@voxgig/sdkgen 4.8.2 → 4.9.0

package/project/.sdk/tm/py/pkg/utility/voxgig_struct/voxgig_struct.py

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+# VENDORED: @voxgig/struct 0.1.1 (python/voxgig_struct/voxgig_struct.py)
+# Source: https://github.com/voxgig/struct @ adda9521c828147573df5a8878408a3f2193ddf4  [tag: sdk-20260907-0029-0]
+# License: MIT (c) voxgig - see repository LICENSE. Do not edit: resync from upstream.
 # Copyright (c) 2025 Voxgig Ltd. MIT LICENSE.
 #
 # Voxgig Struct
@@ -34,23 +37,23 @@
 # - joinurl: join parts of a url, merging forward slashes.
 
 
-from typing import *
-from datetime import datetime
-import urllib.parse
+import inspect
 import json
-import re
 import math
-import inspect
+import re
+import urllib.parse
+from datetime import datetime
+from typing import Any
 
 # Regex patterns for path processing
 R_META_PATH = re.compile(r'^([^$]+)\$([=~])(.+)$')  # Meta path syntax.
-R_DOUBLE_DOLLAR = re.compile(r'\$\$')               # Double dollar escape sequence.
+R_DOUBLE_DOLLAR = re.compile(r'\$\$')  # Double dollar escape sequence.
 
 # Mode value for inject step.
-S_MKEYPRE =  'key:pre'
-S_MKEYPOST =  'key:post'
-S_MVAL =  'val'
-S_MKEY =  'key'
+S_MKEYPRE = 'key:pre'
+S_MKEYPOST = 'key:post'
+S_MVAL = 'val'
+S_MKEY = 'key'
 
 M_KEYPRE = 1
 M_KEYPOST = 2
@@ -60,18 +63,18 @@ _PLACEMENT = {M_VAL: 'value', M_KEYPRE: S_MKEY, M_KEYPOST: S_MKEY}
 MODENAME = {M_VAL: 'val', M_KEYPRE: 'key:pre', M_KEYPOST: 'key:post'}
 
 # Special keys.
-S_DKEY =  '$KEY'
-S_BANNO =  '`$ANNO`'
-S_DTOP =  '$TOP'
-S_DERRS =  '$ERRS'
-S_DSPEC =  '$SPEC'
-S_BMETA =  'meta'
-S_BEXACT =  '`$EXACT`'
+S_DKEY = '$KEY'
+S_BANNO = '`$ANNO`'
+S_DTOP = '$TOP'
+S_DERRS = '$ERRS'
+S_DSPEC = '$SPEC'
+S_BMETA = 'meta'
+S_BEXACT = '`$EXACT`'
 S_BVAL = '`$VAL`'
 S_BKEY = '`$KEY`'
 
 # General strings.
-S_array =  'array'
+S_array = 'array'
 S_integer = 'integer'
 S_decimal = 'decimal'
 S_map = 'map'
@@ -81,23 +84,23 @@ S_instance = 'instance'
 S_node = 'node'
 S_scalar = 'scalar'
 S_any = 'any'
-S_base =  'base'
-S_boolean =  'boolean'
-S_function =  'function'
-S_number =  'number'
-S_object =  'object'
-S_string =  'string'
-S_null =  'null'
-S_key =  'key'
-S_parent =  'parent'
-S_MT =  ''
-S_BT =  '`'
-S_DS =  '$'
-S_DT =  '.'
-S_CM =  ','
-S_CN =  ':'
-S_FS =  '/'
-S_KEY =  'KEY'
+S_base = 'base'
+S_boolean = 'boolean'
+S_function = 'function'
+S_number = 'number'
+S_object = 'object'
+S_string = 'string'
+S_null = 'null'
+S_key = 'key'
+S_parent = 'parent'
+S_MT = ''
+S_BT = '`'
+S_DS = '$'
+S_DT = '.'
+S_CM = ','
+S_CN = ':'
+S_FS = '/'
+S_KEY = 'KEY'
 
 
 # Type bit flags (mirroring TypeScript)
@@ -131,12 +134,20 @@ TYPENAME = [
     S_function,
     'symbol',
     S_null,
-    '', '', '',
-    '', '', '', '',
+    '',
+    '',
+    '',
+    '',
+    '',
+    '',
+    '',
     S_list,
     S_map,
     S_instance,
-    '', '', '', '',
+    '',
+    '',
+    '',
+    '',
     S_scalar,
     S_node,
 ]
@@ -144,32 +155,48 @@ TYPENAME = [
 S_VIZ = ': '
 
 # The standard undefined value for this language.
-UNDEF = None
+UNDEF: Any = None
 SKIP = {'`$SKIP`': True}
 DELETE = {'`$DELETE`': True}
 
 
+# Python collapses the canonical "undefined" (TS `undefined`) and JSON `null`
+# both onto None, which loses a distinction the corpus depends on (e.g.
+# stringify(null) is "null" but stringify(undefined) is ""). _ABSENT is a
+# private sentinel used ONLY as a default argument value so a function can tell
+# "no argument supplied" (undefined) apart from an explicit None (JSON null).
+class _Absent:
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<absent>'
+
+
+_ABSENT = _Absent()
+
+
 class Injection:
     """
     Injection state used for recursive injection into JSON-like data structures.
     """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
-        mode: str,                    # Injection mode: key:pre, val, key:post.
-        full: bool,                   # Transform escape was full key name.
-        keyI: int,                    # Index of parent key in list of parent keys.
-        keys: List[str],              # List of parent keys.
-        key: str,                     # Current parent key.
-        val: Any,                     # Current child value.
-        parent: Any,                  # Current parent (in transform specification).
-        path: List[str],              # Path to current node.
-        nodes: List[Any],             # Stack of ancestor nodes
-        handler: Any,                 # Custom handler for injections.
-        errs: List[Any] = None,       # Error collector.
-        meta: Dict[str, Any] = None,  # Custom meta data.
-        base: Optional[str] = None,   # Base key for data in store, if any. 
-        modify: Optional[Any] = None, # Modify injection output.
-        extra: Optional[Any] = None   # Extra data for injection.
+        mode: str,  # Injection mode: key:pre, val, key:post.
+        full: bool,  # Transform escape was full key name.
+        keyI: int,  # Index of parent key in list of parent keys.
+        keys: list[str],  # List of parent keys.
+        key: str,  # Current parent key.
+        val: Any,  # Current child value.
+        parent: Any,  # Current parent (in transform specification).
+        path: list[str],  # Path to current node.
+        nodes: list[Any],  # Stack of ancestor nodes
+        handler: Any,  # Custom handler for injections.
+        errs: list[Any] = UNDEF,  # Error collector.
+        meta: dict[str, Any] = UNDEF,  # Custom meta data.
+        base: str | None = None,  # Base key for data in store, if any.
+        modify: Any | None = None,  # Modify injection output.
+        extra: Any | None = None,  # Extra data for injection.
     ) -> None:
         self.mode = mode
         self.full = full
@@ -186,10 +213,12 @@ class Injection:
         self.base = base
         self.modify = modify
         self.extra = extra
-        self.prior = None
+        self.prior: Injection | None = None
         self.dparent = UNDEF
         self.dpath = [S_DTOP]
-        self.root = None  # Virtual root parent; set at top level so we can return it after transforms
+        self.root = (
+            None  # Virtual root parent; set at top level so we can return it after transforms
+        )
 
     def descend(self):
         if '__d' not in self.meta:
@@ -199,8 +228,8 @@ class Injection:
         parentkey = getelem(self.path, -2)
 
         if self.dparent is UNDEF:
-            if 1 < size(self.dpath):
-                self.dpath = self.dpath + [parentkey]
+            if size(self.dpath) > 1:
+                self.dpath = [*self.dpath, parentkey]
         else:
             if parentkey is not None:
                 self.dparent = getprop(self.dparent, parentkey)
@@ -209,15 +238,15 @@ class Injection:
                 if lastpart == '$:' + str(parentkey):
                     self.dpath = slice(self.dpath, -1)
                 else:
-                    self.dpath = self.dpath + [parentkey]
+                    self.dpath = [*self.dpath, parentkey]
 
         return self.dparent
 
-    def child(self, keyI: int, keys: List[str]) -> 'Injection':
+    def child(self, keyI: int, keys: list[str]) -> 'Injection':
         """Create a child state object with the given key index and keys."""
         key = strkey(keys[keyI])
         val = self.val
-        
+
         cinj = Injection(
             mode=self.mode,
             full=self.full,
@@ -226,28 +255,40 @@ class Injection:
             key=key,
             val=getprop(val, key),
             parent=val,
-            path=self.path + [key],
-            nodes=self.nodes + [val],
+            path=[*self.path, key],
+            nodes=[*self.nodes, val],
             handler=self.handler,
             errs=self.errs,
             meta=self.meta,
             base=self.base,
-            modify=self.modify
+            modify=self.modify,
         )
         cinj.prior = self
         cinj.dpath = self.dpath[:]
         cinj.dparent = self.dparent
         cinj.extra = self.extra  # Preserve extra (contains transform functions)
         cinj.root = getattr(self, 'root', None)
-        
+
         return cinj
 
-    def setval(self, val: Any, ancestor: Optional[int] = None) -> Any:
-        """Set the value in the parent node at the specified ancestor level."""
+    def setval(self, val: Any, ancestor: int | None = None) -> Any:
+        """Inject-state setter. Mirrors the canonical TS Injection.setval:
+        val of UNDEF (= None in Python — distinguishability is impossible
+        in any of the dynamic-typed ports anyway) deletes the slot, any
+        other value sets it. setprop itself remains a pure assignment per
+        the Group B rule — this delete-on-undef shortcut lives only here
+        so transform/validate injectors can signal "no value at this slot"
+        through their return value.
+        """
         if ancestor is None or ancestor < 2:
-            return setprop(self.parent, self.key, val)
+            target = self.parent
+            key = self.key
         else:
-            return setprop(getelem(self.nodes, 0 - ancestor), getelem(self.path, 0 - ancestor), val)
+            target = getelem(self.nodes, 0 - ancestor)
+            key = getelem(self.path, 0 - ancestor)
+        if val is None:
+            return delprop(target, key)
+        return setprop(target, key, val)
 
 
 def getdef(val, alt):
@@ -281,9 +322,7 @@ def iskey(key: Any = UNDEF) -> bool:
         return False
     if isinstance(key, int):
         return True
-    if isinstance(key, float):
-        return True
-    return False
+    return isinstance(key, float)
 
 
 def size(val: Any = UNDEF) -> int:
@@ -294,7 +333,7 @@ def size(val: Any = UNDEF) -> int:
         return len(val)
     elif ismap(val):
         return len(val.keys())
-    
+
     if isinstance(val, str):
         return len(val)
     elif isinstance(val, (int, float)):
@@ -309,16 +348,17 @@ def size(val: Any = UNDEF) -> int:
 
 def slice(val: Any, start: int = UNDEF, end: int = UNDEF, mutate: bool = False) -> Any:
     """Return a part of a list, string, or clamp a number"""
-    # Handle numbers - acts like clamp function
-    if isinstance(val, (int, float)):
+    # Handle numbers - acts like clamp function.
+    # bool is a subclass of int in python, but `typeof true` is not
+    # "number" in the canonical TypeScript, so a boolean must fall through
+    # to the container path and be returned unchanged.
+    if isinstance(val, (int, float)) and not isinstance(val, bool):
         if start is None:
             start = float('-inf')
-        if end is None:
-            end = float('inf')
-        else:
-            end = end - 1  # TypeScript uses exclusive end, so subtract 1
+        # TypeScript uses exclusive end, so subtract 1 when bounded.
+        end = float('inf') if end is None else end - 1
         return max(start, min(val, end))
-    
+
     if islist(val) or isinstance(val, str):
         vlen = size(val)
         if end is not None and start is None:
@@ -342,13 +382,13 @@ def slice(val: Any, start: int = UNDEF, end: int = UNDEF, mutate: bool = False)
             if vlen < start:
                 start = vlen
 
