@voxgig/sdkgen 0.35.2 → 0.36.0

package/project/.sdk/tm/rb/utility/struct/voxgig_struct.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2256 @@
+require 'json'
+require 'uri'
+
+module VoxgigStruct
+  # --- Debug Logging Configuration ---
+  DEBUG = false
+  
+  def self.log(msg)
+    puts "[DEBUG] #{msg}" if DEBUG
+  end
+
+  # --- Helper to convert internal undefined marker to Ruby nil ---
+  def self.conv(val)
+    val.equal?(UNDEF) ? nil : val
+  end
+
+  # --- Constants ---
+  S_MKEYPRE  = 'key:pre'
+  S_MKEYPOST = 'key:post'
+  S_MVAL     = 'val'
+  S_MKEY     = 'key'
+
+  S_DKEY   = '`$KEY`'
+  S_DMETA  = '`$META`'
+  S_DTOP   = '$TOP'
+  S_DERRS  = '$ERRS'
+
+  S_any      = 'any'
+  S_array    = 'array'
+  S_boolean  = 'boolean'
+  S_decimal  = 'decimal'
+  S_function = 'function'
+  S_instance = 'instance'
+  S_integer  = 'integer'
+  S_list     = 'list'
+  S_map      = 'map'
+  S_nil      = 'nil'
+  S_node     = 'node'
+  S_number   = 'number'
+  S_null     = 'null'
+  S_object   = 'object'
+  S_scalar   = 'scalar'
+  S_string   = 'string'
+  S_symbol   = 'symbol'
+  S_MT       = ''       # empty string constant (used as a prefix)
+  S_BT       = '`'
+  S_DS       = '$'
+  S_DT       = '.'      # delimiter for key paths
+  S_CN       = ':'      # colon for unknown paths
+  S_SP       = ' '
+  S_VIZ      = ': '
+  S_KEY      = 'KEY'
+
+  # Types - bitfield integers matching TypeScript canonical
+  _t = 31
+  T_any      = (1 << _t) - 1;     _t -= 1
+  T_noval    = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_boolean  = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_decimal  = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_integer  = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_number   = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_string   = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_function = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_symbol   = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_null     = 1 << _t;           _t -= 8
+  T_list     = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_map      = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_instance = 1 << _t;           _t -= 5
+  T_scalar   = 1 << _t;           _t -= 1
+  T_node     = 1 << _t
+
+  TYPENAME = [
+    S_any, S_nil, S_boolean, S_decimal, S_integer, S_number, S_string,
+    S_function, S_symbol, S_null,
+    '', '', '', '', '', '', '',
+    S_list, S_map, S_instance,
+    '', '', '', '',
+    S_scalar, S_node,
+  ]
+
+  SKIP = { '`$SKIP`' => true }
+  DELETE = { '`$DELETE`' => true }
+
+  # Unique undefined marker.
+  UNDEF = Object.new.freeze
+
+  # Mode constants (bitfield) matching TypeScript canonical
+  M_KEYPRE = 1
+  M_KEYPOST = 2
+  M_VAL = 4
+
+  MODENAME = { M_VAL => 'val', M_KEYPRE => 'key:pre', M_KEYPOST => 'key:post' }.freeze
+  PLACEMENT = { M_VAL => 'value', M_KEYPRE => S_MKEY, M_KEYPOST => S_MKEY }.freeze
+
+  MAXDEPTH = 32
+
+  # --- Utility functions ---
+
+  def self.sorted(val)
+    case val
+    when Hash
+      sorted_hash = {}
+      val.keys.sort.each { |k| sorted_hash[k] = sorted(val[k]) }
+      sorted_hash
+    when Array
+      val.map { |elem| sorted(elem) }
+    else
+      val
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.clone(val)
+    return nil if val.nil? || val.equal?(UNDEF)
+    if isfunc(val)
+      val
+    elsif islist(val)
+      val.map { |v| clone(v) }
+    elsif ismap(val)
+      result = {}
+      val.each { |k, v| result[k] = isfunc(v) ? v : clone(v) }
+      result
+    else
+      val
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.escre(s)
+    s = s.nil? ? "" : s
+    Regexp.escape(s)
+  end
+
+  def self.escurl(s)
+    s = s.nil? ? "" : s
+    URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.escape(s, /[^A-Za-z0-9\-\.\_\~]/)
+  end
+
+  # --- Internal getprop ---
+  # Returns the value if found; otherwise returns alt (default is UNDEF)
+  def self._getprop(val, key, alt = UNDEF)
+    log("(_getprop) called with val=#{val.inspect} and key=#{key.inspect}")
+    return alt if val.nil? || key.nil?
