@woosh/meep-engine 3.9.0 → 3.11.0

package/src/engine/graphics/particles/particular/engine/emitter/ParticleEmitter.js

@@ -1,1149 +1,1157 @@
-import { assert } from "../../../../../../core/assert.js";
-import { BvhClient } from "../../../../../../core/bvh2/bvh3/BvhClient.js";
-import { combine_hash } from "../../../../../../core/collection/array/combine_hash.js";
-import List from "../../../../../../core/collection/list/List.js";
-import { SCRATCH_UINT32_TRAVERSAL_STACK } from "../../../../../../core/collection/SCRATCH_UINT32_TRAVERSAL_STACK.js";
-import { AABB3 } from "../../../../../../core/geom/3d/aabb/AABB3.js";
-import { aabb3_array_combine } from "../../../../../../core/geom/3d/aabb/aabb3_array_combine.js";
-import { aabb3_expand_array } from "../../../../../../core/geom/3d/aabb/aabb3_expand_array.js";
-import { m4_compose } from "../../../../../../core/geom/3d/mat4/m4_compose.js";
-import Quaternion from "../../../../../../core/geom/Quaternion.js";
-import { v3_dot_array } from "../../../../../../core/geom/vec3/v3_dot_array.js";
-import Vector3 from "../../../../../../core/geom/Vector3.js";
-import { lerp } from "../../../../../../core/math/lerp.js";
-import { max2 } from "../../../../../../core/math/max2.js";
-import { min2 } from "../../../../../../core/math/min2.js";
-import { BlendingType } from "../../../../texture/sampler/BlendingType.js";
-import { ParameterSet } from "../parameter/ParameterSet.js";
-import { ParticleParameter } from "../parameter/ParticleParameter.js";
-import { update_parameters } from "../simulator/update_parameters.js";
-import { computeEmissionFunction } from "./computeEmissionFunction.js";
-import {
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_AGE,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_BLEND,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEATH_AGE,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION_SPEED,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_SIZE,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_SIZE_INITIAL,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_UV,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_VELOCITY
-} from "./PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTES.js";
-import { ParticleEmitterFlag } from "./ParticleEmitterFlag.js";
-import { ParticleLayer } from "./ParticleLayer.js";
-import { ParticleParameters } from "./ParticleParameters.js";
-import { ParticlePool } from "./ParticlePool.js";
-import { PARTICULAR_PARTICLE_SPECIFICATION } from "./PARTICULAR_PARTICLE_SPECIFICATION.js";
-import { write_particle_patch_uv } from "./write_particle_patch_uv.js";
-
-
-const SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS = ParticleEmitterFlag.PreWarm
-    | ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSorting
-    | ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthReadDisabled
-    | ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSoftDisabled
-    | ParticleEmitterFlag.AlignOnVelocity
-;
-
-/**
- * Used to store AABB3 corners during bounding box calculation
- * @readonly
- * @type {Float64Array}
- */
-const corners = new Float64Array(24);
-
-const scratch_sort_direction = new Float32Array(3);
-
-/**
- *
- * @type {Float32Array}
- */
-const scratch_aabb3 = new Float32Array(6);
-
-/**
- *
- * @type {number[]}
- */
-const scratch_v3_array = [];
-
-/**
- *
- * @param {ParameterSet} parameters
- */
-function generateStandardParameterSet(parameters) {
-    const pScale = new ParticleParameter(ParticleParameters.Scale, 1);
-    pScale.setDefault([1], [0]);
-
-    const pColor = new ParticleParameter(ParticleParameters.Color, 4);
-    pColor.setDefault([1, 1, 1, 1], [0]);
-
-    parameters.add(pScale);
-    parameters.add(pColor);
-}
-
-
-let id_counter = 0;
-
-export class ParticleEmitter {
-    /**
-     * @type {number}
-     */
-    id = id_counter++;
-
-    /**
-     * @private
-     * @readonly
-     * @type {List<ParticleLayer>}
-     */
-    layers = new List();
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @type {Vector3}
-     */
-    position = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
-    scale = new Vector3(1, 1, 1);
-    rotation = new Quaternion(0, 0, 0, 1);
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @type {Vector3}
-     * @readonly
-     * @private
-     */
-    __lastSpawnPosition = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
-
-    /**
-     * How long has this emitter been sleeping for?
-     * This amount of time needs to be simulated when we wake the emitter up, but we can typically do it in a small number of large steps
-     * @type {number}
-     */
-    sleepTime = 0;
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @type {BlendingType|number}
-     */
-    blendingMode = BlendingType.Normal;
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @type {ParticlePool|null}
-     */
-    particles = null;
-
-    /**
-     * @readonly
-     * @type {BvhClient}
-     */
-    bvh_leaf = new BvhClient();
-
-
-    /**
-     * Upper-bound of bounds for an individual particle
-     * @readonly
-     * @type {AABB3}
-     */
-    particleBounds = new AABB3(Infinity, Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity);
-
-    /**
-     * @readonly
-     * @type {AABB3}
-     */
-    emissionBounds = new AABB3(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-
-
-    /**
-     * Bit Field of {@link ParticleEmitterFlag}
-     * @type {number}
-     */
-    flags = ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSorting | ParticleEmitterFlag.HashNeedUpdate | ParticleEmitterFlag.Emitting;
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @type {number}
-     * @private
-     */
-    __hash = 0;
-
-
-    /**
-     * @readonly
-     * @type {ParameterSet}
-     */
-    parameters = new ParameterSet();
-
-    constructor() {
-        generateStandardParameterSet(this.parameters);
-
-
-        this.position.onChanged.add(this.updateTransform, this);
-        this.scale.onChanged.add(this.updateTransform, this);
-        this.rotation.onChanged.add(this.updateTransform, this);
-    }
-
-    updateTransform() {
-        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.BaseBoundsNeedUpdate);
-
-        this.computeBoundingBox();
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param {number|ParticleEmitterFlag} flag
-     * @returns {void}
-     */
-    setFlag(flag) {
-        this.flags |= flag;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param {number|ParticleEmitterFlag} flag
-     * @returns {void}
-     */
-    clearFlag(flag) {
-        this.flags &= ~flag;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param {number|ParticleEmitterFlag} flag
-     * @param {boolean} value
-     */
-    writeFlag(flag, value) {
-        if (value) {
-            this.setFlag(flag);
-        } else {
-            this.clearFlag(flag);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param {number|ParticleEmitterFlag} flag
-     * @returns {boolean}
-     */
-    getFlag(flag) {
-        return (this.flags & flag) === flag;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @private
-     */
-    registerLayerParameters() {
-        const layers = this.layers;
-        const layer_count = layers.length;
-
-        const parameters = this.parameters;
-
-        parameters.setTrackCount(layer_count);
-
-        for (let i = 0; i < layer_count; i++) {
-            const layer = layers.get(i);
-
-            parameters.setTracks(i, layer.parameterTracks);
-        }
-    }
-
-    toJSON() {
-        return {
-            position: this.position.toJSON(),
-            scale: this.scale.toJSON(),
-            rotation: this.rotation.toJSON(),
-            parameters: this.parameters.toJSON(),
-            preWarm: this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PreWarm),
-            readDepth: !this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthReadDisabled),
-            softDepth: !this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSoftDisabled),
-            velocityAlign: this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.AlignOnVelocity),
-            depthSort: this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSorting),
-            receiveLight: this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Lit),
-            blendingMode: this.blendingMode,
-            layers: this.layers.toJSON()
-        };
-    }
-
-    fromJSON(json) {
-        if (typeof json.blendingMode === "number") {
-            this.blendingMode = json.blendingMode;
-        } else {
-            this.blendingMode = BlendingType.Normal;
-        }
-
-        if (json.position !== undefined) {
-            this.position.fromJSON(json.position);
-        }
-
-        if (json.scale !== undefined) {
-            this.scale.fromJSON(json.scale);
-        }
-
-        if (json.rotation !== undefined) {
-            this.rotation.fromJSON(json.rotation);
-        }
-
-        if (json.parameters !== undefined) {
-            this.parameters.fromJSON(json.parameters);
-        }
-
-        if (typeof json.preWarm === "boolean") {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PreWarm, json.preWarm);
-        } else {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PreWarm, false);
-        }
-
-        if (typeof json.readDepth === 'boolean') {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthReadDisabled, !json.readDepth);
-        } else {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthReadDisabled, false);
-        }
-
-        if (typeof json.softDepth === 'boolean') {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSoftDisabled, !json.softDepth);
-        } else {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSoftDisabled, false);
-        }
-
-        if (typeof json.velocityAlign === "boolean") {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.AlignOnVelocity, json.velocityAlign);
-        } else {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.AlignOnVelocity, false);
-        }
-
-        if (typeof json.depthSort === "boolean") {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSorting, json.depthSort);
