../config'
 import type { ResolvedConfig } from '../../config'
-import { compiledClientReferenceFiles } from '../../client/reference'
-import { globalCssSources } from '../../css/build'
-import { getImportAliasExtensions } from '../../extensions'
 import { nextCompatEnabled } from '../../render/hooks'
-import { importSpecifiers } from '../../resolve/scan-facts'
-import { compiledSpecifiersManifestSuffix } from '../../runtime/modules'
-import { resolveImport, workspacePackageRoots } from '../../resolve/imports'
 import { findProxyFile, proxyRoutePatterns, type ProxyModule } from '../../routing/proxy'
 import { cacheRoot } from '../boot/named-bin'
-import { startWarmChild, type WarmChild } from './vercel-warm'
 import {
   immutableAssetPath,
   immutableAssetPrefixes,
   immutableCacheControl,
 } from '../serve/immutable'
-import { frameworkFingerprint } from '../../runtime/fingerprint'
-import { readPrebundleStamp, runtimeEntryDirs, runtimeEntryFiles } from '../../runtime/prebundle'
-import { buildIndexFile, readBuildIndex, releaseSourceFile } from '../../runtime/production'
-import { compiledSourceGraph, flushDevModuleCaches } from '../../runtime/module-cache'
 import { escapeRegex } from '../../utils/code'
 import { listFiles, toPosixPath, writeText } from '../../utils/fs'
 import { createVerboseLogger, type VerboseLogger } from '../../utils/verbose'
 import type { BuildManifest, StaticFileMetadata } from '../../types'
 
-// Vercel unpacks a function's `.func` directory here at runtime. Baked
-// absolute paths in the build output are rewritten to this root.
-const RUNTIME_ROOT = '/var/task'
-
 // The single catch-all server function: the same `pnext start` pipeline,
 // running on Vercel's Bun runtime (`"bunVersion": "1.x"` in vercel.json).
 const SERVER_FUNCTION = '_pnext'
@@ -48,182 +31,9 @@ const FUNCTION_PLATFORM = {
   libc: 'glibc',
 } as const
 
-// Directories that only ever hold build-tool output, pruned at *any* depth. Depth matters: pruning
-// only a package's top level ships every nested one. node_modules and .git are here for the same
-// reason - the function resolves through its own traced node_modules, never a nested store.
-const prunedDirNames = [
-  'node_modules',
-  '.git',
-  '.next',
-  '.pnext',
-  '.turbo',
-  '.cache',
-  '.vercel',
-  '.tmp',
-]
-
-// Files nothing reads at request time. Sourcemaps only decorate stack traces,
-// and Bun strips types rather than resolving declarations — neither can change
-// what the function serves, and together they are a fifth of a typical closure.
-// Markdown is deliberately absent: an mdx app imports it as a module.
-const droppedFileSuffixes = [
-  '.map',
-  '.d.ts',
-  '.d.mts',
-  '.d.cts',
-  '.DS_Store',
-  // The compile-time specifier sidecars (see traceNodeModulesClosure below):
-  // build-time metadata the trace consumes, never read at request time.
-  compiledSpecifiersManifestSuffix,
-]
-
-/** What the function tree ships, resolved once from config. */
-interface PackRules {
-  prunedDirs: Set<string>
-  droppedSuffixes: string[]
-  /** Absolute app sources the release compiled: dropped unless `adapter.keep` names them. */
-  compiled: Set<string>
-  /** `adapter.keep` entries: names and `.suffix`es that always ship. */
-  keep: Set<string>
-  /** Absolute sources exempt from the prune list — the app's own build output. */
-  keepPaths: Set<string>
-  /** Absolute sources never shipped: the dev server's `<outRoot>/dev`, which a build leaves in place. */
-  devPaths: Set<string>
-}
-
-// Test seam: the packing suite builds one app both ways and diffs the trees,
-// so it needs the unpruned closure on demand. Never off for a real deployment.
-let packPruningEnabled = true
-
-/** @internal Test-only. Returns a restore function. */
-export function setPackPruningEnabled(enabled: boolean) {
-  const previous = packPruningEnabled
-  packPruningEnabled = enabled
-  return () => {
-    packPruningEnabled = previous
-  }
-}
-
-function packRules(config: ResolvedConfig): PackRules {
-  // An out dir inside a dev path (`outDir: '.pnext/dev'`) is the production output and must ship.
-  const devPaths = new Set(
-    [config.outRootPath, path.resolve(config.root, DEFAULT_OUT_DIR)]
-      .map(root => path.resolve(root, devOutSegment))
-      .filter(dev => !isInsideDir(dev, config.outPath)),
-  )
-  // Materialized pages sources: the release serves their compiled artifacts.
-  devPaths.add(path.join(config.outRootPath, 'pnext-pages-compat'))
-  if (!packPruningEnabled) {
-    return {
-      // The two the function could never resolve through stay pruned even
-      // here: a nested store or object database is not a packing choice.
-      prunedDirs: new Set(['node_modules', '.git']),
-      droppedSuffixes: [],
-      compiled: new Set(),
-      keep: new Set(),
-      keepPaths: new Set([path.resolve(config.outPath)]),
-      devPaths,
-    }
-  }
-  const keep = new Set(config.adapter?.keep ?? [])
-  const extra = config.adapter?.exclude ?? []
-  const isSuffix = (entry: string) => entry.startsWith('.') && !prunedDirNames.includes(entry)
-  return {
-    prunedDirs: new Set(
-      [...prunedDirNames, ...extra.filter(entry => !isSuffix(entry))].filter(
-        name => !keep.has(name),
-      ),
-    ),
-    droppedSuffixes: [...droppedFileSuffixes, ...extra.filter(isSuffix)].filter(
-      suffix => !keep.has(suffix),
-    ),
-    compiled: new Set(),
-    keep,
-    // The app's outDir shares its name with the prune list; it holds the
-    // compiled module cache the function serves from and must survive. The
-    // default out root goes with it: a `distDir` app moved its output away, but
-    // the next.config bundle the function imports at boot still lives there.
-    keepPaths: new Set([path.resolve(config.outPath), path.resolve(config.root, DEFAULT_OUT_DIR)]),
-    devPaths,
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * A keep path and everything under it. Prefix, not equality: the compiled module cache mirrors the
- * source layout, so a dependency's artifacts land in `<outDir>/cache/server/<profile>/node_modules/
- * ...`. That segment names a source tree, not a package store, and pruning it by name ships the
- * importer without the module it imports — the function then 500s on the first request that reaches
- * it. Only the app's own build output is exempt; a real `node_modules` beside it still prunes.
- */
-function withinKeepPath(pack: PackRules, source: string) {
-  const resolved = path.resolve(source)
-  for (const keep of pack.keepPaths) {
-    if (resolved === keep || resolved.startsWith(`${keep}${path.sep}`)) return true
-  }
-  return false
-}
-
-/**
- * `isLink` is load-bearing, not a detail: the exemption covers real directories the build output
- * owns, never a link out of it. The proxy shim links `node_modules` into `.pnext`, and following
- * that would pull the whole store into the function.
- */
-function shipsDir(pack: PackRules, name: string, source: string, isLink = false) {
-  if (pack.devPaths.has(path.resolve(source))) return false
-  if (!pack.prunedDirs.has(name)) return true
-  return !isLink && withinKeepPath(pack, source)
-}
-
-function shipsFile(pack: PackRules, name: string, source: string) {
-  if (pack.droppedSuffixes.some(suffix => name.endsWith(suffix))) return false
-  if (!pack.compiled.has(path.resolve(source)) || withinKeepPath(pack, source)) return true
-  return [...pack.keep].some(
-    entry => name === entry || (entry.startsWith('.') && name.endsWith(entry)),
-  )
-}
-
-/**
- * App sources a release compiled into its output: the closure of `build-index.json`'s modules over the
- * compile graph, plus the proxy, instrumentation and config it froze. Anything else may be read at
- * request time and ships.
- */
-function releaseCompiledSources(config: ResolvedConfig) {
-  flushDevModuleCaches()
-  const index = readBuildIndex(config.outPath)
-  const graph = compiledSourceGraph(config.outPath, config.workspaceRoot)
-  const queue = Object.keys(index.modules).map(key =>
-    releaseSourceFile(
-      key.slice(key.indexOf(':', key.indexOf(':') + 1) + 1),
-      config.root,
-      config.workspaceRoot,
-    ),
-  )
-  if (index.proxy) queue.push(path.resolve(config.root, index.proxy.file))
-  const script = /\.(?:[cm]?[jt]s|[jt]sx)$/
-  const frozen = (dir: string, pattern: RegExp) =>
-    (readDirEntries(dir) ?? [])
-      .filter(entry => pattern.test(entry.name) && script.test(entry.name))
-      .forEach(entry => queue.push(path.join(dir, entry.name)))
-  frozen(config.root, /^(?:pnext|next)\.config\./)
-  if (index.instrumentation) {
-    for (const dir of [config.root, path.join(config.root, 'src')])
-      frozen(dir, /^instrumentation\./)
-  }
-  const compiled = new Set<string>()
-  for (const file of queue) {
-    if (compiled.has(file)) continue
-    compiled.add(file)
-    let real = file
-    try {
-      real = realpathSync(file)
-    } catch {
-      continue
-    }
-    compiled.add(real)
-    queue.push(...(graph.get(file) ?? []), ...(graph.get(real) ?? []))
-  }
-  return compiled
-}
+// Image optimization's native stack: Vercel optimizes images itself, as Next's builder drops these
+// (next/dist/build/collect-build-traces.js).
+const functionDroppedPackages = [/^sharp$/, /^@img\/sharp-libvips/]
 