+    if islist(val)
+      key = (key.to_s =~ /\A\d+\z/) ? key.to_i : key
+      unless key.is_a?(Numeric) && key >= 0 && key < val.size
+        log("(_getprop) index #{key.inspect} out of bounds; returning alt")
+        return alt
+      end
+      result = val[key]
+      log("(_getprop) returning #{result.inspect} from array for key #{key}")
+      return result
+    elsif ismap(val)
+      key_str = key.to_s
+      if val.key?(key_str)
+        result = val[key_str]
+        log("(_getprop) found key #{key_str.inspect} in hash, returning #{result.inspect}")
+        return result
+      elsif key.is_a?(String) && val.key?(key.to_sym)
+        result = val[key.to_sym]
+        log("(_getprop) found symbol key #{key.to_sym.inspect} in hash, returning #{result.inspect}")
+        return result
+      else
+        log("(_getprop) key #{key.inspect} not found; returning alt")
+        return alt
+      end
+    else
+      log("(_getprop) value is not a node; returning alt")
+      alt
+    end
+  end
+
+  # --- Public getprop ---
+  # Wraps _getprop. If the result equals UNDEF, returns the provided alt.
+  def self.getprop(val, key, alt = nil)
+    result = _getprop(val, key, alt.nil? ? UNDEF : alt)
+    result.equal?(UNDEF) ? alt : result
+  end
+
+  def self.isempty(val)
+    return true if val.nil? || val.equal?(UNDEF) || val == ""
+    return true if islist(val) && val.empty?
+    return true if ismap(val) && val.empty?
+    false
+  end
+
+  def self.iskey(key)
+    (key.is_a?(String) && !key.empty?) || key.is_a?(Numeric)
+  end
+
+  def self.islist(val)
+    val.is_a?(Array)
+  end
+
+  def self.ismap(val)
+    val.is_a?(Hash)
+  end
+
+  def self.isnode(val)
+    ismap(val) || islist(val)
+  end
+
+  def self.items(val, apply = nil)
+    if ismap(val)
+      pairs = val.keys.sort.map { |k| [k, val[k]] }
+    elsif islist(val)
+      pairs = val.each_with_index.map { |v, i| [i.to_s, v] }
+    else
+      return []
+    end
+    apply ? pairs.map { |item| apply.call(item) } : pairs
+  end
+
+  def self.setprop(parent, key, val = :no_val_provided)
+    log(">>> setprop called with parent=#{parent.inspect}, key=#{key.inspect}, val=#{val.inspect}")
+    return parent unless iskey(key)
+    if ismap(parent)
+      key_str = key.to_s
+      if val == :no_val_provided
+        parent.delete(key_str)
+      else
+        parent[key_str] = val
+      end
+    elsif islist(parent)
+      begin
+        key_i = Integer(key)
+      rescue ArgumentError
+        return parent
+      end
+      if val == :no_val_provided
+        parent.delete_at(key_i) if key_i >= 0 && key_i < parent.length
+      else
+        if key_i >= 0
+          index = key_i >= parent.length ? parent.length : key_i
+          parent[index] = val
+        else
+          parent.unshift(val)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    log("<<< setprop result: #{parent.inspect}")
+    parent
+  end
+
+  def self.stringify(val, maxlen = nil, pretty = nil)
+    return '' if val.equal?(UNDEF)
+    return 'null' if val.nil?
