@woosh/meep-engine 2.140.0 → 2.142.0

package/src/engine/physics/ecs/Joint.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+/**
+ * Sentinel for {@link Joint#_jointId} before the joint is linked into a
+ * {@link PhysicsSystem}.
+ * @type {number}
+ */
+export const JOINT_UNALLOCATED: number;
+/**
+ * `entityB` value meaning "the world" — body A is constrained to a fixed
+ * world anchor rather than to a second body.
+ * @type {number}
+ */
+export const JOINT_WORLD: number;
+/**
+ * A configurable 6-DOF constraint between two bodies (or a body and the
+ * world). Connects body A's anchor frame to body B's; each of the 6 relative
+ * degrees of freedom (3 linear, 3 angular) is independently
+ * locked / free / limited / springy / motorised ({@link DofMode}). One
+ * constraint type expresses the whole joint taxonomy — see DofMode.
+ *
+ * The default configuration is a **ball-socket** (point-to-point): the three
+ * linear DOFs LOCKED (the two anchor points are held coincident), the three
+ * angular DOFs FREE. That alone gives chains, ropes, and pendulums.
+ *
+ * Anchors live in body-local frames. When `entityB === JOINT_WORLD`,
+ * `localAnchorB` is interpreted as a fixed **world** point instead of a
+ * local anchor on a second body.
+ *
+ * Solver state ({@link dofImpulse}, the `_*` fields) is owned by the
+ * PhysicsSystem; user code must not write it.
+ *
+ * @author Alex Goldring
+ * @copyright Company Named Limited (c) 2026
+ */
+export class Joint {
+    /**
+     * Entity owning body A (the constraint's first body — always a real body).
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    entityA: number;
+    /**
+     * Entity owning body B, or {@link JOINT_WORLD} to anchor A to the world.
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    entityB: number;
+    /**
+     * Anchor point on body A, in A's local frame.
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Vector3}
+     */
+    readonly localAnchorA: Vector3;
+    /**
+     * Anchor point on body B in B's local frame — or, when
+     * `entityB === JOINT_WORLD`, a fixed world-space anchor point.
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Vector3}
+     */
+    readonly localAnchorB: Vector3;
+    /**
+     * Orientation of the joint's reference frame on body A, in A's local
+     * space (a unit quaternion; identity = the joint frame is the body
+     * frame). The 3 linear and 3 angular DOFs are expressed in this frame:
+     * locked/limited/etc. axes are the frame's axes, not world axes. For a
+     * hinge, the free angular axis is one of these frame axes — orient the
+     * frame so that axis is the hinge axis.
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Quaternion}
+     */
+    readonly localBasisA: Quaternion;
+    /**
+     * Orientation of the joint's reference frame on body B, in B's local
+     * space. At rest a fully-locked joint holds frame B aligned to frame A.
+     * When `entityB === JOINT_WORLD`, the world frame is treated as identity
+     * (angular locks hold A's frame to world axes).
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Quaternion}
+     */
+    readonly localBasisB: Quaternion;
+    /**
+     * Per-DOF mode, 6 entries: `[lin x, lin y, lin z, ang x, ang y, ang z]`.
+     * Default = ball-socket (linear locked, angular free).
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Uint8Array}
+     */
+    readonly dofMode: Uint8Array;
+    /**
+     * How the three angular DOF positions are measured. `false` (default) uses
+     * the per-axis small-angle rotation vector — exact at the rest pose and
+     * cheap, correct for welds, hinges, and modest angular limits. `true`
+     * switches to the **swing-twist** decomposition: angular X is the *twist*
+     * (rotation about the bone / X axis) and angular Y/Z are the *swing* (tilt
+     * off it), each measured as an exact angle. Use it for wide cone-twist
+     * range-of-motion (ragdoll shoulders) where the small-angle measure
+     * under-reports large angles. See {@link asConeTwist}.
+     * @type {boolean}
+     */
+    swingTwist: boolean;
+    /**
+     * Lower / upper bounds per DOF, used by {@link DofMode.LIMITED}. Linear in
+     * metres, angular in radians. (Reserved — consumed once the LIMITED mode
+     * lands.)
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Float64Array}
+     */
+    readonly dofLowerLimit: Float64Array;
+    /** @readonly @type {Float64Array} */
+    readonly dofUpperLimit: Float64Array;
+    /**
+     * Spring stiffness / damping per DOF, used by {@link DofMode.SPRING}.
