@vzn/vx-migrate 0.0.635 → 0.0.637

package/src/packages.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,806 @@
+// Package-manager workspaces: the members `package.json#workspaces` or
+// `pnpm-workspace.yaml` list, and the root a migration writes
+// `.vx/workspace.ts` at. Core reads neither (M, 2026-10-14): a project is a
+// directory holding a vx.config.
+import { constants, existsSync, type Dirent } from 'node:fs'
+import { access, readdir, realpath, stat } from 'node:fs/promises'
+import path from 'node:path'
+import { PROJECT_CONFIG_FILENAMES, UserError } from '@vzn/vx'
+import {
+  BUN_GLOB_WILDCARDS,
+  EXTGLOB,
+  gitTop,
+  isOutOfFds,
+  isPermissionError,
+  type LoadReads,
+  normalizeBunGlob,
+  readOnce,
+  realpathOf,
+  slashBraceExpansions,
+  unreadable,
+} from './package-fs.js'
+import { relPosix } from './paths.js'
+
+export interface PackageJson {
+  name: string
+  version?: string
+  dependencies?: Record<string, string>
+  devDependencies?: Record<string, string>
+  peerDependencies?: Record<string, string>
+  optionalDependencies?: Record<string, string>
+  /** npm / yarn / bun workspaces. May be a glob array or { packages: [...] }. */
+  workspaces?: string[] | { packages?: string[] }
+}
+
+export interface PackageWorkspace {
+  root: string
+  /** Glob patterns relative to root that match member directories. */
+  packageGlobs: string[]
+}
+
+/** A workspace member: its `package.json#name`, directory, manifest and vx config. */
+export interface PackageMeta {
+  name: string
+  /** Absolute path to the package directory. */
+  dir: string
+  packageJson: PackageJson
+  /** Absolute path to vx.config.{ts,mts,js,mjs,cts,cjs} or null. */
+  configPath: string | null
+}
+
+const decoder = new TextDecoder()
+
+/**
+ * Where `@vzn/vx-migrate` (and so `vx init`) puts `.vx/workspace.ts` when
+ * there is none yet: the package manager's workspace root. A directory is a root
+ * CANDIDATE when it contains `pnpm-workspace.yaml` or a `package.json`.
+ *
+ * The nearest candidate that CLAIMS `start` wins — one of the directories
+ * between it and `start` matches one of its package globs. Every workspace
+ * member has its own `package.json`, so stopping at the first candidate would
+ * make a run from inside a package treat that package as the whole workspace:
+ * `^task` edges vanish, upstream hashes drop out of the cache key (stale
+ * hits), and a second cache dir appears under the member. Claiming is decided
+ * with the same globs `loadPackageWorkspace` applies, so "the root that claims me"
+ * and "the root that lists me as a project" cannot diverge. An outer root
+ * that lists both the claimer and the claimed member outranks the claimer:
+ * from the claimer's own directory the walk reaches the outer root too.
+ *
+ * When no candidate claims `start` — a standalone package, or a subdirectory
+ * of a single-project repo — the nearest candidate wins (the root itself IS
+ * the project). Throws a `UserError` when there is no candidate before `/`.
+ * A load that goes on to `loadPackageWorkspace` passes its `reads`, so the
+ * root's manifest is read once for both.
+ *
+ * Inside git the walk never goes above the git top-level ({@link gitTop}),
+ * so a manifest above the checkout is never even read: a `package.json`
+ * planted in a shared directory above it claimed it, and its workspace
+ * config ran as you (owner, 2026-10-13: "find the root based on git").
+ *
+ * Outside git the walk stops above `start` at a manifest another user
+ * owns (root aside), the same case without a top-level to stop at
+ * (git's `safe.directory`). The directory you run in is yours to
+ * judge, and costs no stat. Run as root, vx trusts every owner, as a
+ * container over a mounted checkout needs. `uid` is for tests.
+ */
+export async function findManifestRoot(
+  start: string,
+  reads: LoadReads = new Map(),
+  uid: number = process.getuid?.() ?? 0,
+): Promise<string> {
+  start = path.resolve(start)
+  const top = await gitTop(start)
+  let dir = start
+  const below: string[] = []
+  let nearest: string | null = null
+  // The nearest manifest with workspace globs of its own, once passed: an
+  // outer root claims the tree only by listing this directory itself.
+  let inner: string | null = null
+  // The root that claims `start`, and the members it claimed it through.
+  let claimed: string | null = null
+  let members: string[] = []
+  let foreign: string | null = null
+  while (true) {
+    let globs: string[] | null
+    try {
+      globs = await readPackageGlobs(dir, reads)
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (isOutOfFds(err)) throw err
+      // An unparseable manifest is still a root SIGNAL (the pre-existing
+      // behaviour probed only for existence); it just can't claim members.
