@warlock.js/cascade 4.15.0 → 5.0.0

package/esm/model/model.mjs.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"model.mjs","names":[],"sources":["../../../../../../../cascade/src/model/model.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import { type GenericObject } from \"@mongez/reinforcements\";\nimport type { ObjectValidator } from \"@warlock.js/seal\";\nimport type {\n  DriverContract,\n  PaginationOptions,\n  PaginationResult,\n  RawQueryResult,\n  RemoverResult,\n  UpdateOperations,\n  WriterOptions,\n} from \"../contracts\";\nimport { QueryBuilderContract, WhereCallback, WhereObject, WhereOperator } from \"../contracts\";\nimport type { DataSource } from \"../data-source/data-source\";\nimport { DatabaseDirtyTracker } from \"../database-dirty-tracker\";\nimport type { ModelEventListener, ModelEventName } from \"../events/model-events\";\nimport { ModelEvents } from \"../events/model-events\";\nimport type { PivotOperations } from \"../relations/pivot-operations\";\nimport type { ModelSnapshot } from \"../relations/relation-hydrator\";\nimport { attachLoadedRelation, RelationLoader } from \"../relations/relation-loader\";\nimport type {\n  LoadedRelationResult,\n  PivotData,\n  PivotIds,\n  RelationDefinition,\n} from \"../relations/types\";\nimport { modelSync } from \"../sync/model-sync\";\nimport type { ModelSyncOperationContract } from \"../sync/types\";\nimport type { DeleteStrategy, StrictMode } from \"../types\";\nimport {\n  decrementField,\n  getBooleanField,\n  getFieldValue,\n  getNumberField,\n  getOnlyFields,\n  getStringField,\n  hasField,\n  incrementField,\n  mergeFields,\n  setFieldValue,\n  unsetFields,\n} from \"./methods/accessor-methods\";\nimport { deleteOneRecord, deleteRecords, destroyModel } from \"./methods/delete-methods\";\nimport {\n  checkHasChanges,\n  checkIsDirty,\n  getDirtyColumns,\n  getDirtyColumnsWithValues,\n  getRemovedColumns,\n} from \"./methods/dirty-methods\";\nimport {\n  cloneModel,\n  deepFreezeObject,\n  hydrateModel,\n  modelFromSnapshot,\n  modelToSnapshot,\n  replaceModelData,\n  serializeModel,\n} from \"./methods/hydration-methods\";\nimport {\n  emitModelEvent,\n  offModelEvent,\n  onceModelEvent,\n  onModelEvent,\n} from \"./methods/instance-event-methods\";\nimport {\n  applyDefaultsToModel,\n  generateModelNextId,\n  performAtomicDecrement,\n  performAtomicIncrement,\n  performAtomicUpdate,\n} from \"./methods/meta-methods\";\nimport { attachPivotRelation, detachPivotRelation, pivotRelation } from \"./methods/pivot-methods\";\nimport {\n  buildNewQueryBuilder,\n  buildQuery,\n  countRecords,\n  decreaseField,\n  findAll,\n  findAndReplaceRecord,\n  findAndUpdateRecords,\n  findById,\n  findFirst,\n  findLast,\n  findLatest,\n  findOneAndDeleteRecord,\n  findOneAndUpdateRecord,\n  increaseField,\n  paginateRecords,\n  performAtomic,\n  resolveDataSource,\n  updateById,\n} from \"./methods/query-methods\";\nimport { restoreAllRecords, restoreRecord } from \"./methods/restore-methods\";\nimport {\n  addGlobalModelScope,\n  addLocalModelScope,\n  removeGlobalModelScope,\n  removeLocalModelScope,\n} from \"./methods/scope-methods\";\nimport { modelToJSON } from \"./methods/serialization-methods\";\nimport {\n  cleanupModelEvents,\n  getGlobalEvents,\n  getModelEvents,\n  offStaticEvent,\n  onceStaticEvent,\n  onStaticEvent,\n} from \"./methods/static-event-methods\";\nimport {\n  type CreateManyOptions,\n  createManyRecords,\n  createRecord,\n  findOrCreateRecord,\n  saveModel,\n  upsertRecord,\n} from \"./methods/write-methods\";\nimport type {\n  ChildModel,\n  GlobalScopeDefinition,\n  GlobalScopeOptions,\n  LocalScopeCallback,\n  ModelSchema,\n} from \"./model.types\";\nimport { getAllModelsFromRegistry, getModelFromRegistry } from \"./register-model\";\nexport type {\n  ChildModel,\n  GlobalScopeDefinition,\n  GlobalScopeOptions,\n  LocalScopeCallback,\n  ModelSchema,\n  ScopeTiming,\n} from \"./model.types\";\n\n/**\n * Base class that powers all Cascade models.\n *\n * Provides:\n * - Type-safe value accessors with dot-notation support (get, set, has, unset, merge)\n * - Automatic dirty tracking for efficient partial updates\n * - Lifecycle event hooks (saving, created, deleting, etc.)\n * - Integration with the data-source registry for multi-database support\n * - Support for both per-model and global event listeners\n *\n * @template TSchema - The shape of the model's underlying data\n *\n * @example\n * ```typescript\n * interface UserSchema {\n *   id: number;\n *   name: string;\n *   email: string;\n * }\n *\n * class User extends Model<UserSchema> {\n *   public static table = \"users\";\n * }\n *\n * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\" });\n * user.set(\"email\", \"alice@example.com\");\n * console.log(user.hasChanges()); // true\n * ```\n */\nexport abstract class Model<TSchema extends ModelSchema = ModelSchema> {\n  /**\n   * The database table or collection name associated with this model.\n   *\n   * Must be defined by each concrete model subclass.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static table = \"users\";\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static table: string;\n\n  /**\n   * Resource for this model.\n   * It is a class that holds a toJSON function\n   * Called when the model is being converted to JSON (by calling toJSON or JSON.stringify(model))\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static resource = UserResource;\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static resource?: any;\n\n  /**\n   * Resource columns\n   * Define what columns should be sent to the resource (if any) when converting to JSON\n   */\n  public static resourceColumns?: string[];\n\n  /**\n   * JSON keys for this model.\n   * This could be used if resource is not passed\n   * It will select only these keys from the model\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static toJsonColumns = [\"id\", \"name\"];\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static toJsonColumns?: string[];\n\n  /**\n   * Data source reference for this model.\n   *\n   * Can be:\n   * - A string name registered in the data-source registry\n   * - A DataSource instance\n   * - Undefined (falls back to the default data source)\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static dataSource = \"primary\";\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static dataSource?: string | DataSource;\n\n  /**\n   * Query builder class\n   */\n  public static builder?: new (...args: any[]) => QueryBuilderContract<Model>;\n\n  /**\n   * Primary key field name used to identify records.\n   *\n   * @default \"id\"\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static primaryKey = \"_id\"; // MongoDB\n   * }\n   *\n   * class Product extends Model {\n   *   public static primaryKey = \"id\"; // SQL\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static primaryKey: string = \"id\";\n\n  /**\n   * Embeded fields when document is Being embeded\n   */\n  public static embed?: string[];\n\n  /**\n   * Validation and casting schema using @warlock.js/seal.\n   *\n   * Defines validation rules and data transformations for the model.\n   * Used automatically during save operations.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * import { v } from \"@warlock.js/seal\";\n   *\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static schema = v.object({\n   *     name: v.string().required().trim(),\n   *     age: v.number().min(0).max(120),\n   *     email: v.string().email().required().toLowerCase(),\n   *     createdAt: v.date().default(() => new Date()),\n   *   });\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static schema?: ObjectValidator;\n\n  /**\n   * Strict mode behavior for unknown fields.\n   *\n   * - `\"strip\"`: Remove unknown fields silently (default, recommended for APIs)\n   * - `\"fail\"`: Throw validation error on unknown fields (strict validation)\n   * - `\"allow\"`: Allow unknown fields to pass through (permissive)\n   *\n   * @default \"strip\"\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * import { Model, type StrictMode } from \"@warlock.js/cascade\";\n   *\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static strictMode: StrictMode = \"fail\"; // Throw on unknown fields\n   * }\n   *\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\", unknownField: \"value\" });\n   * await user.save(); // DatabaseWriterValidationError: unknown field\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static strictMode: StrictMode = \"strip\";\n\n  /**\n   * Auto-generate incremental `id` field on insert (NoSQL only).\n   *\n   * When enabled, the ID generator creates a sequential integer ID\n   * separate from the database's native ID (_id for MongoDB).\n   *\n   * **Note:** SQL databases use native AUTO_INCREMENT and don't need this.\n   *\n   * @default true\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static autoGenerateId = true;\n   * }\n   *\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\" });\n   * await user.save();\n   * console.log(user.get(\"_id\")); // ObjectId(\"...\") - MongoDB\n   * console.log(user.get(\"id\")); // 1 - Generated\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static autoGenerateId = true;\n\n  /**\n   * Initial ID value for the first record.\n   *\n   * If not set, defaults to 1 or uses `randomInitialId`.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static initialId = 1000; // Start from 1000\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static initialId?: number;\n\n  /**\n   * Randomly generate the initial ID.\n   *\n   * Can be:\n   * - `true`: Generate random ID between 10000-499999\n   * - Function: Custom random ID generator\n   * - `false`: Use `initialId` or default to 1\n   *\n   * @default false\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static randomInitialId = true; // Random 10000-499999\n   * }\n   *\n   * class Product extends Model {\n   *   public static randomInitialId = () => Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000000);\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static randomInitialId?: boolean | (() => number);\n\n  /**\n   * Amount to increment ID by for each new record.\n   *\n   * If not set, defaults to 1 or uses `randomIncrement`.\n   *\n   * @default 1\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static incrementIdBy = 5; // Increment by 5\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static incrementIdBy?: number = 1;\n\n  /**\n   * Randomly generate the increment amount.\n   *\n   * Can be:\n   * - `true`: Generate random increment between 1-10\n   * - Function: Custom random increment generator\n   * - `false`: Use `incrementIdBy` or default to 1\n   *\n   * @default false\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static randomIncrement = true; // Random 1-10\n   * }\n   *\n   * class Product extends Model {\n   *   public static randomIncrement = () => Math.floor(Math.random() * 100);\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static randomIncrement?: boolean | (() => number);\n\n  /**\n   * Created at column name.\n   */\n  public static createdAtColumn?: string | false;\n\n  /**\n   * Updated at column name.\n   */\n  public static updatedAtColumn?: string | false;\n\n  /**\n   * Delete strategy for this model.\n   *\n   * Controls how models are deleted:\n   * - `\"trash\"` - Moves to trash collection, then deletes\n   * - `\"permanent\"` - Direct deletion (hard delete)\n   * - `\"soft\"` - Sets deletedAt timestamp (soft delete)\n   *\n   * Can be overridden by destroy() options.\n   * Falls back to data source default if not set.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static deleteStrategy: DeleteStrategy = \"soft\";\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static deleteStrategy?: DeleteStrategy;\n\n  /**\n   * Column name for soft delete timestamp.\n   *\n   * Used when delete strategy is \"soft\".\n   *\n   * @default \"deletedAt\"\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static deletedAtColumn = \"archivedAt\";\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static deletedAtColumn: string | false = \"deletedAt\";\n\n  /**\n   * Trash table/collection name override.\n   *\n   * If not set, defaults to `{table}Trash` or data source default.\n   * Used when delete strategy is \"trash\".\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static trashTable = \"userRecycleBin\";\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static trashTable?: string;\n\n  /**\n   * Global scopes that are automatically applied to all queries.\n   * These scopes are inherited by child models.\n   *\n   * Registration via `addGlobalScope` is per-subclass: the registering class\n   * gets its own map (seeded with the entries inherited so far), so a scope\n   * added on one model never leaks onto sibling models.\n   */\n  public static globalScopes = new Map<string, GlobalScopeDefinition>();\n\n  /**\n   * Local scopes that can be manually applied to queries.\n   * These are reusable query snippets that developers opt into.\n   *\n   * Registration via `addLocalScope` is per-subclass, like `globalScopes`.\n   */\n  public static localScopes = new Map<string, LocalScopeCallback>();\n\n  /**\n   * Relation definitions for this model.\n   *\n   * Define relationships to other models using helper functions:\n   * - `hasMany()` - One-to-many (User has many Posts)\n   * - `hasOne()` - One-to-one (User has one Profile)\n   * - `belongsTo()` - Inverse of hasMany/hasOne (Post belongs to User)\n   * - `belongsToMany()` - Many-to-many with pivot table (User has many Roles)\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * import { hasMany, belongsTo, belongsToMany, hasOne } from \"@warlock.js/cascade\";\n   *\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public posts?: Post[];  // Optional: for TypeScript autocomplete\n   *\n   *   static relations = {\n   *     posts: hasMany(\"Post\"),\n   *     profile: hasOne(\"Profile\"),\n   *     organization: belongsTo(\"Organization\"),\n   *     roles: belongsToMany(\"Role\", { pivot: \"user_roles\" }),\n   *   };\n   * }\n   *\n   * // Usage:\n   * const users = await User.query().with(\"posts\").get();\n   * console.log(users[0].posts); // Post[]\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static relations: Readonly<Record<string, RelationDefinition>> = {};\n\n  /**\n   * Flag indicating whether this model instance represents a new (unsaved) record.\n   *\n   * - `true`: The model has not been persisted to the database yet\n   * - `false`: The model represents an existing database record\n   *\n   * This flag is used by the writer to determine whether to perform an insert or update.\n   */\n  public isNew = true;\n\n  /**\n   * The raw mutable data backing this model instance.\n   *\n   * All field accessors (get, set, merge, etc.) operate on this object.\n   */\n  public data: TSchema;\n\n  /**\n   * Dirty tracker that monitors changes to the model's data.\n   *\n   * Tracks:\n   * - Which fields have been modified (dirty columns)\n   * - Which fields have been removed\n   * - Original vs. current values for each dirty field\n   *\n   * Used by the writer to generate efficient partial update payloads.\n   */\n  public readonly dirtyTracker: DatabaseDirtyTracker;\n\n  /**\n   * Model instance events.\n   * Allows registering listeners for lifecycle events on this specific instance.\n   */\n  public events: ModelEvents<any> = new ModelEvents();\n\n  /**\n   * Map of loaded relations for this model instance.\n   *\n   * Populated automatically when using `with()` for eager loading,\n   * or when calling `load()` for lazy loading.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.query().with(\"posts\").first();\n   * console.log(user.loadedRelations.get(\"posts\")); // Post[]\n   *\n   * // Also accessible as direct properties:\n   * console.log(user.posts); // Post[]\\n   * ```\n   */\n  public loadedRelations: Map<string, any> = new Map();\n\n  /**\n   * Column name for active status.\n   */\n  protected isActiveColumn = \"isActive\";\n\n  /**\n   * Constructs a new model instance with optional initial data.\n   *\n   * Initializes the dirty tracker with a snapshot of the provided data.\n   *\n   * @param initialData - Partial data to populate the model\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\", email: \"alice@example.com\" });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public constructor(initialData: Partial<TSchema> = {}) {\n    this.data = initialData as TSchema;\n    this.dirtyTracker = this.self().getDriver().getDirtyTracker(this.data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Lazily load one or more relations for this model instance.\n   *\n   * This method loads relations on-demand after the model has been fetched.\n   * The loaded relations are attached directly to the model instance and\n   * also stored in `loadedRelations` map.\n   *\n   * @param relations - Relation name(s) to load\n   * @returns This model instance for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.first();\n   *\n   * // Load single relation\n   * await user.load(\"posts\");\n   * console.log(user.posts); // Post[]\n   *\n   * // Load multiple relations\n   * await user.load(\"posts\", \"organization\");\n   *\n   * // Chain with other operations\n   * const posts = await user.load(\"posts\").then(() => user.posts);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async load(...relations: string[]): Promise<this> {\n    const ModelClass = this.constructor as ChildModel<Model>;\n    const loader = new RelationLoader([this], ModelClass);\n    await loader.load(relations);\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if a relation has been loaded.\n   *\n   * @param relationName - Name of the relation to check\n   * @returns True if the relation has been loaded\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.first();\n   *\n   * console.log(user.isLoaded(\"posts\")); // false\n   * await user.load(\"posts\");\n   * console.log(user.isLoaded(\"posts\")); // true\n   * ```\n   */\n\n  public isLoaded(relationName: string): boolean {\n    return this.loadedRelations.has(relationName);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Set relation manually\n   *\n   * @param relationName\n   * @param relationData\n   */\n  public setRelation(relationName: string, relationData: LoadedRelationResult): void {\n    attachLoadedRelation(this, relationName, relationData);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a loaded relation by name.\n   *\n   * Returns undefined if the relation has not been loaded.\n   *\n   * @param relationName - Name of the relation to get\n   * @returns The loaded relation data, or undefined\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.query().with(\"posts\").first();\n   *\n   * const posts = user.getRelation<Post[]>(\"posts\");\n   * console.log(posts?.length);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public getRelation<TRelation = any>(relationName: string): TRelation | undefined {\n    return this.loadedRelations.get(relationName) as TRelation | undefined;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a model class by its name from the global registry.\n   *\n   * Models must be decorated with @RegisterModel() to be available in the registry.\n   *\n   * @param name - The model class name\n   * @returns The model class or undefined if not found\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const UserModel = Model.getModel(\"User\");\n   * if (UserModel) {\n   *   const user = await UserModel.find(1);\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static getModel(name: string) {\n    return getModelFromRegistry(name);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get all registered models from the global registry.\n   *\n   * Only models decorated with @RegisterModel() will appear here.\n   *\n   * @returns A Map of all registered model classes by name\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const allModels = Model.getAllModels();\n   * for (const [name, ModelClass] of allModels) {\n   *   console.log(`Found model: ${name} with table: ${ModelClass.table}`);\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static getAllModels() {\n    return getAllModelsFromRegistry();\n  }\n\n  // ============================================================================\n  // STATIC SYNC METHODS\n  // ============================================================================\n\n  /**\n   * Create a sync operation for a single embedded document.\n   *\n   * When this model is updated, the target model's field\n   * will be updated with the embedded data.