+     * (Reserved — consumed once the SPRING mode lands.)
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Float64Array}
+     */
+    readonly dofStiffness: Float64Array;
+    /** @readonly @type {Float64Array} */
+    readonly dofDamping: Float64Array;
+    /**
+     * Motor target velocity / max force per DOF, used by
+     * {@link DofMode.MOTOR}. (Reserved — consumed once the MOTOR mode lands.)
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Float64Array}
+     */
+    readonly dofMotorTargetVelocity: Float64Array;
+    /** @readonly @type {Float64Array} */
+    readonly dofMotorMaxForce: Float64Array;
+    /**
+     * Accumulated constraint impulse per DOF — warm-start state carried across
+     * frames. System-owned.
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Float64Array}
+     */
+    readonly dofImpulse: Float64Array;
+    /**
+     * Resolved packed body id of A, set at link time. System-private.
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    _bodyIdA: number;
+    /**
+     * Resolved packed body id of B, or {@link JOINT_WORLD}. System-private.
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    _bodyIdB: number;
+    /**
+     * Packed joint handle assigned at link. System-private.
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    _jointId: number;
+    /**
+     * Configure this joint as a ball-socket (point-to-point) between two
+     * anchors. Linear DOFs locked, angular free — the default, provided as a
+     * named helper for clarity at call sites.
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    asBallSocket(): Joint;
+    /**
+     * Configure as a weld (fixed) joint: all 6 DOFs locked, holding the two
+     * bodies rigidly in their relative pose.
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    asWeld(): Joint;
+    /**
+     * Configure as a hinge (revolute): 3 linear + 2 angular locked, free to
+     * rotate about a single frame axis. Orient {@link localBasisA} /
+     * {@link localBasisB} so that frame axis is the desired hinge axis.
+     *
+     * @param {number} [freeAngularAxis] which frame axis is free: 0 = x
+     *   (default), 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    asHinge(freeAngularAxis?: number): Joint;
+    /**
+     * Configure as a prismatic (slider): 2 linear + 3 angular locked, free to
+     * translate along a single frame axis. Orient {@link localBasisA} /
+     * {@link localBasisB} so that frame axis is the desired slide direction.
+     *
+     * @param {number} [freeLinearAxis] which frame axis is free: 0 = x
+     *   (default), 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    asPrismatic(freeLinearAxis?: number): Joint;
+    /**
+     * Configure as a cone-twist (ragdoll) joint: a ball-socket point (3 linear
+     * locked) whose angular motion is a limited **twist** about the bone (frame
+     * X) and a limited **swing** cone off it (frame Y / Z). Enables
+     * {@link swingTwist} so the limits are measured as exact angles, holding
+     * accurately at the wide ranges ragdoll shoulders need.
+     *
+     * Orient {@link localBasisA} / {@link localBasisB} so frame X runs along the
+     * bone. The swing cone is box-shaped: independent Y and Z half-angles
+     * (`swingLimitZ` defaults to `swingLimitY` for a circular cone).
+     *
+     * @param {number} twistLower @param {number} twistUpper  twist bounds, rad.
+     * @param {number} swingLimitY  swing half-angle about frame Y, rad.
+     * @param {number} [swingLimitZ]  swing half-angle about frame Z, rad
+     *   (defaults to `swingLimitY`).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    asConeTwist(twistLower: number, twistUpper: number, swingLimitY: number, swingLimitZ?: number): Joint;
+    /**
+     * Limit a linear DOF to a travel range along its frame axis (slider
+     * end-stops): the DOF slides freely within `[lower, upper]` metres and is
+     * resisted at the stops. Sets {@link DofMode.LIMITED} on that axis.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} lower @param {number} upper  travel bounds in metres
+     *   (signed anchor-A offset from anchor-B along the frame axis).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setLinearLimit(axis: number, lower: number, upper: number): Joint;
+    /**
+     * Limit an angular DOF to a rotation range about its frame axis (joint
+     * range-of-motion): free within `[lower, upper]` radians, resisted at the
+     * stops. Sets {@link DofMode.LIMITED} on that angular axis.
+     *
+     * The angular position is a first-order (small-angle) measure, so the
+     * effective stop is accurate for modest ranges (hinge / slider end-stops)
+     * but under-reports large angles — wide cones (ragdoll shoulders) want the
+     * swing-twist decomposition (already available as
+     * `Quaternion.computeSwingAndTwist` / `computeTwistAngle`). See the solver
+     * module docs.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} lower @param {number} upper  rotation bounds in radians.