+      // `loadPackageWorkspace` surfaces the parse error if this dir is chosen.
+      globs = []
+    }
+    if (globs !== null && top === null && uid !== 0 && dir !== start) {
+      const owner = await foreignOwner(dir, uid, reads)
+      if (owner !== null) {
+        foreign = owner
+        break
+      }
+    }
+    if (globs !== null) {
+      nearest ??= dir
+      if (claimed !== null) {
+        // An outer root that lists both the claimer and the member owns
+        // them: `packages/**` holding `packages/inner` (with `workspaces:
+        // ['sub']`) and `packages/inner/sub` resolved `sub` to `inner` and
+        // `inner` to the outer root, two roots and two keys for one tree.
+        if (
+          (await claimsMember(dir, [claimed], globs)) &&
+          (await claimsMember(dir, members, globs))
+        )
+          claimed = dir
+      } else if (await claimsMember(dir, inner === null ? below : [inner], globs)) {
+        claimed = dir
+        members = inner === null ? [...below] : [inner]
+      }
+      // pnpm takes the nearest `pnpm-workspace.yaml` as the root, listed or
+      // not. Walking past it, `apps/inner` resolved to the outer workspace
+      // while `apps/inner/pkgs/x` resolved to the inner one: two roots and
+      // two caches for one tree (item 990). Already read: `reads` holds it.
+      if ((await readOnce(reads, path.join(dir, 'pnpm-workspace.yaml'))) !== null) {
+        return claimed ?? dir
+      }
+    }
+    const parent = path.dirname(dir)
+    if (parent === dir || dir === top) break
+    // Only a directory holding a manifest can be a member: a glob that
+    // matched `packages/tools`, which has none, claimed the standalone
+    // package below it, and `packages/tools/standalone` ran as a stranger
+    // in a workspace that does not list it (item 989).
+    if (globs !== null) below.push(dir)
+    // `apps/tool/workspace` with its own `workspaces`, under a root listing
+    // `apps/*`, resolved to the outer root through `apps/tool`, and its
+    // members ran in a workspace that does not list them (D-137). npm makes
+    // an outer root own a nested one only when it lists that directory.
+    if (inner === null && globs !== null && globs.length > 0) inner = dir
+    dir = parent
+  }
+  if (claimed !== null) return claimed
+  if (nearest !== null) return nearest
+  if (foreign !== null) {
+    throw new UserError(
+      `${foreign} belongs to another user, so vx does not take its directory as your workspace: ` +
+        `its config would run as you. Run vx in a checkout you own, or create a package.json there`,
+      'VX_E_NO_WORKSPACE',
+    )
+  }
+  throw new UserError(
+    `no package.json or pnpm-workspace.yaml in ${start} or any parent, so nothing to map: ` +
+      `\`vx init\` sets up a workspace without one`,
+    'VX_E_NO_WORKSPACE',
+  )
+}
+
+/** The first root manifest in `dir` another non-root user owns, or null. */
+async function foreignOwner(dir: string, uid: number, reads: LoadReads): Promise<string | null> {
+  for (const name of ['package.json', 'pnpm-workspace.yaml']) {
+    const file = path.join(dir, name)
+    // Already read by the walk: only a manifest that is there costs a stat.
+    if ((await readOnce(reads, file)) === null) continue
+    const owner = await stat(file).then(
+      (st) => st.uid,
+      () => uid,
+    )
+    if (owner !== uid && owner !== 0) return file
+  }
+  return null
+}
+
+/** True when one of `below` (dirs under `root`, toward `start`) is a member. */
+async function claimsMember(
+  root: string,
+  below: readonly string[],
+  globs: readonly string[],
+): Promise<boolean> {
+  if (below.length === 0 || globs.length === 0) return false
+  const { positive, negative } = splitPackageGlobs(globs)
+  const rels = below.map((d) => relPosix(root, d)).filter((rel) => !excludedBy(rel, negative))
+  for (const pattern of positive) {
+    const normalized = pattern.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+    // `.` means the root itself is the project — never a directory below it.
+    if (normalized === '' || normalized === '.') continue
+    // Matched as discovery scans, on the manifest: `packages/**` lists
+    // `packages/package.json`, while against the directory `**` needs a
+    // segment below `packages`, and a run from there was its own root.