-        } else {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSorting, true);
-        }
-
-        if (typeof json.receiveLight === "boolean") {
-            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Lit, json.receiveLight);
-        } else {
-            this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Lit);
-        }
-
-        this.layers.fromJSON(json.layers, ParticleLayer);
-
-        this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Built, false);
-        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Emitting);
-
-        //register loaded layers
-        this.registerLayerParameters();
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param {ParticleLayer} layer
-     */
-    addLayer(layer) {
-        this.layers.add(layer);
-
-        const numLayers = this.layers.length;
-        this.parameters.setTrackCount(numLayers);
-
-        this.parameters.setTracks(numLayers - 1, layer.parameterTracks);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param {(layer: ParticleLayer, index: number) => void} visitor
-     * @param {*} [thisArg]
-     */
-    traverseLayers(visitor, thisArg) {
-        const layers = this.layers;
-
-        const l = layers.length;
-
-        for (let i = 0; i < l; i++) {
-            const layer = layers.get(i);
-
-            visitor.call(thisArg, layer, i);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Causes all active particles from a given layer to be destroyed immediately
-     * @param {ParticleLayer} layer
-     * @return {number} number of particles destroyed
-     */
-    destroyParticlesFromLayer(layer) {
-        const layers = this.layers;
-
-        const targetLayerIndex = layers.indexOf(layer);
-
-        if (targetLayerIndex === -1) {
-            //layer doesn't exist
-            throw new Error('Layer not found');
-        }
-
-        const particles = this.particles;
-        const occupancy = particles.occupancy;
-
-        let removeCount = 0;
-
-        for (
-            let i = occupancy.nextSetBit(0);
-            i !== -1;
-            i = occupancy.nextSetBit(i + 1)
-        ) {
-
-            const layerPosition = particles.readAttributeScalar(i, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION);
-
-            if (layerPosition !== targetLayerIndex) {
-                // not the layer we want
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            //destroy the particle
-            occupancy.set(i, false);
-
-            removeCount++;
-
-        }
-
-        if (removeCount > 0) {
-            //remove dead particles from the pool
-            particles.compact();
-        }
-
-        return removeCount;
-    }
-
-    computeEmissionBounds() {
-
-        let bounds_x0 = Infinity;
-        let bounds_y0 = Infinity;
-        let bounds_z0 = Infinity;
-
-        let bounds_x1 = -Infinity;
-        let bounds_y1 = -Infinity;
-        let bounds_z1 = -Infinity;
-
-        const layers = this.layers;
-        const numLayers = layers.length;
-
-        const position = this.position;
-        const rotation = this.rotation;
-        const scale = this.scale;
-
-        m4_compose(matrix4, position, rotation, scale);
-
-        for (let i = 0; i < numLayers; i++) {
-            const particleLayer = layers.get(i);
-
-            particleLayer.computeBoundsAttributes();
-
-            const s_2 = particleLayer.scaledSpriteHalfSize;
-
-            const baseBoundingBox = particleLayer.baseBoundingBox;
-            baseBoundingBox.getCorners(corners);
-
-            for (let j = 0; j < 24; j += 3) {
-
-                const x = corners[j];
-                const y = corners[j + 1];
-                const z = corners[j + 2];
-
-                //apply matrix transform
-                const _x = matrix4[0] * x + matrix4[4] * y + matrix4[8] * z + matrix4[12];
-                const _y = matrix4[1] * x + matrix4[5] * y + matrix4[9] * z + matrix4[13];
-                const _z = matrix4[2] * x + matrix4[6] * y + matrix4[10] * z + matrix4[14];
-
-
-                //update bounds
-                bounds_x0 = min2(bounds_x0, _x - s_2);
-                bounds_y0 = min2(bounds_y0, _y - s_2);
-                bounds_z0 = min2(bounds_z0, _z - s_2);
-
-                bounds_x1 = max2(bounds_x1, _x + s_2);
-                bounds_y1 = max2(bounds_y1, _y + s_2);
-                bounds_z1 = max2(bounds_z1, _z + s_2);
-            }
-        }
-
-        this.emissionBounds.setBounds(
-            bounds_x0, bounds_y0, bounds_z0,
-            bounds_x1, bounds_y1, bounds_z1
-        );
-
-        this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.BaseBoundsNeedUpdate);
-    }
-
-    computeParticleBounds() {
-        //retire dead particles
-        const particles = this.particles;
-
-        particles.computeAttributeVector3AxisAlignedBoundingBox(PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, scratch_aabb3);
-
-        //expand bounds by maximum sprite size
-        const extents = this.computeSpriteMaxHalfSize();
-
-        aabb3_expand_array(scratch_aabb3, scratch_aabb3, extents);
-
-        //write updated bonds
-        const bb = this.particleBounds;
-
-        bb.readFromArray(scratch_aabb3);
-
-        this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.ParticleBoundsNeedUpdate);
-    }
-
-    computeBoundingBox() {
-
-        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.BaseBoundsNeedUpdate)) {
-            //emission bounds need update
-            this.computeEmissionBounds();
-        }
-
-        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.ParticleBoundsNeedUpdate)) {
-            //particle bounds need update
-            this.computeParticleBounds();
-        }
-
-        const ebb = this.emissionBounds;
-        const pbb = this.particleBounds;
-
-        aabb3_array_combine(this.bvh_leaf.bounds, 0, ebb, 0, pbb, 0);
-
-        this.bvh_leaf.write_bounds();
-
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param {number} limit longest maximum life per layer, layers that exceed this value are ignored. Measured in seconds
-     * @returns {number} in seconds
-     */
-    computeMaxEmittingParticleLife(limit = 60) {
-        const layers = this.layers;
-
-        const numLayers = layers.length;
-
-        let i;
-        let result = 0;
-
-        for (i = 0; i < numLayers; i++) {
-            const layer = layers.get(i);
-
-            if (layer.emissionRate <= 0 && layer.emissionImmediate <= 0) {
-                //skip layers with no emission
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            const maxLifeTime = layer.particleLife.max;
-
-            if (maxLifeTime > limit) {
-                //ignore layer, it's above limit
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (maxLifeTime > result) {
-                result = maxLifeTime;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    build() {
-
-        this.particles = new ParticlePool(PARTICULAR_PARTICLE_SPECIFICATION);
-
-        //make overallocation a bit more aggressive to prevent frequent resizing
-        this.particles.shrinkFactor = 0.5;
-
-        this.particles.build();
-
-        //build parameters
-        this.parameters.build();
-
-        //mark bounds for update
-        this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.BaseBoundsNeedUpdate, true);
-
-        //update bounding box
-        this.computeBoundingBox();
-
-        // mark as built
-        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Built | ParticleEmitterFlag.HashNeedUpdate);
-    }
-
-    initialize() {
-        //set buffered position to current position
-        this.__lastSpawnPosition.copy(this.position);
-
-        //emit immediate
-        let i;
-        const numLayers = this.layers.length;
-
-        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PreWarm)) {
-            //pre-warm the emitter
-            for (i = 0; i < numLayers; i++) {
-                const layer = this.layers.get(i);
-                if (layer.emissionRate > 0 && layer.isEmitting) {
-                    const averageLifetime = (layer.particleLife.max + layer.particleLife.min) / 2;
-                    this.spawnLayerParticlesContinuous(i, averageLifetime);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (i = 0; i < numLayers; i++) {
-            //immediate emission
-            const layer = this.layers.get(i);
-            if (layer.emissionImmediate > 0 && layer.isEmitting) {
-                this.spawnLayerParticlesImmediate(i, layer.emissionImmediate);
-            }
-        }
-
-        // Mark as initialized
-        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Initialized);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @returns {number}
-     */
-    #computeHash() {
-        const parameters_hash = this.parameters.hash();
-        const layers_hash = this.layers.hash();
-
-        /**
-         * Extract relevant flags
-         * @type {number}
-         */
-        const flags = this.flags & (SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS);
-
-        return combine_hash(
-            parameters_hash,
-            layers_hash,
-            this.blendingMode,
-            flags
-        );
-    }
-
-    hash() {
-        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.HashNeedUpdate)) {
-            this.__hash = this.#computeHash();
-            this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.HashNeedUpdate);
-        }
-
-        return this.__hash;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param {ParticleEmitter} other
-     * @returns {boolean}
-     */
-    equals(other) {
-        return this.blendingMode === other.blendingMode
-            && this.parameters.equals(other.parameters)
-            && this.layers.equals(other.layers)
-            // compare the same flag set that #computeHash folds in, otherwise
-            // equal objects can hash differently
-            && (this.flags & SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS) === (other.flags & SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Order the live particles back to front along a view direction, so that whoever draws them
-     * blends them in the right order.