 interface VercelConfig {
   version: 3
@@ -241,52 +51,29 @@ interface VercelConfig {
   overrides?: Record<string, { path?: string; contentType?: string }>
 }
 
+/** `.vercel/output`: the standalone dir as the server function, its `static/` as the CDN tree. */
 export async function writeVercelOutput(
   config: ResolvedConfig,
   manifest: BuildManifest,
-  options: { verbose?: boolean; warm?: WarmChild } = {},
+  options: { verbose?: boolean } = {},
 ) {
   const log = createVerboseLogger(options.verbose ?? false, 'vercel')
   const outputPath = path.join(config.root, '.vercel', 'output')
+  const staticPath = path.join(config.outPath, 'static')
   const staticFiles = manifest.staticFiles ?? {}
-  // Warming runs in its own process (see ./vercel-warm) and normally started
-  // with the build; a caller that skipped that only loses the overlap.
-  const warm = options.warm ?? startWarmChild(config)
   await log.step('prepare output directory', () => emptyDir(outputPath))
 
-  // The compiled set is already final once the child reaches its handler
-  // phase, so `onCompiled` resolves this ahead of full completion and
-  // writeServerFunction starts tracing while the child's handler imports
-  // still run. `finish` itself always fires `onCompiled` before it resolves,
-  // so this promise never hangs on it.
-  let resolveWarmedModules: (modules: string[]) => void
-  const warmedModulesEarly = new Promise<string[]>(resolve => {
-    resolveWarmedModules = resolve
-  })
-  const warmSettled = warm.finish(log, modules => resolveWarmedModules(modules), {
-    globalCss: globalCssSources(config),
-    clientReferences: [...compiledClientReferenceFiles()],
-  })
-  // Nothing awaits it until writeServerFunction's copy step; park the
-  // rejection so it never surfaces as unhandled in between (it never actually
-  // rejects — warmWithRestarts catches everything itself — but the gap
-  // between here and that await is otherwise unguarded).
-  warmSettled.catch(() => undefined)
-  const warmedModules = await log.step('warm module cache (compiled)', () => warmedModulesEarly)
-
   const functionPath = path.join(outputPath, 'functions', `${SERVER_FUNCTION}.func`)
-  await writeServerFunction(config, manifest, functionPath, warmedModules, warmSettled, log)
+  await writeServerFunction(config.outPath, manifest, functionPath, log)
 
-  // After the warm pass, never before: it is what emits next/font bytes under public/, and a fully
-  // dynamic app renders nothing at build, so copying earlier ships a CDN with no fonts.
   await log.step('copy static files', () =>
     copyStaticFiles(
-      path.join(config.outPath, 'public'),
+      staticPath,
       path.join(outputPath, 'static'),
       relative => !staticFiles[relative] || canServeStaticOnVercel(staticFiles[relative]),
     ),
   )
-  const overrides = await staticOverrides(path.join(config.outPath, 'public'), staticFiles)
+  const overrides = await staticOverrides(staticPath, staticFiles)
 
   const routes: NonNullable<VercelConfig['routes']> = [
     // next-compat documents reference the build output under Next's static path (assetPathname),
@@ -295,7 +82,7 @@ export async function writeVercelOutput(
     // server function: served, but at function cost with no edge cache.
     ...compatStaticRewrite(config, outputPath),
     // Every content-hashed build asset, exactly the set `pnext start` serves immutable.
-    ...(await immutableAssetRoutes(path.join(config.outPath, 'public'), manifest.publicAssets)),
+    ...(await immutableAssetRoutes(staticPath, manifest.publicAssets)),
     // Proxy-matched paths go to the server function before the CDN filesystem
     // check — `pnext start` runs the proxy ahead of static files too.
     ...(await proxyRoutes(config)),
@@ -371,145 +158,30 @@ async function proxyRoutes(config: ResolvedConfig) {
 }
 