\n   *\n   * @param TargetModel - Target model class that receives data\n   * @param targetField - Field path in target model\n   * @returns Sync operation for chaining configuration\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // When Category updates, update Product.category\n   * Category.sync(Product, \"category\");\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static sync<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    TargetModel: ChildModel<Model>,\n    targetField: string,\n  ): ModelSyncOperationContract {\n    return modelSync.sync(this, TargetModel, targetField);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create a sync operation for an array of embedded documents.\n   *\n   * When this model is updated, the corresponding element\n   * in the target model's array field will be updated.\n   *\n   * @param TargetModel - Target model class that receives data\n   * @param targetField - Array field path in target model\n   * @returns Sync operation for chaining configuration\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // When Tag updates, update Post.tags[i] where tags[i].id matches\n   * Tag.syncMany(Post, \"tags\").identifyBy(\"id\");\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static syncMany<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    TargetModel: ChildModel<Model>,\n    targetField: string,\n  ): ModelSyncOperationContract {\n    return modelSync.syncMany(this, TargetModel, targetField);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get model id\n   */\n  public get id(): number | string {\n    return this.get(\"id\");\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * String-typed accessor for the model's primary id.\n   *\n   * The underlying `id` field is `string | number` (MongoDB's ObjectId-as-string\n   * vs SQL's auto-increment integer), which forces consumers to write\n   * `string | number` everywhere they pass an id around. This getter narrows\n   * the contract to `string` so callers can write functions that accept a\n   * single id type without leaking the engine difference.\n   *\n   * The name `uuid` is historical — it does NOT validate or coerce the value\n   * to a UUID. It simply returns the id, typed as a string.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * function shareLink(modelId: string) { ... }\n   * shareLink(user.uuid); // works regardless of whether the underlying id is\n   *                      // a Mongo ObjectId string or a SQL integer\n   * ```\n   */\n  public get uuid(): string {\n    return this.get(\"id\");\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Retrieves a field value from the model's data.\n   *\n   * Supports both top-level keys and dot-notation paths for nested access.\n   *\n   * @param field - The field name or dot-notation path (e.g., \"address.city\")\n   * @param defaultValue - Value to return if the field is missing\n   * @returns The field value or the default value if not found\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.get(\"name\"); // \"Alice\"\n   * user.get(\"address.city\", \"Unknown\"); // \"Unknown\" if address.city is missing\n   * ```\n   */\n  public get<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(field: TKey): TSchema[TKey];\n  public get<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(\n    field: TKey,\n    defaultValue: TSchema[TKey],\n  ): TSchema[TKey];\n  public get<Type extends unknown = any>(field: string): Type;\n  public get<Type extends unknown = any>(field: string, defaultValue: Type): Type;\n  public get(field: string, defaultValue?: unknown): any {\n    return getFieldValue(this, field, defaultValue);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get only the values of the given fields\n   */\n  public only<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(fields: TKey[]): Record<TKey, TSchema[TKey]>;\n  public only(fields: string[]): Record<string, unknown>;\n  public only(fields: string[]): Record<string, unknown> {\n    return getOnlyFields(this, fields);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a string value\n   */\n  public string(key: string, defaultValue?: string): string | undefined {\n    return getStringField(this, key, defaultValue);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a number value\n   */\n  public number(key: string, defaultValue?: number): number | undefined {\n    return getNumberField(this, key, defaultValue);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a boolean value\n   */\n  public boolean(key: string, defaultValue?: boolean): boolean | undefined {\n    return getBooleanField(this, key, defaultValue);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Sets a field value in the model's data and marks it as dirty.\n   *\n   * Supports both top-level keys and dot-notation paths for nested assignment.\n   * Automatically updates the dirty tracker to reflect the change.\n   *\n   * @param field - The field name or dot-notation path (e.g., \"address.city\")\n   * @param value - The value to assign\n   * @returns The model instance for method chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\").set(\"address.city\", \"NYC\");\n   * ```\n   */\n  public set<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(field: TKey, value: TSchema[TKey]): this;\n  public set(field: string, value: unknown): this;\n  public set(field: string, value: unknown): this {\n    return setFieldValue(this, field, value) as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Checks whether a field exists in the model's data.\n   *\n   * Supports both top-level keys and dot-notation paths.\n   *\n   * @param field - The field name or dot-notation path\n   * @returns `true` if the field exists, `false` otherwise\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.has(\"name\"); // true\n   * user.has(\"address.zipCode\"); // false\n   * ```\n   */\n  public has<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(field: TKey): boolean;\n  public has(field: string): boolean;\n  public has(field: string): boolean {\n    return hasField(this, field);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Increment the given field by the given amount\n   */\n  public increment<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(field: TKey, amount: number): this;\n  public increment(field: string, amount?: number): this;\n  public increment(field: string, amount?: number): this {\n    return incrementField(this, field, amount) as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Decrement the given field by the given amount\n   */\n  public decrement<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(field: TKey, amount: number): this;\n  public decrement(field: string, amount?: number): this;\n  public decrement(field: string, amount?: number): this {\n    return decrementField(this, field, amount) as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Removes one or more fields from the model's data and marks them as removed.\n   *\n   * Supports both top-level keys and dot-notation paths.\n   * Automatically updates the dirty tracker to reflect the removal.\n   *\n   * @param fields - One or more field names or dot-notation paths to remove\n   * @returns The model instance for method chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.unset(\"tempField\", \"address.oldZip\");\n   * ```\n   */\n  public unset(...fields: (keyof TSchema & string)[]): this;\n  public unset(...fields: string[]): this;\n  public unset(...fields: string[]): this {\n    return unsetFields(this, ...fields) as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Merges new values into the model's data and marks changed fields as dirty.\n   *\n   * Performs a deep merge, preserving existing nested structures.\n   * Automatically updates the dirty tracker to reflect all changes.\n   *\n   * @param values - Partial data to merge into the model\n   * @returns The model instance for method chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.merge({ name: \"Charlie\", address: { city: \"LA\" } });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public merge(values: Partial<TSchema>): this;\n  public merge(values: Record<string, unknown>): this;\n  public merge(values: Record<string, unknown>): this {\n    return mergeFields(this, values) as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform atomoic update from current model instance\n   * Please note that it would require the id to be existing in the current\n   * model instance\n   * @returns number of affected records\n   */\n  public async atomicUpdate(operations: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<number> {\n    return performAtomicUpdate(this, operations);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform atomic increment\n   * This would issue a query update and update the given field without\n   * saving the model\n   */\n  public async atomicIncrement<T extends keyof TSchema & string>(\n    field: T,\n    amount: number = 1,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return performAtomicIncrement(this, field, amount);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform atomic decrement\n   * This would issue a query update and update the given field without\n   * saving the model\n   */\n  public async atomicDecrement<T extends keyof TSchema & string>(\n    field: T,\n    amount: number = 1,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return performAtomicDecrement(this, field, amount);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Determine if current model is active\n   */\n  public get isActive(): boolean {\n    return this.get<boolean>(this.isActiveColumn);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get created at date\n   */\n  public get createdAt(): Date | undefined {\n    const createdAtColumn = this.self().createdAtColumn;\n\n    if (!createdAtColumn) return;\n\n    return this.get<Date>(createdAtColumn);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get updated at date\n   */\n  public get updatedAt(): Date | undefined {\n    const updatedAtColumn = this.self().updatedAtColumn;\n\n    if (!updatedAtColumn) return;\n\n    return this.get<Date>(updatedAtColumn);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if current model record is created by the given user model\n   */\n  public isCreatedBy(user: Model | GenericObject): boolean {\n    return this.get(`createdBy.id`) === user.id;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Checks whether the model's data has changed since instantiation or last reset.\n   *\n   * @returns `true` if any fields have been modified or removed, `false` otherwise\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\" });\n   * user.hasChanges(); // false\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\");\n   * user.hasChanges(); // true\n   * ```\n   */\n  public hasChanges(): boolean {\n    return checkHasChanges(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if the given column has been modified.\n   *\n   * @param column - The column name to check\n   * @returns `true` if the column has been modified, `false` otherwise\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\");\n   * user.isDirty(\"name\"); // true\n   * ```\n   */\n  public isDirty(column: string): boolean {\n    return checkIsDirty(this, column);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Retrieves all dirty columns with their old and new values.\n   *\n   * @returns A record mapping each dirty column to its previous and current value\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\");\n   * user.getDirtyColumnsWithValues();\n   * // { name: { oldValue: \"Alice\", newValue: \"Bob\" } }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public getDirtyColumnsWithValues(): Record<string, { oldValue: unknown; newValue: unknown }> {\n    return getDirtyColumnsWithValues(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Lists all columns that have been removed from the model's data.\n   *\n   * @returns An array of field names that were present initially but have been unset\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.unset(\"tempField\");\n   * user.getRemovedColumns(); // [\"tempField\"]\n   * ```\n   */\n  public getRemovedColumns(): string[] {\n    return getRemovedColumns(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Lists all columns that have been modified since instantiation or last reset.\n   *\n   * @returns An array of field names that have changed\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\");\n   * user.getDirtyColumns(); // [\"name\"]\n   * ```\n   */\n  public getDirtyColumns(): string[] {\n    return getDirtyColumns(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Emits a lifecycle event to both per-model and global listeners.\n   *\n   * This method is public so that external services (like the writer) can trigger\n   * lifecycle events when appropriate.\n   *\n   * @param event - The event name (e.g., \"saving\", \"created\", \"deleting\")\n   * @param context - Optional context data to pass to listeners\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await user.emitEvent(\"saving\");\n   * await user.emitEvent(\"validated\", { errors: [] });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async emitEvent<TContext = unknown>(\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    context?: TContext,\n  ): Promise<void> {\n    return emitModelEvent(this, event, context);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Register a listener for a model lifecycle event on this instance.\n   *\n   * @param event - Event name (e.g., \"saving\", \"updated\")\n   * @param listener - Callback function\n   * @returns Unsubscribe function\n   */\n  public on<TContext = unknown>(\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<this, TContext>,\n  ): () => void {\n    return onModelEvent(this, event, listener as any);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Register a one-time listener for a model lifecycle event on this instance.\n   *\n   * @param event - Event name\n   * @param listener - Callback function\n   * @returns Unsubscribe function\n   */\n  public once<TContext = unknown>(\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<this, TContext>,\n  ): () => void {\n    return onceModelEvent(this, event, listener as any);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Remove a listener from this instance.\n   *\n   * @param event - Event name\n   * @param listener - Callback function to remove\n   */\n  public off<TContext = unknown>(\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<this, TContext>,\n  ): void {\n    offModelEvent(this, event, listener as any);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Resolves the data source associated with this model.\n   *\n   * Resolution order:\n   * 1. If `dataSource` is a string, looks it up in the data-source registry\n   * 2. If `dataSource` is a DataSource instance, returns it directly\n   * 3. Otherwise, returns the default data source from the registry\n   *\n   * @returns The resolved DataSource instance\n   * @throws Error if no data source is found\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static dataSource = \"primary\";\n   * }\n   *\n   * const ds = User.getDataSource();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static getDataSource(): DataSource {\n    return resolveDataSource(this as any);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get driver instance\n   */\n  public static getDriver(): DriverContract {\n    return this.getDataSource().driver;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Execute a raw query against this model's driver.\n   *\n   * Delegates to `getDriver().query`, so it inherits the driver's\n   * transaction awareness: when called inside an active `transaction()`\n   * scope the query auto-joins that transaction's client/session, otherwise\n   * it runs on the pool. The return value is the driver's raw result\n   * ({@link RawQueryResult}) — `rows` typed as `T` plus `rowCount` — not\n   * hydrated model instances.\n   *\n   * Note: MongoDB drivers throw, as they do not support raw SQL.\n   *\n   * @typeParam T - The expected row shape.\n   * @param sql - Raw SQL string (driver dialect).\n   * @param params - Optional positional query parameters.\n   * @returns The driver's raw query result.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const { rows } = await User.raw<{ id: number; total: number }>(\n   *   \"SELECT id, COUNT(*) AS total FROM orders WHERE user_id = $1 GROUP BY id\",\n   *   [userId],\n   * );\n   *\n   * // Auto-joins the active transaction() scope:\n   * await User.transaction(async () => {\n   *   await User.raw(\"UPDATE users SET active = true WHERE id = $1\", [id]);\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static raw<T = Record<string, unknown>>(\n    sql: string,\n    params?: unknown[],\n  ): Promise<RawQueryResult<T>> {\n    return this.getDriver().query<T>(sql, params);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate next id and set it to current model's id\n   */\n  public async generateNextId(): Promise<number | string> {\n    return generateModelNextId(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Apply model defaults from data source configuration.\n   *\n   * This is called automatically by getDataSource() the first time\n   * a model accesses its data source. Defaults are only applied if\n   * the model doesn't already have its own value set.\n   *\n   * The hierarchy is:\n   * 1. Model static property (highest priority - skipped here)\n   * 2. Database config modelDefaults (passed here)\n   * 3. Driver modelDefaults (merged before passing here)\n   * 4. Framework defaults (fallback values in the code)\n   *\n   * @param defaults - Model default configuration from data source\n   */\n  public static applyModelDefaults(defaults: any): void {\n    applyDefaultsToModel(this, defaults);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a global scope that is automatically applied to all queries.\n   *\n   * Global scopes are inherited by child models and applied before query execution.\n   * Use for security filters, multi-tenancy, soft deletes, etc.\n   *\n   * @param name - Unique name for the scope\n   * @param callback - Function that modifies the query\n   * @param options - Scope options (timing: 'before' | 'after')\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Multi-tenancy scope\n   * Model.addGlobalScope('tenant', (query) => {\n   *   query.where('tenantId', getCurrentTenant());\n   * }, { timing: 'before' });\n   *\n   * // Soft delete scope\n   * User.addGlobalScope('notDeleted', (query) => {\n   *   query.whereNull('deletedAt');\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static addGlobalScope(\n    name: string,\n    callback: (query: QueryBuilderContract) => void,\n    options: GlobalScopeOptions = {},\n  ): void {\n    addGlobalModelScope(this as any, name, callback, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Remove a global scope by name.\n   *\n   * @param name - Name of the scope to remove\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * Model.removeGlobalScope('tenant');\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static removeGlobalScope(name: string): void {\n    removeGlobalModelScope(this as any, name);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a local scope that can be manually applied to queries.\n   *\n   * Local scopes are reusable query snippets that developers opt into.\n   * They are not automatically applied.\n   *\n   * @param name - Unique name for the scope\n   * @param callback - Function that modifies the query\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Define reusable scopes\n   * User.addScope('active', (query) => {\n   *   query.where('isActive', true);\n   * });\n   *\n   * User.addScope('admins', (query) => {\n   *   query.where('role', 'admin');\n   * });\n   *\n   * // Use explicitly\n   * await User.query().scope('active').get();\n   * await User.query().scope('admins').get();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static addScope(name: string, callback: LocalScopeCallback): void {\n    addLocalModelScope(this as any, name, callback);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Remove a local scope by name.\n   *\n   * @param name - Name of the scope to remove\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * User.removeScope('active');\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static removeScope(name: string): void {\n    removeLocalModelScope(this as any, name);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create a new query builder for this model\n   */\n  public static query<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel> {\n    return buildQuery(this, Model);\n  }\n\n  // Short hand for the query builder method with\n  /**\n   * Eagerly load one or more relations with the query results.\n   *\n   * Relations are loaded in separate optimized queries to prevent N+1 problems.\n   * The loaded relations are attached to each model instance.