-            if -1 < start and start <= end and end <= vlen:
+            if start > -1 and start <= end and end <= vlen:
                 if islist(val) and mutate:
                     j = start
                     for i in range(end - start):
                         val[i] = val[j]
                         j += 1
-                    del val[end - start:]
+                    del val[end - start :]
                     return val
                 return val[start:end]
             else:
@@ -356,7 +396,7 @@ def slice(val: Any, start: int = UNDEF, end: int = UNDEF, mutate: bool = False)
                     if mutate:
                         del val[:]
                     return val if mutate else []
-                return ""
+                return ''
 
     # No slice performed; return original value unchanged
     return val
@@ -364,10 +404,13 @@ def slice(val: Any, start: int = UNDEF, end: int = UNDEF, mutate: bool = False)
 
 def pad(s: Any, padding: int = UNDEF, padchar: str = UNDEF) -> str:
     """Pad a string to a specified length"""
-    s = stringify(s)
+    # Mirror TS canonical: stringify(null) is "null", distinct from
+    # stringify(undefined) which is "". Python's UNDEF=None conflates the
+    # two; explicitly coerce JSON-null to the literal string "null" first.
+    s = 'null' if s is None else stringify(s)
     padding = 44 if padding is UNDEF else padding
     padchar = ' ' if padchar is UNDEF else (padchar + ' ')[0]
-    
+
     if padding > -1:
         return s.ljust(padding, padchar)
     else:
@@ -375,7 +418,7 @@ def pad(s: Any, padding: int = UNDEF, padchar: str = UNDEF) -> str:
 
 
 def strkey(key: Any = UNDEF) -> str:
-    if UNDEF == key:
+    if key == UNDEF:
         return S_MT
 
     if isinstance(key, str):
@@ -395,19 +438,16 @@ def strkey(key: Any = UNDEF) -> str:
 
 def isempty(val: Any = UNDEF) -> bool:
     "Check for an 'empty' value - None, empty string, array, object."
-    if UNDEF == val:
+    if val == UNDEF:
         return True
-    
+
     if val == S_MT:
         return True
-    
+
     if islist(val) and len(val) == 0:
         return True
-    
-    if ismap(val) and len(val) == 0:
-        return True
-    
-    return False    
+
+    return ismap(val) and len(val) == 0
 
 
 def isfunc(val: Any = UNDEF) -> bool:
@@ -439,6 +479,7 @@ def typify(value: Any = _TYPIFY_NO_ARG) -> int:
         return T_scalar | T_number | T_integer
     if isinstance(value, float):
         import math
+
         if math.isnan(value):
             return T_noval
         return T_scalar | T_number | T_decimal
@@ -455,12 +496,12 @@ def typify(value: Any = _TYPIFY_NO_ARG) -> int:
 
 def getelem(val: Any, key: Any, alt: Any = UNDEF) -> Any:
     """
-    Get a list element. The key should be an integer, or a string
-    that can parse to an integer only. Negative integers count from the end of the list.
+    Get a list element. Group A semantics: a stored None at the slot
+    returns alt, just like an out-of-range index.
     """
     out = UNDEF
 
-    if UNDEF == val or UNDEF == key:
+    if val is UNDEF or key is UNDEF:
         return alt
 
     if islist(val):
@@ -473,45 +514,65 @@ def getelem(val: Any, key: Any, alt: Any = UNDEF) -> Any:
         except (ValueError, IndexError):
             pass
 
-    if UNDEF == out:
-        return alt() if 0 < (T_function & typify(alt)) else alt
+    if out is UNDEF or out is None:
+        return alt() if (T_function & typify(alt)) > 0 else alt
 
     return out
 
 
 def getprop(val: Any = UNDEF, key: Any = UNDEF, alt: Any = UNDEF) -> Any:
     """
-    Safely get a property of a node. Undefined arguments return undefined.
-    If the key is not found, return the alternative value.
+    Safely get a property of a node. Group A semantics (per design/UNDEF_SPEC.md):
+    a stored None is treated as "no value" and returns alt. Internal callers
+    that need to inspect the raw stored value at a slot (preserving null)
+    use _lookup.
     """
-    if UNDEF == val:
-        return alt
-
-    if UNDEF == key:
+    if val is UNDEF or key is UNDEF:
         return alt
 
     out = alt
-    
+
     if ismap(val):
-        out = val.get(str(key), alt)
-    
+        skey = str(key)
+        if skey in val:
+            out = val[skey]
+
     elif islist(val):
         try:
-            key = int(key)
-        except:
+            ki = int(key)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
             return alt
 
-        if 0 <= key < len(val):
-            return val[key]
-        else:
-            return alt
+        if 0 <= ki < len(val):
+            out = val[ki]
 
-    if UNDEF == out:
+    if out is None:
         return alt
-        
+
     return out
 
 
+def _lookup(val: Any, key: Any) -> Any:
+    """Internal raw lookup: returns the literally-stored value (including
+    None for JSON null), or UNDEF when the slot doesn't exist. Used by
+    Group B callers that must distinguish a null slot from an absent one
+    while still using a unified test runner."""
+    if val is UNDEF or key is UNDEF:
+        return UNDEF
+    if ismap(val):
+        skey = str(key)
+        return val.get(skey, UNDEF)
+    if islist(val):
+        try:
+            ki = int(key)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError):
+            return UNDEF
+        if 0 <= ki < len(val):
+            return val[ki]
+        return UNDEF
+    return UNDEF
+
+
 def keysof(val: Any = UNDEF) -> list[str]:
     "Sorted keys of a map, or indexes of a list."
     if not isnode(val):
@@ -523,10 +584,11 @@ def keysof(val: Any = UNDEF) -> list[str]:
 
 
 def haskey(val: Any = UNDEF, key: Any = UNDEF) -> bool:
-    "Value of property with name key in node val is defined."
-    return UNDEF != getprop(val, key)
+    "Value of property with name key in node val is defined (and not None)."
+    out = getprop(val, key)
+    return out is not UNDEF and out is not None
+
 
-    
 def items(val: Any = UNDEF, apply=None):
     "List the keys of a map or list as an array of [key, value] tuples."
     if not isnode(val):
@@ -536,7 +598,7 @@ def items(val: Any = UNDEF, apply=None):
     if apply is not None:
         out = [apply(item) for item in out]
     return out
-    
+
 
 def flatten(lst, depth=None):
     if depth is None:
@@ -564,26 +626,104 @@ def filter(val, check):
 
 def escre(s: Any):
     "Escape regular expression."
-    if UNDEF == s:
-        s = ""
+    if s == UNDEF:
+        s = ''
     pattern = r'([.*+?^${}()|\[\]\\])'
     return re.sub(pattern, r'\\\1', s)
 
 
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Regex utility — uniform re_* API (see /design/REGEX_API.md). The Python port
+# wraps the stdlib `re` module; the dialect is the RE2 subset.
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def re_compile(pattern, flags=0):
+    "Compile a regex (or return as-is if already a compiled pattern)."
+    if hasattr(pattern, 'pattern'):
+        return pattern
+    return re.compile(pattern, flags)
+
+
+def re_find(pattern, input):
+    "First match. Returns [whole, capture1, ...] or None."
+    rx = pattern if hasattr(pattern, 'search') else re.compile(pattern)
+    m = rx.search(input)
+    if not m:
+        return None
+    return [m.group(0)] + [g if g is not None else '' for g in m.groups()]
+
+
+def re_find_all(pattern, input):
+    "All non-overlapping matches."
+    rx = pattern if hasattr(pattern, 'finditer') else re.compile(pattern)
+    out = []
+    for m in rx.finditer(input):
+        out.append([m.group(0)] + [g if g is not None else '' for g in m.groups()])
+    return out
+
+
+def re_replace(pattern, input, replacement):
+    "Replace every match. `replacement` may be a string with $&/$1 or a callable."
+    rx = pattern if hasattr(pattern, 'sub') else re.compile(pattern)
+    if callable(replacement):
+
+        def _cb(m):
+            return replacement([m.group(0)] + [g if g is not None else '' for g in m.groups()])
+
+        return rx.sub(_cb, input)
+    # Translate $& and $1..$9 to Python's \g<0>/\1..\9
+    py_repl = []
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(replacement):
+        c = replacement[i]
+        if c == '$' and i + 1 < len(replacement):
+            nxt = replacement[i + 1]
+            if nxt == '&':
+                py_repl.append('\\g<0>')
+                i += 2
+                continue
+            if nxt.isdigit():
+                py_repl.append('\\' + nxt)
+                i += 2
+                continue
+            if nxt == '$':
+                py_repl.append('$')
+                i += 2
+                continue
+        if c == '\\':
+            py_repl.append('\\\\')
+        else:
+            py_repl.append(c)
+        i += 1
+    return rx.sub(''.join(py_repl), input)
+
+
+def re_test(pattern, input):
+    "Boolean test."
+    rx = pattern if hasattr(pattern, 'search') else re.compile(pattern)
+    return rx.search(input) is not None
+
+
+def re_escape(s):
+    "Alias of escre."
+    return escre(s)
+
+
 def escurl(s: Any):
     "Escape URLs."
-    if UNDEF == s:
+    if s == UNDEF:
         s = S_MT
-    return urllib.parse.quote(s, safe="")
+    return urllib.parse.quote(s, safe='')
 
 
 def replace(s, from_pat, to_str):
     "Replace a search string (all), or a regexp, in a source string."
     rs = s
     ts = typify(s)
-    if 0 == (T_string & ts):
+    if (T_string & ts) == 0:
         rs = stringify(s)
-    elif 0 < ((T_noval | T_null) & ts):
+    elif ((T_noval | T_null) & ts) > 0:
         rs = S_MT
     else:
         rs = stringify(s)
@@ -597,27 +737,27 @@ def join(arr, sep=UNDEF, url=UNDEF):
     if not islist(arr):
         return S_MT
     sepdef = S_CM if sep is UNDEF or sep is None else sep
-    sepre = escre(sepdef) if 1 == size(sepdef) else UNDEF
+    sepre = escre(sepdef) if size(sepdef) == 1 else UNDEF
 
     sarr = size(arr)
-    filtered = [(i, s) for i, s in enumerate(arr)
-                if isinstance(s, str) and S_MT != s]
+    filtered = [(i, s) for i, s in enumerate(arr) if isinstance(s, str) and s != S_MT]
 
     result = []
     for idx, s in filtered:
-        if sepre is not UNDEF and S_MT != sepre:
-            if url and 0 == idx:
+        if sepre is not UNDEF and sepre != S_MT:
+            if url and idx == 0:
                 s = re.sub(sepre + '+$', S_MT, s)
                 result.append(s)
                 continue
-            if 0 < idx:
+            if idx > 0:
                 s = re.sub('^' + sepre + '+', S_MT, s)
             if idx < sarr - 1 or not url:
                 s = re.sub(sepre + '+$', S_MT, s)
-            s = re.sub('([^' + sepre + '])' + sepre + '+([^' + sepre + '])',
-                        r'\1' + sepdef + r'\2', s)
+            s = re.sub(
+                '([^' + sepre + '])' + sepre + '+([^' + sepre + '])', r'\1' + sepdef + r'\2', s
+            )
 
