@wentorai/research-plugins 1.2.3 → 1.3.1

package/skills/domains/humanities/digital-humanities-methods/SKILL.md

@@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
----
-name: digital-humanities-methods
-description: "Computational methods for humanities research with text and network analysis"
-metadata:
-  openclaw:
-    emoji: "📜"
-    category: "domains"
-    subcategory: "humanities"
-    keywords: ["digital humanities", "text analysis", "corpus linguistics", "network analysis", "cultural analytics", "computational methods"]
-    source: "https://clawhub.ai/digital-humanities"
----
-
-# Digital Humanities Methods
-
-## Overview
-
-Digital Humanities (DH) applies computational methods to humanistic inquiry — analyzing literary texts, historical records, cultural artifacts, and social networks at scale. This guide covers the core computational methods used in DH research: text analysis, topic modeling, network analysis, spatial analysis, and corpus linguistics. These methods complement rather than replace traditional close reading and archival research.
-
-## Text Analysis
-
-### Preprocessing Pipeline
-
-```python
-import re
-from collections import Counter
-
-def preprocess_text(text: str, language: str = "en") -> list:
-    """Standard preprocessing for humanities text analysis."""
-    # Lowercase
-    text = text.lower()
-
-    # Remove metadata markers (page numbers, headers)
-    text = re.sub(r'\[page \d+\]', '', text)
-    text = re.sub(r'\n{3,}', '\n\n', text)
-
-    # Tokenize (simple whitespace + punctuation split)
-    tokens = re.findall(r'\b[a-z]+\b', text)
-
-    # Remove stopwords (customize per corpus!)
-    # Standard lists often remove words meaningful in literary analysis
-    # e.g., "not", "but", "never" carry sentiment — keep them if relevant
-    stopwords = {"the", "a", "an", "is", "are", "was", "were", "in",
-                 "on", "at", "to", "for", "of", "with", "and", "or"}
-    tokens = [t for t in tokens if t not in stopwords and len(t) > 2]
-
-    return tokens
-
-# Word frequency analysis
-def word_frequencies(tokens: list, top_n: int = 50) -> list:
-    return Counter(tokens).most_common(top_n)
-```
-
-### Stylometry (Authorship Analysis)
-
-```python
-"""Stylometric features for authorship attribution."""
-
-def extract_style_features(text: str) -> dict:
-    """Extract stylistic features from a text."""
-    sentences = text.split('.')
-    words = text.split()
-    chars = list(text)
-
-    return {
-        "avg_sentence_length": len(words) / max(len(sentences), 1),
-        "avg_word_length": sum(len(w) for w in words) / max(len(words), 1),
-        "vocabulary_richness": len(set(words)) / max(len(words), 1),
-        "hapax_ratio": sum(1 for w, c in Counter(words).items() if c == 1) / max(len(set(words)), 1),
-        "comma_rate": text.count(',') / max(len(words), 1),
-        "semicolon_rate": text.count(';') / max(len(words), 1),
-        "question_rate": text.count('?') / max(len(sentences), 1),
-        "exclamation_rate": text.count('!') / max(len(sentences), 1),
-    }
-```
-
-### Sentiment Analysis for Historical Texts
-
-```python
-# Note: Modern NLP sentiment tools are trained on contemporary text.
-# For historical texts, consider:
-# 1. Historical sentiment lexicons (e.g., NRC Emotion Lexicon adapted)
-# 2. Period-specific word lists
-# 3. Manual validation on a sample before scaling
-
-from transformers import pipeline
-
-# Modern text sentiment (use with caution on historical texts)
-sentiment = pipeline("sentiment-analysis")
-result = sentiment("It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.")
-
-# Better: keyword-based approach with custom lexicons
-POSITIVE = {"virtue", "honor", "glory", "triumph", "beauty", "noble"}
-NEGATIVE = {"vice", "shame", "defeat", "ruin", "wretched", "base"}
-
-def lexicon_sentiment(tokens: list, pos: set, neg: set) -> float:
-    """Simple lexicon-based sentiment score."""