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setAngularLimit(axis: number, lower: number, upper: number): Joint;
+    /**
+     * Drive a linear DOF at a target speed along its frame axis (piston,
+     * conveyor, powered slider). A force-limited velocity servo: it pulls the
+     * relative velocity toward `targetVelocity` as hard as `maxForce` allows.
+     * Sets {@link DofMode.MOTOR} on that axis.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} targetVelocity  desired relative anchor speed of A w.r.t.
+     *   B along the frame axis, m/s (sign convention A − B).
+     * @param {number} maxForce  force budget in newtons (`Infinity` for an
+     *   ideal velocity drive; `0` makes the motor inert).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setLinearMotor(axis: number, targetVelocity: number, maxForce: number): Joint;
+    /**
+     * Drive an angular DOF at a target rate about its frame axis (wheel drive,
+     * powered hinge / door, turntable). A force-(torque-)limited velocity servo
+     * pulling the relative angular velocity toward `targetVelocity`. Sets
+     * {@link DofMode.MOTOR} on that angular axis.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} targetVelocity  desired relative angular rate of B w.r.t.
+     *   A about the frame axis, rad/s (sign convention B − A — so for a
+     *   world-anchored motor a positive target spins body A negatively about
+     *   the axis).
+     * @param {number} maxForce  torque budget in newton-metres (`Infinity` for
+     *   an ideal drive; `0` makes the motor inert).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setAngularMotor(axis: number, targetVelocity: number, maxForce: number): Joint;
+    /**
+     * Make a linear DOF a compliant spring along its frame axis (suspension,
+     * bungee, soft-return slider). The spring drives the DOF toward its zero
+     * (the rest pose — place the anchors / basis so the relaxed position is
+     * `C·axis = 0`) with stiffness and damping, yielding under load rather than
+     * holding rigid. Sets {@link DofMode.SPRING} on that axis.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} stiffness  spring constant `k`, N/m (0 ⇒ pure damper).
+     * @param {number} damping    damping coefficient `c`, N·s/m (0 ⇒ undamped).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setLinearSpring(axis: number, stiffness: number, damping: number): Joint;
+    /**
+     * Make an angular DOF a compliant torsional spring about its frame axis
+     * (soft-return hinge, sway bar, soft ragdoll joint). Drives the relative
+     * rotation about the axis toward zero with stiffness and damping. Sets
+     * {@link DofMode.SPRING} on that angular axis. Uses the small-angle measure
+     * (see the solver module docs), so it is for modest ranges.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} stiffness  torsional spring constant `k`, N·m/rad
+     *   (0 ⇒ pure damper).
+     * @param {number} damping    torsional damping, N·m·s/rad (0 ⇒ undamped).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setAngularSpring(axis: number, stiffness: number, damping: number): Joint;
+    /**
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {boolean}
+     */
+    readonly isJoint: boolean;
+}
+export namespace Joint {
+    let typeName: string;
+}
+import Vector3 from "../../../core/geom/Vector3.js";
+import Quaternion from "../../../core/geom/Quaternion.js";
+//# sourceMappingURL=Joint.d.ts.map

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package/src/engine/physics/ecs/Joint.js

@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+import Vector3 from "../../../core/geom/Vector3.js";
+import Quaternion from "../../../core/geom/Quaternion.js";
+import { DofMode } from "../constraint/DofMode.js";
+
+/**
+ * Sentinel for {@link Joint#_jointId} before the joint is linked into a
+ * {@link PhysicsSystem}.
+ * @type {number}
+ */
+export const JOINT_UNALLOCATED = -1;
+
+/**
+ * `entityB` value meaning "the world" — body A is constrained to a fixed
+ * world anchor rather than to a second body.
+ * @type {number}
+ */
+export const JOINT_WORLD = -1;
+
+/**
+ * A configurable 6-DOF constraint between two bodies (or a body and the
+ * world). Connects body A's anchor frame to body B's; each of the 6 relative
+ * degrees of freedom (3 linear, 3 angular) is independently
+ * locked / free / limited / springy / motorised ({@link DofMode}). One
+ * constraint type expresses the whole joint taxonomy — see DofMode.
+ *
+ * The default configuration is a **ball-socket** (point-to-point): the three
+ * linear DOFs LOCKED (the two anchor points are held coincident), the three
+ * angular DOFs FREE. That alone gives chains, ropes, and pendulums.