 async function writeServerFunction(
-  config: ResolvedConfig,
+  standalonePath: string,
   manifest: BuildManifest,
   functionPath: string,
-  warmedModules: string[],
-  // Resolves once the warm child fully exits (handlers included). The trace below only needs the
-  // compiled set `warmedModules` already carries - it reasons from static specifiers, never from
-  // handler execution - so it starts immediately; only the tree copy further down, which must ship
-  // whatever handler imports wrote to the build cache, waits on this.
-  warmSettled: Promise<unknown>,
   log: VerboseLogger,
 ) {
-  const workspaceRoot = config.workspaceRoot
-  await mkdir(functionPath, { recursive: true })
-
-  const pack = packRules(config)
-  const framework = await resolveFrameworkPackage(workspaceRoot)
-  const { root: pnextRoot, inWorkspace: pnextInWorkspace, targetRel: pnextTargetRel } = framework
-  const release = releaseEntries(config, manifest)
-  // A release served by the framework's prebundle needs none of its other source.
-  const prebundle = release ? readPrebundleStamp(pnextRoot, frameworkFingerprint()) : undefined
-  const closure = await traceNodeModulesClosure(
-    config,
-    manifest,
-    functionPath,
-    framework,
-    [...warmedModules, ...(release ?? [])],
-    pack,
-    log,
-    Boolean(release),
+  await mkdir(path.dirname(functionPath), { recursive: true })
+  // A copy-on-write clone where the filesystem has one; links stay links.
+  await log.step('copy standalone', () =>
+    cp(standalonePath, functionPath, { recursive: true, verbatimSymlinks: true }),
   )
-
-  const replicaPathFor = (file: string) => {
-    if (isInsideDir(pnextRoot, file)) {
-      return path.join(functionPath, pnextTargetRel, path.relative(pnextRoot, file))
-    }
-    if (isInsideDir(workspaceRoot, file)) {
-      return path.join(functionPath, path.relative(workspaceRoot, file))
-    }
-    return undefined
-  }
-
-  // Replicate the workspace layout the build ran in: app source (the renderer reads convention files
-  // and global css imports from it at request time), the build output, and the workspace packages the
-  // server can actually reach. Unrelated workspace trees never ship.
-  const appRel = path.relative(workspaceRoot, config.root)
-  const packageRoots = workspacePackageRoots(workspaceRoot).map(root => path.resolve(root))
-  const neededRoots = new Set<string>()
-  for (const file of closure.tracedFiles) {
-    const root = packageRoots.find(candidate => isInsideDir(candidate, file))
-    if (root) neededRoots.add(root)
-  }
-  for (const relative of closure.workspacePackages) {
-    neededRoots.add(path.resolve(workspaceRoot, relative))
-  }
-  // Without a release the server compiles app source at request time: the renderer re-resolves the
-  // root layout's global css imports, and a compat compile resolves the shipped sources' imports for
-  // real, so the packages behind them and the declared workspace dependencies must be present.
-  if (!release) {
-    for (const file of globalCssSources(config)) {
-      const root = packageRoots.find(candidate => isInsideDir(candidate, file))
-      if (root) neededRoots.add(root)
-    }
-    addWorkspaceDependencies(neededRoots, packageRoots, [path.resolve(config.root), ...neededRoots])
-  }
-  neededRoots.delete(path.resolve(config.root))
-  neededRoots.delete(pnextRoot)
-
-  // The trace above never needed the handler phase, but the copy below ships
-  // config.outPath verbatim — handler imports can still be writing vendor
-  // bundles into it. Most of this wait is already gone by the time the trace
-  // and the roots above finish; whatever remains is genuine handler-phase work.
-  await log.step('await handler warm-up', () => warmSettled)
-
-  // Every tree lands in its own subdirectory and the copies are io-bound, so
-  // the whole replica goes out as one concurrent step instead of tree by tree.
-  const roots = neededRoots.size + 2
-  await log.step(`copy function tree (${closure.packageCount} packages, ${roots} roots)`, () =>
-    Promise.all([
-      closure.copy(),
-      // A release ships the app tree minus what it compiled: request code may read files beside
-      // its source. `public` is served by the CDN, never from the function; the rest are named
-      // again because the app root is the one tree whose build output ships, so it
-      // cannot rely on the depth-wise prune alone.
-      copyTree(
-        config.root,
-        path.join(functionPath, appRel),
-        release ? { ...pack, compiled: releaseCompiledSources(config) } : pack,
-        ['public', '.vercel', '.next', '.turbo'],
-      ),
-      copyPackageTree(
-        pnextRoot,
-        path.join(functionPath, pnextTargetRel),
-        pack,
-        prebundle && ['config', 'dist', ...prebundle.source],
-      ),
-      ...[...neededRoots].map(packageRoot =>
-        copyPackageTree(
-          packageRoot,
-          path.join(functionPath, path.relative(workspaceRoot, packageRoot)),
-          pack,
-        ),
-      ),
-      ...['package.json', 'tsconfig.json', 'bunfig.toml']
-        .map(name => path.join(workspaceRoot, name))
-        .filter(file => existsSync(file))
-        .map(file => copyFile(file, path.join(functionPath, path.basename(file)))),
-    ]),
-  )
-
-  // Baked absolute paths (compiled cache imports, manifest file paths) point
-  // at the build machine's workspace; rewrite them to the runtime root.
-  await log.step('rewrite baked paths', () =>
-    rewriteBakedPaths(path.join(functionPath, appRel, path.relative(config.root, config.outPath)), [
-      ...(pnextInWorkspace
-        ? []
-        : [[pnextRoot, toPosixPath(path.join(RUNTIME_ROOT, pnextTargetRel))] as const]),
-      [workspaceRoot, RUNTIME_ROOT] as const,
-    ]),
-  )
-
-  // Bun's runtime onResolve plugins never see bare specifiers, so the compat aliases the dev pipeline
-  // applies during compilation cannot be applied at runtime for raw-loaded sources (proxy, handlers).
-  // Bun does honor tsconfig paths for bare imports, so map the aliased specifiers to their shims in
-  // every shipped tsconfig.
-  await log.step('inject compat tsconfig paths', () =>
-    injectCompatPaths(config, functionPath, pnextRoot, replicaPathFor),
+  const modules = path.join(functionPath, 'node_modules')
+  const packages = await packageDirs(modules)
+  await Promise.all(
+    [...packages]
+      .filter(([name]) => functionDroppedPackages.some(pattern => pattern.test(name)))
+      .map(([, dirs]) => Promise.all(dirs.map(dir => rm(dir, { recursive: true, force: true })))),
   )
+  await log.step('platform natives', () => replaceHostNatives(packages, log))
 
-  const startEntry = toPosixPath(
-    path.join(pnextTargetRel, prebundle ? 'dist/server/cli/start.js' : 'src/cli/start.ts'),
-  )
   await writeText(
     path.join(functionPath, 'index.mjs'),
-    `import path from 'node:path';
-import { createRequestHandler } from ${JSON.stringify(`./${startEntry}`)};
+    `import { createRequestHandler } from './server/entry.js';
 
-const handlerPromise = createRequestHandler({
-  root: path.join(import.meta.dirname, ${JSON.stringify(appRel)}),
-});
+const handlerPromise = createRequestHandler({ root: import.meta.dirname });
 
 async function handler(request) {
   return (await handlerPromise)(request);
@@ -549,860 +221,108 @@ export default Object.assign(handler, { fetch: handler });
   )
 }
 
-/**
- * Grow `roots` with every workspace package transitively depended on by one of `from`. A workspace
- * dependency is one whose name maps to a package root in this workspace - the workspace: protocol is
- * the usual spelling, but a pinned version resolved through the workspace counts the same.
- */
-function addWorkspaceDependencies(roots: Set<string>, packageRoots: string[], from: string[]) {
-  const byName = new Map<string, string>()
-  for (const root of packageRoots) {
-    const name = packageManifest(root)?.name
-    if (name && !byName.has(name)) byName.set(name, root)
-  }
-  const queue = [...from]
-  const seen = new Set(queue)
-  while (queue.length > 0) {
-    const manifest = packageManifest(queue.pop()!)
-    if (!manifest) continue
-    for (const field of ['dependencies', 'optionalDependencies'] as const) {
-      for (const name of Object.keys(manifest[field] ?? {})) {
-        const root = byName.get(name)
-        if (!root || seen.has(root)) continue
-        seen.add(root)
-        roots.add(root)
-        queue.push(root)
+/** Package name -> the shipped directories holding it (a store layout can carry several). */
+async function packageDirs(modules: string) {
+  const found = new Map<string, string[]>()
+  const visit = async (dir: string, depth: number) => {
+    const entries = await readdir(dir, { withFileTypes: true }).catch(() => [])
+    for (const entry of entries) {
+      if (!entry.isDirectory()) continue
+      const full = path.join(dir, entry.name)
+      if (entry.name === '.bun' || entry.name === '.pnpm') {
+        for (const store of await readdir(full, { withFileTypes: true }).catch(() => []))
+          if (store.isDirectory()) await visit(path.join(full, store.name, 'node_modules'), 0)
+      } else if (entry.name.startsWith('@') && depth === 0) {
+        await visit(full, 1)
+      } else if (existsSync(path.join(full, 'package.json'))) {
+        const name = depth === 1 ? `${path.basename(dir)}/${entry.name}` : entry.name
+        found.set(name, [...(found.get(name) ?? []), full])
+        await visit(path.join(full, 'node_modules'), 0)
       }
     }
   }
+  await visit(modules, 0)
+  return found
 }
 
-interface PackageManifest {
+interface PackageJson {
   name?: string
-  dependencies?: Record<string, string>
+  version?: string
+  os?: string[]
+  cpu?: string[]
+  libc?: string[]
   optionalDependencies?: Record<string, string>
 }
 