-        if S_MT != s:
+        if s != S_MT:
             result.append(s)
 
     return sepdef.join(result)
@@ -659,43 +799,48 @@ def delprop(parent: Any, key: Any):
     return parent
 
 
-def jsonify(val: Any = UNDEF, flags: Dict[str, Any] = None) -> str:
+def jsonify(val: Any = UNDEF, flags: dict[str, Any] = UNDEF) -> str:
     """
     Convert a value to a formatted JSON string.
     In general, the behavior of JavaScript's JSON.stringify(val, null, 2) is followed.
     """
     flags = flags or {}
-    
+
     if val is UNDEF:
         return S_null
-    
+
     indent = getprop(flags, 'indent', 2)
-    
+
     try:
-        json_str = json.dumps(val, indent=indent, separators=(',', ': ') if indent else (',', ':'))
+        if indent and indent > 0:
+            # JS-style pretty print: newlines, spaces, ": " between key/value.
+            json_str = json.dumps(val, indent=indent, separators=(',', ': '))
+        else:
+            # indent=0 = compact single-line, matching the C/Rust/Lua printers.
+            json_str = json.dumps(val, separators=(',', ':'))
     except Exception:
         return S_null
-    
+
     if json_str is None:
         return S_null
-    
+
     offset = getprop(flags, 'offset', 0)
-    if 0 < offset:
+    if offset > 0:
         lines = json_str.split('\n')
         padded = [pad(n[1], 0 - offset - size(n[1])) for n in items(lines[1:])]
         json_str = '{\n' + '\n'.join(padded)
-    
+
     return json_str
 
 
-def jo(*kv: Any) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+def jm(*kv: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
     """
     Define a JSON Object using function arguments.
     Arguments are treated as key-value pairs.
     """
     kvsize = len(kv)
     o = {}
-    
+
     for i in range(0, kvsize, 2):
         k = kv[i] if i < kvsize else f'$KEY{i}'
         # Handle None specially to become "null" for keys
@@ -706,30 +851,25 @@ def jo(*kv: Any) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         else:
             k = stringify(k)
         o[k] = kv[i + 1] if i + 1 < kvsize else None
-    
+
     return o
 
 
-def ja(*v: Any) -> List[Any]:
+def jt(*v: Any) -> list[Any]:
     """
     Define a JSON Array using function arguments.
     """
     vsize = len(v)
     a = [None] * vsize
-    
+
     for i in range(vsize):
         a[i] = v[i] if i < vsize else None
-    
-    return a
-
 
-# Aliases to match TS canonical names
-jm = jo
-jt = ja
+    return a
 
 
 def select_AND(state, _val, _ref, store):
-    if S_MKEYPRE == state.mode:
+    if state.mode == S_MKEYPRE:
         terms = getprop(state.parent, state.key)
         ppath = slice(state.path, -1)
         point = getpath(store, ppath)
@@ -739,15 +879,24 @@ def select_AND(state, _val, _ref, store):
 
         for term in terms:
             terrs = []
-            validate(point, term, {
-                'extra': vstore,
-                'errs': terrs,
-                'meta': state.meta,
-            })
-            if 0 != len(terrs):
+            validate(
+                point,
+                term,
+                {
+                    'extra': vstore,
+                    'errs': terrs,
+                    'meta': state.meta,
+                },
+            )
+            if len(terrs) != 0:
                 state.errs.append(
-                    'AND:' + pathify(ppath) + '\u2A2F' + stringify(point) +
-                    ' fail:' + stringify(terms))
+                    'AND:'
+                    + pathify(ppath)
+                    + '\u2a2f'
+                    + stringify(point)
+                    + ' fail:'
+                    + stringify(terms)
+                )
 
         gkey = getelem(state.path, -2)
         gp = getelem(state.nodes, -2)
@@ -757,7 +906,7 @@ def select_AND(state, _val, _ref, store):
 
 
 def select_OR(state, _val, _ref, store):
-    if S_MKEYPRE == state.mode:
+    if state.mode == S_MKEYPRE:
         terms = getprop(state.parent, state.key)
         ppath = slice(state.path, -1)
         point = getpath(store, ppath)
@@ -767,26 +916,30 @@ def select_OR(state, _val, _ref, store):
 
         for term in terms:
             terrs = []
-            validate(point, term, {
-                'extra': vstore,
-                'errs': terrs,
-                'meta': state.meta,
-            })
-            if 0 == len(terrs):
+            validate(
+                point,
+                term,
+                {
+                    'extra': vstore,
+                    'errs': terrs,
+                    'meta': state.meta,
+                },
+            )
+            if len(terrs) == 0:
                 gkey = getelem(state.path, -2)
                 gp = getelem(state.nodes, -2)
                 setprop(gp, gkey, point)
                 return UNDEF
 
         state.errs.append(
-            'OR:' + pathify(ppath) + '\u2A2F' + stringify(point) +
-            ' fail:' + stringify(terms))
+            'OR:' + pathify(ppath) + '\u2a2f' + stringify(point) + ' fail:' + stringify(terms)
+        )
 
     return UNDEF
 
 
 def select_NOT(state, _val, _ref, store):
-    if S_MKEYPRE == state.mode:
+    if state.mode == S_MKEYPRE:
         term = getprop(state.parent, state.key)
         ppath = slice(state.path, -1)
         point = getpath(store, ppath)
@@ -795,16 +948,20 @@ def select_NOT(state, _val, _ref, store):
         vstore['$TOP'] = point
 
         terrs = []
-        validate(point, term, {
-            'extra': vstore,
-            'errs': terrs,
-            'meta': state.meta,
-        })
+        validate(
+            point,
+            term,
+            {
+                'extra': vstore,
+                'errs': terrs,
+                'meta': state.meta,
+            },
+        )
 
-        if 0 == len(terrs):
+        if len(terrs) == 0:
             state.errs.append(
-                'NOT:' + pathify(ppath) + '\u2A2F' + stringify(point) +
-                ' fail:' + stringify(term))
+                'NOT:' + pathify(ppath) + '\u2a2f' + stringify(point) + ' fail:' + stringify(term)
+            )
 
         gkey = getelem(state.path, -2)
         gp = getelem(state.nodes, -2)
@@ -814,7 +971,7 @@ def select_NOT(state, _val, _ref, store):
 
 
 def select_CMP(state, _val, ref, store):
-    if S_MKEYPRE == state.mode:
+    if state.mode == S_MKEYPRE:
         term = getprop(state.parent, state.key)
         gkey = getelem(state.path, -2)
         ppath = slice(state.path, -1)
@@ -822,16 +979,16 @@ def select_CMP(state, _val, ref, store):
 
         pass_test = False
 
-        if '$GT' == ref and point > term:
-            pass_test = True
-        elif '$LT' == ref and point < term:
-            pass_test = True
-        elif '$GTE' == ref and point >= term:
-            pass_test = True
-        elif '$LTE' == ref and point <= term:
+        if (
+            (ref == '$GT' and point > term)
+            or (ref == '$LT' and point < term)
+            or (ref == '$GTE' and point >= term)
+            or (ref == '$LTE' and point <= term)
+        ):
             pass_test = True
-        elif '$LIKE' == ref:
+        elif ref == '$LIKE':
             import re as re_mod
+
             if re_mod.search(term, stringify(point)):
                 pass_test = True
 
@@ -840,13 +997,20 @@ def select_CMP(state, _val, ref, store):
             setprop(gp, gkey, point)
         else:
             state.errs.append(
-                'CMP: ' + pathify(ppath) + '\u2A2F' + stringify(point) +
-                ' fail:' + ref + ' ' + stringify(term))
+                'CMP: '
+                + pathify(ppath)
+                + '\u2a2f'
+                + stringify(point)
+                + ' fail:'
+                + ref
+                + ' '
+                + stringify(term)
+            )
 
     return UNDEF
 
 
-def select(children: Any, query: Any) -> List[Any]:
+def select(children: Any, query: Any) -> list[Any]:
     """
     Select children from a top-level object that match a MongoDB-style query.
     Supports $and, $or, and equality comparisons.
@@ -854,12 +1018,12 @@ def select(children: Any, query: Any) -> List[Any]:
     """
     if not isnode(children):
         return []
-    
+
     if ismap(children):
         children = [setprop(v, S_DKEY, k) or v for k, v in items(children)]
     else:
         children = [setprop(n, S_DKEY, i) or n if ismap(n) else n for i, n in enumerate(children)]
-    
+
     results = []
     injdef = {
         'errs': [],
@@ -873,36 +1037,40 @@ def select(children: Any, query: Any) -> List[Any]:
             '$GTE': select_CMP,
             '$LTE': select_CMP,
             '$LIKE': select_CMP,
-        }
+        },
     }
-    
+
     q = clone(query)
-    
+
     # Add $OPEN to all maps in the query
     def add_open(_k, v, _parent, _path):
         if ismap(v):
             setprop(v, '`$OPEN`', getprop(v, '`$OPEN`', True))
         return v
-    
+
     walk(q, add_open)
-    
+
     for child in children:
         injdef['errs'] = []
         validate(child, clone(q), injdef)
-        
+
         if size(injdef['errs']) == 0:
             results.append(child)
-    
+
     return results
 