-    pos_count = sum(1 for t in tokens if t in pos)
-    neg_count = sum(1 for t in tokens if t in neg)
-    total = pos_count + neg_count
-    if total == 0:
-        return 0.0
-    return (pos_count - neg_count) / total
-```
-
-## Topic Modeling
-
-```python
-from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
-from sklearn.decomposition import LatentDirichletAllocation
-
-def run_topic_model(documents: list, n_topics: int = 10,
-                     n_top_words: int = 15):
-    """LDA topic modeling on a corpus of documents."""
-    # Vectorize
-    vectorizer = CountVectorizer(max_df=0.95, min_df=2,
-                                  max_features=5000,
-                                  stop_words="english")
-    dtm = vectorizer.fit_transform(documents)
-    feature_names = vectorizer.get_feature_names_out()
-
-    # Fit LDA
-    lda = LatentDirichletAllocation(n_components=n_topics,
-                                     random_state=42,
-                                     max_iter=50)
-    lda.fit(dtm)
-
-    # Display topics
-    topics = {}
-    for topic_idx, topic in enumerate(lda.components_):
-        top_words = [feature_names[i] for i in topic.argsort()[-n_top_words:]]
-        topics[f"Topic {topic_idx}"] = top_words
-        print(f"Topic {topic_idx}: {', '.join(top_words)}")
-
-    return lda, topics, dtm
-```
-
-## Network Analysis
-
-### Social Network from Letters/Correspondence
-
-```python
-import networkx as nx
-
-def build_correspondence_network(letters: list) -> nx.Graph:
-    """Build a social network from letter metadata.
-
-    Args:
-        letters: list of dicts with 'sender', 'recipient', 'date', 'location'
-    """
-    G = nx.Graph()
-
-    for letter in letters:
-        sender = letter["sender"]
-        recipient = letter["recipient"]
-
-        if G.has_edge(sender, recipient):
-            G[sender][recipient]["weight"] += 1
-        else:
-            G.add_edge(sender, recipient, weight=1)
-
-    # Compute centrality measures
-    centrality = nx.degree_centrality(G)
-    betweenness = nx.betweenness_centrality(G)
-
-    print(f"Network: {G.number_of_nodes()} individuals, "
-          f"{G.number_of_edges()} connections")
-    print(f"Most connected: {max(centrality, key=centrality.get)}")
-    print(f"Most bridging: {max(betweenness, key=betweenness.get)}")
-
-    return G
-```
-
-## Spatial Analysis (GIS for Humanities)
-
-Common applications:
-- Mapping historical events or migration patterns
-- Georeferencing historical maps
-- Spatial analysis of literary settings
-
-```python
-import folium
-
-def create_historical_map(events: list, title: str = "Historical Events"):
-    """Create an interactive map of historical events.