-const manifests = new Map<string, PackageManifest | undefined>()
-
-function packageManifest(root: string): PackageManifest | undefined {
-  const cached = manifests.get(root)
-  if (cached !== undefined || manifests.has(root)) return cached
-  let parsed: PackageManifest | undefined
-  try {
-    parsed = JSON.parse(readFileSync(path.join(root, 'package.json'), 'utf8')) as PackageManifest
-  } catch {
-    parsed = undefined // not a package, or unreadable
-  }
-  manifests.set(root, parsed)
-  return parsed
-}
-
-// Clones a tree with hardlinks instead of byte copies - the output is packaging-only, so sharing
-// inodes is safe as long as nothing writes in place (rewriteBakedPaths unlinks before writing).
-// Exclusions apply to direct children only; node_modules and .git are pruned at any depth. Symlinks
-// are dereferenced so the replica is self-contained; the visited set breaks symlink cycles.
-async function copyTree(
-  from: string,
-  to: string,
-  pack: PackRules,
-  excludeNames: string[] = [],
-  visited = new Set<string>([realDir(from) ?? path.resolve(from)]),
-) {
-  const exclude = new Set(excludeNames)
-  const clone = directoryCloneEnabled ? await directoryCloner() : null
-  // Nothing to skip at this level: the whole tree clones in one syscall.
-  if (exclude.size === 0 && !existsSync(to)) {
-    await mkdir(path.dirname(to), { recursive: true })
-    if (clone?.(from, to)) return normalizeClone(to, from, pack, visited)
-  }
-  // The build output is still live while the walk runs — typegen rewrites
-  // `.pnext/types` under it — so a directory can vanish between the parent's
-  // readdir and this one. It was never part of the shipped closure; skip it.
-  const entries = readDirEntries(from)
-  if (!entries) return
-  await mkdir(to, { recursive: true })
-  await Promise.all(
-    entries.map(async entry => {
-      const source = path.join(from, entry.name)
-      const target = path.join(to, entry.name)
-      // Matched by name before type: a symlinked `node_modules` must be pruned
-      // as the directory it points at, not followed.
-      if (exclude.has(entry.name) || !shipsDir(pack, entry.name, source, entry.isSymbolicLink()))
-        return
-      if (entry.isSymbolicLink()) {
-        const link = resolveLinkTarget(source)
-        if (!link) return
-        if (link.isDirectory) {
-          if (visited.has(link.path)) return
-          visited.add(link.path)
-          return copyTree(link.path, target, pack, [], visited)
-        }
-        return shipsFile(pack, entry.name, source) ? linkOrCopyFile(link.path, target) : undefined
-      }
-      // One syscall for the whole subtree beats one per file — the excluded
-      // names are stripped from the copy afterwards.
-      if (entry.isDirectory() && clone?.(source, target)) {
-        return normalizeClone(target, source, pack, visited)
-      }
-      if (entry.isDirectory()) return copyTree(source, target, pack, [], visited)
-      if (entry.isFile() && shipsFile(pack, entry.name, source))
-        return linkOrCopyFile(source, target)
-    }),
-  )
-}
-
-/** Directory entries, or undefined if the directory vanished under the walk. */
-function readDirEntries(dir: string) {
-  try {
-    return readdirSync(dir, { withFileTypes: true })
-  } catch (error) {
-    if ((error as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code === 'ENOENT') return undefined
-    throw error
-  }
-}
-
-/**
- * Directory-level copy-on-write clone, when the platform has one: macOS `clonefile` copies a whole
- * hierarchy in a single call and, like a hardlink, shares the underlying blocks. Resolved once and
- * never retried - no cloner just means the hardlink walk below does the work.
- */
-// Test seam: the equivalence suite builds the same app both ways and diffs the trees.
-let directoryCloneEnabled = true
-
-/** @internal Test-only. Returns a restore function. */
-export function setDirectoryCloneEnabled(enabled: boolean) {
-  const previous = directoryCloneEnabled
-  directoryCloneEnabled = enabled
-  return () => {
-    directoryCloneEnabled = previous
-  }
-}
-
-let cloner: ((from: string, to: string) => boolean) | null | undefined
-async function directoryCloner() {
-  if (cloner !== undefined) return cloner
-  cloner = null
-  if (process.platform === 'darwin') {
-    try {
-      const { dlopen } = await import('bun:ffi')
-      const { symbols } = dlopen('libSystem.B.dylib', {
-        clonefile: { args: ['cstring', 'cstring', 'i32'], returns: 'i32' },
-      })
-      cloner = (from, to) =>
-        symbols.clonefile(Buffer.from(`${from}\0`), Buffer.from(`${to}\0`), 0) === 0
-    } catch {
-      // no clonefile here; the per-file walk stays correct, just slower
-    }
-  }
-  return cloner
-}
-
-/**
- * A clone is verbatim, so it still holds what the walk would have skipped:
- * drop the pruned entries and dereference inner symlinks, which would otherwise
- * point outside the function at runtime. Mirrors the walk's rules exactly, so
- * both paths emit the same tree. Reading directory entries costs nothing next
- * to the per-file copies this replaces.
- */
-async function normalizeClone(
-  dir: string,
-  // Where `dir` was cloned from. Carried so the keep-path exemption reads the same here as in the
-  // walk: the clone's own paths are inside the function and would never match a source keep path.
-  from: string,
-  pack: PackRules,
-  visited: Set<string>,
-) {
-  const stack: [string, string][] = [[dir, from]]
-  const pending: Promise<unknown>[] = []
-  while (stack.length > 0) {
-    const [current, currentFrom] = stack.pop()!
-    for (const entry of readdirSync(current, { withFileTypes: true })) {
-      const full = path.join(current, entry.name)
-      const source = path.join(currentFrom, entry.name)
-      // Matched by name before type, as the walk does: the pages-compat shim
-      // links `node_modules` at the app root, and following it would pull the
-      // whole store into the function.
-      if (!shipsDir(pack, entry.name, source, entry.isSymbolicLink())) {
-        rmSync(full, { recursive: true, force: true })
-      } else if (entry.isSymbolicLink()) {
-        // From the source: a relative link in the clone would resolve against the function tree.
-        const link = resolveLinkTarget(source)
-        rmSync(full, { force: true })
-        if (!link) continue
-        if (link.isDirectory) {
-          if (visited.has(link.path)) continue
-          visited.add(link.path)
-          pending.push(copyTree(link.path, full, pack, [], visited))
-        } else if (shipsFile(pack, entry.name, source)) {
-          pending.push(linkOrCopyFile(link.path, full))
-        }
-      } else if (entry.isDirectory()) {
-        stack.push([full, source])
-      } else if (!shipsFile(pack, entry.name, source)) {
-        rmSync(full, { force: true })
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  await Promise.all(pending)
-}
-
-interface FrameworkPackage {
-  root: string
-  packageName: string
-  /** Declared runtime dependencies — the only packages it can load eagerly. */
-  dependencies: string[]
-  /** Lazily loaded feature deps (og, mdx, sass, image optimization). */
-  optionalDependencies: string[]
-  inWorkspace: boolean
-  /** Where the framework ships inside the function, relative to its root. */
-  targetRel: string
-}
-
-// The framework itself ships with the function. Inside a workspace it keeps its
-// workspace-relative location so baked paths line up; when consumed from
-// outside the workspace (e.g. installed from a registry) it lands in the
-// function's node_modules under its package name.
-async function resolveFrameworkPackage(workspaceRoot: string): Promise<FrameworkPackage> {
-  const root = path.resolve(import.meta.dirname, '../../..')
-  const packageJson = await readPackageJson(root)
-  const packageName = packageJson?.name ?? 'pnext'
-  const inWorkspace = isInsideDir(workspaceRoot, root) && !root.includes('node_modules')
-  return {
-    root,
-    packageName,
-    // Never devDependencies: their tooling (typescript, eslint, …) is
-    // reachable from build-time sources only and must not enter the function.
-    dependencies: Object.keys(packageJson?.dependencies ?? {}),
-    optionalDependencies: Object.keys(packageJson?.optionalDependencies ?? {}),
-    inWorkspace,
-    targetRel: inWorkspace
-      ? path.relative(workspaceRoot, root)
-      : path.join('node_modules', packageName),
-  }
-}
-
-// Build-time directories a package that publishes its whole tree still keeps.
-const packageCopyExcludes = [
-  'node_modules',
-  '.cache',
-  '.vercel',
-  '.next',
-  '.pnext',
-  '.turbo',
-  'test',
-  'tests',
-  '__tests__',
-]
-
-/**
- * Copies a workspace package the way npm would publish it: a `files` list is the package's own
- * statement of what it ships, so it beats guessing at build-time directory names. Glob entries fall
- * back to the exclude list - matching npm's glob semantics is not worth it for a packaging copy.
- * `only` names a narrower list.
- */
-async function copyPackageTree(from: string, to: string, pack: PackRules, only?: string[]) {
-  const files = only ?? (await readPackageJson(from))?.files
-  if (!files?.length || files.some(entry => /[*?[\]{}!]/.test(entry))) {
-    return copyTree(from, to, pack, packageCopyExcludes)
-  }
-  await mkdir(to, { recursive: true })
-  // npm always publishes these two regardless of `files`; the runtime resolves
-  // through both (tsconfig for Bun's `paths`/jsx settings). Listed entries need
-  // no exclude list — `files` already said what ships — which also lets each
-  // directory clone whole.
-  await Promise.all(
-    [...files, 'package.json', 'tsconfig.json'].map(async name => {
-      const source = path.join(from, name)
-      const stats = statSync(source, { throwIfNoEntry: false })
-      if (!stats) return
-      if (stats.isDirectory()) return copyTree(source, path.join(to, name), pack)
-      if (!shipsFile(pack, name, source)) return
-      await mkdir(path.dirname(path.join(to, name)), { recursive: true })
-      return linkOrCopyFile(source, path.join(to, name))
-    }),
-  )
-}
-
 async function readPackageJson(dir: string) {
-  const file = path.join(dir, 'package.json')
-  if (!existsSync(file)) return undefined
-  return JSON.parse(await readFile(file, 'utf8')) as {
-    name?: string
-    version?: string
-    files?: string[]
-    os?: string[]
-    cpu?: string[]
-    libc?: string[]
-    dependencies?: Record<string, string>
-    optionalDependencies?: Record<string, string>
-  }
-}
-
-// The closure hardlinks ~13k files: ~2.9s of a ~3.1s build. Test seam so suites
-// asserting only config shape can skip it. Never off for a real deployment.
-let dependencyClosureEnabled = true
-
-/** @internal Test-only. Returns a restore function. */
-export function setDependencyClosureEnabled(enabled: boolean) {
-  const previous = dependencyClosureEnabled
-  dependencyClosureEnabled = enabled
-  return () => {
-    dependencyClosureEnabled = previous
-  }
-}
-
-function skipDependencyClosure() {
-  return !dependencyClosureEnabled
-}
-
-async function linkOrCopyFile(from: string, to: string) {
-  try {
-    await link(from, to)
-  } catch {
-    // Same race as the walk above: a source that vanished mid-copy was never
-    // part of the closure, and nothing else here is worth failing the build for.
-    await copyFile(from, to).catch(error => {
-      if ((error as NodeJS.ErrnoException).code !== 'ENOENT') throw error
-    })
-  }
-}
-
-// Where a symlink really points, and whether that is a directory. Dangling
-// links are ordinary in a real node_modules (removed package, unmet optional
-// dep, interrupted install), so an unreadable target is skipped rather than
-// failing the build.
-function resolveLinkTarget(link: string) {
-  const resolved = realDir(link) ?? realFile(link)
-  if (!resolved) return undefined
   try {
-    return { path: resolved, isDirectory: statSync(resolved).isDirectory() }
+    return JSON.parse(await readFile(path.join(dir, 'package.json'), 'utf8')) as PackageJson
   } catch {
     return undefined
   }
 }
 