-     *
-     * **The direction is the caller's**, because only whoever is drawing knows which way the frame
-     * is being looked from. The predecessor took it off a three camera and read `planes[0]` of the
-     * frustum calling it the near plane, where three's plane order puts the *right* one — so the
-     * ordering it produced ran across the screen rather than into it.
-     *
-     * PRECONDITION: no dead particles may exist in the pool. Make sure to call
-     * {@link ParticlePool#compact} before sorting.
-     *
-     * @param {number} direction_x unit view direction, pointing away from the viewer
-     * @param {number} direction_y
-     * @param {number} direction_z
-     */
-    sort(direction_x, direction_y, direction_z) {
-        assert.isNumber(direction_x, 'direction_x');
-        assert.isNumber(direction_y, 'direction_y');
-        assert.isNumber(direction_z, 'direction_z');
-
-        //sort particles by distance from camera to ensure proper rendering order
-        // NOTE we don't use full distance calculation, but DOT product instead, as the final component is always the same and we only care about relative distance for comparison
-
-        /**
-         *
-         * @type {ParticlePool}
-         */
-        const particles = this.particles;
-
-        const particleCount = particles.size();
-
-        //test pre-condition: NO DEAD PARTICLES IN THE POOL
-        //assert.notOk(this.particles.hasHoles(), 'Broken pre-condition: particle pool must not have holes. Make sure to call "compact" before sorting');
-
-        scratch_sort_direction[0] = direction_x;
-        scratch_sort_direction[1] = direction_y;
-        scratch_sort_direction[2] = direction_z;
-
-        //Bind attribute array directly for faster access
-        const positionAttribute = particles.attributes[PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION];
-        const position_array = positionAttribute.array;
-
-
-        if (particleCount <= 1) {
-            //nothing to sort
-            return;
-        }
-
-        //Stack-based implementation, avoiding recursion for performance improvement
-        const stack = SCRATCH_UINT32_TRAVERSAL_STACK;
-
-        const stack_top = stack.pointer;
-        let stackPointer = stack_top;
-
-        stack[stackPointer++] = 0;
-        stack[stackPointer++] = particleCount - 1;
-
-        let i, j;
-
-        while (stackPointer > stack_top) {
-            stackPointer -= 2;
-
-            const right = stack[stackPointer + 1];
-            const left = stack[stackPointer];
-
-            i = left;
-            j = right;
-
-            const pivot_index = (left + right) >> 1;
-
-            const pivot = v3_dot_array(position_array, pivot_index * 3, scratch_sort_direction, 0);
-
-            /* partition */
-            while (i <= j) {
-
-                while (v3_dot_array(position_array, i * 3, scratch_sort_direction, 0) > pivot) {
-                    i++;
-                }
-
-                while (v3_dot_array(position_array, j * 3, scratch_sort_direction, 0) < pivot) {
-                    j--;
-                }
-
-                if (i <= j) {
-
-                    if (i !== j) {
-                        //do swap
-                        particles.swap(i, j);
-                    }
-
-                    i++;
-                    j--;
-                }
-            }
-
-            /* recursion */
-            if (left < j) {
-                stack[stackPointer++] = left;
-                stack[stackPointer++] = j;
-            }
-            if (i < right) {
-                stack[stackPointer++] = i;
-                stack[stackPointer++] = right;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    update() {
-        this.particles.update();
-
-        //check if sprites need updating
-        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.SpritesNeedUpdate)) {
-            this.#updateSprites();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @return {number}
-     */
-    computeSpriteMaxHalfSize() {
-        const layers = this.layers;
-        const n = layers.length;
-
-        let result = 0;
-
-        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
-            const particleLayer = layers.get(i);
-
-            result = max2(result, particleLayer.computeScaledSpriteHalfSize());
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param {number} timeDelta
-     */
-    advance(timeDelta) {
-        this.emit(timeDelta);
-
-        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.ParticleBoundsNeedUpdate);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Write sprite UVs
-     */
-    #updateSprites() {
-        const particles = this.particles;
-
-        const occupancy = particles.occupancy;
-
-        const layers = this.layers;
-
-        let missingFlag = false;
-
-        //cycle through each particle
-        for (let i = occupancy.nextSetBit(0); i !== -1; i = occupancy.nextSetBit(i + 1)) {
-            const layerIndex = particles.readAttributeScalar(i, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION);
-
-            const layer = layers.get(layerIndex);
-
-            const atlasPatch = layer.__atlasPatch;
-
-            if (atlasPatch !== null) {
-
-                write_particle_patch_uv(atlasPatch, particles, i);
-            } else {
-                missingFlag = true;
-            }
-        }
-
-        this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.SpritesNeedUpdate, missingFlag);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @private
-     * @param {int} layerIndex
-     * @param {number} timeDelta period over which particles are being spawned, this will ensure that spawned particles have different initial age
-     */
-    spawnLayerParticlesContinuous(layerIndex, timeDelta) {
-        const layer = this.layers.get(layerIndex);
-
-        const random = Math.random;
-
-        /**
-         *
-         * @type {ParticlePool}
-         */
-        const particles = this.particles;
-
-
-        const emissionFunction = computeEmissionFunction(layer.emissionFrom, layer.emissionShape);
-
-        const emissionPeriod = 1 / layer.emissionRate;
-
-        //compute transform matrix of the emitter
-        const emitter_position = this.position;
-        const last_spawn_position = this.__lastSpawnPosition;
-
-        m4_compose(matrix4, emitter_position, this.rotation, this.scale);
-
-        let time = -layer.timeSinceLastEmission;
-
-        while (time + emissionPeriod < timeDelta) {
-            time += emissionPeriod;
-
-            const ref = particles.create();
-
-            // randomize position across the supplied time interval
-            const f = time / timeDelta;
-
-            //compute position for particle
-            emissionFunction(random, scratch_v3_array, 0);
-
-            v3position.fromArray(scratch_v3_array, 0);
-
-            //apply layer transform
-            v3position.multiply(layer.scale);
-            v3position.add(layer.position);
-
-            if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PositionChanged)) {
-                //compute position in between
-                matrix4[12] = lerp(emitter_position.x, last_spawn_position.x, f);
-                matrix4[13] = lerp(emitter_position.y, last_spawn_position.y, f);
-                matrix4[14] = lerp(emitter_position.z, last_spawn_position.z, f);
-            }
-
-            //apply emitter transform
-            v3position.applyMatrix4(matrix4);
-
-
-            //randomize initial age across time delta
-            const initialAge = f * timeDelta;
-
-            //write age
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_AGE, initialAge);
-
-            //write rotation
-            const rotation = layer.particleRotation.sampleRandom(random);
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION, rotation);
-
-            //write rotation speed
-            const rotationSpeed = layer.particleRotationSpeed.sampleRandom(random);
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION_SPEED, rotationSpeed);
-
-            //initialize velocity
-            layer.particleVelocityDirection.sampleRandomDirection(random, v3velocity);
-            const speed = layer.particleSpeed.sampleRandom(random);
-
-            v3velocity.multiplyScalar(speed);
-
-            particles.writeAttributeVector3(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_VELOCITY, v3velocity.x, v3velocity.y, v3velocity.z);
-
-            //write position
-            const p_x = v3position.x + v3velocity.x * initialAge;
-            const p_y = v3position.y + v3velocity.y * initialAge;
-            const p_z = v3position.z + v3velocity.z * initialAge;
-
-            particles.writeAttributeVector3(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, p_x, p_y, p_z);
-
-            //write death age
-            const deathAge = layer.particleLife.sampleRandom(random);
-
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEATH_AGE, deathAge);
-
-            //write particle size
-            const size = layer.particleSize.sampleRandom(random);
-
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_SIZE_INITIAL, size);
-
-            //write UV
-            const atlasPatch = layer.__atlasPatch;
-            if (atlasPatch !== null) {