 
-def stringify(val: Any, maxlen: int = UNDEF, pretty: Any = None):
+def stringify(val: Any = _ABSENT, maxlen: int = UNDEF, pretty: Any = None):
     "Safely stringify a value for printing (NOT JSON!)."
 
     pretty = bool(pretty)
     valstr = S_MT
 
-    if UNDEF == val:
+    # Canonical: stringify(undefined) is "" (or "<>" pretty), while
+    # stringify(null) is "null". Python conflates both onto None, so we use the
+    # _ABSENT sentinel to mean "no value supplied" (undefined). An explicit None
+    # is JSON null and falls through to json.dumps below, which yields "null".
+    if val is _ABSENT:
         return '<>' if pretty else valstr
 
     if isinstance(val, str):
@@ -914,9 +1082,9 @@ def stringify(val: Any, maxlen: int = UNDEF, pretty: Any = None):
         except Exception:
             valstr = '__STRINGIFY_FAILED__'
 
-    if maxlen is not UNDEF and maxlen is not None and -1 < maxlen:
+    if maxlen is not UNDEF and maxlen is not None and maxlen > -1:
         js = valstr[:maxlen]
-        valstr = (js[:maxlen - 3] + '...') if maxlen < len(valstr) else valstr
+        valstr = (js[: maxlen - 3] + '...') if maxlen < len(valstr) else valstr
 
     if pretty:
         colors = [81, 118, 213, 39, 208, 201, 45, 190, 129, 51, 160, 121, 226, 33, 207, 69]
@@ -941,31 +1109,28 @@ def stringify(val: Any, maxlen: int = UNDEF, pretty: Any = None):
     return valstr
 
 
-def pathify(val: Any = UNDEF, startin: int = UNDEF, endin: int = UNDEF) -> str:
+def pathify(val: Any = _ABSENT, startin: int = UNDEF, endin: int = UNDEF) -> str:
     pathstr = UNDEF
-    
+
     # Convert input to a path array
-    path = val if islist(val) else \
-        [val] if iskey(val) else \
-        UNDEF
+    path = val if islist(val) else [val] if iskey(val) else UNDEF
 
     # [val] if isinstance(val, str) else \
-        # [val] if isinstance(val, (int, float)) else \
+    # [val] if isinstance(val, (int, float)) else \
 
-    
     # Determine starting index and ending index
-    start = 0 if startin is UNDEF else startin if -1 < startin else 0
-    end = 0 if endin is UNDEF else endin if -1 < endin else 0
+    start = 0 if startin is UNDEF else startin if startin > -1 else 0
+    end = 0 if endin is UNDEF else endin if endin > -1 else 0
 
-    if UNDEF != path and 0 <= start:
-        path = path[start:len(path)-end]
+    if path != UNDEF and start >= 0:
+        path = path[start : len(path) - end]
 
-        if 0 == len(path):
-            pathstr = "<root>"
+        if len(path) == 0:
+            pathstr = '<root>'
         else:
             # Filter path parts to include only valid keys
             filtered_path = [p for p in path if iskey(p)]
-            
+
             # Map path parts: convert numbers to strings and remove any dots
             mapped_path = []
             for p in filtered_path:
@@ -973,12 +1138,15 @@ def pathify(val: Any = UNDEF, startin: int = UNDEF, endin: int = UNDEF) -> str:
                     mapped_path.append(S_MT + str(int(p)))
                 else:
                     mapped_path.append(str(p).replace('.', S_MT))
-            
+
             pathstr = S_DT.join(mapped_path)
 
-    # Handle the case where we couldn't create a path
-    if UNDEF == pathstr:
-        pathstr = f"<unknown-path{S_MT if UNDEF == val else S_CN+stringify(val, 47)}>"
+    # Handle the case where we couldn't create a path.
+    # Canonical: an absent (undefined) value renders "<unknown-path>", while an
+    # explicit JSON null renders "<unknown-path:null>". _ABSENT distinguishes
+    # the two (Python conflates both onto None otherwise).
+    if pathstr is UNDEF:
+        pathstr = f'<unknown-path{S_MT if val is _ABSENT else S_CN + stringify(val, 47)}>'
 
     return pathstr
 
@@ -988,9 +1156,18 @@ def clone(val: Any = UNDEF):
     Clone a JSON-like data structure.
     NOTE: function value references are copied, *not* cloned.
     """
-    if UNDEF == val:
+    if val == UNDEF:
         return UNDEF
 
+    try:
+        # Fast path: plain JSON data round-trips directly, avoiding the two full
+        # recursive passes (replacer + reviver) the ref-capturing path below
+        # needs. Non-serialisable values (functions / instances) raise TypeError
+        # and fall through to that path.
+        return json.loads(json.dumps(val, separators=(',', ':')))
+    except TypeError:
+        pass
+
     refs = []
 
     def replacer(item):
@@ -1004,7 +1181,7 @@ def clone(val: Any = UNDEF):
         elif hasattr(item, 'to_json'):
             return item.to_json()
         elif hasattr(item, '__dict__'):
-            return item.__dict__ 
+            return item.__dict__
         else:
             return item
 
@@ -1035,7 +1212,13 @@ def clone(val: Any = UNDEF):
 def setprop(parent: Any, key: Any, val: Any):
     """
     Safely set a property on a dictionary or list.
-    - None value deletes the key/element (mirrors JS undefined behavior).
+
+    Mirrors TS canonical: setprop SETS, including JSON null. Callers wanting
+    to delete must use delprop. (Python's UNDEF==None previously conflated
+    "absent" and "JSON null"; the delete-on-None behaviour silently dropped
+    null values, breaking $ANY validation. See Injection.setval for the
+    delete-on-undef logic.)
+
     - For lists, negative key -> prepend.
     - For lists, key > len(list) -> append.
     """
@@ -1044,10 +1227,7 @@ def setprop(parent: Any, key: Any, val: Any):
 
     if ismap(parent):
         key = str(key)
-        if val is None:
-            parent.pop(key, None)
-        else:
-            parent[key] = val
+        parent[key] = val
 
     elif islist(parent):
         try:
@@ -1055,11 +1235,8 @@ def setprop(parent: Any, key: Any, val: Any):
         except ValueError:
             return parent
 
-        if val is None:
-            if 0 <= key_i < len(parent):
-                for pI in range(key_i, len(parent) - 1):
-                    parent[pI] = parent[pI + 1]
-                parent.pop()
+        if False:
+            pass
         else:
             if key_i >= 0:
                 key_i = min(key_i, len(parent))
@@ -1077,39 +1254,68 @@ MAXDEPTH = 32
 
 
 def walk(
-        val: Any,
-        apply: Any = None,
-        key: Any = UNDEF,
-        parent: Any = UNDEF,
-        path: Any = UNDEF,
-        *,
-        before: Any = None,
-        after: Any = None,
-        maxdepth: Any = None,
+    val: Any,
+    apply: Any = None,
+    key: Any = UNDEF,
+    parent: Any = UNDEF,
+    path: Any = UNDEF,
+    *,
+    before: Any = None,
+    after: Any = None,
+    maxdepth: Any = None,
+    pool: Any = UNDEF,
 ):
     """
     Walk a data structure depth-first.
     Supports before (pre-descent) and after (post-descent) callbacks.
     For backward compat, `apply` is treated as the after callback.
+
+    The `path` argument passed to the before/after callbacks is a single
+    mutable list per depth, shared across all callback invocations for
+    the lifetime of this top-level walk call. Callbacks that need to
+    store the path MUST clone it (e.g. ``path[:]`` or ``list(path)``);
+    the contents will otherwise be overwritten by subsequent visits.
     """
+    if pool is UNDEF:
+        pool = [[]]
     if path is UNDEF:
-        path = []
+        path = pool[0]
 
     _before = before
     _after = after if after is not None else apply
 
+    depth = len(path)
+
     out = val if _before is None else _before(key, val, parent, path)
 
-    md = maxdepth if maxdepth is not None and 0 <= maxdepth else MAXDEPTH
-    if 0 == md or (path is not None and 0 < md and md <= len(path)):
+    md = maxdepth if maxdepth is not None and maxdepth >= 0 else MAXDEPTH
+    if md == 0 or (md > 0 and md <= depth):
         return out
 
     if isnode(out):
-        for (ckey, child) in items(out):
+        child_depth = depth + 1
+        # Grow pool on demand: pool[n] is a reusable path list of length n.
+        # Appending at index i creates a list of length i, matching index.
+        while len(pool) <= child_depth:
+            pool.append([None] * len(pool))
+        child_path = pool[child_depth]
+        # Sync prefix [0..depth-1] from the current path. Only needed once
+        # per parent: siblings share the same prefix and will each
+        # overwrite slot [depth] below.
+        for i in range(depth):
+            child_path[i] = path[i]
+
+        for ckey, child in items(out):
+            child_path[depth] = str(ckey)
             result = walk(
-                child, key=ckey, parent=out,
-                path=flatten([path or [], str(ckey)]),
-                before=_before, after=_after, maxdepth=md,
+                child,
+                key=ckey,
+                parent=out,
+                path=child_path,
+                before=_before,
+                after=_after,
+                maxdepth=md,
+                pool=pool,
             )
             if ismap(out):
                 out[str(ckey)] = result
@@ -1122,7 +1328,7 @@ def walk(
     return out
 
 
-def merge(objs: List[Any] = None, maxdepth: Any = None) -> Any:
+def merge(objs: list[Any] = UNDEF, maxdepth: Any = None) -> Any:
     """
     Merge a list of values into each other. Later values have
     precedence.  Nodes override scalars. Node kinds (list or map)
@@ -1137,9 +1343,9 @@ def merge(objs: List[Any] = None, maxdepth: Any = None) -> Any:
 
     lenlist = len(objs)
 
-    if 0 == lenlist:
+    if lenlist == 0:
         return UNDEF
-    if 1 == lenlist:
+    if lenlist == 1:
         return objs[0]
 
     out = getprop(objs, 0, {})
@@ -1153,7 +1359,7 @@ def merge(objs: List[Any] = None, maxdepth: Any = None) -> Any:
             cur = [out]
             dst = [out]
 
-            def before(key, val, _parent, path):
+            def before(key, val, _parent, path, cur=cur, dst=dst):
                 pI = size(path)
 
                 if md <= pI:
@@ -1179,10 +1385,10 @@ def merge(objs: List[Any] = None, maxdepth: Any = None) -> Any:
                     if pI >= cur_len:
                         cur.extend([UNDEF] * (pI + 1 - cur_len))
 
-                    dst[pI] = getprop(dst[pI - 1], key) if 0 < pI else dst[pI]
+                    dst[pI] = getprop(dst[pI - 1], key) if pI > 0 else dst[pI]
                     tval = dst[pI]
 