-function realFile(file: string) {
-  try {
-    return realpathSync(file)
-  } catch {
-    return undefined
-  }
-}
-
-function isInsideDir(root: string, file: string) {
-  const relative = path.relative(root, file)
-  return relative === '' || (!relative.startsWith('..') && !path.isAbsolute(relative))
-}
-
-/**
- * Whether a compat alias resolves to framework source (react, next/*) rather than to a real package.
- * Containment, not a `node_modules` substring: an installed framework lives under node_modules
- * itself, and a substring test there classifies every next/* shim as a package to ship.
- * @internal Exported for tests.
- */
-export function isFrameworkOwnedAliasTarget(frameworkRoot: string, target: string) {
-  if (!path.isAbsolute(target) || !isInsideDir(frameworkRoot, target)) return false
-  // A nested store under the framework root is still a real package.
-  return !path.relative(frameworkRoot, target).split(path.sep).includes('node_modules')
-}
-
-function frameworkOwnedAliases(config: ResolvedConfig, frameworkRoot: string) {
-  return Object.entries(getImportAliasExtensions().aliases(config, 'server')).filter(([, target]) =>
-    isFrameworkOwnedAliasTarget(frameworkRoot, target),
-  )
-}
-
-async function injectCompatPaths(
-  config: ResolvedConfig,
-  functionPath: string,
-  frameworkRoot: string,
-  replicaPathFor: (file: string) => string | undefined,
-) {
-  const aliasTargets = frameworkOwnedAliases(config, frameworkRoot)
-    .map(([specifier, target]) => [specifier, replicaPathFor(target)] as const)
-    .filter((entry): entry is readonly [string, string] => Boolean(entry[1]))
-  if (aliasTargets.length === 0) return
-
-  for (const file of walkTsconfigFiles(functionPath)) {
-    let parsed: { compilerOptions?: { baseUrl?: string; paths?: Record<string, string[]> } }
-    try {
-      const source = stripJsonComments(await readFile(file, 'utf8')).replace(/,\s*([}\]])/g, '$1')
-      parsed = JSON.parse(source) as typeof parsed
-    } catch (error) {
-      console.warn(`vercel adapter: could not update ${file}:`, error)
-      continue
-    }
-    const dir = path.dirname(file)
-    const compilerOptions = (parsed.compilerOptions ??= {})
-    const paths = (compilerOptions.paths ??= {})
-    for (const [specifier, target] of aliasTargets) {
-      if (paths[specifier]) continue
-      const relative = toPosixPath(path.relative(dir, target))
-      paths[specifier] = [relative.startsWith('.') ? relative : `./${relative}`]
-    }
-    compilerOptions.baseUrl ??= '.'
-    // The replica shares inodes with the original tsconfig; never write
-    // through the hardlink.
-    await rm(file)
-    await writeFile(file, `${JSON.stringify(parsed, null, 2)}\n`)
-  }
-}
-
-// Minimal JSONC support for tsconfig files: strips // and /* */ comments
-// outside strings (a "$schema": "https://..." value must survive).
-function stripJsonComments(source: string) {
-  let result = ''
-  let inString = false
-  for (let index = 0; index < source.length; index++) {
-    const char = source[index]!
-    if (inString) {
-      result += char
-      if (char === '\\') {
-        result += source[++index] ?? ''
-      } else if (char === '"') {
-        inString = false
-      }
-      continue
-    }
-    if (char === '"') {
-      inString = true
-      result += char
-      continue
-    }
-    if (char === '/' && source[index + 1] === '/') {
-      while (index < source.length && source[index] !== '\n') index++
-      result += '\n'
-      continue
-    }
-    if (char === '/' && source[index + 1] === '*') {
-      index += 2
-      while (index < source.length && !(source[index] === '*' && source[index + 1] === '/')) index++
-      index++
-      continue
-    }
-    result += char
-  }
-  return result
-}
-
-const bakedPathFileFilter = /\.(?:m?js|cjs|jsx|tsx?|json|html|css)$/
-
-// The build output is thousands of small files and only a few hundred carry a
-// baked path, so the pass is io-latency-bound: run it in bounded-concurrency
-// batches instead of one file at a time.
-const BAKED_PATH_CONCURRENCY = 64
-
-async function rewriteBakedPaths(
-  dir: string,
-  replacements: readonly (readonly [string, string])[],
-) {
-  if (!existsSync(dir)) return
-  const files = (await listFiles(dir)).filter(file => bakedPathFileFilter.test(file))
-  for (let i = 0; i < files.length; i += BAKED_PATH_CONCURRENCY) {
-    await Promise.all(
-      files.slice(i, i + BAKED_PATH_CONCURRENCY).map(async file => {
-        const source = await readFile(file, 'utf8')
-        let rewritten = source
-        for (const [from, to] of replacements) {
-          if (rewritten.includes(from)) rewritten = rewritten.replaceAll(from, to)
-        }
-        if (rewritten === source) return
-        // The replica is hardlinked to the real build output; unlink before
-        // writing so the rewrite never reaches the original through a shared
-        // inode.
-        await rm(file)
-        await writeFile(file, rewritten)
-      }),
-    )
-  }
-}
-
 /**
- * An artifact's import specifiers, preferring the sidecar the compile step recorded over re-reading
- * and re-parsing the file. Falls back to the parse whenever the sidecar is missing or unreadable - a
- * stale cache hit from a prior dev build never wrote one - so the traced closure is identical either
- * way, just cheaper when it is there.
+ * Native bindings resolved here are built for the build host; the function needs the ones for its
+ * own platform. Each is replaced by its owner's build for the function platform, whole: a binding
+ * package is its binary.
  */
-async function artifactSpecifiers(file: string): Promise<string[] | null> {
-  const sidecar = await readFile(`${file}${compiledSpecifiersManifestSuffix}`, 'utf8').catch(
-    () => null,
-  )
-  if (sidecar !== null) {
-    try {
-      const parsed: unknown = JSON.parse(sidecar)
-      if (Array.isArray(parsed) && parsed.every(entry => typeof entry === 'string')) {
-        return parsed
-      }
-    } catch {
-      // malformed sidecar (partial write, foreign tool) — fall through to parse
-    }
-  }
-  const source = await readFile(file, 'utf8').catch(() => null)
-  return source === null ? null : importSpecifiers(source, file)
-}
-
-// Ship only the node_modules packages the server can actually reach at request time: bare imports
-// traced from the modules the runtime loads, plus the framework's declared runtime dependencies,
-// expanded through their dependency closures. Nothing reachable only from build-time code enters the
-// function - the full monorepo node_modules does not fit Vercel's size limit. Returns the closure
-// plus the deferred copy so the caller can order the io.
-async function traceNodeModulesClosure(
-  config: ResolvedConfig,
-  manifest: BuildManifest,
-  functionPath: string,
-  framework: FrameworkPackage,
-  warmedModules: string[],
-  pack: PackRules,
-  log: VerboseLogger,
-  // A release imports only build output, so its closure is traced from that alone.
-  release = false,
-) {
-  const workspaceRoot = config.workspaceRoot
-  const specifiers = new Set<string>()
-  const tracedFiles = new Set<string>()
-  // Package directories compiled modules import by absolute href (natively loaded server
-  // dependencies, externals). One outside the top-level node_modules ships where it is.
-  const hrefPackageDirs = new Set<string>()
-  // Compat-aliased specifiers whose target lives in the framework source
-  // (react, next/*) never resolve from node_modules at runtime — shipping
-  // them would drag in the full next/react trees. Aliases that point into
-  // node_modules (the pinned preact family) still need their packages.
-  const frameworkAliasedSpecifiers = new Set(
-    frameworkOwnedAliases(config, path.resolve(framework.root)).map(([specifier]) => specifier),
-  )
-  await log.step('trace runtime imports', async () => {
-    // Only code Bun imports raw at request time needs real node_modules: route handlers, the proxy,
-    // the config chain, and the compiled modules the warm step just wrote. Pages resolve through that
-    // compiled cache; what it does not vendor (server dependencies Bun loads natively, externals) it
-    // imports by absolute href, and those packages ship with their dependency closure below.
-    const queue: string[] = []
-    const seen = tracedFiles
-    const enqueue = (file: string | undefined) => {
-      if (!file) return
-      const resolved = path.resolve(file)
-      if (seen.has(resolved) || !existsSync(resolved)) return
-      seen.add(resolved)
-      queue.push(resolved)
-    }
-
-    if (!release) {
-      for (const route of manifest.routes) {
-        if (route.kind === 'handler') enqueue(route.file)
-      }
-      enqueue(findProxyFile(config) ?? undefined)
-      enqueue(path.join(config.root, 'pnext.config.ts'))
-      enqueue(path.join(config.root, 'next.config.js'))
-    }
-    for (const file of warmedModules) enqueue(file)
-
-    const visit = async (file: string) => {
-      if (!scriptFilePattern.test(file)) return
-      const found = await artifactSpecifiers(file)
-      if (found === null) return
-      for (const specifier of found) {
-        if (frameworkAliasedSpecifiers.has(specifier)) continue
-        // Compiled modules import each other — and whatever the compiler left
-        // external — by absolute href. Follow the ones inside the build output
-        // and ship the packages the rest point into.
-        const absolute = absolutePathFromSpecifier(specifier)
-        // The framework ships whole at its own location, where baked paths are rewritten to.
-        if (absolute && isInsideDir(framework.root, absolute)) continue
-        if (absolute) {
-          const name = packageNameFromPath(absolute)
-          if (name) {
-            specifiers.add(name)
-            hrefPackageDirs.add(packageDirFromPath(absolute, name))
-          } else if (isInsideDir(config.outPath, absolute)) enqueue(absolute)
-          continue
-        }
-        if (/^(?:node:|bun$|bun:|data:)/.test(specifier)) continue