-                //patch exists, write it
-                write_particle_patch_uv(atlasPatch, particles, ref);
-            } else {
-                this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.SpritesNeedUpdate);
-            }
-
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION, layerIndex);
-
-            update_parameters(ref, particles, layer, initialAge / deathAge);
-
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_BLEND, this.blendingMode);
-        }
-
-        //update time buffer
-        layer.timeSinceLastEmission = timeDelta - time;
-
-        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.ParticleBoundsNeedUpdate);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @private
-     * @param {int} layerIndex
-     * @param {number} count how many particles to spawn
-     */
-    spawnLayerParticlesImmediate(layerIndex, count) {
-        if (count <= 0) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const layers = this.layers;
-
-        const layer = layers.get(layerIndex);
-
-        const random = Math.random;
-
-        /**
-         *
-         * @type {ParticlePool}
-         */
-        const particles = this.particles;
-
-        const emissionFunction = computeEmissionFunction(layer.emissionFrom, layer.emissionShape);
-
-        //compute transform matrix of the emitter
-        m4_compose(matrix4, this.position, this.rotation, this.scale);
-
-        //pre-grow particle pool
-        particles.growCapacity(particles.capacity + count);
-
-        let spritesNeedUpdate = false;
-
-        for (let j = 0; j < count; j++) {
-            const ref = particles.create();
-
-            //compute position for particle
-            emissionFunction(random, scratch_v3_array, 0);
-
-            v3position.fromArray(scratch_v3_array, 0);
-
-            //apply layer transform
-            v3position.multiply(layer.scale);
-            v3position.add(layer.position);
-
-            //apply emitter transform
-            v3position.applyMatrix4(matrix4);
-
-
-            //randomize initial age across time delta
-            const initialAge = 0;
-
-            //write age
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_AGE, initialAge);
-
-            //write rotation
-            const rotation = layer.particleRotation.sampleRandom(random);
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION, rotation);
-
-            //write rotation speed
-            const rotationSpeed = layer.particleRotationSpeed.sampleRandom(random);
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION_SPEED, rotationSpeed);
-
-            //initialize velocity
-            layer.particleVelocityDirection.sampleRandomDirection(random, v3velocity);
-            const speed = layer.particleSpeed.sampleRandom(random);
-
-            v3velocity.multiplyScalar(speed);
-
-            particles.writeAttributeVector3(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_VELOCITY, v3velocity.x, v3velocity.y, v3velocity.z);
-
-            //write position
-            const p_x = v3position.x + v3velocity.x * initialAge;
-            const p_y = v3position.y + v3velocity.y * initialAge;
-            const p_z = v3position.z + v3velocity.z * initialAge;
-
-            particles.writeAttributeVector3(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION,
-                p_x,
-                p_y,
-                p_z
-            );
-
-            //write death age
-            const deathAge = layer.particleLife.sampleRandom(random);
-
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEATH_AGE, deathAge);
-
-            //write size
-            const size = layer.particleSize.sampleRandom(random);
-
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_SIZE_INITIAL, size);
-
-            //write UV
-            const atlasPatch = layer.__atlasPatch;
-
-            if (atlasPatch !== null) {
-                //patch exists, write it
-                write_particle_patch_uv(atlasPatch, particles, ref);
-            } else {
-                //patch is not loaded yet, request update
-                spritesNeedUpdate = true;
-            }
-
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION, layerIndex);
-
-            update_parameters(ref, particles, layer, initialAge / deathAge);
-
-            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_BLEND, this.blendingMode);
-        }
-
-        if (spritesNeedUpdate) {
-            this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.SpritesNeedUpdate);
-        }
-
-        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.ParticleBoundsNeedUpdate);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @private
-     * @param {number} timeDelta
-     */
-    emit(timeDelta) {
-        if (!this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Emitting)) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        const layers = this.layers;
-        const numLayers = layers.length;
-
-        if (!this.position.equals(this.__lastSpawnPosition)) {
-            this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PositionChanged);
-        }
-
-        //emit new  particles
-        for (let i = 0; i < numLayers; i++) {
-            /**
-             * @type {ParticleLayer}
-             */
-            const layer = layers.get(i);
-
-            if (!layer.isEmitting) {
-                //this layer is not spawning any particles, ignore it
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            const particleLife = layer.particleLife;
-
-            const averageLifetime = (particleLife.max + particleLife.min) / 2;
-
-            //emitting more than averageLifetime lifetime is unproductive, so we'll crop the emission
-            let emissionDelta;
-            if (timeDelta > averageLifetime) {
-                emissionDelta = averageLifetime;
-                layer.timeSinceLastEmission = 0;
-            } else {
-                emissionDelta = timeDelta;
-            }
-
-            this.spawnLayerParticlesContinuous(i, emissionDelta);
-        }
-
-        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PositionChanged)) {
-            this.__lastSpawnPosition.copy(this.position);
-            this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PositionChanged);
-        }
-    }
-
-
-    /**
-     * Cleanup used resources
-     */
-    dispose() {
-        if (this.particles !== null) {
-            this.particles.dispose();
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     *
-     * @param json
-     * @returns {ParticleEmitter}
-     */
-    static fromJSON(json) {
-        const result = new ParticleEmitter();
-        result.fromJSON(json);
-        return result
-    }
-}
-
-ParticleEmitter.typeName = "ParticleEmitter";
-
-ParticleEmitter.Attributes = {
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_AGE,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEATH_AGE,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION_SPEED,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_SIZE,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_UV,
-    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_VELOCITY
-};
-
-ParticleEmitter.SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS = SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS;
-
-
-const matrix4 = new Float32Array(16);
-
-const v3position = new Vector3();
-const v3velocity = new Vector3();
+import { assert } from "../../../../../../core/assert.js";
+import { BvhClient } from "../../../../../../core/bvh2/bvh3/BvhClient.js";
+import { combine_hash } from "../../../../../../core/collection/array/combine_hash.js";
+import List from "../../../../../../core/collection/list/List.js";
+import { SCRATCH_UINT32_TRAVERSAL_STACK } from "../../../../../../core/collection/SCRATCH_UINT32_TRAVERSAL_STACK.js";
+import { AABB3 } from "../../../../../../core/geom/3d/aabb/AABB3.js";
+import { aabb3_array_combine } from "../../../../../../core/geom/3d/aabb/aabb3_array_combine.js";
+import { aabb3_expand_array } from "../../../../../../core/geom/3d/aabb/aabb3_expand_array.js";
+import { m4_compose } from "../../../../../../core/geom/3d/mat4/m4_compose.js";
+import Quaternion from "../../../../../../core/geom/Quaternion.js";
+import { v3_dot_array } from "../../../../../../core/geom/vec3/v3_dot_array.js";
+import Vector3 from "../../../../../../core/geom/Vector3.js";
+import { lerp } from "../../../../../../core/math/lerp.js";
+import { max2 } from "../../../../../../core/math/max2.js";
+import { min2 } from "../../../../../../core/math/min2.js";
+import { BlendingType } from "../../../../texture/sampler/BlendingType.js";
+import { ParameterSet } from "../parameter/ParameterSet.js";
+import { ParticleParameter } from "../parameter/ParticleParameter.js";
+import { update_parameters } from "../simulator/update_parameters.js";
+import { computeEmissionFunction } from "./computeEmissionFunction.js";
+import {
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_AGE,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_BLEND,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEATH_AGE,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION_SPEED,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_SIZE,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_SIZE_INITIAL,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_UV,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_VELOCITY