\n   *\n   * @param relation - Single relation name to load\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Load single relation\n   * const user = await User.query().with(\"posts\").find(1);\n   * console.log(user.posts); // Post[]\n   *\n   * // Load multiple relations\n   * const user = await User.query().with(\"posts\", \"organization\").find(1);\n   *\n   * // Load nested relations\n   * const user = await User.query().with(\"posts.comments.author\").find(1);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static with<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relation: string,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Eagerly load multiple relations.\n   *\n   * @param relations - Relation names to load\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   */\n  public static with<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    ...relations: string[]\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Eagerly load a relation with a constraint callback.\n   *\n   * The callback receives the relation query builder, allowing you to\n   * add conditions, ordering, or limits to the related query.\n   *\n   * @param relation - Relation name to load\n   * @param constraint - Callback to configure the relation query\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.query()\n   *   .with(\"posts\", (query) => {\n   *     query.where(\"isPublished\", true)\n   *       .orderBy(\"createdAt\", \"desc\")\n   *       .limit(5);\n   *   })\n   *   .find(1);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static with<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relation: string,\n    constraint: (query: QueryBuilderContract) => void,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Eagerly load multiple relations with constraints.\n   *\n   * Pass an object where keys are relation names and values are either:\n   * - `true` to load without constraints\n   * - A callback function to configure the relation query\n   *\n   * @param relations - Object mapping relation names to constraints\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.query()\n   *   .with({\n   *     posts: (query) => query.where(\"isPublished\", true),\n   *     organization: true,\n   *     roles: (query) => query.orderBy(\"priority\"),\n   *   })\n   *   .find(1);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static with<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relations: Record<string, boolean | ((query: QueryBuilderContract) => void)>,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  public static with<TModel extends Model = Model>(this: ChildModel<TModel>, ...args: any[]) {\n    return this.query().with(...args);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a count of related records as a virtual field on each result row.\n   *\n   * Each relation produces a `${relationName}Count` column by default. Use\n   * the `\"name as alias\"` shorthand or the object form to customise the\n   * output alias or apply per-relation where-clause constraints.\n   *\n   * @param relation - Relation name (optionally with `as <alias>`)\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const users = await User.withCount(\"posts\").get();\n   * console.log(users[0].postsCount); // number\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static withCount<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relation: string,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Add counts for multiple relations at once.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await User.withCount(\"posts\", \"comments\", \"followers\").get();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static withCount<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    ...relations: string[]\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Add counts for multiple relations supplied as an array.\n   */\n  public static withCount<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relations: string[],\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Add counts with optional per-relation constraints and alias overrides.\n   *\n   * Values may be `true`, an alias string, or a callback that applies\n   * where-clauses inside the count subquery. Use the `as <alias>` shorthand\n   * in the key to count the same relation more than once.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await Post.withCount({\n   *   comments: true,\n   *   \"comments as approvedCount\": (q) => q.where(\"approved\", true),\n   *   tags: \"tagCount\",\n   * }).get();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static withCount<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relations: Record<string, true | string | ((query: QueryBuilderContract) => void)>,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  public static withCount<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    ...args: any[]\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel> {\n    return this.query().withCount(...args);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Load relations using database JOINs in a single query.\n   *\n   * Unlike `with()` which uses separate queries, `joinWith()` uses\n   * LEFT JOIN (SQL) or $lookup (MongoDB) to fetch related data\n   * in a single query. The related data is hydrated into proper\n   * model instances and attached to the main model.\n   *\n   * Best for: belongsTo and hasOne relations where you need\n   * efficient single-query loading.\n   *\n   * @param relations - Relation names to load via JOIN\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Single relation\n   * const post = await Post.joinWith(\"author\").first();\n   * console.log(post.author); // User model instance\n   * console.log(post.data);   // { id, title, authorId } - no author data\n   *\n   * // Multiple relations\n   * const post = await Post.joinWith(\"author\", \"category\").first();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static joinWith<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    ...relations: string[]\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel> {\n    return this.query().joinWith(...relations);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create new query builder.\n   *\n   * If the model has a static `builder` property set to a query builder class,\n   * it will be instantiated instead of the default driver query builder.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class UserQueryBuilder<T = User> extends MongoQueryBuilder<T> {\n   *   active() { return this.where(\"isActive\", true); }\n   * }\n   *\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   static builder = UserQueryBuilder;  // That's it! ✨\n   * }\n   *\n   * // Now User.query() returns UserQueryBuilder<User> with autocomplete!\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static newQueryBuilder<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel> {\n    return buildNewQueryBuilder(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get First matched record for the given filter\n   */\n  public static async first<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findFirst(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get last matched record for the given filter\n   */\n  public static async last<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findLast(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Use where clause directly\n   */\n  public static where<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    field: string,\n    value: unknown,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n  public static where<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    field: string,\n    operator: WhereOperator,\n    value: unknown,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n  public static where<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: (new (...args: any[]) => TModel) &\n      Pick<typeof Model, \"query\" | \"getDataSource\" | \"table\">,\n    conditions: WhereObject,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n  public static where<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: (new (...args: any[]) => TModel) &\n      Pick<typeof Model, \"query\" | \"getDataSource\" | \"table\">,\n    callback: WhereCallback<TModel>,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n  public static where<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    ...args: any[]\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel> {\n    return (this.query().where as any)(...args);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Count the number of records in the table\n   * @param filter - The filter to apply to the query\n   */\n  public static count<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return countRecords(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find record by id\n   */\n  public static async find<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    id: string | number,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findById(this, id);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get all records from the table\n   *\n   * @param filter - The filter to apply to the query\n   * @returns All records from the table\n   */\n  public static async all<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel[]> {\n    return findAll(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform pagination\n   */\n  public static async paginate<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    options: PaginationOptions & {\n      filter?: Record<string, unknown>;\n    } = {},\n  ): Promise<PaginationResult<TModel>> {\n    return paginateRecords(this, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get latest records from the table\n   *\n   * @param filter - The filter to apply to the query\n   */\n  public static async latest<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel[]> {\n    return findLatest(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Increment the given field by the given amount using atomic update\n   *\n   * @example ```typescript\n   * // Increase age by 1 for user id 1\n   * User.increment({id: 1}, \"age\", 1);\n   * // Increase age by 1 and views by 2 for user id 1\n   * User.increment({id: 1}, {age: 1, views: 2});\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static increase<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    field: string,\n    amount: number,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return increaseField(this, filter, field, amount);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Decrement the given field by the given amount using atomic update\n   * @example ```typescript\n   * // Decrease age by 1 for user id 1\n   * User.decrement({id: 1}, \"age\", 1);\n   * // Decrease age by 1 and views by 2 for user id 1\n   * User.decrement({id: 1}, {age: 1, views: 2});\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static decrease<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    field: string,\n    amount: number,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return decreaseField(this, filter, field, amount);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform atomic operation\n   * Example\n   *\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.atomic({id: 1}, {$inc: {age: 1}})\n   * Returns user model with updated age\n   */\n  public static async atomic<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    operations: UpdateOperations,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return performAtomic(this, filter, operations);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform an atomic update for the given id\n   */\n  public static async update<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    id: string | number,\n    data: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return updateById(this, id, data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find one and update multiple records that matches the provided filter and return the updated record\n   * @param filter - Filter conditions\n   * @param update - Update operations ($set, $unset, $inc)\n   * @returns The updated records\n   */\n  public static async findAndUpdate<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    update: UpdateOperations,\n  ): Promise<TModel[]> {\n    return findAndUpdateRecords(this, filter, update);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find one and update a single record that matches the provided filter and return the updated record\n   * @param filter - Filter conditions\n   * @param update - Update operations ($set, $unset, $inc)\n   * @returns The updated record or null\n   */\n  public static async findOneAndUpdate<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    update: UpdateOperations,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findOneAndUpdateRecord(this, filter, update);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find and replace the entire document that matches the provided filter and return the replaced document\n   */\n  public static async findAndReplace<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    document: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findAndReplaceRecord(this, filter, document);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Destroy (delete) the current model instance from the database.\n   *\n   * Emits lifecycle events:\n   * - `deleting` - Before deletion\n   * - `deleted` - After successful deletion\n   *\n   * @param options - Destroy options (strategy override, skipEvents)\n   * @throws {Error} If the model is new (not saved) or if deletion fails\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.find(1);\n   * await user.destroy(); // Uses default strategy\n   * await user.destroy({ strategy: \"permanent\" }); // Override strategy\n   * await user.destroy({ skipEvents: true }); // Silent delete\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async destroy(options?: {\n    strategy?: DeleteStrategy;\n    skipEvents?: boolean;\n  }): Promise<RemoverResult> {\n    return destroyModel(this, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Attach one or more related records to a `belongsToMany` pivot table.\n   *\n   * Thin wrapper over `createPivotOperations(this, relation).attach(ids, pivotData)`.\n   * Throws if the named relation is not a `belongsToMany` relation.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await post.attach(\"tags\", [1, 2, 3]);\n   * await post.attach(\"tags\", [4], { addedBy: currentUserId });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async attach(relation: string, ids: PivotIds, pivotData?: PivotData): Promise<void> {\n    return attachPivotRelation(this, relation, ids, pivotData);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Detach related records from a `belongsToMany` pivot table. Omit `ids`\n   * to detach every row for this side of the relation.\n   *\n   * Thin wrapper over `createPivotOperations(this, relation).detach(ids)`.\n   * Throws if the named relation is not a `belongsToMany` relation.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await post.detach(\"tags\", [2]);\n   * await post.detach(\"tags\"); // detach all\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async detach(relation: string, ids?: PivotIds): Promise<void> {\n    return detachPivotRelation(this, relation, ids);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get the pivot-operations handle for a `belongsToMany` relation.\n   *\n   * Returns a `PivotOperations` object exposing `attach` / `detach` /\n   * `sync` / `toggle` for the named relation's pivot table. Routing every\n   * pivot mutation through `model.pivot(relation)` keeps the join-table\n   * `sync` distinct from `Model.sync(Target, field)` (the denormalization\n   * feature). Throws if the named relation is not a `belongsToMany` relation.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await post.pivot(\"tags\").attach([1, 2, 3]);\n   * await post.pivot(\"tags\").sync([1, 3, 5]);   // replace the whole set\n   * await post.pivot(\"tags\").toggle([1, 7]);    // flip each\n   * ```\n   */\n  public pivot(relation: string): PivotOperations {\n    return pivotRelation(this, relation);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get the class constructor from an instance.\n   *\n   * This helper method allows instance methods to access static properties\n   * and methods of the model class in a type-safe way.\n   *\n   * @returns The model class constructor\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const constructor = this.self();\n   * const table = constructor.table;\n   * await constructor.deleteOne({ id: 1 });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public self<TModel extends Model = this>(): ChildModel<TModel> {\n    return this.constructor as any as ChildModel<TModel>;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Creates an immutable clone of the model with its current state.\n   *\n   * The cloned model:\n   * - Contains a deep copy of all current data\n   * - Has frozen (immutable) data that cannot be modified\n   * - Preserves the `isNew` flag from the original\n   * - Has no dirty changes (clean state)\n   * - Cannot be saved or modified\n   *\n   * This is useful for:\n   * - Creating snapshots of model state\n   * - Passing read-only model data to other parts of the application\n   * - Preventing accidental mutations\n   * - Maintaining historical records\n   *\n   * @returns A new immutable model instance with the current state\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\", email: \"alice@example.com\" });\n   * await user.save();\n   *\n   * // Create an immutable snapshot\n   * const snapshot = user.clone();\n   *\n   * // This will throw an error because the clone is immutable\n   * snapshot.set(\"name\", \"Bob\"); // TypeError: Cannot assign to read only property\n   *\n   * // Original can still be modified\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\");\n   * await user.save();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public clone(): this {\n    return cloneModel(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Recursively freezes an object and all its nested properties.\n   *\n   * @param obj - The object to freeze\n   * @returns The frozen object\n   */\n  public deepFreeze<T>(obj: T): T {\n    return deepFreezeObject(obj);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get table name\n   */\n  public getTableName(): string {\n    return this.self().table;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get primary key name\n   */\n  public getPrimaryKey(): string {\n    return this.self().primaryKey;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get model schema\n   */\n  public getSchema() {\n    return this.self().schema;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if schema has the given key\n   */\n  public schemaHas(key: string): boolean {\n    return this.self().schema?.schema[key] !== undefined;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get strict mode\n   */\n  public getStrictMode(): StrictMode {\n    return this.self().strictMode;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get data source (Connection)\n   */\n  public getConnection(): DataSource {\n    return this.self().getDataSource();\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Delete all matching documents from the table.\n   */\n  public static async delete<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return deleteRecords(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Delete a single matching document from the table.\n   */\n  public static async deleteOne<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return deleteOneRecord(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Restore a single deleted record by its ID.\n   *\n   * Automatically detects whether the record was deleted via \"trash\" or \"soft\" strategy.\n   * Handles ID conflicts based on options.\n   *\n   * @param id - The primary key value of the record to restore\n   * @param options - Restorer options (onIdConflict, skipEvents)\n   * @returns The restored model instance\n   *\n   * @throws {Error} If record not found in trash or soft-deleted records\n   * @throws {Error} If ID conflict and onIdConflict is \"fail\"\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Restore with default options (assign new ID if conflict)\n   * const user = await User.restore(123);\n   *\n   * // Restore and fail if ID conflict\n   * const user = await User.restore(123, { onIdConflict: \"fail\" });\n   *\n   * // Silent restore (skip events)\n   * const user = await User.restore(123, { skipEvents: true });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async restore<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    id: string | number,\n    options?: {\n      onIdConflict?: \"fail\" | \"assignNew\";\n      skipEvents?: boolean;\n    },\n  ): Promise<TModel> {\n    return restoreRecord(this, id, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Restore all deleted records for the model's table.