-        // resolveImport covers relative paths, tsconfig aliases, package imports and workspace
-        // packages - workspace source gets traced further. Bare package specifiers are also recorded
-        // so the closure ships (or workspace-links) their node_modules entries; workspace packages
-        // need the link even when their source is traced.
-        const resolved = resolveImport(config.root, file, specifier, config.workspaceRoot)
-        if (
-          resolved &&
-          isInsideDir(workspaceRoot, resolved) &&
-          !resolved.includes('node_modules')
-        ) {
-          enqueue(resolved)
-        }
-        // A release reaches an installed package it cannot name bare by a relative path.
-        const installed = specifier.startsWith('.') && resolved && packageNameFromPath(resolved)
-        if (installed) {
-          specifiers.add(installed)
-          hrefPackageDirs.add(packageDirFromPath(resolved, installed))
-        }
-        const name = packageNameFromSpecifier(specifier)
-        if (name) specifiers.add(name)
-      }
-    }
-
-    // A level's reads are independent, so the walk advances a level at a time, bounded so a wide
-    // graph cannot exhaust the fd table.
-    const READ_BATCH = 64
-    for (let frontier = queue.splice(0); frontier.length > 0; frontier = queue.splice(0)) {
-      for (let index = 0; index < frontier.length; index += READ_BATCH) {
-        await Promise.all(frontier.slice(index, index + READ_BATCH).map(visit))
-      }
-    }
-    log.log(`traced ${seen.size} runtime modules`)
-  })
-
-  const packageDirs = new Map<string, string>()
-  // A dependency version nested under the package that needs it (a version conflict): it ships
-  // under that package's copy, where Bun resolves it from at runtime, not over the hoisted one.
-  const nestedCopies = new Map<string, string>()
-  const workspaceLinks = new Map<string, string>()
-  // Native bindings resolved here are built for the build host; the function
-  // needs the ones for its own platform, fetched below.
-  const hostNatives = new Map<string, { dir: string; owner?: PackageVersion }>()
-  // The framework ships whole, so what it can load at runtime is exactly what it declares as a
-  // runtime dependency - resolved from its own root, which is not the app's when it comes from a
-  // registry. Its optional deps back compat features that only load when the app uses them, so they
-  // ship only where the app declares them too.
-  const appDependencies = await declaredDependencies(config.root)
-  // A release never compiles, so only the dependencies its runtime entries import ship - not the
-  // compilers the framework also depends on for build and dev.
-  const runtimeDependencies = release ? await frameworkRuntimePackages(framework.root) : undefined
-  const queue: { name: string; from: string; owner?: PackageVersion }[] = [
-    ...framework.dependencies
-      .filter(name => !runtimeDependencies || runtimeDependencies.has(name))
-      .map(name => ({ name, from: framework.root })),
-    ...framework.optionalDependencies
-      .filter(name => appDependencies.has(name))
-      .map(name => ({ name, from: framework.root })),
-    ...[...specifiers].map(name => ({ name, from: workspaceRoot })),
-  ]
-  const seen = new Set<string>()
-
-  while (queue.length > 0) {
-    const { name, from, owner } = queue.shift()!
-    if (seen.has(name)) continue
-    seen.add(name)
-    // The framework is copied to its own location by the caller; copying it
-    // again under its package name collides with that (and with the workspace
-    // link it needs when it lives in the workspace).
-    if (name === framework.packageName) {
-      if (framework.inWorkspace) workspaceLinks.set(name, framework.targetRel)
-      continue
-    }
-    const dir = resolvePackageDir(name, [from, workspaceRoot, config.root])
-    if (!dir) continue
-
-    // Workspace packages ship at their workspace-relative path; link them so
-    // bare imports resolve to the same real path the compiled cache uses.
-    const workspaceRelative = path.relative(workspaceRoot, dir)
-    if (!workspaceRelative.startsWith('..') && !workspaceRelative.startsWith('node_modules')) {
-      workspaceLinks.set(name, workspaceRelative)
-      continue
-    }
-
-    const packageJson = await readPackageJson(dir)
-    // `os`/`cpu` are npm's own declaration that a package is platform-bound;
-    // one that already fits the function's platform ships as-is.
-    const platformBound = Boolean(packageJson?.os ?? packageJson?.cpu)
-    if (packageJson && platformBound && !matchesFunctionPlatform(packageJson)) {
-      hostNatives.set(name, { dir, owner })
-      continue
-    }
-    packageDirs.set(name, dir)
-    if (!packageJson) continue
-    // Peer dependencies are deliberately not expanded — they fan out to whole
-    // ecosystems (react, next, ...) that are only shipped when something
-    // actually imports them.
-    const expand = async (
-      packageDir: string,
-      packageJson: Awaited<ReturnType<typeof readPackageJson>>,
-      target: string,
-    ) => {
-      const self = { name: packageJson?.name ?? name, version: packageJson?.version ?? '' }
-      for (const dependency of [
-        ...Object.keys(packageJson?.dependencies ?? {}),
-        ...Object.keys(packageJson?.optionalDependencies ?? {}),
-      ]) {
-        const nested = path.join(packageDir, 'node_modules', dependency)
-        const nestedJson = existsSync(path.join(nested, 'package.json'))
-          ? await readPackageJson(nested)
-          : undefined
-        if (!nestedJson || nestedJson.os || nestedJson.cpu) {
-          queue.push({ name: dependency, from: packageDir, owner: self })
-          continue
-        }
-        const nestedTarget = path.join(target, 'node_modules', dependency)
-        if (nestedCopies.has(nestedTarget)) continue
-        nestedCopies.set(nestedTarget, nested)
-        await expand(nested, nestedJson, nestedTarget)
-      }
-    }
-    await expand(dir, packageJson, path.join('node_modules', name))
-  }
-
-  if (hostNatives.size > 0 && !skipDependencyClosure()) {
-    const targets = await log.step(
-      `resolve ${FUNCTION_PLATFORM.os}-${FUNCTION_PLATFORM.cpu} natives (${hostNatives.size} packages)`,
-      () => platformNativePackages(hostNatives, log),
-    )
-    for (const [name, dir] of targets) packageDirs.set(name, dir)
+async function replaceHostNatives(packages: Map<string, string[]>, log: VerboseLogger) {
+  const manifests = new Map<string, PackageJson>()
+  for (const [name, dirs] of packages) {
+    const json = await readPackageJson(dirs[0]!)
+    if (json) manifests.set(name, json)
+  }
+  const hostNatives = new Map<
+    string,
+    { dirs: string[]; owner?: { name: string; version: string } }
+  >()
+  for (const [name, json] of manifests) {
+    if (!(json.os ?? json.cpu) || matchesFunctionPlatform(json)) continue
+    const owner = [...manifests].find(([, candidate]) => candidate.optionalDependencies?.[name])
+    hostNatives.set(name, {
+      dirs: packages.get(name)!,
+      owner: owner && { name: owner[0], version: owner[1].version ?? '' },
+    })
   }
-
-  const copy = async () => {
-    const entries = skipDependencyClosure() ? [] : [...packageDirs]
-    const batchSize = 16
-    for (let index = 0; index < entries.length; index += batchSize) {
-      await Promise.all(
-        entries.slice(index, index + batchSize).map(async ([name, dir]) => {
-          const target = path.join(functionPath, 'node_modules', name)
-          await mkdir(path.dirname(target), { recursive: true })
-          await copyTree(dir, target, pack)
-        }),
-      )
-    }
-    for (const [target, dir] of skipDependencyClosure() ? [] : nestedCopies) {
-      await mkdir(path.dirname(path.join(functionPath, target)), { recursive: true })
-      await copyTree(dir, path.join(functionPath, target), pack)
-    }
-    // Baked paths map the workspace root onto the function root, so an href into a nested or
-    // app-level node_modules needs that exact directory there.
-    for (const dir of skipDependencyClosure() ? [] : hrefPackageDirs) {
-      const relative = path.relative(workspaceRoot, dir)
-      const target = path.join(functionPath, relative)
-      if (relative.startsWith('..') || existsSync(target)) continue
-      await mkdir(path.dirname(target), { recursive: true })
-      await copyTree(dir, target, pack)
-    }
-    for (const [name, workspaceRelative] of workspaceLinks) {
-      const linkPath = path.join(functionPath, 'node_modules', name)
-      await mkdir(path.dirname(linkPath), { recursive: true })
-      const target = path.relative(
-        path.dirname(linkPath),
-        path.join(functionPath, workspaceRelative),
-      )
-      if (!existsSync(linkPath)) await symlink(target, linkPath, 'dir')
+  if (hostNatives.size === 0) return
+  const targets = await platformNativePackages(hostNatives, manifests, log)
+  for (const [name, dir] of targets) {
+    for (const host of hostNatives.get(name)?.dirs ?? []) {
+      const target = path.join(path.dirname(host), name.split('/').at(-1)!)
+      await rm(host, { recursive: true, force: true })
+      await cp(dir, target, { recursive: true, dereference: true })
     }
   }
-
-  return {
-    tracedFiles,
-    workspacePackages: [...workspaceLinks.values()],
-    packageCount: packageDirs.size,
-    copy,
-  }
-}
-
-interface PackageVersion {
-  name: string
-  version: string
-}
-
-/** Every compiled entry `<out>/server/build-index.json` names, when the build emitted one. */
-function releaseEntries(config: ResolvedConfig, manifest: BuildManifest): string[] | undefined {
-  if (!existsSync(buildIndexFile(config.outPath))) return undefined
-  const index = readBuildIndex(config.outPath)
-  return [
-    ...Object.values(index.modules),
-    index.nextConfig,
-    index.instrumentation?.file,
-    index.instrumentation?.edge,
-    ...Object.values(index.compat?.cacheHandlers ?? {}),
-    manifest.proxyModule,
-  ]
-    .filter(artifact => artifact !== undefined)
-    .map(artifact => path.resolve(config.outPath, artifact))
 }
 