-                    if UNDEF == tval:
+                    if tval == UNDEF:
                         cur[pI] = [] if islist(val) else {}
                     elif (islist(val) and islist(tval)) or (ismap(val) and ismap(tval)):
                         cur[pI] = tval
@@ -1192,7 +1398,7 @@ def merge(objs: List[Any] = None, maxdepth: Any = None) -> Any:
 
                 return val
 
-            def after(key, _val, _parent, path):
+            def after(key, _val, _parent, path, cur=cur):
                 cI = size(path)
                 if cI < 1:
                     return cur[0] if len(cur) > 0 else _val
@@ -1205,7 +1411,7 @@ def merge(objs: List[Any] = None, maxdepth: Any = None) -> Any:
 
             out = walk(obj, before=before, after=after)
 
-    if 0 == md:
+    if md == 0:
         out = getprop(objs, lenlist - 1, UNDEF)
         out = [] if islist(out) else {} if ismap(out) else out
 
@@ -1226,7 +1432,7 @@ def getpath(store, path, injdef=UNDEF):
         parts = [strkey(path)]
     else:
         return UNDEF
-    
+
     val = store
     # Support both dict-style injdef and Injection instance
     if isinstance(injdef, Injection):
@@ -1244,33 +1450,31 @@ def getpath(store, path, injdef=UNDEF):
 
     src = getprop(store, base, store) if base else store
     numparts = size(parts)
-    
+
     # An empty path (incl empty string) just finds the store.
-    if path is UNDEF or store is UNDEF or (1 == numparts and parts[0] == S_MT) or numparts == 0:
+    if path is UNDEF or store is UNDEF or (numparts == 1 and parts[0] == S_MT) or numparts == 0:
         val = src
         return val
     elif numparts > 0:
-        
         # Check for $ACTIONs
-        if 1 == numparts:
+        if numparts == 1:
             val = getprop(store, parts[0])
-        
+
         if not isfunc(val):
             val = src
-            
+
             # Check for meta path syntax
             m = R_META_PATH.match(parts[0]) if parts[0] else None
             if m and inj_meta:
                 val = getprop(inj_meta, m.group(1))
                 parts[0] = m.group(3)
-            
-            
+
             for pI in range(numparts):
                 if val is UNDEF:
                     break
-                    
+
                 part = parts[pI]
-                
+
                 # Handle special path components
                 if injdef and part == S_DKEY:
                     part = inj_key if inj_key is not UNDEF else part
@@ -1283,55 +1487,56 @@ def getpath(store, path, injdef=UNDEF):
                 elif injdef and isinstance(part, str) and part.startswith('$META:'):
                     # $META:metapath$ -> get meta value, use as path part (string)
                     part = stringify(getpath(inj_meta, part[6:-1]))
-                
-                # $$ escapes $ (path parts can be int e.g. list indices)
-                if isinstance(part, str):
-                    part = R_DOUBLE_DOLLAR.sub('$', part)
-                else:
+
+                # $$ escapes $ (path parts can be int e.g. list indices).
+                # Skip the regex for the common segment with no '$$'.
+                if not isinstance(part, str):
                     part = strkey(part)
-                
+                elif '$$' in part:
+                    part = R_DOUBLE_DOLLAR.sub('$', part)
+
                 if part == S_MT:
                     ascends = 0
                     while pI + 1 < len(parts) and parts[pI + 1] == S_MT:
                         ascends += 1
                         pI += 1
 
-                    if injdef and 0 < ascends:
+                    if injdef and ascends > 0:
                         if pI == len(parts) - 1:
                             ascends -= 1
 
-                        if 0 == ascends:
+                        if ascends == 0:
                             val = dparent
                         else:
-                            fullpath = flatten(
-                                [slice(dpath, 0 - ascends), parts[pI + 1:]])
-                            if ascends <= size(dpath):
-                                val = getpath(store, fullpath)
-                            else:
-                                val = UNDEF
+                            fullpath = flatten([slice(dpath, 0 - ascends), parts[pI + 1 :]])
+                            val = getpath(store, fullpath) if ascends <= size(dpath) else UNDEF
                             break
                     else:
                         val = dparent
                 else:
                     val = getprop(val, part)
-    
+
     # Injdef may provide a custom handler to modify found value.
-    handler = injdef.handler if isinstance(injdef, Injection) else (getprop(injdef, 'handler') if injdef else UNDEF)
+    handler = (
+        injdef.handler
+        if isinstance(injdef, Injection)
+        else (getprop(injdef, 'handler') if injdef else UNDEF)
+    )
     if handler and isfunc(handler):
         ref = pathify(path)
         val = handler(injdef, val, ref, store)
-    
+
     return val
 
 
 def setpath(store, path, val, injdef=UNDEF):
     pathType = typify(path)
 
-    if 0 < (T_list & pathType):
+    if (T_list & pathType) > 0:
         parts = path
-    elif 0 < (T_string & pathType):
+    elif (T_string & pathType) > 0:
         parts = path.split(S_DT)
-    elif 0 < (T_number & pathType):
+    elif (T_number & pathType) > 0:
         parts = [path]
     else:
         return UNDEF
@@ -1345,7 +1550,7 @@ def setpath(store, path, val, injdef=UNDEF):
         nextParent = getprop(parent, partKey)
         if not isnode(nextParent):
             nextPart = getelem(parts, pI + 1)
-            nextParent = [] if 0 < (T_number & typify(nextPart)) else {}
+            nextParent = [] if (T_number & typify(nextPart)) > 0 else {}
             setprop(parent, partKey, nextParent)
         parent = nextParent
 
@@ -1361,8 +1566,6 @@ def inject(val, store, injdef=UNDEF):
     """
     Inject values from `store` into `val` recursively, respecting backtick syntax.
     """
-    valtype = type(val)
-
     # Reuse existing injection state during recursion; otherwise create a new one.
     if isinstance(injdef, Injection):
         inj = injdef
@@ -1385,7 +1588,7 @@ def inject(val, store, injdef=UNDEF):
             base=S_DTOP,
             modify=getprop(injdef, 'modify') if injdef else None,
             meta=getprop(injdef, 'meta', {}),
-            errs=getprop(store, S_DERRS, [])
+            errs=getprop(store, S_DERRS, []),
         )
         inj.dparent = store
         inj.dpath = [S_DTOP]
@@ -1408,9 +1611,9 @@ def inject(val, store, injdef=UNDEF):
         # Keys are sorted alphanumerically to ensure determinism.
         # Injection transforms ($FOO) are processed *after* other keys.
         if ismap(val):
-            normal_keys = [k for k in val.keys() if S_DS not in k]
+            normal_keys = [k for k in val if S_DS not in k]
             normal_keys.sort()
-            transform_keys = [k for k in val.keys() if S_DS in k]
+            transform_keys = [k for k in val if S_DS in k]
             transform_keys.sort()
             nodekeys = normal_keys + transform_keys
         else:
@@ -1473,7 +1676,11 @@ def inject(val, store, injdef=UNDEF):
     inj.val = val
 
     # Return the (possibly transform-replaced) root only at top level (prior is None).
-    if getattr(inj, 'prior', None) is None and getattr(inj, 'root', None) is not None and haskey(inj.root, S_DTOP):
+    if (
+        getattr(inj, 'prior', None) is None
+        and getattr(inj, 'root', None) is not None
+        and haskey(inj.root, S_DTOP)
+    ):
         return getprop(inj.root, S_DTOP)
     if inj.key == S_DTOP and inj.parent is not UNDEF and haskey(inj.parent, S_DTOP):
         return getprop(inj.parent, S_DTOP)
@@ -1484,7 +1691,7 @@ def inject(val, store, injdef=UNDEF):
 # call the function passing the injection state. This is how transforms operate.
 def _injecthandler(inj, val, ref, store):
     out = val
-    iscmd = isfunc(val) and (UNDEF == ref or (isinstance(ref, str) and ref.startswith(S_DS)))
+    iscmd = isfunc(val) and (ref == UNDEF or (isinstance(ref, str) and ref.startswith(S_DS)))
 
     # Only call val function if it is a special command ($NAME format).
     if iscmd:
@@ -1513,7 +1720,7 @@ def transform_DELETE(inj, val, ref, store):
     """
     Injection handler to delete a key from a map/list.
     """
-    inj.setval(UNDEF)
+    delprop(inj.parent, inj.key)
     return UNDEF
 
 
@@ -1523,7 +1730,6 @@ def transform_COPY(inj, val, ref, store):
     """
     mode = inj.mode
     key = inj.key
-    parent = inj.parent
 
     out = UNDEF
     if mode.startswith('key'):
@@ -1574,9 +1780,8 @@ def transform_KEY(inj, val, ref, store):
 
     keyspec = getprop(parent, S_BKEY)
     if keyspec is not UNDEF:
-        # Need to use setprop directly here since we're removing a specific key (S_DKEY)
-        # not the current state's key
-        setprop(parent, S_BKEY, UNDEF)
+        # Explicitly delete the marker key.
+        delprop(parent, S_BKEY)
         return getprop(inj.dparent, keyspec)
 
     # If no explicit keyspec, and current data has a field matching this key,
@@ -1593,7 +1798,7 @@ def transform_ANNO(inj, val, ref, store):
     Annotate node. Does nothing itself, just used by other injectors, and is removed when called.
     """
     parent = inj.parent
-    setprop(parent, S_BANNO, UNDEF)
+    delprop(parent, S_BANNO)
     return UNDEF
 
 
@@ -1619,11 +1824,11 @@ def transform_MERGE(inj, val, ref, store):
         args = args if islist(args) else [args]
 
         # Remove the $MERGE command from a parent map.
-        inj.setval(UNDEF)
+        delprop(inj.parent, inj.key)
 
         # Literals in the parent have precedence, but we still merge onto
         # the parent object, so that node tree references are not changed.
-        mergelist = [parent] + args + [clone(parent)]
+        mergelist = [parent, *args, clone(parent)]
 
         merge(mergelist)
 
@@ -1666,7 +1871,7 @@ def transform_EACH(inj, val, ref, store):
     # Source data
     srcstore = getprop(store, inj.base, store)
     src = getpath(srcstore, srcpath, inj)
-    
+
     # Create parallel data structures:
     # source entries :: child templates
     tcurrent = []
@@ -1676,26 +1881,26 @@ def transform_EACH(inj, val, ref, store):
     target = nodes_[-2] if len(nodes_) >= 2 else nodes_[-1]
 
     rval = []
-    
+
     if isnode(src):
         if islist(src):
             tval = [clone(child_template) for _ in src]
         else:
             # Convert dict to a list of child templates
             tval = []
-            for k, v in src.items():
+            for k in src:
                 # Keep key in meta for usage by `$KEY`
                 copy_child = clone(child_template)
                 if ismap(copy_child):
                     setprop(copy_child, S_BANNO, {S_KEY: k})
                 tval.append(copy_child)
         tcurrent = list(src.values()) if ismap(src) else src
-        
-        if 0 < size(tval):
+
+        if size(tval) > 0:
             # Build tcurrent structure matching TypeScript approach
             ckey = getelem(path, -2) if len(path) >= 2 else UNDEF
             tpath = path[:-1] if len(path) > 0 else []
-            
+
             # Build dpath: [S_DTOP, ...srcpath parts, '$:' + ckey]
             dpath = [S_DTOP]
             if isinstance(srcpath, str) and srcpath:
@@ -1704,34 +1909,34 @@ def transform_EACH(inj, val, ref, store):
                         dpath.append(part)
             if ckey is not UNDEF:
                 dpath.append('$:' + str(ckey))
-            
+
             tcur = {ckey: tcurrent}
 