+
+    if val.is_a?(String)
+      valstr = val
+    else
+      begin
+        v = val.is_a?(Hash) ? sorted(val) : val
+        valstr = JSON.generate(v)
+        valstr = valstr.gsub('"', '')
+      rescue StandardError
+        valstr = val.to_s
+      end
+    end
+
+    if !maxlen.nil? && maxlen >= 0
+      if valstr.length > maxlen
+        valstr = valstr[0, maxlen - 3] + '...'
+      end
+    end
+
+    valstr
+  end
+
+  def self.pathify(val, startin = nil, endin = nil)
+    pathstr = nil
+
+    path = if islist(val)
+      val
+    elsif val.is_a?(String)
+      [val]
+    elsif val.is_a?(Numeric)
+      [val]
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+
+    start = startin.nil? ? 0 : startin < 0 ? 0 : startin
+    end_idx = endin.nil? ? 0 : endin < 0 ? 0 : endin
+
+    if path && start >= 0
+      path = path[start..-end_idx-1] || []
+      if path.empty?
+        pathstr = '<root>'
+      else
+        pathstr = path
+          .select { |p| iskey(p) }
+          .map { |p|
+            if p.is_a?(Numeric)
+              S_MT + p.floor.to_s
+            else
+              p.gsub('.', S_MT)
+            end
+          }
+          .join(S_DT)
+      end
+    end
+
+    if pathstr.nil?
+      pathstr = '<unknown-path' + (val.equal?(UNDEF) ? '' : S_CN + stringify(val, 47)) + '>'
+    end
+
+    pathstr
+  end
+
+  def self.strkey(key = nil)
+    return "" if key.nil?
+    return key if key.is_a?(String)
+    return key.floor.to_s if key.is_a?(Numeric)
+    ""
+  end
+
+  def self.isfunc(val)
+    val.respond_to?(:call)
+  end
+
+  def self.getdef(val, alt)
+    val.nil? ? alt : val
+  end
+
+  def self.size(val)
+    return 0 if val.nil? || val.equal?(UNDEF)
+    return val.length if val.is_a?(String) || islist(val)
+    return val.keys.length if ismap(val)
+    return (val == true ? 1 : 0) if val == true || val == false
+    return val.to_i if val.is_a?(Numeric)
+    0
+  end
+
+  def self.slice(val, start_idx = nil, end_idx = nil, mutate = false)
+    return val if val.nil? || val.equal?(UNDEF)
+
+    if val.is_a?(Numeric) && !val.is_a?(TrueClass) && !val.is_a?(FalseClass)
+      s = start_idx.nil? ? (-Float::INFINITY) : start_idx
+      e = end_idx.nil? ? Float::INFINITY : (end_idx - 1)
+      return [[val, s].max, e].min
+    end
+
+    vlen = size(val)
+
+    start_idx = 0 if !end_idx.nil? && start_idx.nil?
+
+    if !start_idx.nil?
+      s = start_idx
+      e = end_idx
+
+      if s < 0
+        e = vlen + s
+        e = 0 if e < 0
+        s = 0
+      elsif !e.nil?
+        if e < 0
+          e = vlen + e
+          e = 0 if e < 0
+        elsif vlen < e
+          e = vlen
+        end
+      else
+        e = vlen
+      end
+
+      s = vlen if vlen < s
+
+      if islist(val)
+        result = val[s...e] || []
+        if mutate
+          val.replace(result)
+          return val
+        end
+        return result
+      elsif val.is_a?(String)
+        return val[s...e] || ''
+      end
+    end
+
+    val
+  end
+
+  def self.pad(str, padding = nil, padchar = nil)
+    str = str.is_a?(String) ? str : stringify(str)
+    padding = padding.nil? ? 44 : padding
+    padchar = padchar.nil? ? ' ' : (padchar.to_s + ' ')[0]
+    if padding >= 0
+      str.ljust(padding, padchar)
+    else
+      str.rjust(-padding, padchar)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.getelem(val, key, alt = UNDEF)
+    out = UNDEF
+    if islist(val) && !key.nil? && !key.equal?(UNDEF)
+      begin
+        nkey = key.to_i
+        if key.to_s.strip.match?(/\A-?\d+\z/)
+          nkey = val.length + nkey if nkey < 0
+          out = (0 <= nkey && nkey < val.length) ? val[nkey] : UNDEF
+        end
+      rescue
+      end
+    end
+    if out.equal?(UNDEF)
+      return isfunc(alt) ? alt.call : (alt.equal?(UNDEF) ? nil : alt)
+    end
+    out
+  end
+
+  def self.flatten(lst, depth = nil)
+    depth = 1 if depth.nil?