-
-    Args:
-        events: list of dicts with 'name', 'lat', 'lon', 'date', 'description'
-    """
-    center_lat = sum(e["lat"] for e in events) / len(events)
-    center_lon = sum(e["lon"] for e in events) / len(events)
-
-    m = folium.Map(location=[center_lat, center_lon], zoom_start=5)
-
-    for event in events:
-        popup = f"<b>{event['name']}</b><br>{event['date']}<br>{event['description']}"
-        folium.Marker(
-            location=[event["lat"], event["lon"]],
-            popup=popup,
-            tooltip=event["name"]
-        ).add_to(m)
-
-    m.save(f"{title.replace(' ', '_').lower()}.html")
-    return m
-```
-
-## Key Data Sources for DH
-
-| Source | Content | Access |
-|--------|---------|--------|
-| **Project Gutenberg** | 70,000+ free ebooks | gutenberg.org |
-| **HathiTrust** | 17M+ digitized volumes | hathitrust.org |
-| **Internet Archive** | Books, media, web archives | archive.org |
-| **EEBO / ECCO** | Early English books (1475-1800) | Institutional |
-| **Perseus Digital Library** | Greek and Latin classics | perseus.tufts.edu |
-| **Europeana** | European cultural heritage | europeana.eu |
-| **DPLA** | US digital public library | dp.la |
-| **Old Bailey Online** | London criminal trials (1674-1913) | oldbaileyonline.org |
-
-## Methodological Considerations
-
-1. **Close reading still matters**: Computational methods reveal patterns; interpretation requires humanistic expertise
-2. **Corpus bias**: Digitized collections over-represent certain periods, languages, and genres
-3. **OCR quality**: Historical texts often have high OCR error rates — validate before analysis
-4. **Anachronism**: Modern NLP tools may misinterpret historical language use
-5. **Interdisciplinary collaboration**: Best DH work pairs domain expertise with technical skills
-
-## References
-
-- Moretti, F. (2013). *Distant Reading*. Verso.
-- Jockers, M. L. (2013). *Macroanalysis: Digital Methods and Literary History*. University of Illinois Press.
-- [Programming Historian](https://programminghistorian.org/) — Free tutorials for DH methods
-- [DH Tools Directory](https://dirtdirectory.org/)

package/skills/domains/law/legal-research-methods/SKILL.md

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----
-name: legal-research-methods
-description: "Systematic legal research methods for case law, statutes, and regulations"
-metadata:
-  openclaw:
-    emoji: "⚖️"
-    category: "domains"
-    subcategory: "law"
-    keywords: ["legal research", "case law", "statute analysis", "legal databases", "regulatory analysis", "legal methodology"]
-    source: "https://clawhub.ai/legal-research"
----
-
-# Legal Research Methods
-
-## Overview
-
-Legal research involves finding and analyzing primary legal authorities (case law, statutes, regulations) and secondary sources (treatises, law reviews, restatements) to answer legal questions. This guide covers systematic research methodologies, major free and commercial databases, citation practices, and analysis frameworks used in both legal practice and law and economics scholarship.
-
-## Legal Source Hierarchy
-
-| Authority | Type | Weight | Examples |
-|-----------|------|--------|---------|
-| **Constitutional provisions** | Primary, mandatory | Highest | U.S. Constitution, Basic Law |
-| **Statutes / Legislation** | Primary, mandatory | Very high | USC (federal), state codes |
-| **Administrative regulations** | Primary, mandatory | High | CFR (federal), agency rules |
-| **Case law (binding)** | Primary, mandatory | High | Supreme Court, circuit court (same circuit) |
-| **Case law (persuasive)** | Primary, persuasive | Moderate | Other circuits, state courts, foreign courts |
-| **Legislative history** | Secondary, persuasive | Moderate | Committee reports, floor debates |
-| **Treatises** | Secondary, persuasive | Moderate | Prosser on Torts, Corbin on Contracts |
-| **Law review articles** | Secondary, persuasive | Low-Moderate | Peer commentary, novel arguments |
-| **Restatements** | Secondary, persuasive | Moderate | ALI Restatements (Torts, Contracts) |
-| **Legal encyclopedias** | Secondary, reference | Low | Am Jur 2d, CJS |
-
-## Free Legal Databases
-
-| Database | Coverage | URL | Best For |
-|----------|----------|-----|---------|
-| **Google Scholar** (Case Law) | US federal + state opinions | scholar.google.com | Quick case search, citation checking |
-| **CourtListener** | 8M+ opinions, PACER filings | courtlistener.com | Federal litigation, RECAP archive |
-| **Caselaw Access Project** | 6.9M US cases (Harvard Law) | case.law | Historical research, bulk analysis |
-| **Congress.gov** | Federal bills and laws | congress.gov | Legislative history |
-| **GovInfo** | CFR, Federal Register, USC | govinfo.gov | Regulations, statutory text |
-| **Cornell LII** | USC, CFR, Supreme Court | law.cornell.edu | Statutory lookup, Wex definitions |
-| **Justia** | Federal + state cases, codes | justia.com | Free comprehensive search |
-| **SSRN** | Working papers | ssrn.com | Legal scholarship preprints |
-| **HeinOnline** | Law reviews (institutional) | heinonline.org | Historical law journals |
-
-## Research Methodology
-
-### The IRAC Framework
-
-For analyzing legal questions:
-
-```
-Issue:       What is the legal question?