\n   *\n   * Restores all records from the trash table (if using trash strategy)\n   * or all soft-deleted records (if using soft strategy).\n   *\n   * @param options - Restorer options (onIdConflict, skipEvents)\n   * @returns Array of restored model instances\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Restore all with default options\n   * const users = await User.restoreAll();\n   *\n   * // Restore all and fail on any ID conflict\n   * const users = await User.restoreAll({ onIdConflict: \"fail\" });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async restoreAll<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    options?: {\n      onIdConflict?: \"fail\" | \"assignNew\";\n      skipEvents?: boolean;\n    },\n  ): Promise<TModel[]> {\n    return restoreAllRecords(this, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create a new record in database and return the model instance.\n   *\n   * The data type is automatically inferred from the model's schema type.\n   *\n   * @param data - Partial data matching the model's schema type\n   * @returns The created model instance\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // TypeScript automatically infers UserSchema from User model\n   * const user = await User.create({\n   *   name: \"Alice\",\n   *   email: \"alice@example.com\",\n   *   age: 30\n   * });\n   * // Type: User (with UserSchema inferred)\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async create<\n    TModel extends Model = Model,\n    TSchema extends ModelSchema = TModel extends Model<infer S> ? S : ModelSchema,\n  >(this: ChildModel<TModel>, data: Partial<TSchema>): Promise<TModel> {\n    return createRecord(this, data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create many records and return an array of created models.\n   *\n   * The work is always chunked into batches of `options.batchSize`\n   * (default 500) so a huge input array can't overwhelm the driver.\n   *\n   * **Default path** (no options, or `bulk` falsy): each row is persisted\n   * through `save()`, preserving model hooks, lifecycle events, casts and\n   * generated ids. Each chunk runs under a single `Promise.all`.\n   *\n   * **Bulk path** (`bulk: true`): each chunk is routed to the driver's native\n   * multi-row insert (`insertMany`) for 10–100× throughput. This SKIPS the\n   * per-row save lifecycle (no `saving` / `creating` / `created` / `saved`\n   * events, hooks, or sync). Casts, timestamps, defaults and id-generation are\n   * still applied (rows are prepped through the same writer pipeline) so the\n   * persisted columns match the default path.\n   *\n   * An empty array is a no-op that never touches the driver.\n   *\n   * @param data - The rows to insert.\n   * @param options - Chunking / bulk options.\n   * @returns The created model instances.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Default: per-row save(), chunked in batches of 500\n   * const users = await User.createMany(rows);\n   *\n   * // Bulk: one multi-row INSERT per 1000-row chunk (skips per-row hooks)\n   * const users = await User.createMany(rows, { bulk: true, batchSize: 1000 });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async createMany<\n    TModel extends Model = Model,\n    TSchema extends ModelSchema = TModel extends Model<infer S> ? S : ModelSchema,\n  >(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    data: Partial<TSchema>[],\n    options?: CreateManyOptions,\n  ): Promise<TModel[]> {\n    return createManyRecords(this, data, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find a record or create it if not found.\n   *\n   * Does NOT update existing records - returns them as-is.\n   * Useful when you want to ensure a record exists without modifying it.\n   *\n   * @param filter - Conditions to find by\n   * @param data - Data to create if not found (merged with filter)\n   * @returns Promise resolving to found or created model\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Ensure default admin exists (don't modify if exists)\n   * const admin = await User.findOrCreate(\n   *   { email: \"admin@example.com\" },\n   *   { email: \"admin@example.com\", name: \"Admin\", role: \"admin\" }\n   * );\n   * // If admin exists, returns existing (password unchanged)\n   * // If not found, creates new admin\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async findOrCreate<\n    TModel extends Model = Model,\n    TSchema extends ModelSchema = TModel extends Model<infer S> ? S : ModelSchema,\n  >(this: ChildModel<TModel>, filter: Partial<TSchema>, data: Partial<TSchema>): Promise<TModel> {\n    return findOrCreateRecord(this, filter, data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Upsert (insert or update) a record atomically.\n   *\n   * Uses the driver's native upsert operation for atomic insert-or-update.\n   * More efficient than updateOrCreate as it's a single database operation.\n   *\n   * Includes full Model features:\n   * - ID generation (if creating)\n   * - createdAt timestamp (if creating)\n   * - updatedAt timestamp (always)\n   * - Validation & casting\n   * - Lifecycle events\n   *\n   * @param filter - Conditions to find by (used for conflict detection)\n   * @param data - Data to update or create (merged with filter)\n   * @param options - Upsert options (conflictColumns for PostgreSQL, etc.)\n   * @returns Promise resolving to upserted model\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // PostgreSQL: upsert on unique email\n   * const user = await User.upsert(\n   *   { email: \"user@example.com\" },\n   *   {\n   *     email: \"user@example.com\",\n   *     name: \"John Updated\",\n   *     lastSyncedAt: new Date()\n   *   },\n   *   { conflictColumns: [\"email\"] }\n   * );\n   *\n   * // MongoDB: upsert by filter\n   * const user = await User.upsert(\n   *   { externalId: \"ext-123\" },\n   *   {\n   *     externalId: \"ext-123\",\n   *     name: \"John Updated\",\n   *     email: \"john.new@example.com\"\n   *   }\n   * );\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async upsert<\n    TModel extends Model = Model,\n    TSchema extends ModelSchema = TModel extends Model<infer S> ? S : ModelSchema,\n  >(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Partial<TSchema>,\n    data: Partial<TSchema>,\n    options?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel> {\n    return upsertRecord(this, filter, data, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Update a record or create it if not found (upsert).\n   *\n   * @deprecated Use `upsert()` instead for better performance and atomicity.\n   * This method is kept for backward compatibility but uses upsert internally.\n   *\n   * @param filter - Conditions to find by\n   * @param data - Data to update or create (merged with filter)\n   * @returns Promise resolving to updated or created model\n   */\n  public static async updateOrCreate<\n    TModel extends Model = Model,\n    TSchema extends ModelSchema = TModel extends Model<infer S> ? S : ModelSchema,\n  >(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Partial<TSchema>,\n    data: Partial<TSchema>,\n    options?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel> {\n    // Use upsert internally for better performance\n    return await (this as any).upsert(filter, data, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find one and delete a record that matches the filter and return the deleted record.\n   *\n   * @param filter - Filter conditions\n   * @param options - Optional delete options\n   * @returns The deleted model instance or null if not found\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const deleted = await User.findOneAndDelete({ id: 1 });\n   * if (deleted) {\n   *   console.log('Deleted user:', deleted.get('name'));\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async findOneAndDelete<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    options?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findOneAndDeleteRecord(this, filter, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns embedded data for sync operations.\n   * Excludes internal MongoDB fields and ensures proper date serialization.\n   *\n   * @returns Embedded data object suitable for syncing\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.find(1);\n   * const embedData = user.embedData;\n   * // Returns: { id: 1, name: \"Alice\", email: \"alice@example.com\", ... }\n   * // Excludes: _id\n   * ```\n   */\n  public get embedData(): Record<string, unknown> {\n    return this.self().embed ? this.only(this.self().embed as any) : this.data;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Tear down framework-level registrations attached to this Model class.\n   *\n   * Called by Warlock's HMR machinery when a model file (or any file in its\n   * dependency graph) is reloaded. Removes the event listeners and registry\n   * entries the Model installed at module-load time so the reloaded class\n   * does not double-register.\n   *\n   * The `$` prefix marks this as framework-internal — application code should\n   * not call this. It is part of the public surface only because the HMR\n   * system needs to invoke it from outside the Model class.\n   *\n   * @internal\n   */\n  public static $cleanup() {\n    cleanupModelEvents(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Accesses the event emitter dedicated to this model constructor.\n   *\n   * Each model subclass gets its own isolated event emitter, allowing you to\n   * register lifecycle hooks that only apply to that specific model.\n   *\n   * @returns The ModelEvents instance for this model constructor\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * User.events().onSaving((user) => {\n   *   console.log(\"User is being saved:\", user);\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static events<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n  ): ModelEvents<TModel> {\n    return getModelEvents<TModel>(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Registers an event listener for this model constructor.\n   *\n   * Convenience shorthand for `Model.events().on(...)`.\n   *\n   * @param event - The event name (e.g., \"saving\", \"created\")\n   * @param listener - The callback to invoke when the event fires\n   * @returns An unsubscribe function\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const unsubscribe = User.on(\"saving\", (user) => {\n   *   console.log(\"Saving user:\", user);\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static on<TModel extends Model = Model, TContext = unknown>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<TModel, TContext>,\n  ): () => void {\n    return onStaticEvent<TModel, TContext>(this, event, listener);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Registers a one-time event listener for this model constructor.\n   *\n   * The listener will automatically unsubscribe after its first invocation.\n   * Convenience shorthand for `Model.events().once(...)`.\n   *\n   * @param event - The event name (e.g., \"saving\", \"created\")\n   * @param listener - The callback to invoke when the event fires\n   * @returns An unsubscribe function\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * User.once(\"created\", (user) => {\n   *   console.log(\"First user created:\", user);\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static once<TModel extends Model = Model, TContext = unknown>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<TModel, TContext>,\n  ): () => void {\n    return onceStaticEvent<TModel, TContext>(this, event, listener);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Removes an event listener from this model constructor.\n   *\n   * Convenience shorthand for `Model.events().off(...)`.\n   *\n   * @param event - The event name\n   * @param listener - The callback to remove\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const listener = (user) => console.log(user);\n   * User.on(\"saving\", listener);\n   * User.off(\"saving\", listener);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static off<TModel extends Model = Model, TContext = unknown>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<TModel, TContext>,\n  ): void {\n    offStaticEvent<TModel, TContext>(this, event, listener);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Accesses the global event emitter shared by all model instances.\n   *\n   * Use this for cross-cutting concerns like auditing, logging, or injecting\n   * common fields (e.g., `createdBy`, `updatedBy`) across all models.\n   *\n   * @returns The global ModelEvents instance\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * Model.globalEvents().onSaving((model) => {\n   *   model.set(\"updatedAt\", new Date());\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static globalEvents(): ModelEvents<Model> {\n    return getGlobalEvents();\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Replace the model's data entirely.\n   *\n   * Used internally by the writer after validation to update the model\n   * with validated/casted data.\n   *\n   * **Warning:** This replaces all data and updates the dirty tracker.\n   * Use with caution in application code.\n   *\n   * @param data - New data to replace current data\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Internal usage by writer\n   * model.replaceData(validatedData);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public replaceData(data: Record<string, unknown>): void {\n    replaceModelData(this, data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Save the model to the database.\n   *\n   * Performs insert if `isNew === true`, otherwise performs update.\n   * Automatically validates, casts, generates IDs, and emits lifecycle events.\n   *\n   * **Features:**\n   * - Validation via @warlock.js/seal schema\n   * - Data casting (string → number, etc.)\n   * - ID generation (NoSQL only)\n   * - Partial updates (only changed fields)\n   * - Lifecycle events (validating, saving, created/updated, saved)\n   *\n   * @param data - Optional data to merge before saving\n   * @param options - Save options\n   * @returns The model instance for method chaining\n   *\n   * @throws {ValidationError} If validation fails\n   * @throws {Error} If database operation fails\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Simple save\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\" });\n   * await user.save();\n   *\n   * // Merge data before saving\n   * await user.save({ age: 31, email: \"alice@example.com\" });\n   *\n   * // Silent save (no events)\n   * await user.save(null, { skipEvents: true });\n   *\n   * // Skip validation\n   * await user.save(null, { skipValidation: true });\n   *\n   * // Method chaining\n   * await user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\").save();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async save(options?: WriterOptions & { merge?: Partial<TSchema> }): Promise<this> {\n    return saveModel(this as any, options) as Promise<this>;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Serialize the model data for storage in the database.\n   *\n   * Uses the driver's `serialize` to apply driver-specific type transformations\n   * (e.g. Date → ISO string, BigInt → string for Postgres).\n   *\n   * **Not** the same as `toSnapshot` — this is a DB write concern, not a cache concern.\n   */\n  public serialize() {\n    return serializeModel(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Produce a plain-object snapshot of this model suitable for cache storage.\n   *\n   * - `data`: The model's own fields, serialized via the driver (handles Dates, BigInt, ObjectId).\n   * - `relations`: Each entry in `loadedRelations` recursively snapshotted via `toSnapshot`.\n   *   A relation that was loaded but resolved to `null` is stored as `null` (not omitted),\n   *   so that `fromSnapshot` can distinguish \"loaded + null\" from \"never loaded\".\n   *\n   * Use `Model.fromSnapshot(snapshot)` to reconstruct.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await cache.set(key, chat.toSnapshot());\n   * ```\n   */\n  public toSnapshot(): ModelSnapshot {\n    return modelToSnapshot(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Reconstruct a model instance (with relations) from a cache snapshot.\n   *\n   * Counterpart to `toSnapshot`. Applies driver deserialization (e.g. ISO string → Date)\n   * and recursively hydrates any nested relation snapshots via `RelationHydrator`.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const snapshot = await cache.get(key);\n   * const chat = Chat.fromSnapshot(snapshot);\n   * chat.unit; // Unit model instance, fully hydrated\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static fromSnapshot<TModel extends Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    snapshot: ModelSnapshot,\n  ): TModel {\n    return modelFromSnapshot(this, snapshot);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create a model instance from raw data (no relations).\n   *\n   * This is the data-only hydration path, used by the query builder when\n   * converting a raw DB row into a model instance. Relations are NOT restored\n   * here — use `fromSnapshot` when restoring from a cache snapshot that\n   * includes relation data.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Query builder internals:\n   * const user = User.hydrate(rawRow);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static hydrate<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    data: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): TModel {\n    return hydrateModel(this, data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Convert the model into JSON\n   */\n  public toJSON() {\n    return modelToJSON(this);\n  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+{"version":3,"file":"model.mjs","names":[],"sources":["../../../../../../../cascade/src/model/model.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import { type GenericObject } from \"@mongez/reinforcements\";\nimport type { ObjectValidator } from \"@warlock.js/seal\";\nimport type {\n  DriverContract,\n  PaginationOptions,\n  PaginationResult,\n  RawQueryResult,\n  RemoverResult,\n  UpdateOperations,\n  WriterOptions,\n} from \"../contracts\";\nimport { QueryBuilderContract, WhereCallback, WhereObject, WhereOperator } from \"../contracts\";\nimport type { DataSource } from \"../data-source/data-source\";\nimport { DatabaseDirtyTracker } from \"../database-dirty-tracker\";\nimport type { ModelEventListener, ModelEventName } from \"../events/model-events\";\nimport { ModelEvents } from \"../events/model-events\";\nimport type { PivotOperations } from \"../relations/pivot-operations\";\nimport type { ModelSnapshot } from \"../relations/relation-hydrator\";\nimport { attachLoadedRelation, RelationLoader } from \"../relations/relation-loader\";\nimport type {\n  LoadedRelationResult,\n  PivotData,\n  PivotIds,\n  RelationDefinition,\n} from \"../relations/types\";\nimport { modelSync } from \"../sync/model-sync\";\nimport type { ModelSyncOperationContract } from \"../sync/types\";\nimport type { DeleteStrategy, StrictMode } from \"../types\";\nimport {\n  decrementField,\n  getBooleanField,\n  getFieldValue,\n  getNumberField,\n  getOnlyFields,\n  getStringField,\n  hasField,\n  incrementField,\n  mergeFields,\n  setFieldValue,\n  unsetFields,\n} from \"./methods/accessor-methods\";\nimport { deleteOneRecord, deleteRecords, destroyModel } from \"./methods/delete-methods\";\nimport {\n  checkHasChanges,\n  checkIsDirty,\n  getDirtyColumns,\n  getDirtyColumnsWithValues,\n  getRemovedColumns,\n} from \"./methods/dirty-methods\";\nimport {\n  cloneModel,\n  deepFreezeObject,\n  hydrateModel,\n  modelFromSnapshot,\n  modelToSnapshot,\n  replaceModelData,\n  serializeModel,\n} from \"./methods/hydration-methods\";\nimport {\n  emitModelEvent,\n  offModelEvent,\n  onceModelEvent,\n  onModelEvent,\n} from \"./methods/instance-event-methods\";\nimport {\n  applyDefaultsToModel,\n  generateModelNextId,\n  performAtomicDecrement,\n  performAtomicIncrement,\n  performAtomicUpdate,\n} from \"./methods/meta-methods\";\nimport { attachPivotRelation, detachPivotRelation, pivotRelation } from \"./methods/pivot-methods\";\nimport {\n  buildNewQueryBuilder,\n  buildQuery,\n  countRecords,\n  decreaseField,\n  findAll,\n  findAndReplaceRecord,\n  findAndUpdateRecords,\n  findById,\n  findFirst,\n  findLast,\n  findLatest,\n  findOneAndDeleteRecord,\n  findOneAndUpdateRecord,\n  increaseField,\n  paginateRecords,\n  performAtomic,\n  resolveDataSource,\n  updateById,\n} from \"./methods/query-methods\";\nimport { restoreAllRecords, restoreRecord } from \"./methods/restore-methods\";\nimport {\n  addGlobalModelScope,\n  addLocalModelScope,\n  removeGlobalModelScope,\n  removeLocalModelScope,\n} from \"./methods/scope-methods\";\nimport { modelToJSON } from \"./methods/serialization-methods\";\nimport {\n  cleanupModelEvents,\n  getGlobalEvents,\n  getModelEvents,\n  offStaticEvent,\n  onceStaticEvent,\n  onStaticEvent,\n} from \"./methods/static-event-methods\";\nimport {\n  type CreateManyOptions,\n  createManyRecords,\n  createRecord,\n  findOrCreateRecord,\n  saveModel,\n  upsertRecord,\n} from \"./methods/write-methods\";\nimport type {\n  ChildModel,\n  GlobalScopeDefinition,\n  GlobalScopeOptions,\n  LocalScopeCallback,\n  ModelSchema,\n} from \"./model.types\";\nimport { getAllModelsFromRegistry, getModelFromRegistry } from \"./register-model\";\nexport type {\n  ChildModel,\n  GlobalScopeDefinition,\n  GlobalScopeOptions,\n  LocalScopeCallback,\n  ModelSchema,\n  ScopeTiming,\n} from \"./model.types\";\n\n/**\n * Base class that powers all Cascade models.