+} from "./PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTES.js";
+import { ParticleEmitterFlag } from "./ParticleEmitterFlag.js";
+import { ParticleLayer } from "./ParticleLayer.js";
+import { ParticleParameters } from "./ParticleParameters.js";
+import { ParticlePool } from "./ParticlePool.js";
+import { PARTICULAR_PARTICLE_SPECIFICATION } from "./PARTICULAR_PARTICLE_SPECIFICATION.js";
+import { write_particle_patch_uv } from "./write_particle_patch_uv.js";
+
+
+const SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS = ParticleEmitterFlag.PreWarm
+    | ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSorting
+    | ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthReadDisabled
+    | ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSoftDisabled
+    | ParticleEmitterFlag.AlignOnVelocity
+;
+
+/**
+ * Used to store AABB3 corners during bounding box calculation
+ * @readonly
+ * @type {Float64Array}
+ */
+const corners = new Float64Array(24);
+
+const scratch_sort_direction = new Float32Array(3);
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @type {Float32Array}
+ */
+const scratch_aabb3 = new Float32Array(6);
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @type {number[]}
+ */
+const scratch_v3_array = [];
+
+/**
+ *
+ * @param {ParameterSet} parameters
+ */
+function generateStandardParameterSet(parameters) {
+    const pScale = new ParticleParameter(ParticleParameters.Scale, 1);
+    pScale.setDefault([1], [0]);
+
+    const pColor = new ParticleParameter(ParticleParameters.Color, 4);
+    pColor.setDefault([1, 1, 1, 1], [0]);
+
+    parameters.add(pScale);
+    parameters.add(pColor);
+}
+
+
+let id_counter = 0;
+
+export class ParticleEmitter {
+    /**
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    id = id_counter++;
+
+    /**
+     * @private
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {List<ParticleLayer>}
+     */
+    layers = new List();
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @type {Vector3}
+     */
+    position = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
+    scale = new Vector3(1, 1, 1);
+    rotation = new Quaternion(0, 0, 0, 1);
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @type {Vector3}
+     * @readonly
+     * @private
+     */
+    __lastSpawnPosition = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
+
+    /**
+     * How long has this emitter been sleeping for?
+     * This amount of time needs to be simulated when we wake the emitter up, but we can typically do it in a small number of large steps
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    sleepTime = 0;
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @type {BlendingType|number}
+     */
+    blendingMode = BlendingType.Normal;
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @type {ParticlePool|null}
+     */
+    particles = null;
+
+    /**
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {BvhClient}
+     */
+    bvh_leaf = new BvhClient();
+
+
+    /**
+     * Upper-bound of bounds for an individual particle
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {AABB3}
+     */
+    particleBounds = new AABB3(Infinity, Infinity, Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity, -Infinity);
+
+    /**
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {AABB3}
+     */
+    emissionBounds = new AABB3(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+
+
+    /**
+     * Bit Field of {@link ParticleEmitterFlag}
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    flags = ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSorting | ParticleEmitterFlag.HashNeedUpdate | ParticleEmitterFlag.Emitting;
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @type {number}
+     * @private
+     */
+    __hash = 0;
+
+
+    /**
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {ParameterSet}
+     */
+    parameters = new ParameterSet();
+
+    constructor() {
+        generateStandardParameterSet(this.parameters);
+
+
+        this.position.onChanged.add(this.updateTransform, this);
+        this.scale.onChanged.add(this.updateTransform, this);
+        this.rotation.onChanged.add(this.updateTransform, this);
+    }
+
+    updateTransform() {
+        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.BaseBoundsNeedUpdate);
+
+        this.computeBoundingBox();
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param {number|ParticleEmitterFlag} flag
+     * @returns {void}
+     */
+    setFlag(flag) {
+        this.flags |= flag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param {number|ParticleEmitterFlag} flag
+     * @returns {void}
+     */
+    clearFlag(flag) {
+        this.flags &= ~flag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param {number|ParticleEmitterFlag} flag
+     * @param {boolean} value
+     */
+    writeFlag(flag, value) {
+        if (value) {
+            this.setFlag(flag);
+        } else {
+            this.clearFlag(flag);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param {number|ParticleEmitterFlag} flag
+     * @returns {boolean}
+     */
+    getFlag(flag) {
+        return (this.flags & flag) === flag;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @private
+     */
+    registerLayerParameters() {
+        const layers = this.layers;
+        const layer_count = layers.length;
+
+        const parameters = this.parameters;
+
+        parameters.setTrackCount(layer_count);
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < layer_count; i++) {
+            const layer = layers.get(i);
+
+            parameters.setTracks(i, layer.parameterTracks);
+        }
+    }
+
+    toJSON() {
+        return {
+            position: this.position.toJSON(),
+            scale: this.scale.toJSON(),
+            rotation: this.rotation.toJSON(),
+            parameters: this.parameters.toJSON(),
+            preWarm: this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PreWarm),
+            readDepth: !this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthReadDisabled),
+            softDepth: !this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSoftDisabled),
+            velocityAlign: this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.AlignOnVelocity),
+            depthSort: this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSorting),
+            receiveLight: this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Lit),
+            blendingMode: this.blendingMode,
+            layers: this.layers.toJSON()
+        };
+    }
+
+    fromJSON(json) {
+        if (typeof json.blendingMode === "number") {
+            this.blendingMode = json.blendingMode;
+        } else {
+            this.blendingMode = BlendingType.Normal;
+        }
+
+        if (json.position !== undefined) {
+            this.position.fromJSON(json.position);
+        }
+
+        if (json.scale !== undefined) {
+            this.scale.fromJSON(json.scale);
+        }
+
+        if (json.rotation !== undefined) {
+            this.rotation.fromJSON(json.rotation);
+        }
+
+        if (json.parameters !== undefined) {
+            this.parameters.fromJSON(json.parameters);
+        }
+
+        if (typeof json.preWarm === "boolean") {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PreWarm, json.preWarm);
+        } else {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PreWarm, false);
+        }
+
+        if (typeof json.readDepth === 'boolean') {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthReadDisabled, !json.readDepth);
+        } else {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthReadDisabled, false);
+        }
+
+        if (typeof json.softDepth === 'boolean') {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSoftDisabled, !json.softDepth);
+        } else {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSoftDisabled, false);
+        }
+
+        if (typeof json.velocityAlign === "boolean") {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.AlignOnVelocity, json.velocityAlign);
+        } else {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.AlignOnVelocity, false);
+        }
+
+        if (typeof json.depthSort === "boolean") {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSorting, json.depthSort);
+        } else {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.DepthSorting, true);
+        }
+
+        if (typeof json.receiveLight === "boolean") {
+            this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Lit, json.receiveLight);
+        } else {
+            this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Lit);
+        }
+
+        this.layers.fromJSON(json.layers, ParticleLayer);
+
+        this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Built, false);
+        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Emitting);
+
+        //register loaded layers
+        this.registerLayerParameters();
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param {ParticleLayer} layer
+     */
+    addLayer(layer) {
+        this.layers.add(layer);
+
+        const numLayers = this.layers.length;
+        this.parameters.setTrackCount(numLayers);
+