-Rule:        What law (statute, case, regulation) governs this issue?
-Application: How does the rule apply to the specific facts?
-Conclusion:  What is the likely outcome?
-```
-
-### Systematic Case Research Process
-
-```markdown
-Step 1: Identify the Legal Issue
-  - Frame as a specific, answerable question
-  - Identify jurisdiction (federal, state, international)
-  - Identify area of law (contract, tort, constitutional, regulatory)
-
-Step 2: Find Controlling Statutes
-  - Search USC (federal) or state code for relevant provisions
-  - Read the full statutory section, not just the key subsection
-  - Check for recent amendments (currency)
-  - Note any implementing regulations (CFR)
-
-Step 3: Find Leading Cases
-  - Start with secondary sources (treatise, ALR annotation) for overview
-  - Use headnotes/key numbers to find on-point cases
-  - Prioritize: Supreme Court > Circuit Court > District Court
-  - Prioritize: Recent > Older (unless seminal)
-
-Step 4: Expand Through Citation Networks
-  - Forward: Who cited this case? (Citator / "Cited by")
-  - Backward: What does this case cite? (Footnotes)
-  - Negative treatment: Was this case overruled or distinguished?
-
-Step 5: Verify Currency (Shepardize/KeyCite)
-  - Check if cases are still good law
-  - Check for legislative amendments to statutes
-  - Check for new regulations affecting the area
-
-Step 6: Synthesize and Analyze
-  - Identify the majority rule vs. minority rule
-  - Note circuit splits
-  - Distinguish binding vs. persuasive authority
-  - Identify trends in recent decisions
-```
-
-### Boolean Search Syntax for Legal Databases
-
-```
-Westlaw:  "due process" /s "property right" & date(aft 2020)
-Lexis:    "due process" w/s "property right" AND date aft 2020
-Google Scholar: "due process" "property right" (with case law checkbox)
-CourtListener: "due process" AND "property right" filed_after:2020-01-01
-```
-
-| Operator | Westlaw | Lexis | Google Scholar |
-|----------|---------|-------|---------------|
-| AND | & | AND | (implicit) |
-| OR | (space) | OR | OR |
-| NOT | but not | AND NOT | - (minus) |
-| Phrase | "exact phrase" | "exact phrase" | "exact phrase" |
-| Within sentence | /s | w/s | N/A |
-| Within paragraph | /p | w/p | N/A |
-| Proximity | /n (within n words) | w/n | N/A |
-
-## Empirical Legal Research
-
-For law and economics / quantitative legal studies:
-
-### Common Data Sources
-
-| Source | Coverage | Format | Research Use |
-|--------|----------|--------|-------------|
-| **Federal Judicial Center** | Federal court statistics | CSV | Case processing times, judicial behavior |
-| **PACER / RECAP** | Federal docket data | PDF/XML | Litigation patterns, filing trends |
-| **Caselaw Access Project API** | 6.9M case opinions | JSON API | Text analysis, citation networks |
-| **SEC EDGAR** | Corporate filings | XBRL/HTML | Securities regulation, corporate governance |
-| **BLS / Census** | Economic data | CSV | Regulatory impact analysis |
-
-### Citation Network Analysis
-
-```python
-# Using CourtListener API for citation analysis
-import requests
-
-BASE_URL = "https://www.courtlistener.com/api/rest/v3"
-
-def get_case_citations(case_id: str) -> dict:
-    """Get citing and cited cases for a given opinion."""