-            if 1 < size(tpath):
+            if size(tpath) > 1:
                 pkey = getelem(path, -3, S_DTOP)
                 tcur = {pkey: tcur}
                 dpath.append('$:' + str(pkey))
-            
+
             # Create child injection state
             tinj = inj.child(0, [ckey] if ckey is not UNDEF else [])
             tinj.path = tpath
             tinj.nodes = nodes_[:-1] if len(nodes_) > 0 else []
             tinj.parent = getelem(tinj.nodes, -1) if len(tinj.nodes) > 0 else UNDEF
-            
+
             if ckey is not UNDEF and tinj.parent is not UNDEF:
                 setprop(tinj.parent, ckey, tval)
-            
+
             tinj.val = tval
             tinj.dpath = dpath
             tinj.dparent = tcur
-            
+
             # Inject the entire list at once
             inject(tval, store, tinj)
             rval = tinj.val
 
     setprop(target, tkey, rval)
 
-    return rval[0] if islist(rval) and 0 < size(rval) else UNDEF
+    return rval[0] if islist(rval) and size(rval) > 0 else UNDEF
 
 
 def transform_PACK(inj, val, ref, store):
@@ -1741,7 +1946,7 @@ def transform_PACK(inj, val, ref, store):
     parent = inj.parent
     nodes_ = inj.nodes
 
-    if (mode != S_MKEYPRE or not isinstance(key, str) or path is UNDEF or nodes_ is UNDEF):
+    if mode != S_MKEYPRE or not isinstance(key, str) or path is UNDEF or nodes_ is UNDEF:
         return UNDEF
 
     args_val = getprop(parent, key)
@@ -1817,7 +2022,7 @@ def transform_PACK(inj, val, ref, store):
 
         tcur = {ckey: tsrc}
 
-        if 1 < size(tpath):
+        if size(tpath) > 1:
             pkey = getelem(inj.path, -3, S_DTOP)
             tcur = {pkey: tcur}
             dpath.append('$:' + str(pkey))
@@ -1844,7 +2049,6 @@ def transform_REF(inj, val, _ref, store):
     Format: ['`$REF`', '`spec-path`']
     """
     nodes = inj.nodes
-    modify = inj.modify
 
     if inj.mode != S_MVAL:
         return UNDEF
@@ -1863,6 +2067,7 @@ def transform_REF(inj, val, _ref, store):
     # Check if ref has another $REF inside
     hasSubRef = False
     if isnode(ref):
+
         def check_subref(k, v, parent, path):
             nonlocal hasSubRef
             if v == '`$REF`':
@@ -1873,8 +2078,8 @@ def transform_REF(inj, val, _ref, store):
 
     tref = clone(ref)
 
-    cpath = slice(inj.path, 0, len(inj.path)-3)
-    tpath = slice(inj.path, 0, len(inj.path)-1)
+    cpath = slice(inj.path, 0, len(inj.path) - 3)
+    tpath = slice(inj.path, 0, len(inj.path) - 1)
     tcur = getpath(store, cpath)
     tval = getpath(store, tpath)
     rval = UNDEF
@@ -1884,7 +2089,7 @@ def transform_REF(inj, val, _ref, store):
         # Create child state for the next level
         child_state = inj.child(0, [getelem(tpath, -1)])
         child_state.path = tpath
-        child_state.nodes = slice(inj.nodes, 0, len(inj.nodes)-1)
+        child_state.nodes = slice(inj.nodes, 0, len(inj.nodes) - 1)
         child_state.parent = getelem(nodes, -2)
         child_state.val = tref
 
@@ -1897,7 +2102,7 @@ def transform_REF(inj, val, _ref, store):
 
     # Set the value in grandparent, using setval
     inj.setval(rval, 2)
-    
+
     # Handle lists by decrementing keyI
     if islist(inj.parent) and inj.prior:
         inj.prior.keyI -= 1
@@ -1944,26 +2149,41 @@ FORMATTER = {
     'string': lambda _k, v, *_a: v if isnode(v) else _jsstr(v),
     'number': _fmt_number,
     'integer': _fmt_integer,
-    'concat': lambda k, v, *_a: join(
-        items(v, lambda n: '' if isnode(n[1]) else _jsstr(n[1])), '') if k is None and islist(v) else v,
+    'concat': lambda k, v, *_a: (
+        join(items(v, lambda n: '' if isnode(n[1]) else _jsstr(n[1])), '')
+        if k is None and islist(v)
+        else v
+    ),
 }
 
 
 def checkPlacement(modes, ijname, parentTypes, inj):
     mode_num = _MODE_TO_NUM.get(inj.mode, 0)
-    if 0 == (modes & mode_num):
+    if (modes & mode_num) == 0:
         allowed = [m for m in [M_KEYPRE, M_KEYPOST, M_VAL] if modes & m]
-        placements = join(
-            items(allowed, lambda n: _PLACEMENT.get(n[1], '')), ',')
-        inj.errs.append('$' + ijname + ': invalid placement as ' +
-                         _PLACEMENT.get(mode_num, '') +
-                         ', expected: ' + placements + '.')
+        placements = join(items(allowed, lambda n: _PLACEMENT.get(n[1], '')), ',')
+        inj.errs.append(
+            '$'
+            + ijname
+            + ': invalid placement as '
+            + _PLACEMENT.get(mode_num, '')
+            + ', expected: '
+            + placements
+            + '.'
+        )
         return False
     if not isempty(parentTypes):
         ptype = typify(inj.parent)
-        if 0 == (parentTypes & ptype):
-            inj.errs.append('$' + ijname + ': invalid placement in parent ' +
-                             typename(ptype) + ', expected: ' + typename(parentTypes) + '.')
+        if (parentTypes & ptype) == 0:
+            inj.errs.append(
+                '$'
+                + ijname
+                + ': invalid placement in parent '
+                + typename(ptype)
+                + ', expected: '
+                + typename(parentTypes)
+                + '.'
+            )
             return False
     return True
 
@@ -1975,10 +2195,18 @@ def injectorArgs(argTypes, args):
     for argI in range(numargs):
         arg = getelem(args, argI)
         argType = typify(arg)
-        if 0 == (argTypes[argI] & argType):
-            found[0] = ('invalid argument: ' + stringify(arg, 22) +
-                        ' (' + typename(argType) + ' at position ' + str(1 + argI) +
-                        ') is not of type: ' + typename(argTypes[argI]) + '.')
+        if (argTypes[argI] & argType) == 0:
+            found[0] = (
+                'invalid argument: '
+                + stringify(arg, 22)
+                + ' ('
+                + typename(argType)
+                + ' at position '
+                + str(1 + argI)
+                + ') is not of type: '
+                + typename(argTypes[argI])
+                + '.'
+            )
             break
         found[1 + argI] = arg
     return found
@@ -2002,7 +2230,7 @@ def injectChild(child, store, inj):
 def transform_FORMAT(inj, _val, _ref, store):
     slice(inj.keys, 0, 1, True)
 
-    if S_MVAL != inj.mode:
+    if inj.mode != S_MVAL:
         return UNDEF
 
     name = getprop(inj.parent, 1)
@@ -2014,7 +2242,7 @@ def transform_FORMAT(inj, _val, _ref, store):
     cinj = injectChild(child, store, inj)
     resolved = cinj.val
 
-    formatter = name if 0 < (T_function & typify(name)) else getprop(FORMATTER, name)
+    formatter = name if (T_function & typify(name)) > 0 else getprop(FORMATTER, name)
 
     if formatter is UNDEF:
         inj.errs.append('$FORMAT: unknown format: ' + str(name) + '.')
@@ -2038,7 +2266,7 @@ def transform_APPLY(inj, _val, _ref, store):
     apply_fn = err_apply_child[1]
     child = err_apply_child[2] if len(err_apply_child) > 2 else UNDEF
 
-    if UNDEF != err:
+    if err != UNDEF:
         inj.errs.append('$' + ijname + ': ' + err)
         return UNDEF
 
@@ -2064,23 +2292,23 @@ def transform_APPLY(inj, _val, _ref, store):
 # Transform data using spec.
 # Only operates on static JSON-like data.
 # Arrays are treated as if they are objects with indices as keys.
-def transform(
-        data,
-        spec,
-        injdef=UNDEF
-):
+def transform(data, spec, injdef=UNDEF):
     # Clone the spec so that the clone can be modified in place as the transform result.
     origspec = spec
     spec = clone(spec)
 
     extra = getprop(injdef, 'extra') if injdef else UNDEF
 
-    collect = getprop(injdef, 'errs') is not None and getprop(injdef, 'errs') is not UNDEF if injdef else False
+    collect = (
+        getprop(injdef, 'errs') is not None and getprop(injdef, 'errs') is not UNDEF
+        if injdef
+        else False
+    )
     errs = getprop(injdef, 'errs') if collect else []
 
     extraTransforms = {}
-    extraData = {} if UNDEF == extra else {}
-    
+    extraData = {}
+
     if extra:
         for k, v in items(extra):
             if isinstance(k, str) and k.startswith(S_DS):
@@ -2089,10 +2317,7 @@ def transform(
                 extraData[k] = v
 
     # Combine extra data with user data
-    data_clone = merge([
-        clone(extraData) if not isempty(extraData) else UNDEF,
-        clone(data)
-    ])
+    data_clone = merge([clone(extraData) if not isempty(extraData) else UNDEF, clone(data)])
 
     # Top-level store used by inject
     store = {
@@ -2100,19 +2325,14 @@ def transform(
         # NOTE: to escape data that contains "`$FOO`" keys at the top level,
         # place that data inside a holding map: { myholder: mydata }.
         S_DTOP: data_clone,
-
         # Original spec (before clone) for $REF to resolve refpath.
         S_DSPEC: lambda: origspec,
-        
         # Escape backtick (this also works inside backticks).
         '$BT': lambda *args, **kwargs: S_BT,
-        
         # Escape dollar sign (this also works inside backticks).
         '$DS': lambda *args, **kwargs: S_DS,
-        
         # Insert current date and time as an ISO string.
         '$WHEN': lambda *args, **kwargs: datetime.utcnow().isoformat(),
-
         '$DELETE': transform_DELETE,
         '$COPY': transform_COPY,
         '$KEY': transform_KEY,
@@ -2123,10 +2343,8 @@ def transform(
         '$REF': transform_REF,
         '$FORMAT': transform_FORMAT,
         '$APPLY': transform_APPLY,
-
         # Custom extra transforms, if any.
         **extraTransforms,
-
         S_DERRS: errs,
     }
 