+        this.parameters.setTracks(numLayers - 1, layer.parameterTracks);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param {(layer: ParticleLayer, index: number) => void} visitor
+     * @param {*} [thisArg]
+     */
+    traverseLayers(visitor, thisArg) {
+        const layers = this.layers;
+
+        const l = layers.length;
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < l; i++) {
+            const layer = layers.get(i);
+
+            visitor.call(thisArg, layer, i);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Causes all active particles from a given layer to be destroyed immediately
+     * @param {ParticleLayer} layer
+     * @return {number} number of particles destroyed
+     */
+    destroyParticlesFromLayer(layer) {
+        const layers = this.layers;
+
+        const targetLayerIndex = layers.indexOf(layer);
+
+        if (targetLayerIndex === -1) {
+            //layer doesn't exist
+            throw new Error('Layer not found');
+        }
+
+        const particles = this.particles;
+        const occupancy = particles.occupancy;
+
+        let removeCount = 0;
+
+        for (
+            let i = occupancy.nextSetBit(0);
+            i !== -1;
+            i = occupancy.nextSetBit(i + 1)
+        ) {
+
+            const layerPosition = particles.readAttributeScalar(i, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION);
+
+            if (layerPosition !== targetLayerIndex) {
+                // not the layer we want
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            //destroy the particle
+            occupancy.set(i, false);
+
+            removeCount++;
+
+        }
+
+        if (removeCount > 0) {
+            //remove dead particles from the pool
+            particles.compact();
+        }
+
+        return removeCount;
+    }
+
+    computeEmissionBounds() {
+
+        let bounds_x0 = Infinity;
+        let bounds_y0 = Infinity;
+        let bounds_z0 = Infinity;
+
+        let bounds_x1 = -Infinity;
+        let bounds_y1 = -Infinity;
+        let bounds_z1 = -Infinity;
+
+        const layers = this.layers;
+        const numLayers = layers.length;
+
+        const position = this.position;
+        const rotation = this.rotation;
+        const scale = this.scale;
+
+        m4_compose(matrix4, position, rotation, scale);
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < numLayers; i++) {
+            const particleLayer = layers.get(i);
+
+            particleLayer.computeBoundsAttributes();
+
+            const s_2 = particleLayer.scaledSpriteHalfSize;
+
+            const baseBoundingBox = particleLayer.baseBoundingBox;
+            baseBoundingBox.getCorners(corners);
+
+            for (let j = 0; j < 24; j += 3) {
+
+                const x = corners[j];
+                const y = corners[j + 1];
+                const z = corners[j + 2];
+
+                //apply matrix transform
+                const _x = matrix4[0] * x + matrix4[4] * y + matrix4[8] * z + matrix4[12];
+                const _y = matrix4[1] * x + matrix4[5] * y + matrix4[9] * z + matrix4[13];
+                const _z = matrix4[2] * x + matrix4[6] * y + matrix4[10] * z + matrix4[14];
+
+
+                //update bounds
+                bounds_x0 = min2(bounds_x0, _x - s_2);
+                bounds_y0 = min2(bounds_y0, _y - s_2);
+                bounds_z0 = min2(bounds_z0, _z - s_2);
+
+                bounds_x1 = max2(bounds_x1, _x + s_2);
+                bounds_y1 = max2(bounds_y1, _y + s_2);
+                bounds_z1 = max2(bounds_z1, _z + s_2);
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.emissionBounds.setBounds(
+            bounds_x0, bounds_y0, bounds_z0,
+            bounds_x1, bounds_y1, bounds_z1
+        );
+
+        this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.BaseBoundsNeedUpdate);
+    }
+
+    computeParticleBounds() {
+        //retire dead particles
+        const particles = this.particles;
+
+        particles.computeAttributeVector3AxisAlignedBoundingBox(PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, scratch_aabb3);
+
+        //expand bounds by maximum sprite size
+        const extents = this.computeSpriteMaxHalfSize();
+
+        aabb3_expand_array(scratch_aabb3, scratch_aabb3, extents);
+
+        //write updated bonds
+        const bb = this.particleBounds;
+
+        bb.readFromArray(scratch_aabb3);
+
+        this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.ParticleBoundsNeedUpdate);
+    }
+
+    computeBoundingBox() {
+
+        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.BaseBoundsNeedUpdate)) {
+            //emission bounds need update
+            this.computeEmissionBounds();
+        }
+
+        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.ParticleBoundsNeedUpdate)) {
+            //particle bounds need update
+            this.computeParticleBounds();
+        }
+
+        const ebb = this.emissionBounds;
+        const pbb = this.particleBounds;
+
+        aabb3_array_combine(this.bvh_leaf.bounds, 0, ebb, 0, pbb, 0);
+
+        this.bvh_leaf.write_bounds();
+
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param {number} limit longest maximum life per layer, layers that exceed this value are ignored. Measured in seconds
+     * @returns {number} in seconds
+     */
+    computeMaxEmittingParticleLife(limit = 60) {
+        const layers = this.layers;
+
+        const numLayers = layers.length;
+
+        let i;
+        let result = 0;
+
+        for (i = 0; i < numLayers; i++) {
+            const layer = layers.get(i);
+
+            if (layer.emissionRate <= 0 && layer.emissionImmediate <= 0) {
+                //skip layers with no emission
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const maxLifeTime = layer.particleLife.max;
+
+            if (maxLifeTime > limit) {
+                //ignore layer, it's above limit
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (maxLifeTime > result) {
+                result = maxLifeTime;
+            }
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    build() {
+
+        this.particles = new ParticlePool(PARTICULAR_PARTICLE_SPECIFICATION);
+
+        //make overallocation a bit more aggressive to prevent frequent resizing
+        this.particles.shrinkFactor = 0.5;
+
+        this.particles.build();
+
+        //build parameters
+        this.parameters.build();
+
+        //mark bounds for update
+        this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.BaseBoundsNeedUpdate, true);
+
+        //update bounding box
+        this.computeBoundingBox();
+
+        // mark as built
+        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Built | ParticleEmitterFlag.HashNeedUpdate);
+    }
+
+    initialize() {
+        //set buffered position to current position
+        this.__lastSpawnPosition.copy(this.position);
+
+        //emit immediate
+        let i;
+        const numLayers = this.layers.length;
+
+        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PreWarm)) {
+            //pre-warm the emitter
+            for (i = 0; i < numLayers; i++) {
+                const layer = this.layers.get(i);
+                if (layer.emissionRate > 0 && layer.isEmitting) {
+                    const averageLifetime = (layer.particleLife.max + layer.particleLife.min) / 2;
+                    this.spawnLayerParticlesContinuous(i, averageLifetime);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (i = 0; i < numLayers; i++) {
+            //immediate emission
+            const layer = this.layers.get(i);
+            if (layer.emissionImmediate > 0 && layer.isEmitting) {
+                this.spawnLayerParticlesImmediate(i, layer.emissionImmediate);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Mark as initialized
+        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Initialized);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @returns {number}
+     */
+    #computeHash() {
+        const parameters_hash = this.parameters.hash();
+        const layers_hash = this.layers.hash();
+
+        /**
+         * Extract relevant flags
+         * @type {number}
+         */
+        const flags = this.flags & (SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS);
+
+        return combine_hash(
+            parameters_hash,
+            layers_hash,
+            this.blendingMode,
+            flags
+        );
+    }
+
+    hash() {
+        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.HashNeedUpdate)) {
+            this.__hash = this.#computeHash();
+            this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.HashNeedUpdate);
+        }
+
+        return this.__hash;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param {ParticleEmitter} other
+     * @returns {boolean}
+     */
+    equals(other) {
+        return this.blendingMode === other.blendingMode
+            && this.parameters.equals(other.parameters)
+            && this.layers.equals(other.layers)
+            // compare the same flag set that #computeHash folds in, otherwise
+            // equal objects can hash differently
+            && (this.flags & SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS) === (other.flags & SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Order the live particles back to front along a view direction, so that whoever draws them
+     * blends them in the right order.