-    # Get case details
-    resp = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/opinions/{case_id}/",
-                        params={"fields": "citations,citing"})
-    return resp.json()
-
-def build_citation_network(seed_case: str, depth: int = 2):
-    """Build citation network from a seed case."""
-    network = {"nodes": set(), "edges": []}
-    queue = [(seed_case, 0)]
-
-    while queue:
-        case_id, level = queue.pop(0)
-        if level >= depth or case_id in network["nodes"]:
-            continue
-        network["nodes"].add(case_id)
-        data = get_case_citations(case_id)
-        for cited in data.get("citations", []):
-            network["edges"].append((case_id, cited))
-            queue.append((cited, level + 1))
-
-    return network
-```
-
-## Legal Citation Format (Bluebook)
-
-```
-Cases:
-  Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
-  [Case Name], [Volume] [Reporter] [Page] ([Court] [Year]).
-
-Statutes:
-  42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2018).
-  [Title] [Code] § [Section] ([Year]).
-
-Law Reviews:
-  Cass R. Sunstein, On the Expressive Function of Law, 144 U. Pa. L. Rev. 2021 (1996).
-  [Author], [Title], [Volume] [Journal] [Page] ([Year]).
-
-Regulations:
-  17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5 (2023).
-  [Title] C.F.R. § [Section] ([Year]).
-```
-
-## References
-
-- [CourtListener API](https://www.courtlistener.com/help/api/)
-- [Caselaw Access Project](https://case.law/)
-- [Cornell Legal Information Institute](https://www.law.cornell.edu/)
-- [The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation](https://www.legalbluebook.com/)
-- Epstein, L., & Martin, A. D. (2014). *An Introduction to Empirical Legal Research*. Oxford UP.

package/skills/domains/social-science/sociology-research-guide/SKILL.md

@@ -1,238 +0,0 @@
----
-name: sociology-research-guide
-description: "Sociological thinking from observations to rigorous research design"
-metadata:
-  openclaw:
-    emoji: "🏛️"
-    category: "domains"
-    subcategory: "social-science"
-    keywords: ["sociology", "social theory", "qualitative research", "ethnography", "social stratification", "institutions"]
-    source: "https://github.com/scolladon/sociological-research-methods"
----
-
-# Sociology Research Guide
-
-## Overview
-
-Sociology studies how social structures, institutions, cultures, and interactions shape human behavior and collective life. Unlike psychology (which focuses on the individual) or economics (which focuses on rational choice), sociology examines the meso- and macro-level forces that produce patterns of inequality, solidarity, conflict, and change across societies.
-
-Sociological research draws on a distinctive methodological toolkit: ethnography, in-depth interviews, survey analysis, content analysis, historical-comparative methods, and increasingly computational social science. The discipline's strength lies in its ability to make the familiar strange -- revealing the social forces behind phenomena that seem natural or inevitable.
-
-This guide covers the core theoretical frameworks, research design strategies, and analytical methods that define rigorous sociological inquiry. It is designed for researchers who need to ground their work in sociological thinking, whether they are designing a study, reviewing literature, or integrating sociological perspectives into interdisciplinary projects.