\n *\n * Provides:\n * - Type-safe value accessors with dot-notation support (get, set, has, unset, merge)\n * - Automatic dirty tracking for efficient partial updates\n * - Lifecycle event hooks (saving, created, deleting, etc.)\n * - Integration with the data-source registry for multi-database support\n * - Support for both per-model and global event listeners\n *\n * @template TSchema - The shape of the model's underlying data\n *\n * @example\n * ```typescript\n * interface UserSchema {\n *   id: number;\n *   name: string;\n *   email: string;\n * }\n *\n * class User extends Model<UserSchema> {\n *   public static table = \"users\";\n * }\n *\n * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\" });\n * user.set(\"email\", \"alice@example.com\");\n * console.log(user.hasChanges()); // true\n * ```\n */\nexport abstract class Model<TSchema extends ModelSchema = ModelSchema> {\n  /**\n   * The database table or collection name associated with this model.\n   *\n   * Must be defined by each concrete model subclass.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static table = \"users\";\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static table: string;\n\n  /**\n   * Resource for this model.\n   * It is a class that holds a toJSON function\n   * Called when the model is being converted to JSON (by calling toJSON or JSON.stringify(model))\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static resource = UserResource;\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static resource?: any;\n\n  /**\n   * Resource columns\n   * Define what columns should be sent to the resource (if any) when converting to JSON\n   */\n  public static resourceColumns?: string[];\n\n  /**\n   * JSON keys for this model.\n   * This could be used if resource is not passed\n   * It will select only these keys from the model\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static toJsonColumns = [\"id\", \"name\"];\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static toJsonColumns?: string[];\n\n  /**\n   * Top-level fields that are ALWAYS stripped from `toJSON()` output —\n   * regardless of `resource`, `resourceColumns` or `toJsonColumns`.\n   *\n   * `toJSON()` is invoked implicitly by `JSON.stringify(model)` (e.g.\n   * `res.json(user)`), and with no `resource`/`toJsonColumns` configured it\n   * returns the entire raw document. Declare credential/PII columns here so\n   * they can never leak through serialization, whatever else is configured.\n   *\n   * @default []\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static hidden = [\"password\", \"resetToken\"];\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static hidden: string[] = [];\n\n  /**\n   * Data source reference for this model.\n   *\n   * Can be:\n   * - A string name registered in the data-source registry\n   * - A DataSource instance\n   * - Undefined (falls back to the default data source)\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static dataSource = \"primary\";\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static dataSource?: string | DataSource;\n\n  /**\n   * Query builder class\n   */\n  public static builder?: new (...args: any[]) => QueryBuilderContract<Model>;\n\n  /**\n   * Primary key field name used to identify records.\n   *\n   * @default \"id\"\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static primaryKey = \"_id\"; // MongoDB\n   * }\n   *\n   * class Product extends Model {\n   *   public static primaryKey = \"id\"; // SQL\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static primaryKey: string = \"id\";\n\n  /**\n   * Embeded fields when document is Being embeded\n   */\n  public static embed?: string[];\n\n  /**\n   * Validation and casting schema using @warlock.js/seal.\n   *\n   * Defines validation rules and data transformations for the model.\n   * Used automatically during save operations.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * import { v } from \"@warlock.js/seal\";\n   *\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static schema = v.object({\n   *     name: v.string().required().trim(),\n   *     age: v.number().min(0).max(120),\n   *     email: v.string().email().required().toLowerCase(),\n   *     createdAt: v.date().default(() => new Date()),\n   *   });\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static schema?: ObjectValidator;\n\n  /**\n   * Strict mode behavior for unknown fields.\n   *\n   * - `\"strip\"`: Remove unknown fields silently (default, recommended for APIs)\n   * - `\"fail\"`: Throw validation error on unknown fields (strict validation)\n   * - `\"allow\"`: Allow unknown fields to pass through (permissive)\n   *\n   * @default \"strip\"\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * import { Model, type StrictMode } from \"@warlock.js/cascade\";\n   *\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static strictMode: StrictMode = \"fail\"; // Throw on unknown fields\n   * }\n   *\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\", unknownField: \"value\" });\n   * await user.save(); // DatabaseWriterValidationError: unknown field\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static strictMode: StrictMode = \"strip\";\n\n  /**\n   * Auto-generate incremental `id` field on insert (NoSQL only).\n   *\n   * When enabled, the ID generator creates a sequential integer ID\n   * separate from the database's native ID (_id for MongoDB).\n   *\n   * **Note:** SQL databases use native AUTO_INCREMENT and don't need this.\n   *\n   * @default true\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static autoGenerateId = true;\n   * }\n   *\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\" });\n   * await user.save();\n   * console.log(user.get(\"_id\")); // ObjectId(\"...\") - MongoDB\n   * console.log(user.get(\"id\")); // 1 - Generated\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static autoGenerateId = true;\n\n  /**\n   * Initial ID value for the first record.\n   *\n   * If not set, defaults to 1 or uses `randomInitialId`.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static initialId = 1000; // Start from 1000\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static initialId?: number;\n\n  /**\n   * Randomly generate the initial ID.\n   *\n   * Can be:\n   * - `true`: Generate random ID between 10000-499999\n   * - Function: Custom random ID generator\n   * - `false`: Use `initialId` or default to 1\n   *\n   * @default false\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static randomInitialId = true; // Random 10000-499999\n   * }\n   *\n   * class Product extends Model {\n   *   public static randomInitialId = () => Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000000);\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static randomInitialId?: boolean | (() => number);\n\n  /**\n   * Amount to increment ID by for each new record.\n   *\n   * If not set, defaults to 1 or uses `randomIncrement`.\n   *\n   * @default 1\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static incrementIdBy = 5; // Increment by 5\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static incrementIdBy?: number = 1;\n\n  /**\n   * Randomly generate the increment amount.\n   *\n   * Can be:\n   * - `true`: Generate random increment between 1-10\n   * - Function: Custom random increment generator\n   * - `false`: Use `incrementIdBy` or default to 1\n   *\n   * @default false\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static randomIncrement = true; // Random 1-10\n   * }\n   *\n   * class Product extends Model {\n   *   public static randomIncrement = () => Math.floor(Math.random() * 100);\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static randomIncrement?: boolean | (() => number);\n\n  /**\n   * Created at column name.\n   */\n  public static createdAtColumn?: string | false;\n\n  /**\n   * Updated at column name.\n   */\n  public static updatedAtColumn?: string | false;\n\n  /**\n   * Delete strategy for this model.\n   *\n   * Controls how models are deleted:\n   * - `\"trash\"` - Moves to trash collection, then deletes\n   * - `\"permanent\"` - Direct deletion (hard delete)\n   * - `\"soft\"` - Sets deletedAt timestamp (soft delete)\n   *\n   * Can be overridden by destroy() options.\n   * Falls back to data source default if not set.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static deleteStrategy: DeleteStrategy = \"soft\";\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static deleteStrategy?: DeleteStrategy;\n\n  /**\n   * Column name for soft delete timestamp.\n   *\n   * Used when delete strategy is \"soft\".\n   *\n   * @default \"deletedAt\"\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static deletedAtColumn = \"archivedAt\";\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static deletedAtColumn: string | false = \"deletedAt\";\n\n  /**\n   * Trash table/collection name override.\n   *\n   * If not set, defaults to `{table}Trash` or data source default.\n   * Used when delete strategy is \"trash\".\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static trashTable = \"userRecycleBin\";\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static trashTable?: string;\n\n  /**\n   * Global scopes that are automatically applied to all queries.\n   * These scopes are inherited by child models.\n   *\n   * Registration via `addGlobalScope` is per-subclass: the registering class\n   * gets its own map (seeded with the entries inherited so far), so a scope\n   * added on one model never leaks onto sibling models.\n   */\n  public static globalScopes = new Map<string, GlobalScopeDefinition>();\n\n  /**\n   * Local scopes that can be manually applied to queries.\n   * These are reusable query snippets that developers opt into.\n   *\n   * Registration via `addLocalScope` is per-subclass, like `globalScopes`.\n   */\n  public static localScopes = new Map<string, LocalScopeCallback>();\n\n  /**\n   * Relation definitions for this model.\n   *\n   * Define relationships to other models using helper functions:\n   * - `hasMany()` - One-to-many (User has many Posts)\n   * - `hasOne()` - One-to-one (User has one Profile)\n   * - `belongsTo()` - Inverse of hasMany/hasOne (Post belongs to User)\n   * - `belongsToMany()` - Many-to-many with pivot table (User has many Roles)\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * import { hasMany, belongsTo, belongsToMany, hasOne } from \"@warlock.js/cascade\";\n   *\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public posts?: Post[];  // Optional: for TypeScript autocomplete\n   *\n   *   static relations = {\n   *     posts: hasMany(\"Post\"),\n   *     profile: hasOne(\"Profile\"),\n   *     organization: belongsTo(\"Organization\"),\n   *     roles: belongsToMany(\"Role\", { pivot: \"user_roles\" }),\n   *   };\n   * }\n   *\n   * // Usage:\n   * const users = await User.query().with(\"posts\").get();\n   * console.log(users[0].posts); // Post[]\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static relations: Readonly<Record<string, RelationDefinition>> = {};\n\n  /** Backing field for {@link isNew}. */\n  private newRecord = true;\n\n  /**\n   * The primary key value captured at the moment this instance became a\n   * persisted record — the ONLY value an UPDATE/REPLACE filter may be built\n   * from. See {@link trustedPrimaryKey}.\n   */\n  private capturedPrimaryKey: unknown = undefined;\n\n  /** Whether {@link capturedPrimaryKey} holds a captured value. */\n  private primaryKeyCaptured = false;\n\n  /**\n   * Flag indicating whether this model instance represents a new (unsaved) record.\n   *\n   * - `true`: The model has not been persisted to the database yet\n   * - `false`: The model represents an existing database record\n   *\n   * This flag is used by the writer to determine whether to perform an insert or update.\n   *\n   * Setting it to `false` (hydration from the database, or the writer marking a\n   * freshly inserted row as persisted) is also the moment the instance captures\n   * its trusted primary key — see {@link trustedPrimaryKey}.\n   */\n  public get isNew(): boolean {\n    return this.newRecord;\n  }\n\n  public set isNew(value: boolean) {\n    this.newRecord = value;\n\n    if (value) {\n      // Back to \"unsaved\": there is no persisted row to be pinned to anymore.\n      this.capturedPrimaryKey = undefined;\n      this.primaryKeyCaptured = false;\n      return;\n    }\n\n    this.capturedPrimaryKey = this.get(this.self().primaryKey);\n    this.primaryKeyCaptured = true;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The primary key value an UPDATE/REPLACE filter must be built from.\n   *\n   * For a persisted record this is the value the row was loaded with, captured\n   * when `isNew` flipped to `false` — NOT the current value in `data`. Deriving\n   * the filter from post-`merge()` state let a request body carrying\n   * `{ id: \"<victim-id>\" }` redirect the write to a different document\n   * (`model.merge(req.body); await model.save()`), so the two must never be the\n   * same read. For a model that was never persisted it falls back to the\n   * current value, which is what an insert would use anyway.\n   */\n  public get trustedPrimaryKey(): any {\n    return this.primaryKeyCaptured\n      ? this.capturedPrimaryKey\n      : this.get(this.self().primaryKey);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * The raw mutable data backing this model instance.\n   *\n   * All field accessors (get, set, merge, etc.) operate on this object.\n   */\n  public data: TSchema;\n\n  /**\n   * Dirty tracker that monitors changes to the model's data.\n   *\n   * Tracks:\n   * - Which fields have been modified (dirty columns)\n   * - Which fields have been removed\n   * - Original vs. current values for each dirty field\n   *\n   * Used by the writer to generate efficient partial update payloads.\n   */\n  public readonly dirtyTracker: DatabaseDirtyTracker;\n\n  /**\n   * Model instance events.\n   * Allows registering listeners for lifecycle events on this specific instance.\n   */\n  public events: ModelEvents<any> = new ModelEvents();\n\n  /**\n   * Map of loaded relations for this model instance.\n   *\n   * Populated automatically when using `with()` for eager loading,\n   * or when calling `load()` for lazy loading.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.query().with(\"posts\").first();\n   * console.log(user.loadedRelations.get(\"posts\")); // Post[]\n   *\n   * // Also accessible as direct properties:\n   * console.log(user.posts); // Post[]\\n   * ```\n   */\n  public loadedRelations: Map<string, any> = new Map();\n\n  /**\n   * Column name for active status.\n   */\n  protected isActiveColumn = \"isActive\";\n\n  /**\n   * Constructs a new model instance with optional initial data.\n   *\n   * Initializes the dirty tracker with a snapshot of the provided data.\n   *\n   * @param initialData - Partial data to populate the model\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\", email: \"alice@example.com\" });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public constructor(initialData: Partial<TSchema> = {}) {\n    this.data = initialData as TSchema;\n    this.dirtyTracker = this.self().getDriver().getDirtyTracker(this.data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Lazily load one or more relations for this model instance.\n   *\n   * This method loads relations on-demand after the model has been fetched.\n   * The loaded relations are attached directly to the model instance and\n   * also stored in `loadedRelations` map.\n   *\n   * @param relations - Relation name(s) to load\n   * @returns This model instance for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.first();\n   *\n   * // Load single relation\n   * await user.load(\"posts\");\n   * console.log(user.posts); // Post[]\n   *\n   * // Load multiple relations\n   * await user.load(\"posts\", \"organization\");\n   *\n   * // Chain with other operations\n   * const posts = await user.load(\"posts\").then(() => user.posts);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async load(...relations: string[]): Promise<this> {\n    const ModelClass = this.constructor as ChildModel<Model>;\n    const loader = new RelationLoader([this], ModelClass);\n    await loader.load(relations);\n    return this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if a relation has been loaded.\n   *\n   * @param relationName - Name of the relation to check\n   * @returns True if the relation has been loaded\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.first();\n   *\n   * console.log(user.isLoaded(\"posts\")); // false\n   * await user.load(\"posts\");\n   * console.log(user.isLoaded(\"posts\")); // true\n   * ```\n   */\n\n  public isLoaded(relationName: string): boolean {\n    return this.loadedRelations.has(relationName);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Set relation manually\n   *\n   * @param relationName\n   * @param relationData\n   */\n  public setRelation(relationName: string, relationData: LoadedRelationResult): void {\n    attachLoadedRelation(this, relationName, relationData);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a loaded relation by name.\n   *\n   * Returns undefined if the relation has not been loaded.\n   *\n   * @param relationName - Name of the relation to get\n   * @returns The loaded relation data, or undefined\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.query().with(\"posts\").first();\n   *\n   * const posts = user.getRelation<Post[]>(\"posts\");\n   * console.log(posts?.length);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public getRelation<TRelation = any>(relationName: string): TRelation | undefined {\n    return this.loadedRelations.get(relationName) as TRelation | undefined;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a model class by its name from the global registry.\n   *\n   * Models must be decorated with @RegisterModel() to be available in the registry.\n   *\n   * @param name - The model class name\n   * @returns The model class or undefined if not found\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const UserModel = Model.getModel(\"User\");\n   * if (UserModel) {\n   *   const user = await UserModel.find(1);\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static getModel(name: string) {\n    return getModelFromRegistry(name);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get all registered models from the global registry.\n   *\n   * Only models decorated with @RegisterModel() will appear here.\n   *\n   * @returns A Map of all registered model classes by name\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const allModels = Model.getAllModels();\n   * for (const [name, ModelClass] of allModels) {\n   *   console.log(`Found model: ${name} with table: ${ModelClass.table}`);\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static getAllModels() {\n    return getAllModelsFromRegistry();\n  }\n\n  // ============================================================================\n  // STATIC SYNC METHODS\n  // ============================================================================\n\n  /**\n   * Create a sync operation for a single embedded document.\n   *\n   * When this model is updated, the target model's field\n   * will be updated with the embedded data.\n   *\n   * @param TargetModel - Target model class that receives data\n   * @param targetField - Field path in target model\n   * @returns Sync operation for chaining configuration\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // When Category updates, update Product.category\n   * Category.sync(Product, \"category\");\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static sync<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    TargetModel: ChildModel<Model>,\n    targetField: string,\n  ): ModelSyncOperationContract {\n    return modelSync.sync(this, TargetModel, targetField);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create a sync operation for an array of embedded documents.\n   *\n   * When this model is updated, the corresponding element\n   * in the target model's array field will be updated.