+    const glob = new Bun.Glob(`${normalized}/package.json`)
+    for (const rel of rels) {
+      if (!glob.match(`${rel}/package.json`)) continue
+      // `match` has no `dot: false`: `packages/*` matched `packages/.tpl`,
+      // which discovery skips, and a run from inside it found a workspace
+      // that does not list it. Such a path asks discovery's own walk.
+      if (!SKIPPED_SEGMENT.test(rel)) return true
+      const dirs = await memberDirs(root, pattern)
+      if (dirs.includes(path.join(root, rel))) return true
+    }
+  }
+  return false
+}
+
+const SKIPPED_SEGMENT = /(^|\/)(\.|node_modules(\/|$))/
+
+/**
+ * pnpm, npm, yarn and Bun all take `!packages/fixtures` in the package
+ * list. Handed to `Bun.Glob` raw, a leading `!` negates the WHOLE pattern,
+ * so `!packages/fixtures/package.json` matched every manifest in the tree
+ * and every directory holding one became a project — the excluded package
+ * ran under `--all`, and a fixture repeating a name killed the run with
+ * "Duplicate package name". Negations subtract from what the positive
+ * globs found; a literal one excludes its tree.
+ */
+function splitPackageGlobs(globs: readonly string[]): { positive: string[]; negative: string[] } {
+  const positive: string[] = []
+  const negative: string[] = []
+  // `!./packages/legacy` and `!packages//legacy` excluded nothing, silently
+  // (2026-09-10): the same spellings the input globs normalize.
+  for (const raw of globs) {
+    // A member glob names directories, so a trailing slash says nothing:
+    // npm and pnpm read `packages/*/` as `packages/*`. `normalizeBunGlob`
+    // gives it a task glob's meaning, `/**`, and `packages/*/` found every
+    // example and fixture package at any depth below the members (item 985).
+    const g = normalizeBunGlob(raw.replace(/(.)\/+$/, '$1'))
+    if (g.startsWith('!')) negative.push(g.slice(1).replace(/\/+$/, ''))
+    else positive.push(g)
+  }
+  return { positive, negative }
+}
+
+function excludedBy(rel: string, negative: readonly string[]): boolean {
+  for (const neg of negative) {
+    if (neg.length === 0) continue
+    if (rel === neg || rel.startsWith(`${neg}/`)) return true
+    if (!BUN_GLOB_WILDCARDS.test(neg)) continue
+    if (new Bun.Glob(neg).match(rel)) return true
+    // pnpm matches the MANIFEST (`<pattern>/package.json`), so its documented
+    // `!**/test/**` excludes `packages/test` itself; matched against the
+    // directory, `**/test/**` needs something below `test` and the package
+    // stayed a member (item 986).
+    if (new Bun.Glob(`${neg}/package.json`).match(`${rel}/package.json`)) return true
+  }
+  return false
+}
+
+/**
+ * Package globs declared by `dir`, or `null` when `dir` is not a root
+ * candidate. A bare `package.json` (no `workspaces`) is single-project mode:
+ * the root itself is the only project, hence `['.']`.
+ */
+async function readPackageGlobs(dir: string, reads?: LoadReads): Promise<string[] | null> {
+  const yamlPath = path.join(dir, 'pnpm-workspace.yaml')
+  const yaml = await readOnce(reads, yamlPath)
+  let yamlWithoutPackages = false
+  if (yaml !== null) {
+    const parsed = parseManifest(decoder.decode(yaml), yamlPath, Bun.YAML.parse)
+    if (parsed !== null && parsed !== undefined) {
+      if (typeof parsed !== 'object' || Array.isArray(parsed)) {
+        throw new UserError(`${yamlPath}: must be a mapping (\`packages:\` and pnpm's settings)`)
+      }
+      const packages = (parsed as { packages?: unknown }).packages
+      // A list commented out leaves `packages:` null, which pnpm reads as
+      // absent; vx refused it as "must be an array" (D-149).
+      if (packages !== undefined && packages !== null) {
+        return assertGlobList(packages, yamlPath, 'packages')
+      }
+    }
+    // No `packages:` (or an empty one): pnpm 10 keeps its settings and catalogs in this file
+    // for a single-package repo too. The root's package.json decides, as it
+    // would without the file; read as an empty list, the root found zero
+    // projects and every verb ran nothing and exited 0 (item 984).
+    yamlWithoutPackages = true
+  }
+  const pkgPath = path.join(dir, 'package.json')
+  const pkgBytes = await readOnce(reads, pkgPath)
+  if (pkgBytes === null) return yamlWithoutPackages ? [] : null
+  const pkg = parsePackageJson(decoder.decode(pkgBytes), pkgPath)
+  const ws = pkg.workspaces as unknown
+  if (ws === undefined || ws === null) return ['.']