-
-## Core Theoretical Frameworks
-
-### Classical Foundations
-
-| Theorist | Key Concept | Research Application |
-|----------|-------------|---------------------|
-| Marx | Class conflict, mode of production | Economic inequality, labor markets, ideology |
-| Durkheim | Social facts, collective consciousness | Social solidarity, anomie, institutions |
-| Weber | Ideal types, rationalization, Verstehen | Bureaucracy, culture, interpretive methods |
-| Simmel | Social forms, dyads/triads | Network structure, stranger, metropolis |
-
-### Contemporary Frameworks
-
-| Framework | Key Thinkers | Core Idea |
-|-----------|-------------|-----------|
-| Structural functionalism | Parsons, Merton | Society as system, functional prerequisites |
-| Conflict theory | Wright, Domhoff | Power, inequality, resource competition |
-| Symbolic interactionism | Blumer, Goffman | Meaning-making, self-presentation, micro-order |
-| Bourdieusian sociology | Bourdieu | Capital (economic, cultural, social), habitus, field |
-| Institutional theory | DiMaggio, Powell | Isomorphism, legitimacy, organizational fields |
-| Intersectionality | Crenshaw, Collins | Interlocking systems of race, class, gender |
-| World-systems theory | Wallerstein | Core-periphery, global division of labor |
-
-### Bourdieu's Capital Framework
-
-```
-Economic capital → Material resources (money, property)
-Cultural capital → Knowledge, skills, credentials
-    ├── Embodied: Dispositions, tastes, linguistic competence
-    ├── Objectified: Books, art, instruments
-    └── Institutionalized: Degrees, certifications
-Social capital → Networks, relationships, group membership
-Symbolic capital → Prestige, recognition, honor
-
-Key dynamics:
-- Capital is convertible (economic → cultural via education)
-- Field = arena of competition for specific capital
-- Habitus = internalized dispositions from social position
-- Practice = (Habitus × Capital) + Field
-```
-
-## Research Design in Sociology
-
-### Qualitative Research Methods
-
-#### Ethnography
-
-```
-Ethnographic research design template:
-
-1. SITE SELECTION
-   - Theoretical sampling: Choose sites that illuminate your question
-   - Access negotiation: Gatekeepers, IRB approval, informed consent
-   - Duration: Minimum 6 months for credible ethnography
-
-2. DATA COLLECTION
-   - Participant observation: Field notes (descriptive + analytic)
-   - In-depth interviews: Semi-structured, 60-90 minutes
-   - Document analysis: Organizational records, media, archives
-   - Visual methods: Photography, video, spatial mapping
-
-3. FIELD NOTE PROTOCOL
-   - Write within 24 hours of observation
-   - Separate description from interpretation
-   - Record sensory details, dialogue, spatial arrangements
-   - Note your own positionality and emotional responses
-
-4. ANALYSIS
-   - Open coding → focused coding → theoretical coding
-   - Memo writing throughout (minimum weekly)
-   - Negative case analysis: Seek disconfirming evidence
-   - Member checking: Share interpretations with participants
-```
-
-#### Interview Research
-
-```
-Semi-structured interview design:
-
-INTERVIEW GUIDE STRUCTURE:
-1. Opening (5 min): Rapport building, project overview, consent
-2. Grand tour question: "Tell me about your experience with..."
-3. Thematic probes (40-60 min):
-   - Descriptive: "Walk me through a typical day at..."
-   - Structural: "How would you categorize different types of..."
-   - Contrast: "How does X differ from Y in your experience?"
-   - Evaluative: "What do you think about the changes in..."
-4. Closing (5 min): "Is there anything I should have asked?"
-
-SAMPLING:
-- Purposive sampling: Maximize variation on key dimensions
-- Snowball sampling: For hard-to-reach populations
-- Theoretical sampling: Continue until saturation
-- Target: 20-40 interviews for a journal article
-```
-
-### Quantitative Research Methods
-
-#### Survey Design for Sociological Research
-
-```python
-# Example: Measuring social capital using the Position Generator
-# (Lin & Dumin, 1986)
-
-social_capital_items = {
-    "occupation_access": [
-        "Do you know someone who is a lawyer?",
-        "Do you know someone who is a professor?",
-        "Do you know someone who is a CEO?",
-        "Do you know someone who is a nurse?",
-        "Do you know someone who is a mechanic?",
-        "Do you know someone who is a factory worker?",
-    ],
-    "relationship_type": ["family", "friend", "acquaintance"],
-}
-
-# Scoring
-def compute_social_capital_index(responses: dict) -> dict:
-    """
-    Compute social capital metrics from Position Generator data.