+ *
+ * Anchors live in body-local frames. When `entityB === JOINT_WORLD`,
+ * `localAnchorB` is interpreted as a fixed **world** point instead of a
+ * local anchor on a second body.
+ *
+ * Solver state ({@link dofImpulse}, the `_*` fields) is owned by the
+ * PhysicsSystem; user code must not write it.
+ *
+ * @author Alex Goldring
+ * @copyright Company Named Limited (c) 2026
+ */
+export class Joint {
+
+    /**
+     * Entity owning body A (the constraint's first body — always a real body).
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    entityA = -1;
+
+    /**
+     * Entity owning body B, or {@link JOINT_WORLD} to anchor A to the world.
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    entityB = JOINT_WORLD;
+
+    /**
+     * Anchor point on body A, in A's local frame.
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Vector3}
+     */
+    localAnchorA = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
+
+    /**
+     * Anchor point on body B in B's local frame — or, when
+     * `entityB === JOINT_WORLD`, a fixed world-space anchor point.
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Vector3}
+     */
+    localAnchorB = new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
+
+    /**
+     * Orientation of the joint's reference frame on body A, in A's local
+     * space (a unit quaternion; identity = the joint frame is the body
+     * frame). The 3 linear and 3 angular DOFs are expressed in this frame:
+     * locked/limited/etc. axes are the frame's axes, not world axes. For a
+     * hinge, the free angular axis is one of these frame axes — orient the
+     * frame so that axis is the hinge axis.
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Quaternion}
+     */
+    localBasisA = new Quaternion();
+
+    /**
+     * Orientation of the joint's reference frame on body B, in B's local
+     * space. At rest a fully-locked joint holds frame B aligned to frame A.
+     * When `entityB === JOINT_WORLD`, the world frame is treated as identity
+     * (angular locks hold A's frame to world axes).
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Quaternion}
+     */
+    localBasisB = new Quaternion();
+
+    /**
+     * Per-DOF mode, 6 entries: `[lin x, lin y, lin z, ang x, ang y, ang z]`.
+     * Default = ball-socket (linear locked, angular free).
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Uint8Array}
+     */
+    dofMode = Uint8Array.from([
+        DofMode.LOCKED, DofMode.LOCKED, DofMode.LOCKED,
+        DofMode.FREE, DofMode.FREE, DofMode.FREE,
+    ]);
+
+    /**
+     * How the three angular DOF positions are measured. `false` (default) uses
+     * the per-axis small-angle rotation vector — exact at the rest pose and
+     * cheap, correct for welds, hinges, and modest angular limits. `true`
+     * switches to the **swing-twist** decomposition: angular X is the *twist*
+     * (rotation about the bone / X axis) and angular Y/Z are the *swing* (tilt
+     * off it), each measured as an exact angle. Use it for wide cone-twist
+     * range-of-motion (ragdoll shoulders) where the small-angle measure
+     * under-reports large angles. See {@link asConeTwist}.
+     * @type {boolean}
+     */
+    swingTwist = false;
+
+    /**
+     * Lower / upper bounds per DOF, used by {@link DofMode.LIMITED}. Linear in
+     * metres, angular in radians. (Reserved — consumed once the LIMITED mode
+     * lands.)
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Float64Array}
+     */
+    dofLowerLimit = new Float64Array(6);
+    /** @readonly @type {Float64Array} */
+    dofUpperLimit = new Float64Array(6);
+
+    /**
+     * Spring stiffness / damping per DOF, used by {@link DofMode.SPRING}.
+     * (Reserved — consumed once the SPRING mode lands.)
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Float64Array}
+     */
+    dofStiffness = new Float64Array(6);
+    /** @readonly @type {Float64Array} */
+    dofDamping = new Float64Array(6);
+
+    /**
+     * Motor target velocity / max force per DOF, used by
+     * {@link DofMode.MOTOR}. (Reserved — consumed once the MOTOR mode lands.)
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Float64Array}
+     */
+    dofMotorTargetVelocity = new Float64Array(6);
+    /** @readonly @type {Float64Array} */
+    dofMotorMaxForce = new Float64Array(6);
+
+    /**
+     * Accumulated constraint impulse per DOF — warm-start state carried across
+     * frames. System-owned.
+     * @readonly
+     * @type {Float64Array}
+     */
+    dofImpulse = new Float64Array(6);
+
+    /**
+     * Resolved packed body id of A, set at link time. System-private.