+    return lst unless islist(lst)
+    out = []
+    lst.each do |item|
+      if islist(item) && depth > 0
+        out.concat(flatten(item, depth - 1))
+      else
+        out << item unless item.nil? || item.equal?(UNDEF)
+      end
+    end
+    out
+  end
+
+  def self.filter(val, check)
+    return [] unless isnode(val)
+    items(val).select { |item| check.call(item) }.map { |item| item[1] }
+  end
+
+  def self.delprop(parent, key)
+    return parent unless iskey(key)
+    if ismap(parent)
+      ks = strkey(key)
+      parent.delete(ks)
+    elsif islist(parent)
+      return parent unless key.to_s.match?(/\A-?\d+\z/)
+      begin
+        ki = key.to_i
+        if 0 <= ki && ki < parent.length
+          parent.delete_at(ki)
+        end
+      rescue
+      end
+    end
+    parent
+  end
+
+  def self.join(arr, sep = nil, url = nil)
+    return '' unless islist(arr)
+    sepdef = sep.nil? ? ',' : sep.to_s
+    sepre = (sepdef.length == 1) ? Regexp.escape(sepdef) : nil
+
+    # Filter to non-empty strings only
+    parts = arr.select { |n| n.is_a?(String) && n != '' }
+
+    parts = parts.map.with_index { |s, i|
+      if sepre
+        if url && i == 0
+          s = s.sub(/#{sepre}+$/, '')
+          next s
+        end
+        s = s.sub(/^#{sepre}+/, '') if i > 0
+        s = s.sub(/#{sepre}+$/, '') if i < parts.length - 1 || !url
+        # Collapse internal duplicate separators
+        s = s.gsub(/([^#{sepre}])#{sepre}+([^#{sepre}])/, "\\1#{sepdef}\\2")
+      end
+      s
+    }.reject(&:empty?)
+
+    parts.join(sepdef)
+  end
+
+  def self.joinurl(sarr)
+    join(sarr, '/', true)
+  end
+
+  def self.jsonify(val, flags = nil)
+    str = 'null'
+    if !val.nil?
+      begin
+        indent = (flags.is_a?(Hash) ? (flags['indent'] || flags[:indent]) : nil) || 2
+        str = _json_stringify(val, indent, 0)
+        if str.nil?
+          str = 'null'
+        end
+        offset = (flags.is_a?(Hash) ? (flags['offset'] || flags[:offset]) : nil) || 0
+        if offset > 0
+          lines = str.split("\n")
+          first = lines[0] || ''
+          rest = lines[1..-1] || []
+          rest_indented = rest.map { |l| (' ' * offset) + l }
+          str = "{\n" + rest_indented.join("\n")
+        end
+      rescue => e
+        str = '__JSONIFY_FAILED__'
+      end
+    end
+    str
+  end
+
+  # Mimic JSON.stringify(val, null, indent) from JavaScript
+  def self._json_stringify(val, indent, depth)
+    return 'null' if val.nil?
+    return val.to_s if val == true || val == false
+    return val.is_a?(Float) ? val.to_s : val.to_s if val.is_a?(Numeric)
+    return JSON.generate(val) if val.is_a?(String)
+
+    ind = ' ' * indent
+    current_indent = ind * (depth + 1)
+    closing_indent = ind * depth
+
+    if islist(val)
+      return '[]' if val.empty?
+      items_str = val.map { |v| current_indent + _json_stringify(v, indent, depth + 1) }
+      "[\n" + items_str.join(",\n") + "\n" + closing_indent + "]"
+    elsif ismap(val)
+      return '{}' if val.empty?