\n   *\n   * @param TargetModel - Target model class that receives data\n   * @param targetField - Array field path in target model\n   * @returns Sync operation for chaining configuration\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // When Tag updates, update Post.tags[i] where tags[i].id matches\n   * Tag.syncMany(Post, \"tags\").identifyBy(\"id\");\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static syncMany<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    TargetModel: ChildModel<Model>,\n    targetField: string,\n  ): ModelSyncOperationContract {\n    return modelSync.syncMany(this, TargetModel, targetField);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get model id\n   */\n  public get id(): number | string {\n    return this.get(\"id\");\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * String-typed accessor for the model's primary id.\n   *\n   * The underlying `id` field is `string | number` (MongoDB's ObjectId-as-string\n   * vs SQL's auto-increment integer), which forces consumers to write\n   * `string | number` everywhere they pass an id around. This getter narrows\n   * the contract to `string` so callers can write functions that accept a\n   * single id type without leaking the engine difference.\n   *\n   * The name `uuid` is historical — it does NOT validate or coerce the value\n   * to a UUID. It simply returns the id, typed as a string.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * function shareLink(modelId: string) { ... }\n   * shareLink(user.uuid); // works regardless of whether the underlying id is\n   *                      // a Mongo ObjectId string or a SQL integer\n   * ```\n   */\n  public get uuid(): string {\n    return this.get(\"id\");\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Retrieves a field value from the model's data.\n   *\n   * Supports both top-level keys and dot-notation paths for nested access.\n   *\n   * @param field - The field name or dot-notation path (e.g., \"address.city\")\n   * @param defaultValue - Value to return if the field is missing\n   * @returns The field value or the default value if not found\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.get(\"name\"); // \"Alice\"\n   * user.get(\"address.city\", \"Unknown\"); // \"Unknown\" if address.city is missing\n   * ```\n   */\n  public get<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(field: TKey): TSchema[TKey];\n  public get<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(\n    field: TKey,\n    defaultValue: TSchema[TKey],\n  ): TSchema[TKey];\n  public get<Type extends unknown = any>(field: string): Type;\n  public get<Type extends unknown = any>(field: string, defaultValue: Type): Type;\n  public get(field: string, defaultValue?: unknown): any {\n    return getFieldValue(this, field, defaultValue);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get only the values of the given fields\n   */\n  public only<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(fields: TKey[]): Record<TKey, TSchema[TKey]>;\n  public only(fields: string[]): Record<string, unknown>;\n  public only(fields: string[]): Record<string, unknown> {\n    return getOnlyFields(this, fields);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a string value\n   */\n  public string(key: string, defaultValue?: string): string | undefined {\n    return getStringField(this, key, defaultValue);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a number value\n   */\n  public number(key: string, defaultValue?: number): number | undefined {\n    return getNumberField(this, key, defaultValue);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get a boolean value\n   */\n  public boolean(key: string, defaultValue?: boolean): boolean | undefined {\n    return getBooleanField(this, key, defaultValue);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Sets a field value in the model's data and marks it as dirty.\n   *\n   * Supports both top-level keys and dot-notation paths for nested assignment.\n   * Automatically updates the dirty tracker to reflect the change.\n   *\n   * @param field - The field name or dot-notation path (e.g., \"address.city\")\n   * @param value - The value to assign\n   * @returns The model instance for method chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\").set(\"address.city\", \"NYC\");\n   * ```\n   */\n  public set<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(field: TKey, value: TSchema[TKey]): this;\n  public set(field: string, value: unknown): this;\n  public set(field: string, value: unknown): this {\n    return setFieldValue(this, field, value) as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Checks whether a field exists in the model's data.\n   *\n   * Supports both top-level keys and dot-notation paths.\n   *\n   * @param field - The field name or dot-notation path\n   * @returns `true` if the field exists, `false` otherwise\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.has(\"name\"); // true\n   * user.has(\"address.zipCode\"); // false\n   * ```\n   */\n  public has<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(field: TKey): boolean;\n  public has(field: string): boolean;\n  public has(field: string): boolean {\n    return hasField(this, field);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Increment the given field by the given amount\n   */\n  public increment<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(field: TKey, amount: number): this;\n  public increment(field: string, amount?: number): this;\n  public increment(field: string, amount?: number): this {\n    return incrementField(this, field, amount) as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Decrement the given field by the given amount\n   */\n  public decrement<TKey extends keyof TSchema & string>(field: TKey, amount: number): this;\n  public decrement(field: string, amount?: number): this;\n  public decrement(field: string, amount?: number): this {\n    return decrementField(this, field, amount) as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Removes one or more fields from the model's data and marks them as removed.\n   *\n   * Supports both top-level keys and dot-notation paths.\n   * Automatically updates the dirty tracker to reflect the removal.\n   *\n   * @param fields - One or more field names or dot-notation paths to remove\n   * @returns The model instance for method chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.unset(\"tempField\", \"address.oldZip\");\n   * ```\n   */\n  public unset(...fields: (keyof TSchema & string)[]): this;\n  public unset(...fields: string[]): this;\n  public unset(...fields: string[]): this {\n    return unsetFields(this, ...fields) as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Merges new values into the model's data and marks changed fields as dirty.\n   *\n   * Performs a deep merge, preserving existing nested structures.\n   * Automatically updates the dirty tracker to reflect all changes.\n   *\n   * @param values - Partial data to merge into the model\n   * @returns The model instance for method chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.merge({ name: \"Charlie\", address: { city: \"LA\" } });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public merge(values: Partial<TSchema>): this;\n  public merge(values: Record<string, unknown>): this;\n  public merge(values: Record<string, unknown>): this {\n    return mergeFields(this, values) as this;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform atomoic update from current model instance\n   * Please note that it would require the id to be existing in the current\n   * model instance\n   * @returns number of affected records\n   */\n  public async atomicUpdate(operations: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<number> {\n    return performAtomicUpdate(this, operations);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform atomic increment\n   * This would issue a query update and update the given field without\n   * saving the model\n   */\n  public async atomicIncrement<T extends keyof TSchema & string>(\n    field: T,\n    amount: number = 1,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return performAtomicIncrement(this, field, amount);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform atomic decrement\n   * This would issue a query update and update the given field without\n   * saving the model\n   */\n  public async atomicDecrement<T extends keyof TSchema & string>(\n    field: T,\n    amount: number = 1,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return performAtomicDecrement(this, field, amount);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Determine if current model is active\n   */\n  public get isActive(): boolean {\n    return this.get<boolean>(this.isActiveColumn);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get created at date\n   */\n  public get createdAt(): Date | undefined {\n    const createdAtColumn = this.self().createdAtColumn;\n\n    if (!createdAtColumn) return;\n\n    return this.get<Date>(createdAtColumn);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get updated at date\n   */\n  public get updatedAt(): Date | undefined {\n    const updatedAtColumn = this.self().updatedAtColumn;\n\n    if (!updatedAtColumn) return;\n\n    return this.get<Date>(updatedAtColumn);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if current model record is created by the given user model\n   */\n  public isCreatedBy(user: Model | GenericObject): boolean {\n    return this.get(`createdBy.id`) === user.id;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Checks whether the model's data has changed since instantiation or last reset.\n   *\n   * @returns `true` if any fields have been modified or removed, `false` otherwise\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\" });\n   * user.hasChanges(); // false\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\");\n   * user.hasChanges(); // true\n   * ```\n   */\n  public hasChanges(): boolean {\n    return checkHasChanges(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if the given column has been modified.\n   *\n   * @param column - The column name to check\n   * @returns `true` if the column has been modified, `false` otherwise\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\");\n   * user.isDirty(\"name\"); // true\n   * ```\n   */\n  public isDirty(column: string): boolean {\n    return checkIsDirty(this, column);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Retrieves all dirty columns with their old and new values.\n   *\n   * @returns A record mapping each dirty column to its previous and current value\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\");\n   * user.getDirtyColumnsWithValues();\n   * // { name: { oldValue: \"Alice\", newValue: \"Bob\" } }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public getDirtyColumnsWithValues(): Record<string, { oldValue: unknown; newValue: unknown }> {\n    return getDirtyColumnsWithValues(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Lists all columns that have been removed from the model's data.\n   *\n   * @returns An array of field names that were present initially but have been unset\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.unset(\"tempField\");\n   * user.getRemovedColumns(); // [\"tempField\"]\n   * ```\n   */\n  public getRemovedColumns(): string[] {\n    return getRemovedColumns(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Lists all columns that have been modified since instantiation or last reset.\n   *\n   * @returns An array of field names that have changed\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\");\n   * user.getDirtyColumns(); // [\"name\"]\n   * ```\n   */\n  public getDirtyColumns(): string[] {\n    return getDirtyColumns(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Emits a lifecycle event to both per-model and global listeners.\n   *\n   * This method is public so that external services (like the writer) can trigger\n   * lifecycle events when appropriate.\n   *\n   * @param event - The event name (e.g., \"saving\", \"created\", \"deleting\")\n   * @param context - Optional context data to pass to listeners\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await user.emitEvent(\"saving\");\n   * await user.emitEvent(\"validated\", { errors: [] });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async emitEvent<TContext = unknown>(\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    context?: TContext,\n  ): Promise<void> {\n    return emitModelEvent(this, event, context);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Register a listener for a model lifecycle event on this instance.\n   *\n   * @param event - Event name (e.g., \"saving\", \"updated\")\n   * @param listener - Callback function\n   * @returns Unsubscribe function\n   */\n  public on<TContext = unknown>(\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<this, TContext>,\n  ): () => void {\n    return onModelEvent(this, event, listener as any);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Register a one-time listener for a model lifecycle event on this instance.\n   *\n   * @param event - Event name\n   * @param listener - Callback function\n   * @returns Unsubscribe function\n   */\n  public once<TContext = unknown>(\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<this, TContext>,\n  ): () => void {\n    return onceModelEvent(this, event, listener as any);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Remove a listener from this instance.\n   *\n   * @param event - Event name\n   * @param listener - Callback function to remove\n   */\n  public off<TContext = unknown>(\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<this, TContext>,\n  ): void {\n    offModelEvent(this, event, listener as any);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Resolves the data source associated with this model.\n   *\n   * Resolution order:\n   * 1. If `dataSource` is a string, looks it up in the data-source registry\n   * 2. If `dataSource` is a DataSource instance, returns it directly\n   * 3. Otherwise, returns the default data source from the registry\n   *\n   * @returns The resolved DataSource instance\n   * @throws Error if no data source is found\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   public static dataSource = \"primary\";\n   * }\n   *\n   * const ds = User.getDataSource();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static getDataSource(): DataSource {\n    return resolveDataSource(this as any);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get driver instance\n   */\n  public static getDriver(): DriverContract {\n    return this.getDataSource().driver;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Execute a raw query against this model's driver.\n   *\n   * Delegates to `getDriver().query`, so it inherits the driver's\n   * transaction awareness: when called inside an active `transaction()`\n   * scope the query auto-joins that transaction's client/session, otherwise\n   * it runs on the pool. The return value is the driver's raw result\n   * ({@link RawQueryResult}) — `rows` typed as `T` plus `rowCount` — not\n   * hydrated model instances.\n   *\n   * Note: MongoDB drivers throw, as they do not support raw SQL.\n   *\n   * @typeParam T - The expected row shape.\n   * @param sql - Raw SQL string (driver dialect).\n   * @param params - Optional positional query parameters.\n   * @returns The driver's raw query result.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const { rows } = await User.raw<{ id: number; total: number }>(\n   *   \"SELECT id, COUNT(*) AS total FROM orders WHERE user_id = $1 GROUP BY id\",\n   *   [userId],\n   * );\n   *\n   * // Auto-joins the active transaction() scope:\n   * await User.transaction(async () => {\n   *   await User.raw(\"UPDATE users SET active = true WHERE id = $1\", [id]);\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static raw<T = Record<string, unknown>>(\n    sql: string,\n    params?: unknown[],\n  ): Promise<RawQueryResult<T>> {\n    return this.getDriver().query<T>(sql, params);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Generate next id and set it to current model's id\n   */\n  public async generateNextId(): Promise<number | string> {\n    return generateModelNextId(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Apply model defaults from data source configuration.\n   *\n   * This is called automatically by getDataSource() the first time\n   * a model accesses its data source. Defaults are only applied if\n   * the model doesn't already have its own value set.\n   *\n   * The hierarchy is:\n   * 1. Model static property (highest priority - skipped here)\n   * 2. Database config modelDefaults (passed here)\n   * 3. Driver modelDefaults (merged before passing here)\n   * 4. Framework defaults (fallback values in the code)\n   *\n   * @param defaults - Model default configuration from data source\n   */\n  public static applyModelDefaults(defaults: any): void {\n    applyDefaultsToModel(this, defaults);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a global scope that is automatically applied to all queries.\n   *\n   * Global scopes are inherited by child models and applied before query execution.\n   * Use for security filters, multi-tenancy, soft deletes, etc.\n   *\n   * @param name - Unique name for the scope\n   * @param callback - Function that modifies the query\n   * @param options - Scope options (timing: 'before' | 'after')\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Multi-tenancy scope\n   * Model.addGlobalScope('tenant', (query) => {\n   *   query.where('tenantId', getCurrentTenant());\n   * }, { timing: 'before' });\n   *\n   * // Soft delete scope\n   * User.addGlobalScope('notDeleted', (query) => {\n   *   query.whereNull('deletedAt');\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static addGlobalScope(\n    name: string,\n    callback: (query: QueryBuilderContract) => void,\n    options: GlobalScopeOptions = {},\n  ): void {\n    addGlobalModelScope(this as any, name, callback, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Remove a global scope by name.\n   *\n   * @param name - Name of the scope to remove\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * Model.removeGlobalScope('tenant');\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static removeGlobalScope(name: string): void {\n    removeGlobalModelScope(this as any, name);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a local scope that can be manually applied to queries.\n   *\n   * Local scopes are reusable query snippets that developers opt into.\n   * They are not automatically applied.\n   *\n   * @param name - Unique name for the scope\n   * @param callback - Function that modifies the query\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Define reusable scopes\n   * User.addScope('active', (query) => {\n   *   query.where('isActive', true);\n   * });\n   *\n   * User.addScope('admins', (query) => {\n   *   query.where('role', 'admin');\n   * });\n   *\n   * // Use explicitly\n   * await User.query().scope('active').get();\n   * await User.query().scope('admins').get();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static addScope(name: string, callback: LocalScopeCallback): void {\n    addLocalModelScope(this as any, name, callback);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Remove a local scope by name.\n   *\n   * @param name - Name of the scope to remove\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * User.removeScope('active');\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static removeScope(name: string): void {\n    removeLocalModelScope(this as any, name);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create a new query builder for this model\n   */\n  public static query<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel> {\n    return buildQuery(this, Model);\n  }\n\n  // Short hand for the query builder method with\n  /**\n   * Eagerly load one or more relations with the query results.\n   *\n   * Relations are loaded in separate optimized queries to prevent N+1 problems.\n   * The loaded relations are attached to each model instance.\n   *\n   * @param relation - Single relation name to load\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Load single relation\n   * const user = await User.query().with(\"posts\").find(1);\n   * console.log(user.posts); // Post[]\n   *\n   * // Load multiple relations\n   * const user = await User.query().with(\"posts\", \"organization\").find(1);\n   *\n   * // Load nested relations\n   * const user = await User.query().with(\"posts.comments.author\").find(1);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static with<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relation: string,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Eagerly load multiple relations.