@@ -2138,7 +2356,7 @@ def transform(
 
     out = inject(spec, store, injdef)
 
-    generr = 0 < size(errs) and not collect
+    generr = size(errs) > 0 and not collect
     if generr:
         raise ValueError(join(errs, ' | '))
 
@@ -2149,11 +2367,11 @@ def validate_STRING(inj, _val=UNDEF, _ref=UNDEF, _store=UNDEF):
     out = getprop(inj.dparent, inj.key)
     t = typify(out)
 
-    if 0 == (T_string & t):
+    if (T_string & t) == 0:
         inj.errs.append(_invalidTypeMsg(inj.path, S_string, t, out, 'V1010'))
         return UNDEF
 
-    if S_MT == out:
+    if out == S_MT:
         inj.errs.append('Empty string at ' + pathify(inj.path, 1))
         return UNDEF
 
@@ -2170,8 +2388,9 @@ TYPE_CHECKS = {
     S_map: lambda v: isinstance(v, dict),
     S_list: lambda v: isinstance(v, list),
     S_function: lambda v: callable(v) and not isinstance(v, type),
-    S_instance: lambda v: (not isinstance(v, (dict, list, str, int, float, bool))
-                           and v is not None and v is not UNDEF),
+    S_instance: lambda v: (
+        not isinstance(v, (dict, list, str, int, float, bool)) and v is not None and v is not UNDEF
+    ),
 }
 
 
@@ -2183,7 +2402,7 @@ def validate_TYPE(inj, _val=UNDEF, ref=UNDEF, _store=UNDEF):
     out = getprop(inj.dparent, inj.key)
     t = typify(out)
 
-    if 0 == (t & typev):
+    if (t & typev) == 0:
         inj.errs.append(_invalidTypeMsg(inj.path, tname, t, out, 'V1001'))
         return UNDEF
 
@@ -2202,17 +2421,16 @@ def validate_CHILD(inj, _val=UNDEF, _ref=UNDEF, _store=UNDEF):
     keys = inj.keys
 
     # Map syntax.
-    if S_MKEYPRE == mode:
+    if mode == S_MKEYPRE:
         childtm = getprop(parent, key)
 
         pkey = getelem(path, -2)
         tval = getprop(inj.dparent, pkey)
 
-        if UNDEF == tval:
+        if tval == UNDEF:
             tval = {}
         elif not ismap(tval):
-            inj.errs.append(_invalidTypeMsg(
-                path[:-1], S_object, typify(tval), tval, 'V0220'))
+            inj.errs.append(_invalidTypeMsg(path[:-1], S_object, typify(tval), tval, 'V0220'))
             return UNDEF
 
         ckeys = keysof(tval)
@@ -2220,36 +2438,44 @@ def validate_CHILD(inj, _val=UNDEF, _ref=UNDEF, _store=UNDEF):
             setprop(parent, ckey, clone(childtm))
             keys.append(ckey)
 
-        inj.setval(UNDEF)
+        delprop(inj.parent, inj.key)
         return UNDEF
 
     # List syntax.
-    if S_MVAL == mode:
-
+    if mode == S_MVAL:
         if not islist(parent):
             inj.errs.append('Invalid $CHILD as value')
             return UNDEF
 
         childtm = getprop(parent, 1)
 
-        if UNDEF == inj.dparent:
+        if inj.dparent == UNDEF:
             del parent[:]
             return UNDEF
 
         if not islist(inj.dparent):
-            msg = _invalidTypeMsg(
-                path[:-1], S_list, typify(inj.dparent), inj.dparent, 'V0230')
+            msg = _invalidTypeMsg(path[:-1], S_list, typify(inj.dparent), inj.dparent, 'V0230')
             inj.errs.append(msg)
             inj.keyI = size(parent)
             return inj.dparent
 
         for n in items(inj.dparent):
             setprop(parent, n[0], clone(childtm))
-        del parent[len(inj.dparent):]
-        inj.keyI = 0
+        del parent[len(inj.dparent) :]
 
-        out = getprop(inj.dparent, 0)
-        return out
+        # NOTE: modifying inj! This extends the child value loop in inject
+        # to cover every cloned child.
+        for ckeyI in range(size(keys), size(parent)):
+            keys.append(strkey(ckeyI))
+
+        # Restart the child value loop at the first element (the loop
+        # increments keyI on resume) so that the first element is also
+        # validated against the child template.
+        inj.keyI = -1
+
+        # SKIP leaves the cloned child template in place at the first
+        # element so the resumed loop can validate it.
+        return SKIP
 
     return UNDEF
 
@@ -2259,11 +2485,13 @@ def validate_ONE(inj, _val=UNDEF, _ref=UNDEF, store=UNDEF):
     parent = inj.parent
     keyI = inj.keyI
 
-    if S_MVAL == mode:
-        if not islist(parent) or 0 != keyI:
-            inj.errs.append('The $ONE validator at field ' +
-                            pathify(inj.path, 1, 1) +
-                            ' must be the first element of an array.')
+    if mode == S_MVAL:
+        if not islist(parent) or keyI != 0:
+            inj.errs.append(
+                'The $ONE validator at field '
+                + pathify(inj.path, 1, 1)
+                + ' must be the first element of an array.'
+            )
             return None
 
         inj.keyI = size(inj.keys)
@@ -2274,10 +2502,12 @@ def validate_ONE(inj, _val=UNDEF, _ref=UNDEF, store=UNDEF):
         inj.key = getelem(inj.path, -1)
 
         tvals = parent[1:]
-        if 0 == size(tvals):
-            inj.errs.append('The $ONE validator at field ' +
-                            pathify(inj.path, 1, 1) +
-                            ' must have at least one argument.')
+        if size(tvals) == 0:
+            inj.errs.append(
+                'The $ONE validator at field '
+                + pathify(inj.path, 1, 1)
+                + ' must have at least one argument.'
+            )
             return None
 
         for tval in tvals:
@@ -2286,24 +2516,33 @@ def validate_ONE(inj, _val=UNDEF, _ref=UNDEF, store=UNDEF):
             vstore = merge([{}, store], 1)
             vstore[S_DTOP] = inj.dparent
 
-            vcurrent = validate(inj.dparent, tval, {
-                'extra': vstore,
-                'errs': terrs,
-                'meta': inj.meta,
-            })
+            vcurrent = validate(
+                inj.dparent,
+                tval,
+                {
+                    'extra': vstore,
+                    'errs': terrs,
+                    'meta': inj.meta,
+                },
+            )
 
             inj.setval(vcurrent, -2)
 
-            if 0 == size(terrs):
+            if size(terrs) == 0:
                 return None
 
         valdesc = ', '.join(stringify(n[1]) for n in items(tvals))
         valdesc = re.sub(r'`\$([A-Z]+)`', lambda m: m.group(1).lower(), valdesc)
 
-        inj.errs.append(_invalidTypeMsg(
-            inj.path,
-            ('one of ' if 1 < size(tvals) else '') + valdesc,
-            typify(inj.dparent), inj.dparent, 'V0210'))
+        inj.errs.append(
+            _invalidTypeMsg(
+                inj.path,
+                ('one of ' if size(tvals) > 1 else '') + valdesc,
+                typify(inj.dparent),
+                inj.dparent,
+                'V0210',
+            )
+        )
 
 
 def validate_EXACT(inj, _val=UNDEF, _ref=UNDEF, _store=UNDEF):
@@ -2312,11 +2551,13 @@ def validate_EXACT(inj, _val=UNDEF, _ref=UNDEF, _store=UNDEF):
     key = inj.key
     keyI = inj.keyI
 
-    if S_MVAL == mode:
-        if not islist(parent) or 0 != keyI:
-            inj.errs.append('The $EXACT validator at field ' +
-                pathify(inj.path, 1, 1) +
-                ' must be the first element of an array.')
+    if mode == S_MVAL:
+        if not islist(parent) or keyI != 0:
+            inj.errs.append(
+                'The $EXACT validator at field '
+                + pathify(inj.path, 1, 1)
+                + ' must be the first element of an array.'
+            )
             return None
 
         inj.keyI = size(inj.keys)
@@ -2327,10 +2568,12 @@ def validate_EXACT(inj, _val=UNDEF, _ref=UNDEF, _store=UNDEF):
         inj.key = getelem(inj.path, -1)
 
         tvals = parent[1:]
-        if 0 == size(tvals):
-            inj.errs.append('The $EXACT validator at field ' +
-                pathify(inj.path, 1, 1) +
-                ' must have at least one argument.')
+        if size(tvals) == 0:
+            inj.errs.append(
+                'The $EXACT validator at field '
+                + pathify(inj.path, 1, 1)
+                + ' must have at least one argument.'
+            )
             return None
 
         currentstr = None
@@ -2348,22 +2591,24 @@ def validate_EXACT(inj, _val=UNDEF, _ref=UNDEF, _store=UNDEF):
         valdesc = ', '.join(stringify(n[1]) for n in items(tvals))
         valdesc = re.sub(r'`\$([A-Z]+)`', lambda m: m.group(1).lower(), valdesc)
 
-        inj.errs.append(_invalidTypeMsg(
-            inj.path,
-            ('' if 1 < size(inj.path) else 'value ') +
-            'exactly equal to ' + ('' if 1 == size(tvals) else 'one of ') + valdesc,
-            typify(inj.dparent), inj.dparent, 'V0110'))
+        inj.errs.append(
+            _invalidTypeMsg(
+                inj.path,
+                ('' if size(inj.path) > 1 else 'value ')
+                + 'exactly equal to '
+                + ('' if size(tvals) == 1 else 'one of ')
+                + valdesc,
+                typify(inj.dparent),
+                inj.dparent,
+                'V0110',
+            )
+        )
     else:
         delprop(parent, key)
 
-        
-def _validation(
-        pval,
-        key,
-        parent,
-        inj
-):
-    if UNDEF == inj:
+
+def _validation(pval, key, parent, inj):
+    if inj == UNDEF:
         return
 
     if pval == SKIP:
@@ -2375,17 +2620,17 @@ def _validation(
     # Current val to verify.
     cval = getprop(inj.dparent, key)
 
-    if UNDEF == inj or (not exact and UNDEF == cval):
+    if inj == UNDEF or (not exact and cval == UNDEF):
         return
 
     ptype = typify(pval)
 
-    if 0 < (T_string & ptype) and S_DS in str(pval):
+    if (T_string & ptype) > 0 and S_DS in str(pval):
         return
 
     ctype = typify(cval)
 