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    _bodyIdA = -1;
+    /**
+     * Resolved packed body id of B, or {@link JOINT_WORLD}. System-private.
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    _bodyIdB = JOINT_WORLD;
+    /**
+     * Packed joint handle assigned at link. System-private.
+     * @type {number}
+     */
+    _jointId = JOINT_UNALLOCATED;
+
+    /**
+     * Configure this joint as a ball-socket (point-to-point) between two
+     * anchors. Linear DOFs locked, angular free — the default, provided as a
+     * named helper for clarity at call sites.
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    asBallSocket() {
+        this.dofMode[0] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[1] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[2] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[3] = DofMode.FREE;
+        this.dofMode[4] = DofMode.FREE;
+        this.dofMode[5] = DofMode.FREE;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configure as a weld (fixed) joint: all 6 DOFs locked, holding the two
+     * bodies rigidly in their relative pose.
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    asWeld() {
+        for (let i = 0; i < 6; i++) this.dofMode[i] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configure as a hinge (revolute): 3 linear + 2 angular locked, free to
+     * rotate about a single frame axis. Orient {@link localBasisA} /
+     * {@link localBasisB} so that frame axis is the desired hinge axis.
+     *
+     * @param {number} [freeAngularAxis] which frame axis is free: 0 = x
+     *   (default), 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    asHinge(freeAngularAxis = 0) {
+        this.dofMode[0] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[1] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[2] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[3] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[4] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[5] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[3 + freeAngularAxis] = DofMode.FREE;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configure as a prismatic (slider): 2 linear + 3 angular locked, free to
+     * translate along a single frame axis. Orient {@link localBasisA} /
+     * {@link localBasisB} so that frame axis is the desired slide direction.
+     *
+     * @param {number} [freeLinearAxis] which frame axis is free: 0 = x
+     *   (default), 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    asPrismatic(freeLinearAxis = 0) {
+        this.dofMode[0] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[1] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[2] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[freeLinearAxis] = DofMode.FREE;
+        this.dofMode[3] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[4] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[5] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configure as a cone-twist (ragdoll) joint: a ball-socket point (3 linear
+     * locked) whose angular motion is a limited **twist** about the bone (frame
+     * X) and a limited **swing** cone off it (frame Y / Z). Enables
+     * {@link swingTwist} so the limits are measured as exact angles, holding
+     * accurately at the wide ranges ragdoll shoulders need.
+     *
+     * Orient {@link localBasisA} / {@link localBasisB} so frame X runs along the
+     * bone. The swing cone is box-shaped: independent Y and Z half-angles
+     * (`swingLimitZ` defaults to `swingLimitY` for a circular cone).
+     *
+     * @param {number} twistLower @param {number} twistUpper  twist bounds, rad.
+     * @param {number} swingLimitY  swing half-angle about frame Y, rad.
+     * @param {number} [swingLimitZ]  swing half-angle about frame Z, rad
+     *   (defaults to `swingLimitY`).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    asConeTwist(twistLower, twistUpper, swingLimitY, swingLimitZ = swingLimitY) {
+        this.dofMode[0] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[1] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.dofMode[2] = DofMode.LOCKED;
+        this.swingTwist = true;
+        this.dofMode[3] = DofMode.LIMITED;
+        this.dofLowerLimit[3] = twistLower;
+        this.dofUpperLimit[3] = twistUpper;
+        this.dofMode[4] = DofMode.LIMITED;
+        this.dofLowerLimit[4] = -swingLimitY;
+        this.dofUpperLimit[4] = swingLimitY;
+        this.dofMode[5] = DofMode.LIMITED;
+        this.dofLowerLimit[5] = -swingLimitZ;
+        this.dofUpperLimit[5] = swingLimitZ;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Limit a linear DOF to a travel range along its frame axis (slider
+     * end-stops): the DOF slides freely within `[lower, upper]` metres and is
+     * resisted at the stops. Sets {@link DofMode.LIMITED} on that axis.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} lower @param {number} upper  travel bounds in metres
+     *   (signed anchor-A offset from anchor-B along the frame axis).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setLinearLimit(axis, lower, upper) {
+        this.dofMode[axis] = DofMode.LIMITED;
+        this.dofLowerLimit[axis] = lower;
+        this.dofUpperLimit[axis] = upper;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Limit an angular DOF to a rotation range about its frame axis (joint
+     * range-of-motion): free within `[lower, upper]` radians, resisted at the
+     * stops. Sets {@link DofMode.LIMITED} on that angular axis.