+  // bun's `{ catalog }` and yarn's `{ nohoist }` name no members, and both
+  // managers run the root alone; vx refused them as no array (D-151).
+  if (typeof ws === 'object' && !Array.isArray(ws) && !('packages' in ws)) return ['.']
+  if (ws && typeof ws === 'object' && !Array.isArray(ws) && 'packages' in ws) {
+    const packages = (ws as { packages?: unknown }).packages
+    // Yarn 1 and 4 run the root alone under `packages: null`; read as an
+    // empty list, the root was no project and every verb ran nothing (D-150).
+    if (packages === null) return ['.']
+    return assertGlobList(packages, pkgPath, 'workspaces.packages')
+  }
+  return assertGlobList(ws, pkgPath, 'workspaces')
+}
+
+/**
+ * Package manifests the globs never reach, in single-project mode only: a
+ * root `package.json` with no `workspaces` field makes the root the one
+ * project, and a `packages/app/package.json` full of scripts beside it is
+ * then invisible — `vx init` said "no package.json scripts" and `vx run`
+ * said "run vx init" (2026-09-16). One shallow scan, two levels, on the
+ * failure path only; `node_modules` and dot directories are skipped.
+ */
+export async function unreachedPackages(workspace: PackageWorkspace): Promise<string[]> {
+  if (workspace.packageGlobs.length !== 1 || workspace.packageGlobs[0] !== '.') return []
+  const found: string[] = []
+  // Two scans: Bun.Glob does not expand a brace whose alternatives hold a
+  // slash (`{*,*/*}/package.json` matched nothing, measured 2026-09-16).
+  for (const pattern of ['*/package.json', '*/*/package.json']) {
+    for await (const rel of new Bun.Glob(pattern).scan({
+      cwd: workspace.root,
+      onlyFiles: true,
+      dot: false,
+    })) {
+      const posix = rel.split(path.sep).join('/')
+      if (posix.startsWith('node_modules/') || posix.includes('/node_modules/')) continue
+      found.push(posix.slice(0, -'/package.json'.length))
+    }
+  }
+  return found.sort()
+}
+
+/**
+ * The line for `unreachedPackages`' finding: the cause, the packages, the
+ * glob to add, and where. A `pnpm-workspace.yaml` with no `packages:` (pnpm
+ * keeps its settings there) is where pnpm reads the globs: the hint said
+ * there was no such file and named package.json, beside ngrx's (2026-10-07).
+ */
+export function unreachedHint(unreached: readonly string[], root: string): string {
+  const n = unreached.length
+  const shown = unreached.slice(0, 3).join(', ') + (n > 3 ? ` and ${n - 3} more` : '')
+  const globs = [
+    ...new Set(unreached.map((d) => (d.includes('/') ? `${path.posix.dirname(d)}/*` : d))),
+  ]
+    .map((g) => `"${g}"`)
+    .join(', ')
+  const rest = `so the root is the only project and ${n} package.json below it ${n === 1 ? 'is' : 'are'} not: ${shown}.`
+  return existsSync(path.join(root, 'pnpm-workspace.yaml'))
+    ? `pnpm-workspace.yaml lists no \`packages\`, ${rest} Add \`packages: [${globs}]\` to pnpm-workspace.yaml and re-run.`
+    : `package.json declares no \`workspaces\` (and there is no pnpm-workspace.yaml), ${rest} ` +
+        `Add \`"workspaces": [${globs}]\` to package.json and re-run.`
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse a workspace manifest, naming the FILE on failure. The raw parser
+ * errors (`Failed to parse JSON`) carry no path, so in a 1000-package
+ * monorepo they say nothing about which manifest is broken.
+ */
+function parseManifest(text: string, file: string, parse: (t: string) => unknown): unknown {
+  try {
+    return parse(text)
+  } catch (err) {
+    const msg = err instanceof Error ? err.message : String(err)
+    throw new UserError(`failed to parse ${file}: ${msg}`)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A `package.json` as discovery reads it: a JSON object whose `name`, when
+ * present, is a string with no surrounding whitespace (npm refuses one).
+ * Parsed and cast unchecked, `null` crashed with a TypeError and a stack,
+ * `{"name":123}` planned `123#build`, and `" a"` beside `"a"` made two
+ * projects (item 988).
+ */
+function parsePackageJson(text: string, file: string): PackageJson {
+  const pkg = parseManifest(text, file, JSON.parse)
+  if (pkg === null || typeof pkg !== 'object' || Array.isArray(pkg)) {
+    throw new UserError(`${file}: must be a JSON object`)
+  }
+  const name = (pkg as { name?: unknown }).name
+  if (name !== undefined && (typeof name !== 'string' || name.trim() !== name)) {
+    throw new UserError(`${file}: "name" must be a string with no surrounding whitespace`)
+  }
+  // A task is `<project>#<task>` split at the first `#`: `"a#b"` planned
+  // under `--all` but no run spec or dependsOn could reach it (D-130).