 /**
- * Packages the framework's production entries import, statically or dynamically. Lazy `require`s
- * are the compiler facades (esbuild, oxc), which only build and dev reach.
- */
-async function frameworkRuntimePackages(frameworkRoot: string) {
-  const src = path.join(frameworkRoot, 'src')
-  const scanners = {
-    ts: new Bun.Transpiler({ loader: 'ts' }),
-    tsx: new Bun.Transpiler({ loader: 'tsx' }),
-  }
-  const queue = [
-    ...runtimeEntryFiles.map(file => path.join(src, file)),
-    ...runtimeEntryDirs.flatMap(dir =>
-      listSourceFiles(path.join(src, dir)).filter(file => /(?<!\.d)\.tsx?$/.test(file)),
-    ),
-  ]
-  const seen = new Set(queue)
-  const packages = new Set<string>()
-  for (const file of queue) {
-    const scanner = file.endsWith('.tsx') || file.endsWith('.jsx') ? scanners.tsx : scanners.ts
-    for (const edge of scanner.scanImports(await readFile(file, 'utf8'))) {
-      if (edge.kind !== 'import-statement' && edge.kind !== 'dynamic-import') continue
-      if (!edge.path.startsWith('.')) {
-        const name = packageNameFromSpecifier(edge.path)
-        if (name) packages.add(name)
-        continue
-      }
-      const target = resolveFrom(edge.path, path.dirname(file))
-      if (
-        target &&
-        !seen.has(target) &&
-        isInsideDir(src, target) &&
-        scriptFilePattern.test(target)
-      ) {
-        seen.add(target)
-        queue.push(target)
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return packages
-}
-
-function resolveFrom(specifier: string, dir: string) {
-  try {
-    return Bun.resolveSync(specifier, dir)
-  } catch {
-    return undefined
-  }
-}
-
-function listSourceFiles(dir: string): string[] {
-  return readdirSync(dir, { withFileTypes: true }).flatMap(entry =>
-    entry.isDirectory()
-      ? listSourceFiles(path.join(dir, entry.name))
-      : [path.join(dir, entry.name)],
-  )
-}
-
-/**
- * Native bindings for the function's platform, not the build host's. The host install only ever
- * carries its own platform's optional deps, so the right builds have to come from the registry: one
- * cross-platform install per distinct set of owning packages, cached by content in the user cache dir
- * (the build output is wiped every build). Falls back to the host copies when the install is
- * unavailable (offline CI, private registry), so packaging never hard-fails on a network hiccup.
+ * The function platform's builds, from the registry: one cross-platform install per distinct set of
+ * owning packages, cached by content in the user cache dir. Falls back to the host copies when the
+ * install is unavailable (offline CI, private registry), so packaging never hard-fails on a network
+ * hiccup.
  */
 async function platformNativePackages(
-  hostNatives: Map<string, { dir: string; owner?: PackageVersion }>,
+  hostNatives: Map<string, { dirs: string[]; owner?: { name: string; version: string } }>,
+  manifests: Map<string, PackageJson>,
   log: VerboseLogger,
 ) {
-  // Install the package that *owns* the binding: only it lists every
-  // platform's build in its optional deps.
   const owners = new Map<string, string>()
-  for (const [name, { dir, owner }] of hostNatives) {
-    const spec = owner ?? { name, version: (await readPackageJson(dir))?.version ?? '' }
+  for (const [name, { owner }] of hostNatives) {
+    const spec = owner ?? { name, version: manifests.get(name)?.version ?? '' }
     if (spec.version) owners.set(spec.name, spec.version)
   }
   const specs = [...owners].map(([name, version]) => `${name}@${version}`).sort()
-  const fallback = () => new Map([...hostNatives].map(([name, { dir }]) => [name, dir]))
-  if (specs.length === 0) return fallback()
-
+  if (specs.length === 0) return new Map<string, string>()
   try {
     const installed = await crossPlatformInstall(specs)
     const matches = new Map<string, string>()
     for (const [name, dir] of installed) {
-      const packageJson = await readPackageJson(dir)
-      if (packageJson && matchesFunctionPlatform(packageJson)) matches.set(name, dir)
+      const json = await readPackageJson(dir)
+      if (json && (json.os ?? json.cpu) && matchesFunctionPlatform(json)) matches.set(name, dir)
     }
-    if (matches.size === 0) {
+    if (matches.size === 0)
       throw new Error(`no ${FUNCTION_PLATFORM.os} builds in ${specs.join(' ')}`)
-    }
     return matches
   } catch (error) {
     console.warn(
@@ -1411,7 +331,7 @@ async function platformNativePackages(
       error,
     )
     log.log('falling back to host native packages')
-    return fallback()
+    return new Map<string, string>()
   }
 }
 