\n   *\n   * @param relations - Relation names to load\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   */\n  public static with<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    ...relations: string[]\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Eagerly load a relation with a constraint callback.\n   *\n   * The callback receives the relation query builder, allowing you to\n   * add conditions, ordering, or limits to the related query.\n   *\n   * @param relation - Relation name to load\n   * @param constraint - Callback to configure the relation query\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.query()\n   *   .with(\"posts\", (query) => {\n   *     query.where(\"isPublished\", true)\n   *       .orderBy(\"createdAt\", \"desc\")\n   *       .limit(5);\n   *   })\n   *   .find(1);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static with<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relation: string,\n    constraint: (query: QueryBuilderContract) => void,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Eagerly load multiple relations with constraints.\n   *\n   * Pass an object where keys are relation names and values are either:\n   * - `true` to load without constraints\n   * - A callback function to configure the relation query\n   *\n   * @param relations - Object mapping relation names to constraints\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.query()\n   *   .with({\n   *     posts: (query) => query.where(\"isPublished\", true),\n   *     organization: true,\n   *     roles: (query) => query.orderBy(\"priority\"),\n   *   })\n   *   .find(1);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static with<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relations: Record<string, boolean | ((query: QueryBuilderContract) => void)>,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  public static with<TModel extends Model = Model>(this: ChildModel<TModel>, ...args: any[]) {\n    return this.query().with(...args);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a count of related records as a virtual field on each result row.\n   *\n   * Each relation produces a `${relationName}Count` column by default. Use\n   * the `\"name as alias\"` shorthand or the object form to customise the\n   * output alias or apply per-relation where-clause constraints.\n   *\n   * @param relation - Relation name (optionally with `as <alias>`)\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const users = await User.withCount(\"posts\").get();\n   * console.log(users[0].postsCount); // number\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static withCount<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relation: string,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Add counts for multiple relations at once.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await User.withCount(\"posts\", \"comments\", \"followers\").get();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static withCount<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    ...relations: string[]\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Add counts for multiple relations supplied as an array.\n   */\n  public static withCount<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relations: string[],\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  /**\n   * Add counts with optional per-relation constraints and alias overrides.\n   *\n   * Values may be `true`, an alias string, or a callback that applies\n   * where-clauses inside the count subquery. Use the `as <alias>` shorthand\n   * in the key to count the same relation more than once.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await Post.withCount({\n   *   comments: true,\n   *   \"comments as approvedCount\": (q) => q.where(\"approved\", true),\n   *   tags: \"tagCount\",\n   * }).get();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static withCount<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    relations: Record<string, true | string | ((query: QueryBuilderContract) => void)>,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n\n  public static withCount<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    ...args: any[]\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel> {\n    return this.query().withCount(...args);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Load relations using database JOINs in a single query.\n   *\n   * Unlike `with()` which uses separate queries, `joinWith()` uses\n   * LEFT JOIN (SQL) or $lookup (MongoDB) to fetch related data\n   * in a single query. The related data is hydrated into proper\n   * model instances and attached to the main model.\n   *\n   * Best for: belongsTo and hasOne relations where you need\n   * efficient single-query loading.\n   *\n   * @param relations - Relation names to load via JOIN\n   * @returns Query builder for chaining\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Single relation\n   * const post = await Post.joinWith(\"author\").first();\n   * console.log(post.author); // User model instance\n   * console.log(post.data);   // { id, title, authorId } - no author data\n   *\n   * // Multiple relations\n   * const post = await Post.joinWith(\"author\", \"category\").first();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static joinWith<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    ...relations: string[]\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel> {\n    return this.query().joinWith(...relations);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create new query builder.\n   *\n   * If the model has a static `builder` property set to a query builder class,\n   * it will be instantiated instead of the default driver query builder.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * class UserQueryBuilder<T = User> extends MongoQueryBuilder<T> {\n   *   active() { return this.where(\"isActive\", true); }\n   * }\n   *\n   * class User extends Model {\n   *   static builder = UserQueryBuilder;  // That's it! ✨\n   * }\n   *\n   * // Now User.query() returns UserQueryBuilder<User> with autocomplete!\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static newQueryBuilder<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel> {\n    return buildNewQueryBuilder(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get First matched record for the given filter\n   */\n  public static async first<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findFirst(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get last matched record for the given filter\n   */\n  public static async last<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findLast(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Use where clause directly\n   */\n  public static where<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    field: string,\n    value: unknown,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n  public static where<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    field: string,\n    operator: WhereOperator,\n    value: unknown,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n  public static where<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: (new (...args: any[]) => TModel) &\n      Pick<typeof Model, \"query\" | \"getDataSource\" | \"table\">,\n    conditions: WhereObject,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n  public static where<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: (new (...args: any[]) => TModel) &\n      Pick<typeof Model, \"query\" | \"getDataSource\" | \"table\">,\n    callback: WhereCallback<TModel>,\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel>;\n  public static where<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    ...args: any[]\n  ): QueryBuilderContract<TModel> {\n    return (this.query().where as any)(...args);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Count the number of records in the table\n   * @param filter - The filter to apply to the query\n   */\n  public static count<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return countRecords(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find record by id\n   */\n  public static async find<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    id: string | number,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findById(this, id);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get all records from the table\n   *\n   * @param filter - The filter to apply to the query\n   * @returns All records from the table\n   */\n  public static async all<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel[]> {\n    return findAll(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform pagination\n   */\n  public static async paginate<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    options: PaginationOptions & {\n      filter?: Record<string, unknown>;\n    } = {},\n  ): Promise<PaginationResult<TModel>> {\n    return paginateRecords(this, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get latest records from the table\n   *\n   * @param filter - The filter to apply to the query\n   */\n  public static async latest<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel[]> {\n    return findLatest(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Increment the given field by the given amount using atomic update\n   *\n   * @example ```typescript\n   * // Increase age by 1 for user id 1\n   * User.increment({id: 1}, \"age\", 1);\n   * // Increase age by 1 and views by 2 for user id 1\n   * User.increment({id: 1}, {age: 1, views: 2});\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static increase<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    field: string,\n    amount: number,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return increaseField(this, filter, field, amount);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Decrement the given field by the given amount using atomic update\n   * @example ```typescript\n   * // Decrease age by 1 for user id 1\n   * User.decrement({id: 1}, \"age\", 1);\n   * // Decrease age by 1 and views by 2 for user id 1\n   * User.decrement({id: 1}, {age: 1, views: 2});\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static decrease<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    field: string,\n    amount: number,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return decreaseField(this, filter, field, amount);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform atomic operation\n   * Example\n   *\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.atomic({id: 1}, {$inc: {age: 1}})\n   * Returns user model with updated age\n   */\n  public static async atomic<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    operations: UpdateOperations,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return performAtomic(this, filter, operations);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Perform an atomic update for the given id\n   */\n  public static async update<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    id: string | number,\n    data: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return updateById(this, id, data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find one and update multiple records that matches the provided filter and return the updated record\n   * @param filter - Filter conditions\n   * @param update - Update operations ($set, $unset, $inc)\n   * @returns The updated records\n   */\n  public static async findAndUpdate<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    update: UpdateOperations,\n  ): Promise<TModel[]> {\n    return findAndUpdateRecords(this, filter, update);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find one and update a single record that matches the provided filter and return the updated record\n   * @param filter - Filter conditions\n   * @param update - Update operations ($set, $unset, $inc)\n   * @returns The updated record or null\n   */\n  public static async findOneAndUpdate<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    update: UpdateOperations,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findOneAndUpdateRecord(this, filter, update);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find and replace the entire document that matches the provided filter and return the replaced document\n   */\n  public static async findAndReplace<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    document: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findAndReplaceRecord(this, filter, document);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Destroy (delete) the current model instance from the database.\n   *\n   * Emits lifecycle events:\n   * - `deleting` - Before deletion\n   * - `deleted` - After successful deletion\n   *\n   * @param options - Destroy options (strategy override, skipEvents)\n   * @throws {Error} If the model is new (not saved) or if deletion fails\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.find(1);\n   * await user.destroy(); // Uses default strategy\n   * await user.destroy({ strategy: \"permanent\" }); // Override strategy\n   * await user.destroy({ skipEvents: true }); // Silent delete\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async destroy(options?: {\n    strategy?: DeleteStrategy;\n    skipEvents?: boolean;\n  }): Promise<RemoverResult> {\n    return destroyModel(this, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Attach one or more related records to a `belongsToMany` pivot table.\n   *\n   * Thin wrapper over `createPivotOperations(this, relation).attach(ids, pivotData)`.\n   * Throws if the named relation is not a `belongsToMany` relation.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await post.attach(\"tags\", [1, 2, 3]);\n   * await post.attach(\"tags\", [4], { addedBy: currentUserId });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async attach(relation: string, ids: PivotIds, pivotData?: PivotData): Promise<void> {\n    return attachPivotRelation(this, relation, ids, pivotData);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Detach related records from a `belongsToMany` pivot table. Omit `ids`\n   * to detach every row for this side of the relation.\n   *\n   * Thin wrapper over `createPivotOperations(this, relation).detach(ids)`.\n   * Throws if the named relation is not a `belongsToMany` relation.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await post.detach(\"tags\", [2]);\n   * await post.detach(\"tags\"); // detach all\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async detach(relation: string, ids?: PivotIds): Promise<void> {\n    return detachPivotRelation(this, relation, ids);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get the pivot-operations handle for a `belongsToMany` relation.\n   *\n   * Returns a `PivotOperations` object exposing `attach` / `detach` /\n   * `sync` / `toggle` for the named relation's pivot table. Routing every\n   * pivot mutation through `model.pivot(relation)` keeps the join-table\n   * `sync` distinct from `Model.sync(Target, field)` (the denormalization\n   * feature). Throws if the named relation is not a `belongsToMany` relation.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await post.pivot(\"tags\").attach([1, 2, 3]);\n   * await post.pivot(\"tags\").sync([1, 3, 5]);   // replace the whole set\n   * await post.pivot(\"tags\").toggle([1, 7]);    // flip each\n   * ```\n   */\n  public pivot(relation: string): PivotOperations {\n    return pivotRelation(this, relation);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get the class constructor from an instance.\n   *\n   * This helper method allows instance methods to access static properties\n   * and methods of the model class in a type-safe way.\n   *\n   * @returns The model class constructor\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const constructor = this.self();\n   * const table = constructor.table;\n   * await constructor.deleteOne({ id: 1 });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public self<TModel extends Model = this>(): ChildModel<TModel> {\n    return this.constructor as any as ChildModel<TModel>;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Creates an immutable clone of the model with its current state.\n   *\n   * The cloned model:\n   * - Contains a deep copy of all current data\n   * - Has frozen (immutable) data that cannot be modified\n   * - Preserves the `isNew` flag from the original\n   * - Has no dirty changes (clean state)\n   * - Cannot be saved or modified\n   *\n   * This is useful for:\n   * - Creating snapshots of model state\n   * - Passing read-only model data to other parts of the application\n   * - Preventing accidental mutations\n   * - Maintaining historical records\n   *\n   * @returns A new immutable model instance with the current state\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\", email: \"alice@example.com\" });\n   * await user.save();\n   *\n   * // Create an immutable snapshot\n   * const snapshot = user.clone();\n   *\n   * // This will throw an error because the clone is immutable\n   * snapshot.set(\"name\", \"Bob\"); // TypeError: Cannot assign to read only property\n   *\n   * // Original can still be modified\n   * user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\");\n   * await user.save();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public clone(): this {\n    return cloneModel(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Recursively freezes an object and all its nested properties.\n   *\n   * @param obj - The object to freeze\n   * @returns The frozen object\n   */\n  public deepFreeze<T>(obj: T): T {\n    return deepFreezeObject(obj);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get table name\n   */\n  public getTableName(): string {\n    return this.self().table;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get primary key name\n   */\n  public getPrimaryKey(): string {\n    return this.self().primaryKey;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get model schema\n   */\n  public getSchema() {\n    return this.self().schema;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if schema has the given key\n   */\n  public schemaHas(key: string): boolean {\n    return this.self().schema?.schema[key] !== undefined;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get strict mode\n   */\n  public getStrictMode(): StrictMode {\n    return this.self().strictMode;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get data source (Connection)\n   */\n  public getConnection(): DataSource {\n    return this.self().getDataSource();\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Delete all matching documents from the table.\n   */\n  public static async delete<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return deleteRecords(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Delete a single matching document from the table.\n   */\n  public static async deleteOne<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<number> {\n    return deleteOneRecord(this, filter);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Restore a single deleted record by its ID.\n   *\n   * Automatically detects whether the record was deleted via \"trash\" or \"soft\" strategy.\n   * Handles ID conflicts based on options.\n   *\n   * @param id - The primary key value of the record to restore\n   * @param options - Restorer options (onIdConflict, skipEvents)\n   * @returns The restored model instance\n   *\n   * @throws {Error} If record not found in trash or soft-deleted records\n   * @throws {Error} If ID conflict and onIdConflict is \"fail\"\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Restore with default options (assign new ID if conflict)\n   * const user = await User.restore(123);\n   *\n   * // Restore and fail if ID conflict\n   * const user = await User.restore(123, { onIdConflict: \"fail\" });\n   *\n   * // Silent restore (skip events)\n   * const user = await User.restore(123, { skipEvents: true });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async restore<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    id: string | number,\n    options?: {\n      onIdConflict?: \"fail\" | \"assignNew\";\n      skipEvents?: boolean;\n    },\n  ): Promise<TModel> {\n    return restoreRecord(this, id, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Restore all deleted records for the model's table.\n   *\n   * Restores all records from the trash table (if using trash strategy)\n   * or all soft-deleted records (if using soft strategy).\n   *\n   * @param options - Restorer options (onIdConflict, skipEvents)\n   * @returns Array of restored model instances\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Restore all with default options\n   * const users = await User.restoreAll();\n   *\n   * // Restore all and fail on any ID conflict\n   * const users = await User.restoreAll({ onIdConflict: \"fail\" });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async restoreAll<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    options?: {\n      onIdConflict?: \"fail\" | \"assignNew\";\n      skipEvents?: boolean;\n    },\n  ): Promise<TModel[]> {\n    return restoreAllRecords(this, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create a new record in database and return the model instance.