-    if ptype != ctype and UNDEF != pval:
+    if ptype != ctype and pval != UNDEF:
         inj.errs.append(_invalidTypeMsg(inj.path, typename(ptype), ctype, cval, 'V0010'))
         return
 
@@ -2398,13 +2643,20 @@ def _validation(
         pkeys = keysof(pval)
 
         # Empty spec object {} means object can be open (any keys).
-        if 0 < len(pkeys) and True != getprop(pval, '`$OPEN`'):
+        if len(pkeys) > 0 and getprop(pval, '`$OPEN`') is not True:
             badkeys = []
             for ckey in ckeys:
+                # Literal presence: the shape DECLARES ckey even when its value
+                # is null. Canonical uses `NONE === _lookup(pval, ckey)`; here
+                # `haskey` is Group A (value-based) and would wrongly flag a
+                # null-valued shape slot as unexpected — dropping records with a
+                # null field from an open ($AND) select. Test map presence.
                 if str(ckey) not in pval:
                     badkeys.append(ckey)
-            if 0 < size(badkeys):
-                msg = 'Unexpected keys at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1) + S_VIZ + join(badkeys, ', ')
+            if size(badkeys) > 0:
+                msg = (
+                    'Unexpected keys at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1) + S_VIZ + join(badkeys, ', ')
+                )
                 inj.errs.append(msg)
         else:
             # Object is open, so merge in extra keys.
@@ -2418,9 +2670,8 @@ def _validation(
 
     elif exact:
         if cval != pval:
-            pathmsg = 'at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1) + ': ' if 1 < size(inj.path) else ''
-            inj.errs.append('Value ' + pathmsg + str(cval) +
-                ' should equal ' + str(pval) + '.')
+            pathmsg = 'at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1) + ': ' if size(inj.path) > 1 else ''
+            inj.errs.append('Value ' + pathmsg + str(cval) + ' should equal ' + str(pval) + '.')
 
     else:
         # Spec value was a default, copy over data
@@ -2444,80 +2695,84 @@ def validate(data, spec, injdef=UNDEF):
 
     collect = getprop(injdef, 'errs') is not None and getprop(injdef, 'errs') is not UNDEF
     errs = getprop(injdef, 'errs') if collect else []
-    
-    store = merge([
-        {
-            "$DELETE": None,
-            "$COPY": None,
-            "$KEY": None,
-            "$META": None,
-            "$MERGE": None,
-            "$EACH": None,
-            "$PACK": None,
-
-            "$STRING": validate_STRING,
-            "$NUMBER": validate_TYPE,
-            "$INTEGER": validate_TYPE,
-            "$DECIMAL": validate_TYPE,
-            "$BOOLEAN": validate_TYPE,
-            "$NULL": validate_TYPE,
-            "$NIL": validate_TYPE,
-            "$MAP": validate_TYPE,
-            "$LIST": validate_TYPE,
-            "$FUNCTION": validate_TYPE,
-            "$INSTANCE": validate_TYPE,
-            "$ANY": validate_ANY,
-            "$CHILD": validate_CHILD,
-            "$ONE": validate_ONE,
-            "$EXACT": validate_EXACT,
-        },
 
-        ({} if extra is UNDEF or extra is None else extra),
-
-        {
-            "$ERRS": errs,
-        }
-    ], 1)
+    store = merge(
+        [
+            {
+                '$DELETE': None,
+                '$COPY': None,
+                '$KEY': None,
+                '$META': None,
+                '$MERGE': None,
+                '$EACH': None,
+                '$PACK': None,
+                '$STRING': validate_STRING,
+                '$NUMBER': validate_TYPE,
+                '$INTEGER': validate_TYPE,
+                '$DECIMAL': validate_TYPE,
+                '$BOOLEAN': validate_TYPE,
+                '$NULL': validate_TYPE,
+                '$NIL': validate_TYPE,
+                '$MAP': validate_TYPE,
+                '$LIST': validate_TYPE,
+                '$FUNCTION': validate_TYPE,
+                '$INSTANCE': validate_TYPE,
+                '$ANY': validate_ANY,
+                '$CHILD': validate_CHILD,
+                '$ONE': validate_ONE,
+                '$EXACT': validate_EXACT,
+            },
+            ({} if extra is UNDEF or extra is None else extra),
+            {
+                '$ERRS': errs,
+            },
+        ],
+        1,
+    )
 
     meta = getprop(injdef, 'meta', {})
     setprop(meta, S_BEXACT, getprop(meta, S_BEXACT, False))
 
-    out = transform(data, spec, {
-        'meta': meta,
-        'extra': store,
-        'modify': _validation,
-        'handler': _validatehandler,
-        'errs': errs,
-    })
+    out = transform(
+        data,
+        spec,
+        {
+            'meta': meta,
+            'extra': store,
+            'modify': _validation,
+            'handler': _validatehandler,
+            'errs': errs,
+        },
+    )
 
-    generr = 0 < len(errs) and not collect
+    generr = len(errs) > 0 and not collect
     if generr:
         raise ValueError(' | '.join(errs))
 
     return out
 
 
-
 # Internal utilities
 # ==================
 
+
 def _validatehandler(inj, val, ref, store):
     out = val
-    
+
     m = R_META_PATH.match(ref) if ref else None
     ismetapath = m is not None
-    
+
     if ismetapath:
         if m.group(2) == '=':
             inj.setval([S_BEXACT, val])
         else:
             inj.setval(val)
         inj.keyI = -1
-        
+
         out = SKIP
     else:
         out = _injecthandler(inj, val, ref, store)
-    
+
     return out
 
 
@@ -2525,8 +2780,8 @@ def _validatehandler(inj, val, ref, store):
 # when needed by implementation language.
 def _setparentprop(state, val):
     setprop(state.parent, state.key, val)
-    
-    
+
+
 # Update all references to target in state.nodes.
 def _updateAncestors(_state, target, tkey, tval):
     # SetProp is sufficient in Python as target reference remains consistent even for lists.
@@ -2547,53 +2802,52 @@ def _injectstr(val, store, inj=UNDEF):
     full_re = re.compile(r'^`(\$[A-Z]+|[^`]*)[0-9]*`$')
     part_re = re.compile(r'`([^`]*)`')
 
-    if not isinstance(val, str) or S_MT == val:
+    if not isinstance(val, str) or val == S_MT:
         return S_MT
 
     out = val
-    
+
     # Pattern examples: "`a.b.c`", "`$NAME`", "`$NAME1`"
     m = full_re.match(val)
-    
+
     # Full string of the val is an injection.
     if m:
-        if UNDEF != inj:
+        if inj != UNDEF:
             inj.full = True
 
         pathref = m.group(1)
 
         # Special escapes inside injection.
-        if 3 < len(pathref):
+        if len(pathref) > 3:
             pathref = pathref.replace(r'$BT', S_BT).replace(r'$DS', S_DS)
 
         # Get the extracted path reference.
         out = getpath(store, pathref, inj)
 
     else:
-        
         # Check for injections within the string.
         def partial(mobj):
             ref = mobj.group(1)
 
             # Special escapes inside injection.
-            if 3 < len(ref):
+            if len(ref) > 3:
                 ref = ref.replace(r'$BT', S_BT).replace(r'$DS', S_DS)
-                
-            if UNDEF != inj:
+
+            if inj != UNDEF:
                 inj.full = False
 
             found = getpath(store, ref, inj)
-            
+
             # Ensure inject value is a string.
-            if UNDEF == found:
+            if found == UNDEF:
                 return S_MT
-                
+
             if isinstance(found, str):
                 # Convert test NULL marker to JSON 'null' when injecting into strings
                 if found == '__NULL__':
                     return 'null'
                 return found
-                
+
             if isfunc(found):
                 return found
 
@@ -2606,7 +2860,7 @@ def _injectstr(val, store, inj=UNDEF):
 
         # Also call the inj handler on the entire string, providing the
         # option for custom injection.
-        if UNDEF != inj and isfunc(inj.handler):
+        if inj != UNDEF and isfunc(inj.handler):
             inj.full = True
             out = inj.handler(inj, out, val, store)
 
@@ -2616,11 +2870,13 @@ def _injectstr(val, store, inj=UNDEF):
 def _invalidTypeMsg(path, needtype, vt, v, _whence=None):
     vs = 'no value' if v is None or v is UNDEF else stringify(v)
     return (
-        'Expected ' +
-        ('field ' + pathify(path, 1) + ' to be ' if 1 < size(path) else '') +
-        str(needtype) + ', but found ' +
-        (typename(vt) + S_VIZ if v is not None and v is not UNDEF else '') + vs +
-        '.'
+        'Expected '
+        + ('field ' + pathify(path, 1) + ' to be ' if size(path) > 1 else '')
+        + str(needtype)
+        + ', but found '
+        + (typename(vt) + S_VIZ if v is not None and v is not UNDEF else '')
+        + vs
+        + '.'
     )
 
 
@@ -2648,8 +2904,6 @@ class StructUtility:
         self.items = items
         self.jm = jm
         self.jt = jt
-        self.jo = jo
-        self.ja = ja
         self.join = join
         self.joinurl = joinurl
         self.jsonify = jsonify
@@ -2694,11 +2948,32 @@ class StructUtility:
         self.checkPlacement = checkPlacement
         self.injectorArgs = injectorArgs
         self.injectChild = injectChild
-    
+
 
 __all__ = [
+    'DELETE',
+    'MODENAME',
+    'M_KEYPOST',
+    'M_KEYPRE',
+    'M_VAL',
+    'SKIP',
     'Injection',
     'StructUtility',
+    'T_any',
+    'T_boolean',
+    'T_decimal',
+    'T_function',
+    'T_instance',
+    'T_integer',
+    'T_list',
+    'T_map',
+    'T_node',
+    'T_noval',
+    'T_null',
+    'T_number',
+    'T_scalar',
+    'T_string',
+    'T_symbol',
     'checkPlacement',
     'clone',
     'delprop',
@@ -2721,9 +2996,7 @@ __all__ = [
     'ismap',
     'isnode',
     'items',
-    'ja',
     'jm',
-    'jo',
     'join',
     'joinurl',
     'jsonify',
@@ -2745,26 +3018,4 @@ __all__ = [
     'typify',
     'validate',
     'walk',
-    'SKIP',
-    'DELETE',
-    'T_any',
-    'T_noval',
-    'T_boolean',
-    'T_decimal',
-    'T_integer',
-    'T_number',
-    'T_string',
-    'T_function',
-    'T_symbol',
-    'T_null',
-    'T_list',
-    'T_map',
-    'T_instance',
-    'T_scalar',
-    'T_node',
-    'M_KEYPRE',
-    'M_KEYPOST',
-    'M_VAL',
-    'MODENAME',
 ]
-