+     *
+     * **The direction is the caller's**, because only whoever is drawing knows which way the frame
+     * is being looked from. The predecessor took it off a three camera and read `planes[0]` of the
+     * frustum calling it the near plane, where three's plane order puts the *right* one — so the
+     * ordering it produced ran across the screen rather than into it.
+     *
+     * PRECONDITION: no dead particles may exist in the pool. Make sure to call
+     * {@link ParticlePool#compact} before sorting.
+     *
+     * @param {number} direction_x unit view direction, pointing away from the viewer
+     * @param {number} direction_y
+     * @param {number} direction_z
+     */
+    sort(direction_x, direction_y, direction_z) {
+        assert.isNumber(direction_x, 'direction_x');
+        assert.isNumber(direction_y, 'direction_y');
+        assert.isNumber(direction_z, 'direction_z');
+
+        //sort particles by distance from camera to ensure proper rendering order
+        // NOTE we don't use full distance calculation, but DOT product instead, as the final component is always the same and we only care about relative distance for comparison
+
+        /**
+         *
+         * @type {ParticlePool}
+         */
+        const particles = this.particles;
+
+        const particleCount = particles.size();
+
+        //test pre-condition: NO DEAD PARTICLES IN THE POOL
+        //assert.notOk(this.particles.hasHoles(), 'Broken pre-condition: particle pool must not have holes. Make sure to call "compact" before sorting');
+
+        scratch_sort_direction[0] = direction_x;
+        scratch_sort_direction[1] = direction_y;
+        scratch_sort_direction[2] = direction_z;
+
+        //Bind attribute array directly for faster access
+        const positionAttribute = particles.attributes[PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION];
+        const position_array = positionAttribute.array;
+
+
+        if (particleCount <= 1) {
+            //nothing to sort
+            return;
+        }
+
+        //Stack-based implementation, avoiding recursion for performance improvement
+        const stack = SCRATCH_UINT32_TRAVERSAL_STACK;
+
+        const stack_top = stack.pointer;
+        let stackPointer = stack_top;
+
+        stack[stackPointer++] = 0;
+        stack[stackPointer++] = particleCount - 1;
+
+        let i, j;
+
+        while (stackPointer > stack_top) {
+            stackPointer -= 2;
+
+            const right = stack[stackPointer + 1];
+            const left = stack[stackPointer];
+
+            i = left;
+            j = right;
+
+            const pivot_index = (left + right) >> 1;
+
+            const pivot = v3_dot_array(position_array, pivot_index * 3, scratch_sort_direction, 0);
+
+            /* partition */
+            while (i <= j) {
+
+                while (v3_dot_array(position_array, i * 3, scratch_sort_direction, 0) > pivot) {
+                    i++;
+                }
+
+                while (v3_dot_array(position_array, j * 3, scratch_sort_direction, 0) < pivot) {
+                    j--;
+                }
+
+                if (i <= j) {
+
+                    if (i !== j) {
+                        //do swap
+                        particles.swap(i, j);
+                    }
+
+                    i++;
+                    j--;
+                }
+            }
+
+            /* recursion */
+            if (left < j) {
+                stack[stackPointer++] = left;
+                stack[stackPointer++] = j;
+            }
+            if (i < right) {
+                stack[stackPointer++] = i;
+                stack[stackPointer++] = right;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    update() {
+        this.particles.update();
+
+        //check if sprites need updating
+        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.SpritesNeedUpdate)) {
+            this.#updateSprites();
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @return {number}
+     */
+    computeSpriteMaxHalfSize() {
+        const layers = this.layers;
+        const n = layers.length;
+
+        let result = 0;
+
+        for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+            const particleLayer = layers.get(i);
+
+            result = max2(result, particleLayer.computeScaledSpriteHalfSize());
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param {number} timeDelta
+     */
+    advance(timeDelta) {
+        this.emit(timeDelta);
+
+        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.ParticleBoundsNeedUpdate);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Write sprite UVs
+     */
+    #updateSprites() {
+        const particles = this.particles;
+
+        const occupancy = particles.occupancy;
+
+        const layers = this.layers;
+
+        let missingFlag = false;
+
+        //cycle through each particle
+        for (let i = occupancy.nextSetBit(0); i !== -1; i = occupancy.nextSetBit(i + 1)) {
+            const layerIndex = particles.readAttributeScalar(i, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION);
+
+            const layer = layers.get(layerIndex);
+
+            const atlasPatch = layer.__atlasPatch;
+
+            if (atlasPatch !== null) {
+
+                write_particle_patch_uv(atlasPatch, particles, i);
+            } else {
+                missingFlag = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        this.writeFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.SpritesNeedUpdate, missingFlag);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @private
+     * @param {int} layerIndex
+     * @param {number} timeDelta period over which particles are being spawned, this will ensure that spawned particles have different initial age
+     */
+    spawnLayerParticlesContinuous(layerIndex, timeDelta) {
+        const layer = this.layers.get(layerIndex);
+
+        const random = Math.random;
+
+        /**
+         *
+         * @type {ParticlePool}
+         */
+        const particles = this.particles;
+
+
+        const emissionFunction = computeEmissionFunction(layer.emissionFrom, layer.emissionShape);
+
+        const emissionPeriod = 1 / layer.emissionRate;
+
+        //compute transform matrix of the emitter
+        const emitter_position = this.position;
+        const last_spawn_position = this.__lastSpawnPosition;
+
+        m4_compose(matrix4, emitter_position, this.rotation, this.scale);
+
+        let time = -layer.timeSinceLastEmission;
+
+        while (time + emissionPeriod < timeDelta) {
+            time += emissionPeriod;
+
+            const ref = particles.create();
+
+            // randomize position across the supplied time interval
+            const f = time / timeDelta;
+
+            //compute position for particle
+            emissionFunction(random, scratch_v3_array, 0);
+
+            v3position.fromArray(scratch_v3_array, 0);
+
+            //apply layer transform
+            v3position.multiply(layer.scale);
+            v3position.add(layer.position);
+
+            if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PositionChanged)) {
+                //compute position in between
+                matrix4[12] = lerp(emitter_position.x, last_spawn_position.x, f);
+                matrix4[13] = lerp(emitter_position.y, last_spawn_position.y, f);
+                matrix4[14] = lerp(emitter_position.z, last_spawn_position.z, f);
+            }
+
+            //apply emitter transform
+            v3position.applyMatrix4(matrix4);
+
+
+            //randomize initial age across time delta
+            const initialAge = f * timeDelta;
+
+            //write age
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_AGE, initialAge);
+
+            //write rotation
+            const rotation = layer.particleRotation.sampleRandom(random);
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION, rotation);
+
+            //write rotation speed
+            const rotationSpeed = layer.particleRotationSpeed.sampleRandom(random);
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION_SPEED, rotationSpeed);
+
+            //initialize velocity
+            layer.particleVelocityDirection.sampleRandomDirection(random, v3velocity);
+            const speed = layer.particleSpeed.sampleRandom(random);
+
+            v3velocity.multiplyScalar(speed);
+
+            particles.writeAttributeVector3(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_VELOCITY, v3velocity.x, v3velocity.y, v3velocity.z);
+
+            //write position
+            const p_x = v3position.x + v3velocity.x * initialAge;
+            const p_y = v3position.y + v3velocity.y * initialAge;
+            const p_z = v3position.z + v3velocity.z * initialAge;