-    """
-    accessed_prestige = []
-    for occupation, known in responses["occupation_access"].items():
-        if known:
-            accessed_prestige.append(OCCUPATION_PRESTIGE[occupation])
-
-    return {
-        "upper_reachability": max(accessed_prestige) if accessed_prestige else 0,
-        "range": max(accessed_prestige) - min(accessed_prestige) if len(accessed_prestige) > 1 else 0,
-        "diversity": len(accessed_prestige),
-        "mean_prestige": sum(accessed_prestige) / len(accessed_prestige) if accessed_prestige else 0,
-    }
-```
-
-## Analytical Approaches
-
-### Qualitative Data Analysis
-
-| Method | When to Use | Output |
-|--------|-------------|--------|
-| Grounded theory | Theory generation from data | Substantive theory with core category |
-| Thematic analysis | Pattern identification | Themes with supporting evidence |
-| Narrative analysis | Life stories, identity | Plot structures, turning points |
-| Discourse analysis | Language and power | Discursive strategies, subject positions |
-| Content analysis | Media, documents, archives | Frequency counts + interpretation |
-| Process tracing | Historical causation | Causal mechanisms with evidence |
-
-### Quantitative Analysis in Sociology
-
-| Technique | Application in Sociology |
-|-----------|------------------------|
-| Logistic regression | Social mobility, educational attainment |
-| Multilevel models | Neighborhood effects, organizational contexts |
-| Event history analysis | Marriage, job transitions, mortality |
-| Structural equation modeling | Latent constructs (alienation, trust) |
-| Social network analysis | Tie strength, centrality, brokerage |
-| Sequence analysis | Life course trajectories |
-
-## Writing Sociological Research
-
-### Paper Structure
-
-```
-Sociology article structure (ASR/AJS style):
-
-ABSTRACT (150-200 words)
-- Puzzle or gap
-- Theoretical contribution
-- Data and methods (one sentence)
-- Key findings (1-2 sentences)
-
-INTRODUCTION (2-3 pages)
-- Motivating puzzle or empirical anomaly
-- Literature gap
-- Theoretical framework preview
-- Research question
-- Brief methods and findings overview
-
-THEORY AND LITERATURE (5-8 pages)
-- Organize by theoretical debate, not by author
-- End each subsection with how your study intervenes
-- Derive hypotheses (quantitative) or sensitizing concepts (qualitative)
-
-DATA AND METHODS (3-5 pages)
-- Data source and sampling strategy
-- Operationalization of key variables
-- Analytical strategy and robustness checks
-- Limitations of the data
-
-FINDINGS (8-12 pages)
-- Organized by analytical logic, not chronologically
-- Tables and figures with clear interpretation
-- Attention to alternative explanations
-
-DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION (3-4 pages)
-- What did we learn theoretically?
-- Limitations and future directions
-- Broader implications for the field
-```
-
-## Best Practices
-
-- **Ground your work in theory.** Sociology rewards theoretical contribution over purely empirical findings.
-- **Reflexivity matters.** Acknowledge your positionality, especially in qualitative research.
-- **Mixed methods strengthen claims.** Combine surveys with interviews, or network analysis with ethnography.
-- **Pre-register quantitative studies** on OSF or EGAP to address reviewers' concerns about p-hacking.
-- **Engage with inequality.** Sociology's core mission is understanding social inequality -- even technical papers should address distributional implications.
-- **Write for the discipline.** Sociological writing prioritizes conceptual clarity over technical sophistication.
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-## References
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-- [American Sociological Review](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/asr) -- Top sociology journal
-- [American Journal of Sociology](https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/ajs/current) -- Top sociology journal
-- Burawoy, M. (2005). For Public Sociology. American Sociological Review, 70(1), 4-28.
-- Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Harvard UP.
-- Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods. SAGE.