+  if (typeof name === 'string' && name.includes('#')) {
+    throw new UserError(`${file}: "name" cannot hold "#" — vx addresses a task as <name>#<task>`)
+  }
+  return pkg as PackageJson
+}
+
+/**
+ * A glob list is user input from a manifest: `packages: "packages/*"`
+ * (a bare string instead of a list) is an easy YAML slip, and without
+ * this it surfaces as `workspace.packageGlobs.map is not a function`.
+ */
+function assertGlobList(value: unknown, file: string, field: string): string[] {
+  if (!Array.isArray(value) || value.some((p) => typeof p !== 'string')) {
+    throw new UserError(`${file}: \`${field}\` must be an array of glob strings`)
+  }
+  for (const pattern of value as string[]) {
+    if (EXTGLOB.test(pattern)) throw extglobRefusal(pattern, file, field)
+  }
+  return value as string[]
+}
+
+function extglobRefusal(pattern: string, file: string, field: string): UserError {
+  const head = `${file}: \`${field}\` entry "${pattern}" is an extglob, which vx's glob engine does not read`
+  // The common shape, a whole segment excluding plain names, has an exact
+  // rewrite in the `!` entries every package manager takes.
+  const segments = pattern.split('/')
+  const at = segments.findIndex((s) => /^!\([^()]*\)$/.test(s))
+  const names = at === -1 ? [] : segments[at]!.slice(2, -1).split('|')
+  const plain = names.every((n) => n !== '' && !BUN_GLOB_WILDCARDS.test(n) && !/[()!@+]/.test(n))
+  const rest = segments.filter((_s, i) => i !== at).join('/')
+  if (at === -1 || !plain || EXTGLOB.test(rest)) {
+    return new UserError(
+      `${head}. List the members with \`*\`, braces or \`!\` exclusions instead.`,
+    )
+  }
+  const before = segments.slice(0, at)
+  const rewrite = [
+    [...before, '*', ...segments.slice(at + 1)].join('/'),
+    ...names.map((n) => `!${[...before, n].join('/')}`),
+  ]
+  return new UserError(
+    `${head} (npm and yarn read \`!(…)\` as an exclusion). List the exclusion as its own entry: [${rewrite.map((r) => JSON.stringify(r)).join(', ')}].`,
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Read the workspace's package-glob list, supporting all common
+ * package managers:
+ *   - `pnpm-workspace.yaml` (pnpm)
+ *   - `package.json` `workspaces` array (npm / yarn / bun)
+ *   - `package.json` `workspaces.packages` array (yarn legacy)
+ *
+ * If a `package.json` exists with no `workspaces` field, the root
+ * itself is treated as a single-project workspace.
+ */
+export async function loadPackageWorkspace(
+  root: string,
+  reads?: LoadReads,
+): Promise<PackageWorkspace> {
+  const packageGlobs = await readPackageGlobs(root, reads)
+  if (packageGlobs === null) {
+    // A migration asks only of a root findManifestRoot found, which holds
+    // one; a direct call of this public function on a bare dir lands
+    // here (D-58).
+    throw new UserError(`workspace root ${root} has neither pnpm-workspace.yaml nor package.json`)
+  }
+  return { root, packageGlobs }
+}
+
+// `<dir>/*` — the shape of nearly every workspace glob. Anything with another
+// glob character (`**`, `{a,b}`, `?`, `[`) or a negation takes the general
+// path.
+const SIMPLE_STAR_RE = /^[^*?{}[\]!]+\/\*$/
+
+/**
+ * True when a member glob reaches a `package.json` other than the root's,
+ * addressable or not: a nameless manifest, or two sharing a name, is
+ * matched and left out, not unmatched (M-46).
+ */
+export async function reachesManifest(workspace: PackageWorkspace): Promise<boolean> {
+  const { positive, negative } = splitPackageGlobs(workspace.packageGlobs)
+  const root = path.resolve(workspace.root)
+  for (const pattern of positive) {
+    for (const dir of await memberDirs(workspace.root, pattern)) {
+      if (path.resolve(dir) === root) continue
+      if (negative.length > 0 && excludedBy(relPosix(workspace.root, dir), negative)) continue
+      try {
+        if ((await stat(path.join(dir, 'package.json'))).isFile()) return true
+      } catch (err) {
+        absent(err, undefined)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return false
+}
+
+/**
+ * The directories a workspace glob names. For the `<dir>/*` shape this is
+ * one readdir of `<dir>` — the same answer `Bun.Glob` gives, at a third of
+ * the cost (measured 2026-09-02: 25 ms → ~2 ms for 1000 members). A
+ * symlinked member is followed when it points at a directory, and so is
+ * it by the scan any other shape takes, unless the glob holds `**` (item
+ * 987). Dot-directories are skipped (`dot: false`), so are `node_modules`.