@@ -1487,95 +407,6 @@ async function crossPlatformInstall(specs: string[]) {
   return installed
 }
 
-const scriptFilePattern = /\.(?:m?js|cjs|jsx|tsx?)$/
-
-// Directories the shipped tsconfigs can never live in; pruned during the walk —
-// a naive recursive listing would crawl the function's own node_modules.
-const skippedScanDirs = new Set(['node_modules', '.git', '.next', '.pnext', '.turbo', '.vercel'])
-
-function* walkTsconfigFiles(root: string): Generator<string> {
-  const stack = [root]
-  while (stack.length > 0) {
-    const dir = stack.pop()!
-    for (const entry of readdirSync(dir, { withFileTypes: true })) {
-      const full = path.join(dir, entry.name)
-      if (entry.isDirectory()) {
-        if (!skippedScanDirs.has(entry.name)) stack.push(full)
-      } else if (entry.isFile() && entry.name === 'tsconfig.json') {
-        yield full
-      }
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-/** Every dependency name an app's own package.json declares. */
-async function declaredDependencies(root: string) {
-  const packageJson = (await readPackageJson(root)) as
-    Record<string, Record<string, string> | undefined> | undefined
-  return new Set(
-    ['dependencies', 'optionalDependencies', 'devDependencies'].flatMap(field =>
-      Object.keys(packageJson?.[field] ?? {}),
-    ),
-  )
-}
-
-/** Absolute path behind an `import`, whether written as a path or a file URL. */
-function absolutePathFromSpecifier(specifier: string) {
-  if (specifier.startsWith('file://')) return fileURLToPath(specifier)
-  return path.isAbsolute(specifier) ? specifier : undefined
-}
-
-/** The `<...>/node_modules/<name>` directory holding `file`. */
-function packageDirFromPath(file: string, name: string) {
-  const posix = toPosixPath(file)
-  const marker = `/node_modules/${name}/`
-  return posix.slice(0, posix.lastIndexOf(marker) + marker.length - 1)
-}
-
-/** The package an absolute path belongs to, if it points inside node_modules. */
-function packageNameFromPath(file: string) {
-  const parts = toPosixPath(file).split('/node_modules/')
-  const tail = parts.at(-1)
-  if (parts.length < 2 || !tail) return undefined
-  const segments = tail.split('/')
-  return segments[0]?.startsWith('@') ? segments.slice(0, 2).join('/') : segments[0]
-}
-
-function packageNameFromSpecifier(specifier: string) {
-  if (/^[./#]|^file:|^node:|^data:/.test(specifier)) return undefined
-  if (specifier === 'bun' || specifier.startsWith('bun:')) return undefined
-  if (specifier.includes(':')) return undefined
-  // Scoped names need a real scope — `@/env`-style tsconfig aliases are not
-  // packages.
-  if (specifier.startsWith('@') && !/^@[^/]+\/[^/]+/.test(specifier)) return undefined
-  const parts = specifier.split('/')
-  const name = specifier.startsWith('@') ? parts.slice(0, 2).join('/') : parts[0]
-  if (!name || builtinModules.includes(name)) return undefined
-  return name
-}
-
-function resolvePackageDir(name: string, fromDirs: string[]) {
-  for (const from of fromDirs) {
-    let dir = path.resolve(from)
-    while (true) {
-      const candidate = path.join(dir, 'node_modules', name)
-      if (existsSync(path.join(candidate, 'package.json'))) return realDir(candidate)
-      const parent = path.dirname(dir)
-      if (parent === dir) break
-      dir = parent
-    }
-  }
-  return undefined
-}
-
-function realDir(dir: string) {
-  try {
-    return statSync(dir).isDirectory() ? realpathSync(dir) : undefined
-  } catch {
-    return undefined
-  }
-}
-
 async function copyStaticFiles(
   from: string,
   to: string,
@@ -1590,7 +421,9 @@ async function copyStaticFiles(
   )
   await Promise.all([...directories].map(dir => mkdir(dir, { recursive: true })))
   await Promise.all(
-    files.map(file => linkOrCopyFile(file, path.join(to, path.relative(from, file)))),
+    files.map(file =>
+      copyFile(file, path.join(to, path.relative(from, file)), constants.COPYFILE_FICLONE),
+    ),
   )
 }
 
@@ -1615,6 +448,7 @@ async function staticOverrides(
 }
 
 // `important` lets route headers win over the CDN's own static-file cache-control, as Next's builder does.
+// Vercel anchors every `src` at both ends, so a prefix must match the rest of the path.
 async function immutableAssetRoutes(publicDir: string, publicAssets: string[] = []) {
   const app = new Set(publicAssets)
   const built =
@@ -1624,7 +458,7 @@ async function immutableAssetRoutes(publicDir: string, publicAssets: string[] =
           .filter(relative => !app.has(relative) && immutableAssetPath(relative))
       : []
   const patterns = immutableAssetPatterns(built, publicAssets)
-  return routeSources(patterns, source => `^/(?:${source})`).map(src => ({
+  return routeSources(patterns, source => `^/(?:${source})$`).map(src => ({
     src,
     headers: { 'cache-control': immutableCacheControl },
     continue: true,
@@ -1639,12 +473,14 @@ async function immutableAssetRoutes(publicDir: string, publicAssets: string[] =
 function immutableAssetPatterns(built: string[], publicAssets: string[]) {
   const appDirs = new Set(publicAssets.flatMap(ancestorDirs))
   const prefixes = [...new Set(immutableAssetPrefixes())]
-  const patterns = prefixes.filter(prefix => !appDirs.has(prefix)).map(escapeRegex)
+  const patterns = prefixes
+    .filter(prefix => !appDirs.has(prefix))
+    .map(prefix => `${escapeRegex(prefix)}.+`)
   for (const relative of built) {
     const prefix = prefixes.find(prefix => relative.startsWith(prefix))
     if (!prefix || !appDirs.has(prefix)) continue
     const dir = ancestorDirs(relative).find(dir => dir.length > prefix.length && !appDirs.has(dir))
-    patterns.push(dir ? escapeRegex(requestPath(dir)) : `${escapeRegex(requestPath(relative))}$`)
+    patterns.push(dir ? `${escapeRegex(requestPath(dir))}.+` : escapeRegex(requestPath(relative)))
   }
   return [...new Set(patterns)]
 }