\n   *\n   * The data type is automatically inferred from the model's schema type.\n   *\n   * @param data - Partial data matching the model's schema type\n   * @returns The created model instance\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // TypeScript automatically infers UserSchema from User model\n   * const user = await User.create({\n   *   name: \"Alice\",\n   *   email: \"alice@example.com\",\n   *   age: 30\n   * });\n   * // Type: User (with UserSchema inferred)\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async create<\n    TModel extends Model = Model,\n    TSchema extends ModelSchema = TModel extends Model<infer S> ? S : ModelSchema,\n  >(this: ChildModel<TModel>, data: Partial<TSchema>): Promise<TModel> {\n    return createRecord(this, data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create many records and return an array of created models.\n   *\n   * The work is always chunked into batches of `options.batchSize`\n   * (default 500) so a huge input array can't overwhelm the driver.\n   *\n   * **Default path** (no options, or `bulk` falsy): each row is persisted\n   * through `save()`, preserving model hooks, lifecycle events, casts and\n   * generated ids. Each chunk runs under a single `Promise.all`.\n   *\n   * **Bulk path** (`bulk: true`): each chunk is routed to the driver's native\n   * multi-row insert (`insertMany`) for 10–100× throughput. This SKIPS the\n   * per-row save lifecycle (no `saving` / `creating` / `created` / `saved`\n   * events, hooks, or sync). Casts, timestamps, defaults and id-generation are\n   * still applied (rows are prepped through the same writer pipeline) so the\n   * persisted columns match the default path.\n   *\n   * An empty array is a no-op that never touches the driver.\n   *\n   * @param data - The rows to insert.\n   * @param options - Chunking / bulk options.\n   * @returns The created model instances.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Default: per-row save(), chunked in batches of 500\n   * const users = await User.createMany(rows);\n   *\n   * // Bulk: one multi-row INSERT per 1000-row chunk (skips per-row hooks)\n   * const users = await User.createMany(rows, { bulk: true, batchSize: 1000 });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async createMany<\n    TModel extends Model = Model,\n    TSchema extends ModelSchema = TModel extends Model<infer S> ? S : ModelSchema,\n  >(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    data: Partial<TSchema>[],\n    options?: CreateManyOptions,\n  ): Promise<TModel[]> {\n    return createManyRecords(this, data, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find a record or create it if not found.\n   *\n   * Does NOT update existing records - returns them as-is.\n   * Useful when you want to ensure a record exists without modifying it.\n   *\n   * @param filter - Conditions to find by\n   * @param data - Data to create if not found (merged with filter)\n   * @returns Promise resolving to found or created model\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Ensure default admin exists (don't modify if exists)\n   * const admin = await User.findOrCreate(\n   *   { email: \"admin@example.com\" },\n   *   { email: \"admin@example.com\", name: \"Admin\", role: \"admin\" }\n   * );\n   * // If admin exists, returns existing (password unchanged)\n   * // If not found, creates new admin\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async findOrCreate<\n    TModel extends Model = Model,\n    TSchema extends ModelSchema = TModel extends Model<infer S> ? S : ModelSchema,\n  >(this: ChildModel<TModel>, filter: Partial<TSchema>, data: Partial<TSchema>): Promise<TModel> {\n    return findOrCreateRecord(this, filter, data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Upsert (insert or update) a record atomically.\n   *\n   * Uses the driver's native upsert operation for atomic insert-or-update.\n   * More efficient than updateOrCreate as it's a single database operation.\n   *\n   * Includes full Model features:\n   * - ID generation (if creating)\n   * - createdAt timestamp (if creating)\n   * - updatedAt timestamp (always)\n   * - Validation & casting\n   * - Lifecycle events\n   *\n   * @param filter - Conditions to find by (used for conflict detection)\n   * @param data - Data to update or create (merged with filter)\n   * @param options - Upsert options (conflictColumns for PostgreSQL, etc.)\n   * @returns Promise resolving to upserted model\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // PostgreSQL: upsert on unique email\n   * const user = await User.upsert(\n   *   { email: \"user@example.com\" },\n   *   {\n   *     email: \"user@example.com\",\n   *     name: \"John Updated\",\n   *     lastSyncedAt: new Date()\n   *   },\n   *   { conflictColumns: [\"email\"] }\n   * );\n   *\n   * // MongoDB: upsert by filter\n   * const user = await User.upsert(\n   *   { externalId: \"ext-123\" },\n   *   {\n   *     externalId: \"ext-123\",\n   *     name: \"John Updated\",\n   *     email: \"john.new@example.com\"\n   *   }\n   * );\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async upsert<\n    TModel extends Model = Model,\n    TSchema extends ModelSchema = TModel extends Model<infer S> ? S : ModelSchema,\n  >(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Partial<TSchema>,\n    data: Partial<TSchema>,\n    options?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel> {\n    return upsertRecord(this, filter, data, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Update a record or create it if not found (upsert).\n   *\n   * @deprecated Use `upsert()` instead for better performance and atomicity.\n   * This method is kept for backward compatibility but uses upsert internally.\n   *\n   * @param filter - Conditions to find by\n   * @param data - Data to update or create (merged with filter)\n   * @returns Promise resolving to updated or created model\n   */\n  public static async updateOrCreate<\n    TModel extends Model = Model,\n    TSchema extends ModelSchema = TModel extends Model<infer S> ? S : ModelSchema,\n  >(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Partial<TSchema>,\n    data: Partial<TSchema>,\n    options?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel> {\n    // Use upsert internally for better performance\n    return await (this as any).upsert(filter, data, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Find one and delete a record that matches the filter and return the deleted record.\n   *\n   * @param filter - Filter conditions\n   * @param options - Optional delete options\n   * @returns The deleted model instance or null if not found\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const deleted = await User.findOneAndDelete({ id: 1 });\n   * if (deleted) {\n   *   console.log('Deleted user:', deleted.get('name'));\n   * }\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static async findOneAndDelete<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    filter: Record<string, unknown>,\n    options?: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): Promise<TModel | null> {\n    return findOneAndDeleteRecord(this, filter, options);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Returns embedded data for sync operations.\n   * Excludes internal MongoDB fields and ensures proper date serialization.\n   *\n   * @returns Embedded data object suitable for syncing\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const user = await User.find(1);\n   * const embedData = user.embedData;\n   * // Returns: { id: 1, name: \"Alice\", email: \"alice@example.com\", ... }\n   * // Excludes: _id\n   * ```\n   */\n  public get embedData(): Record<string, unknown> {\n    return this.self().embed ? this.only(this.self().embed as any) : this.data;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Tear down framework-level registrations attached to this Model class.\n   *\n   * Called by Warlock's HMR machinery when a model file (or any file in its\n   * dependency graph) is reloaded. Removes the event listeners and registry\n   * entries the Model installed at module-load time so the reloaded class\n   * does not double-register.\n   *\n   * The `$` prefix marks this as framework-internal — application code should\n   * not call this. It is part of the public surface only because the HMR\n   * system needs to invoke it from outside the Model class.\n   *\n   * @internal\n   */\n  public static $cleanup() {\n    cleanupModelEvents(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Accesses the event emitter dedicated to this model constructor.\n   *\n   * Each model subclass gets its own isolated event emitter, allowing you to\n   * register lifecycle hooks that only apply to that specific model.\n   *\n   * @returns The ModelEvents instance for this model constructor\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * User.events().onSaving((user) => {\n   *   console.log(\"User is being saved:\", user);\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static events<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n  ): ModelEvents<TModel> {\n    return getModelEvents<TModel>(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Registers an event listener for this model constructor.\n   *\n   * Convenience shorthand for `Model.events().on(...)`.\n   *\n   * @param event - The event name (e.g., \"saving\", \"created\")\n   * @param listener - The callback to invoke when the event fires\n   * @returns An unsubscribe function\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const unsubscribe = User.on(\"saving\", (user) => {\n   *   console.log(\"Saving user:\", user);\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static on<TModel extends Model = Model, TContext = unknown>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<TModel, TContext>,\n  ): () => void {\n    return onStaticEvent<TModel, TContext>(this, event, listener);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Registers a one-time event listener for this model constructor.\n   *\n   * The listener will automatically unsubscribe after its first invocation.\n   * Convenience shorthand for `Model.events().once(...)`.\n   *\n   * @param event - The event name (e.g., \"saving\", \"created\")\n   * @param listener - The callback to invoke when the event fires\n   * @returns An unsubscribe function\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * User.once(\"created\", (user) => {\n   *   console.log(\"First user created:\", user);\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static once<TModel extends Model = Model, TContext = unknown>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<TModel, TContext>,\n  ): () => void {\n    return onceStaticEvent<TModel, TContext>(this, event, listener);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Removes an event listener from this model constructor.\n   *\n   * Convenience shorthand for `Model.events().off(...)`.\n   *\n   * @param event - The event name\n   * @param listener - The callback to remove\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const listener = (user) => console.log(user);\n   * User.on(\"saving\", listener);\n   * User.off(\"saving\", listener);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static off<TModel extends Model = Model, TContext = unknown>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    event: ModelEventName,\n    listener: ModelEventListener<TModel, TContext>,\n  ): void {\n    offStaticEvent<TModel, TContext>(this, event, listener);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Accesses the global event emitter shared by all model instances.\n   *\n   * Use this for cross-cutting concerns like auditing, logging, or injecting\n   * common fields (e.g., `createdBy`, `updatedBy`) across all models.\n   *\n   * @returns The global ModelEvents instance\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * Model.globalEvents().onSaving((model) => {\n   *   model.set(\"updatedAt\", new Date());\n   * });\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static globalEvents(): ModelEvents<Model> {\n    return getGlobalEvents();\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Replace the model's data entirely.\n   *\n   * Used internally by the writer after validation to update the model\n   * with validated/casted data.\n   *\n   * **Warning:** This replaces all data and updates the dirty tracker.\n   * Use with caution in application code.\n   *\n   * @param data - New data to replace current data\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Internal usage by writer\n   * model.replaceData(validatedData);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public replaceData(data: Record<string, unknown>): void {\n    replaceModelData(this, data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Save the model to the database.\n   *\n   * Performs insert if `isNew === true`, otherwise performs update.\n   * Automatically validates, casts, generates IDs, and emits lifecycle events.\n   *\n   * **Features:**\n   * - Validation via @warlock.js/seal schema\n   * - Data casting (string → number, etc.)\n   * - ID generation (NoSQL only)\n   * - Partial updates (only changed fields)\n   * - Lifecycle events (validating, saving, created/updated, saved)\n   *\n   * @param data - Optional data to merge before saving\n   * @param options - Save options\n   * @returns The model instance for method chaining\n   *\n   * @throws {ValidationError} If validation fails\n   * @throws {Error} If database operation fails\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Simple save\n   * const user = new User({ name: \"Alice\" });\n   * await user.save();\n   *\n   * // Merge data before saving\n   * await user.save({ age: 31, email: \"alice@example.com\" });\n   *\n   * // Silent save (no events)\n   * await user.save(null, { skipEvents: true });\n   *\n   * // Skip validation\n   * await user.save(null, { skipValidation: true });\n   *\n   * // Method chaining\n   * await user.set(\"name\", \"Bob\").save();\n   * ```\n   */\n  public async save(options?: WriterOptions & { merge?: Partial<TSchema> }): Promise<this> {\n    return saveModel(this as any, options) as Promise<this>;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Serialize the model data for storage in the database.\n   *\n   * Uses the driver's `serialize` to apply driver-specific type transformations\n   * (e.g. Date → ISO string, BigInt → string for Postgres).\n   *\n   * **Not** the same as `toSnapshot` — this is a DB write concern, not a cache concern.\n   */\n  public serialize() {\n    return serializeModel(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Produce a plain-object snapshot of this model suitable for cache storage.\n   *\n   * - `data`: The model's own fields, serialized via the driver (handles Dates, BigInt, ObjectId).\n   * - `relations`: Each entry in `loadedRelations` recursively snapshotted via `toSnapshot`.\n   *   A relation that was loaded but resolved to `null` is stored as `null` (not omitted),\n   *   so that `fromSnapshot` can distinguish \"loaded + null\" from \"never loaded\".\n   *\n   * Use `Model.fromSnapshot(snapshot)` to reconstruct.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * await cache.set(key, chat.toSnapshot());\n   * ```\n   */\n  public toSnapshot(): ModelSnapshot {\n    return modelToSnapshot(this);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Reconstruct a model instance (with relations) from a cache snapshot.\n   *\n   * Counterpart to `toSnapshot`. Applies driver deserialization (e.g. ISO string → Date)\n   * and recursively hydrates any nested relation snapshots via `RelationHydrator`.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * const snapshot = await cache.get(key);\n   * const chat = Chat.fromSnapshot(snapshot);\n   * chat.unit; // Unit model instance, fully hydrated\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static fromSnapshot<TModel extends Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    snapshot: ModelSnapshot,\n  ): TModel {\n    return modelFromSnapshot(this, snapshot);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Create a model instance from raw data (no relations).\n   *\n   * This is the data-only hydration path, used by the query builder when\n   * converting a raw DB row into a model instance. Relations are NOT restored\n   * here — use `fromSnapshot` when restoring from a cache snapshot that\n   * includes relation data.\n   *\n   * @example\n   * ```typescript\n   * // Query builder internals:\n   * const user = User.hydrate(rawRow);\n   * ```\n   */\n  public static hydrate<TModel extends Model = Model>(\n    this: ChildModel<TModel>,\n    data: Record<string, unknown>,\n  ): TModel {\n    return hydrateModel(this, data);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Convert the model into JSON\n   */\n  public toJSON() {\n    return modelToJSON(this);\n  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package/esm/model/model.types.d.mts

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ type ModelSchema = Record<string, any>;
  * ): Promise<TModel | null>
  * ```
  */
-type ChildModel<TModel extends Model> = (new (...args: any[]) => TModel) & Pick<typeof Model, "table" | "primaryKey" | "dataSource" | "schema" | "strictMode" | "autoGenerateId" | "initialId" | "randomInitialId" | "incrementIdBy" | "resource" | "resourceColumns" | "toJsonColumns" | "randomIncrement" | "getDataSource" | "getDriver" | "query" | "find" | "first" | "last" | "all" | "latest" | "count" | "where" | "increase" | "decrease" | "atomic" | "events" | "on" | "once" | "off" | "globalEvents" | "delete" | "deleteOne" | "deleteStrategy" | "trashTable" | "restore" | "restoreAll" | "deletedAtColumn" | "createdAtColumn" | "updatedAtColumn" | "create" | "createMany" | "sync" | "embed" | "syncMany" | "addGlobalScope" | "removeGlobalScope" | "addScope" | "removeScope" | "localScopes" | "globalScopes" | "relations" | "newQueryBuilder" | "builder" | "findAndUpdate" | "findOneAndUpdate" | "hydrate" | "fromSnapshot" | "findAndReplace" | "findOneAndDelete" | "findOrCreate">;
+type ChildModel<TModel extends Model> = (new (...args: any[]) => TModel) & Pick<typeof Model, "table" | "primaryKey" | "dataSource" | "schema" | "strictMode" | "autoGenerateId" | "initialId" | "randomInitialId" | "incrementIdBy" | "resource" | "resourceColumns" | "toJsonColumns" | "hidden" | "randomIncrement" | "getDataSource" | "getDriver" | "query" | "find" | "first" | "last" | "all" | "latest" | "count" | "where" | "increase" | "decrease" | "atomic" | "events" | "on" | "once" | "off" | "globalEvents" | "delete" | "deleteOne" | "deleteStrategy" | "trashTable" | "restore" | "restoreAll" | "deletedAtColumn" | "createdAtColumn" | "updatedAtColumn" | "create" | "createMany" | "sync" | "embed" | "syncMany" | "addGlobalScope" | "removeGlobalScope" | "addScope" | "removeScope" | "localScopes" | "globalScopes" | "relations" | "newQueryBuilder" | "builder" | "findAndUpdate" | "findOneAndUpdate" | "hydrate" | "fromSnapshot" | "findAndReplace" | "findOneAndDelete" | "findOrCreate">;
 //#endregion
 export { ChildModel, GlobalScopeDefinition, GlobalScopeOptions, LocalScopeCallback, ModelSchema, ScopeTiming };
 //# sourceMappingURL=model.types.d.mts.map

package/esm/query-builder/query-builder.d.mts

@@ -176,11 +176,23 @@ declare class QueryBuilder<T = unknown> {
   whereNotBetween(field: string, range: [unknown, unknown]): this;
   /**
    * LIKE pattern match (AND).
+   *
+   * A string is a LIKE pattern (`%` wildcard) and is matched literally
+   * otherwise — regex metacharacters in it are escaped by the driver, so
+   * search input cannot alter the query. Pass an explicit `RegExp` to opt into
+   * raw pattern semantics; never build that `RegExp` from user input.
+   *
    * @example q.whereLike("email", "%@gmail.com")
    */
   whereLike(field: string, pattern: RegExp | string): this;
-  /** NOT LIKE pattern match. */
+  /** NOT LIKE pattern match. @see whereLike for the escaping rules. */
   whereNotLike(field: string, pattern: RegExp | string): this;
+  /**
+   * Flatten a LIKE argument into operation data, keeping the distinction the
+   * drivers need: an explicit `RegExp` (developer-authored) stays a pattern,
+   * a string (potentially request input) is a literal.
+   */
+  private likePatternData;
   /** Starts with a prefix. */
   whereStartsWith(field: string, value: string | number): this;
   /** Does NOT start with a prefix. */

package/esm/query-builder/query-builder.d.mts.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
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