+ */
+async function memberDirs(root: string, pattern: string): Promise<string[]> {
+  // Normalize: `"."` -> the root itself; `"foo/"` -> `"foo"`.
+  const normalized = pattern === '.' ? '' : pattern.replace(/\/$/, '')
+  if (SIMPLE_STAR_RE.test(normalized)) {
+    const base = path.resolve(root, normalized.slice(0, -2))
+    let entries: import('node:fs').Dirent[]
+    try {
+      entries = await readdir(base, { withFileTypes: true })
+    } catch (err) {
+      return absent(err, [])
+    }
+    const dirs: string[] = []
+    for (const e of entries) {
+      if (e.name.startsWith('.') || e.name === 'node_modules') continue
+      if (e.isDirectory()) dirs.push(path.join(base, e.name))
+      else if (e.isSymbolicLink()) {
+        try {
+          if ((await stat(path.join(base, e.name))).isDirectory())
+            dirs.push(path.join(base, e.name))
+        } catch (err) {
+          absent(err, undefined) // dangling link: not a member
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return dirs
+  }
+  const dirs: string[] = []
+  // `Bun.Glob`'s scan finds nothing for a brace whose alternatives hold a
+  // slash, though its `match` reads one: `packages/{a,nested/b}` listed
+  // neither package, and both ran under no verb while the root still
+  // claimed them (D-2). Such a pattern is scanned as its expansions.
+  for (const expanded of slashBraceExpansions(normalized)) {
+    const globPattern = expanded === '' ? 'package.json' : `${expanded}/package.json`
+    const glob = new Bun.Glob(globPattern)
+    // A linked member is a member, as the readdir path above has it:
+    // `packages/*` found `packages/b -> ../ext/b` while `packages/{a,b}` and
+    // `pack*/*` did not (item 987). Followed only where the depth is bounded:
+    // under `**` the scan would walk every pnpm `node_modules` link.
+    const followSymlinks = !expanded.includes('**')
+    try {
+      for await (const rel of glob.scan({
+        cwd: root,
+        onlyFiles: true,
+        dot: false,
+        followSymlinks,
+      })) {
+        // Skip nested node_modules — workspace package globs shouldn't
+        // ever reach into them, but a pathological pattern like `**`
+        // would. Avoid splitting the path on the hot loop.
+        if (rel.includes(`${path.sep}node_modules${path.sep}`)) continue
+        if (rel.startsWith(`node_modules${path.sep}`)) continue
+        dirs.push(path.dirname(path.resolve(root, rel)))
+      }
+    } catch (err) {
+      // The scan stops at a directory it may not open and cannot skip it,
+      // so the readdir path's skip is not on offer here (D-132).
+      if (!isPermissionError(err)) throw err
+      const where = relPosix(root, path.resolve(root, err.path ?? ''))
+      throw new UserError(
+        `${where}: not readable by this user (${err.code}), and the workspace glob "${pattern}" walks into it`,
+      )
+    }
+  }
+  return dirs
+}
+
+/**
+ * The project's config file, by `PROJECT_CONFIG_FILENAMES` precedence, or null.
+ *
+ * Two shapes, one per platform, each the measured winner there across
+ * 1,000 projects with the manifest read in flight alongside:
+ *   - macOS stats the candidates in order: a readdir each cost 9.6 ms
+ *     against 6.3 ms of stats even with the config at the LAST name
+ *     (2026-09-03), and a `.ts` config — the first name — pays one stat.
+ *   - Linux lists the directory once: a readdir each is 12 ms against
+ *     43 ms of stats at the last name and ties the one-stat case
+ *     (2026-09-09, a `vx.config.mjs` workspace; stats there cost a
+ *     thread-pool round trip apiece).
+ * Both answer identically: a directory or dangling link under a config
+ * name is skipped for the next name, a symlink to a file counts.
+ */
+async function findConfigFile(dir: string): Promise<string | null> {
+  if (process.platform === 'linux') {
+    let entries: Dirent[]
+    try {
+      entries = await readdir(dir, { withFileTypes: true })
+    } catch (err) {
+      return absent(err, null)
+    }
+    // By precedence slot, not a Map per directory, and no `path.join`: at
+    // 5,000 projects that cut `listPackages` from 53.5 to 47.7 ms (min of
+    // 15, six interleaved rounds, A/A 54.7).