+
+            particles.writeAttributeVector3(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION, p_x, p_y, p_z);
+
+            //write death age
+            const deathAge = layer.particleLife.sampleRandom(random);
+
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEATH_AGE, deathAge);
+
+            //write particle size
+            const size = layer.particleSize.sampleRandom(random);
+
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_SIZE_INITIAL, size);
+
+            //write UV
+            const atlasPatch = layer.__atlasPatch;
+            if (atlasPatch !== null) {
+                //patch exists, write it
+                write_particle_patch_uv(atlasPatch, particles, ref);
+            } else {
+                this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.SpritesNeedUpdate);
+            }
+
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION, layerIndex);
+
+            update_parameters(ref, particles, layer, initialAge / deathAge);
+
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_BLEND, this.blendingMode);
+        }
+
+        //update time buffer
+        layer.timeSinceLastEmission = timeDelta - time;
+
+        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.ParticleBoundsNeedUpdate);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @private
+     * @param {int} layerIndex
+     * @param {number} count how many particles to spawn
+     */
+    spawnLayerParticlesImmediate(layerIndex, count) {
+        if (count <= 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const layers = this.layers;
+
+        const layer = layers.get(layerIndex);
+
+        const random = Math.random;
+
+        /**
+         *
+         * @type {ParticlePool}
+         */
+        const particles = this.particles;
+
+        const emissionFunction = computeEmissionFunction(layer.emissionFrom, layer.emissionShape);
+
+        //compute transform matrix of the emitter
+        m4_compose(matrix4, this.position, this.rotation, this.scale);
+
+        //pre-grow particle pool
+        particles.growCapacity(particles.capacity + count);
+
+        let spritesNeedUpdate = false;
+
+        for (let j = 0; j < count; j++) {
+            const ref = particles.create();
+
+            //compute position for particle
+            emissionFunction(random, scratch_v3_array, 0);
+
+            v3position.fromArray(scratch_v3_array, 0);
+
+            //apply layer transform
+            v3position.multiply(layer.scale);
+            v3position.add(layer.position);
+
+            //apply emitter transform
+            v3position.applyMatrix4(matrix4);
+
+
+            //randomize initial age across time delta
+            const initialAge = 0;
+
+            //write age
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_AGE, initialAge);
+
+            //write rotation
+            const rotation = layer.particleRotation.sampleRandom(random);
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION, rotation);
+
+            //write rotation speed
+            const rotationSpeed = layer.particleRotationSpeed.sampleRandom(random);
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION_SPEED, rotationSpeed);
+
+            //initialize velocity
+            layer.particleVelocityDirection.sampleRandomDirection(random, v3velocity);
+            const speed = layer.particleSpeed.sampleRandom(random);
+
+            v3velocity.multiplyScalar(speed);
+
+            particles.writeAttributeVector3(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_VELOCITY, v3velocity.x, v3velocity.y, v3velocity.z);
+
+            //write position
+            const p_x = v3position.x + v3velocity.x * initialAge;
+            const p_y = v3position.y + v3velocity.y * initialAge;
+            const p_z = v3position.z + v3velocity.z * initialAge;
+
+            particles.writeAttributeVector3(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION,
+                p_x,
+                p_y,
+                p_z
+            );
+
+            //write death age
+            const deathAge = layer.particleLife.sampleRandom(random);
+
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEATH_AGE, deathAge);
+
+            //write size
+            const size = layer.particleSize.sampleRandom(random);
+
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_SIZE_INITIAL, size);
+
+            //write UV
+            const atlasPatch = layer.__atlasPatch;
+
+            if (atlasPatch !== null) {
+                //patch exists, write it
+                write_particle_patch_uv(atlasPatch, particles, ref);
+            } else {
+                //patch is not loaded yet, request update
+                spritesNeedUpdate = true;
+            }
+
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION, layerIndex);
+
+            update_parameters(ref, particles, layer, initialAge / deathAge);
+
+            particles.writeAttributeScalar(ref, PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_BLEND, this.blendingMode);
+        }
+
+        if (spritesNeedUpdate) {
+            this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.SpritesNeedUpdate);
+        }
+
+        this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.ParticleBoundsNeedUpdate);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @private
+     * @param {number} timeDelta
+     */
+    emit(timeDelta) {
+        if (!this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Emitting)) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        const layers = this.layers;
+        const numLayers = layers.length;
+
+        if (!this.position.equals(this.__lastSpawnPosition)) {
+            this.setFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PositionChanged);
+        }
+
+        //emit new  particles
+        for (let i = 0; i < numLayers; i++) {
+            /**
+             * @type {ParticleLayer}
+             */
+            const layer = layers.get(i);
+
+            if (!layer.isEmitting) {
+                //this layer is not spawning any particles, ignore it
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            const particleLife = layer.particleLife;
+
+            const averageLifetime = (particleLife.max + particleLife.min) / 2;
+
+            //emitting more than averageLifetime lifetime is unproductive, so we'll crop the emission
+            let emissionDelta;
+            if (timeDelta > averageLifetime) {
+                emissionDelta = averageLifetime;
+                layer.timeSinceLastEmission = 0;
+            } else {
+                emissionDelta = timeDelta;
+            }
+
+            this.spawnLayerParticlesContinuous(i, emissionDelta);
+        }
+
+        if (this.getFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PositionChanged)) {
+            this.__lastSpawnPosition.copy(this.position);
+            this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.PositionChanged);
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /**
+     * Cleanup used resources, returning the emitter to its pre-{@link build} state.
+     *
+     * The pool and the parameter tracks are what `build` produces, so dropping them has to drop
+     * the flags that say they exist as well - a disposed emitter that still reads as `Built` gets
+     * written into by whoever picks it up next, and the pool it writes into has no attributes left.
+     * {@link ParticleEmitterSystem3#rebuild} clears the same pair before building again.
+     */
+    dispose() {
+        if (this.particles !== null) {
+            this.particles.dispose();
+            this.particles = null;
+        }
+
+        this.clearFlag(ParticleEmitterFlag.Built | ParticleEmitterFlag.Initialized);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param json
+     * @returns {ParticleEmitter}
+     */
+    static fromJSON(json) {
+        const result = new ParticleEmitter();
+        result.fromJSON(json);
+        return result
+    }
+}
+
+ParticleEmitter.typeName = "ParticleEmitter";
+
+ParticleEmitter.Attributes = {
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_AGE,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_DEATH_AGE,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_LAYER_POSITION,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_POSITION,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_ROTATION_SPEED,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_SIZE,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_UV,
+    PARTICLE_ATTRIBUTE_VELOCITY
+};
+
+ParticleEmitter.SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS = SERIALIZABLE_FLAGS;
+
+
+const matrix4 = new Float32Array(16);
+
+const v3position = new Vector3();
+const v3velocity = new Vector3();