+     *
+     * The angular position is a first-order (small-angle) measure, so the
+     * effective stop is accurate for modest ranges (hinge / slider end-stops)
+     * but under-reports large angles — wide cones (ragdoll shoulders) want the
+     * swing-twist decomposition (already available as
+     * `Quaternion.computeSwingAndTwist` / `computeTwistAngle`). See the solver
+     * module docs.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} lower @param {number} upper  rotation bounds in radians.
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setAngularLimit(axis, lower, upper) {
+        this.dofMode[3 + axis] = DofMode.LIMITED;
+        this.dofLowerLimit[3 + axis] = lower;
+        this.dofUpperLimit[3 + axis] = upper;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drive a linear DOF at a target speed along its frame axis (piston,
+     * conveyor, powered slider). A force-limited velocity servo: it pulls the
+     * relative velocity toward `targetVelocity` as hard as `maxForce` allows.
+     * Sets {@link DofMode.MOTOR} on that axis.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} targetVelocity  desired relative anchor speed of A w.r.t.
+     *   B along the frame axis, m/s (sign convention A − B).
+     * @param {number} maxForce  force budget in newtons (`Infinity` for an
+     *   ideal velocity drive; `0` makes the motor inert).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setLinearMotor(axis, targetVelocity, maxForce) {
+        this.dofMode[axis] = DofMode.MOTOR;
+        this.dofMotorTargetVelocity[axis] = targetVelocity;
+        this.dofMotorMaxForce[axis] = maxForce;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Drive an angular DOF at a target rate about its frame axis (wheel drive,
+     * powered hinge / door, turntable). A force-(torque-)limited velocity servo
+     * pulling the relative angular velocity toward `targetVelocity`. Sets
+     * {@link DofMode.MOTOR} on that angular axis.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} targetVelocity  desired relative angular rate of B w.r.t.
+     *   A about the frame axis, rad/s (sign convention B − A — so for a
+     *   world-anchored motor a positive target spins body A negatively about
+     *   the axis).
+     * @param {number} maxForce  torque budget in newton-metres (`Infinity` for
+     *   an ideal drive; `0` makes the motor inert).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setAngularMotor(axis, targetVelocity, maxForce) {
+        this.dofMode[3 + axis] = DofMode.MOTOR;
+        this.dofMotorTargetVelocity[3 + axis] = targetVelocity;
+        this.dofMotorMaxForce[3 + axis] = maxForce;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make a linear DOF a compliant spring along its frame axis (suspension,
+     * bungee, soft-return slider). The spring drives the DOF toward its zero
+     * (the rest pose — place the anchors / basis so the relaxed position is
+     * `C·axis = 0`) with stiffness and damping, yielding under load rather than
+     * holding rigid. Sets {@link DofMode.SPRING} on that axis.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} stiffness  spring constant `k`, N/m (0 ⇒ pure damper).
+     * @param {number} damping    damping coefficient `c`, N·s/m (0 ⇒ undamped).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setLinearSpring(axis, stiffness, damping) {
+        this.dofMode[axis] = DofMode.SPRING;
+        this.dofStiffness[axis] = stiffness;
+        this.dofDamping[axis] = damping;
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Make an angular DOF a compliant torsional spring about its frame axis
+     * (soft-return hinge, sway bar, soft ragdoll joint). Drives the relative
+     * rotation about the axis toward zero with stiffness and damping. Sets
+     * {@link DofMode.SPRING} on that angular axis. Uses the small-angle measure
+     * (see the solver module docs), so it is for modest ranges.
+     *
+     * @param {number} axis  frame axis: 0 = x, 1 = y, 2 = z.
+     * @param {number} stiffness  torsional spring constant `k`, N·m/rad
+     *   (0 ⇒ pure damper).
+     * @param {number} damping    torsional damping, N·m·s/rad (0 ⇒ undamped).
+     * @returns {Joint} this
+     */
+    setAngularSpring(axis, stiffness, damping) {
+        this.dofMode[3 + axis] = DofMode.SPRING;
+        this.dofStiffness[3 + axis] = stiffness;
+        this.dofDamping[3 + axis] = damping;
+        return this;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * @readonly
+ * @type {string}
+ */
+Joint.typeName = "Joint";
+
+/**
+ * @readonly
+ * @type {boolean}
+ */
+Joint.prototype.isJoint = true;