+    const found: Dirent[] = []
+    for (const e of entries) {
+      const rank = CONFIG_RANK.get(e.name)
+      if (rank !== undefined) found[rank] = e
+    }
+    for (const entry of found) {
+      if (entry === undefined) continue
+      const candidate = dir + path.sep + entry.name
+      if (entry.isFile()) return candidate
+      if (entry.isSymbolicLink() && (await isFile(candidate))) return candidate
+    }
+    return null
+  }
+  for (const name of PROJECT_CONFIG_FILENAMES) {
+    const candidate = path.join(dir, name)
+    if (await isFile(candidate)) return candidate
+  }
+  return null
+}
+
+const CONFIG_RANK = new Map(PROJECT_CONFIG_FILENAMES.map((n, i) => [n, i]))
+
+async function isFile(p: string): Promise<boolean> {
+  try {
+    return (await stat(p)).isFile()
+  } catch (err) {
+    return absent(err, false)
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A read that found nothing is absent; one the process could not make is
+ * not. Out of descriptors (`EMFILE`), every member read failed, and the
+ * catches here read the workspace as empty: "No package matched the
+ * workspace's package globs" (D-60).
+ */
+function absent<T>(err: unknown, value: T): T {
+  if (isOutOfFds(err)) throw err
+  return value
+}
+
+/**
+ * A member's manifest text, or null when there is none. A manifest this
+ * user may not read is refused, not skipped: its project dropped out of
+ * `--all` and the run went green without it (D-132). A directory it may
+ * not search hides whether a manifest is there at all, so that one is
+ * named and skipped (a service's data directory under `packages/*`).
+ */
+async function readManifest(root: string, dir: string, file: string): Promise<string | null> {
+  try {
+    return await Bun.file(file).text()
+  } catch (err) {
+    if (!isPermissionError(err)) return absent(err, null)
+    const searchable = await access(dir, constants.X_OK).then(
+      () => true,
+      () => false,
+    )
+    if (searchable) unreadable(err, file)
+    process.stderr.write(
+      `vx: ${shownDir(root, dir)} is not readable by this user — skipped, with any project in it\n`,
+    )
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+/** `dir` as a discovery line names it: the root's own path is '' (D-127, D-154). */
+function shownDir(root: string, dir: string): string {
+  return relPosix(root, dir) || 'the workspace root'
+}
+
+/** The members of the package-manager workspace at `root`. */
+export async function listPackages(root: string): Promise<PackageMeta[]> {
+  return discoverPackages(await loadPackageWorkspace(root))
+}
+
+/**
+ * The members of `workspace`, and `nameless` collects each member
+ * directory whose manifest has no `name`: the scripts mapper names them, since
+ * their scripts map to nothing.
+ */
+export async function discoverPackages(
+  workspace: PackageWorkspace,
+  nameless?: string[],
+): Promise<PackageMeta[]> {
+  // Run all package globs concurrently. Disk-bound walks parallelize
+  // well; serializing them just stretches the discovery phase by N×.
+  const { positive, negative } = splitPackageGlobs(workspace.packageGlobs)
+  // A root the globs do not list is a project when it holds a vx config
+  // (D-39): the package manager's member list stays the manager's, and
+  // the root's globs stop at every member as any parent project's do.
+  const [perPattern, rootConfig] = await Promise.all([
+    Promise.all(positive.map((pattern) => memberDirs(workspace.root, pattern))),
+    findConfigFile(workspace.root),
+  ])
+  const matches = new Set<string>()
+  for (const arr of perPattern) {
+    for (const m of arr) {
+      if (negative.length > 0 && excludedBy(relPosix(workspace.root, m), negative)) continue
+      matches.add(m)
+    }
+  }
+  if (rootConfig !== null) matches.add(workspace.root)
+
+  // Per-project discovery: the manifest read answers "is there a
+  // package.json" (an ENOENT is the "not a member" answer, at the cost of
+  // one failed open) and `findConfigFile` answers "which config file", both
+  // in flight together. All async and all in flight at once — the thread
+  // pool runs them in parallel, and a sync read here measured 2× slower on
+  // a 1000-member workspace.
+  const loaded = await Promise.all(
+    [...matches].map(async (dir) => {
+      const pkgJsonPath = dir + path.sep + 'package.json'
+      const [configPath, text] = await Promise.all([
+        findConfigFile(dir),
+        readManifest(workspace.root, dir, pkgJsonPath),
+      ])
+      if (text === null) return null
+      const pkg = parsePackageJson(text, pkgJsonPath)
+      return { dir, pkg, configPath }
+    }),
+  )
+
+  const byName = new Map<string, NonNullable<(typeof loaded)[number]>[]>()
+  for (const entry of loaded) {
+    if (entry === null) continue
+    const { dir, pkg } = entry
+    // npm and pnpm take `../ext/*`, but `--affected` asks git from the root
+    // and sees nothing outside it: an edit there moved the task's key and
+    // selected nothing, green.
+    const rel = relPosix(workspace.root, dir)
+    if (rel === '..' || rel.startsWith('../') || path.isAbsolute(rel)) {
+      throw new UserError(
+        `workspace member ${rel} (${dir}) is outside the workspace root ${workspace.root}: ` +
+          'vx keeps every project under the root. Move the workspace root up to a directory that holds every member.',
+      )
+    }
+    if (!pkg.name) {
+      nameless?.push(dir)
+      continue
+    }
+    const group = byName.get(pkg.name)
+    if (group === undefined) byName.set(pkg.name, [entry])
+    else group.push(entry)
+  }
+  const projects: PackageMeta[] = []
+  const shared: string[] = []
+  let rootReal: string | undefined
+  for (const [name, found] of byName) {
+    // One package reached by two paths (a member and a link to it) is one
+    // project, not a name two packages share: `apps/docs -> ../packages/docs`
+    // was refused as a duplicate and told to rename one (D-135). Resolved
+    // only here, so a workspace without a shared name pays nothing.
+    let group = found
+    if (group.length > 1) {
+      rootReal ??= await realpath(workspace.root)
+      group = await oneEntryPerPackage(group, workspace.root, rootReal)
+    }
+    if (group.length === 1) {
+      const { dir, pkg, configPath } = group[0]!
+      projects.push({ name, dir, packageJson: pkg, configPath })
+      continue
+    }
+    // The root's own manifest is '' relative to itself, and the refusal read
+    // "in workspace:  and packages/a" (D-127).
+    const dirs = group
+      .map((e) => relPosix(workspace.root, e.dir))
+      .sort()
+      .map((d) => (d === '' ? 'the workspace root' : d))
+    // pnpm accepts two manifests of one name (vite's playground, sveltejs/kit's
+    // test apps); vx cannot, since a project is addressed by it. Like a
+    // nameless one, a pair that declares no vx tasks is left out, so the
+    // rest of the workspace runs (vite was refused whole, 2026-10-01); one
+    // with a vx config was meant to run, and is refused with the way on.
+    if (group.some((e) => e.configPath !== null)) {
+      throw new UserError(
+        `Duplicate package name "${name}" in workspace: ${dirs.join(' and ')}; ` +
+          'vx names a project by its package name — rename one, or leave one out with a `!` pattern in the workspace globs',
+      )
+    }
+    shared.push(`${name} (${dirs.join(', ')})`)
+  }
+  if (shared.length > 0) {
+    shared.sort()
+    const shown =
+      shared.slice(0, 2).join('; ') + (shared.length > 2 ? `; and ${shared.length - 2} more` : '')
+    process.stderr.write(
+      `vx: left out, as no project can be addressed by a name several manifests share (none has a vx config): ${shown}\n`,
+    )
+  }
+
+  // Code-unit order, not `localeCompare`: ICU collation cost 28 ms of a
+  // 300 ms warm run at 1000 projects, and a stable deterministic order is
+  // all any consumer needs.
+  return projects.sort((a, b) => (a.name < b.name ? -1 : a.name > b.name ? 1 : 0))
+}
+
+/**
+ * The entries of a name group, one per real directory. Of several paths to
+ * one package, the one that reaches it through no link inside the
+ * workspace is kept, else the first in path order.
+ */
+async function oneEntryPerPackage<T extends { dir: string }>(
+  group: T[],
+  root: string,
+  rootReal: string,
+): Promise<T[]> {
+  const byReal = new Map<string, T[]>()
+  for (const entry of group) {
+    const real = realpathOf(entry.dir)
+    const same = byReal.get(real)
+    if (same === undefined) byReal.set(real, [entry])
+    else same.push(entry)
+  }
+  if (byReal.size === group.length) return group
+  const kept: T[] = []
+  for (const [real, paths] of byReal) {
+    const direct = paths.find((e) => relPosix(root, e.dir) === relPosix(rootReal, real))
+    kept.push(direct ?? paths.sort((a, b) => (a.dir < b.dir ? -1 : 1))[0]!)
+  }
+  return kept
+}