+      pairs = val.keys.sort.map { |k|
+        current_indent + JSON.generate(k) + ': ' + _json_stringify(val[k], indent, depth + 1)
+      }
+      "{\n" + pairs.join(",\n") + "\n" + closing_indent + "}"
+    elsif isfunc(val)
+      'null'
+    else
+      'null'
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.jm(*kv)
+    result = {}
+    i = 0
+    while i < kv.length - 1
+      result[kv[i].to_s] = kv[i + 1]
+      i += 2
+    end
+    result
+  end
+
+  def self.jt(*v)
+    v.to_a
+  end
+
+  def self.replace(s, from, to)
+    return s.to_s unless s.is_a?(String)
+    if from.is_a?(Regexp)
+      s.gsub(from, to.to_s)
+    else
+      s.gsub(from.to_s, to.to_s)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.keysof(val)
+    return [] unless isnode(val)
+    if ismap(val)
+      val.keys.sort
+    elsif islist(val)
+      (0...val.length).map(&:to_s)
+    else
+      []
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Public haskey uses getprop (so that missing keys yield nil)
+  def self.haskey(val = UNDEF, key = UNDEF)
+    _getprop(val, key, UNDEF) != UNDEF
+  end
+
+  def self.joinurl(parts)
+    parts.compact.map.with_index do |s, i|
+      s = s.to_s
+      if i.zero?
+        s.sub(/\/+$/, '')
+      else
+        s.sub(/([^\/])\/+/, '\1/').sub(/^\/+/, '').sub(/\/+$/, '')
+      end
+    end.reject { |s| s.empty? }.join('/')
+  end
+
+  # Get type name string from type bitfield value.
+  def self._clz32(n)
+    return 32 if n <= 0
+    31 - (n.bit_length - 1)
+  end
+
+  def self.typename(t)
+    t = t.to_i
+    idx = _clz32(t)
+    return TYPENAME[0] if idx < 0 || idx >= TYPENAME.length
+    r = TYPENAME[idx]
+    (r.nil? || r == S_MT) ? TYPENAME[0] : r
+  end
+
+  # Determine the type of a value as a bitfield integer.
+  def self.typify(value = UNDEF)
+    return T_noval if value.equal?(UNDEF)
+    return T_scalar | T_null if value.nil?
+
+    if value == true || value == false
+      return T_scalar | T_boolean
+    end
+
+    if isfunc(value)
+      return T_scalar | T_function
+    end
+
+    if value.is_a?(Integer)
+      return T_scalar | T_number | T_integer
+    end
+
+    if value.is_a?(Float)
+      return value.nan? ? T_noval : (T_scalar | T_number | T_decimal)
+    end
+
+    if value.is_a?(String)
+      return T_scalar | T_string
+    end
+
+    if value.is_a?(Symbol)
+      return T_scalar | T_symbol
+    end
+
+    if islist(value)
+      return T_node | T_list
+    end
+
+    if ismap(value)
+      return T_node | T_map
+    end
+
+    T_any
+  end
+
+  def self.walk(val, before = nil, after = nil, maxdepth = nil, key: nil, parent: nil, path: nil)
+    path = [] if path.nil?
+
+    _before = before
+    _after = after
+
+    out = _before.nil? ? val : _before.call(key, val, parent, path)
+
+    md = (maxdepth.is_a?(Numeric) && maxdepth >= 0) ? maxdepth : MAXDEPTH
+    if md == 0 || (!path.empty? && md > 0 && md <= path.length)
+      return out
+    end
+
+    if isnode(out)
+      items(out).each do |ckey, child|
+        new_path = flatten([path, ckey.to_s])
+        result = walk(child, _before, _after, md, key: ckey, parent: out, path: new_path)
+        if ismap(out)
+          out[ckey.to_s] = result
+        elsif islist(out)
+          out[ckey.to_i] = result
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    out = _after.call(key, out, parent, path) unless _after.nil?
+
+    out
+  end
+
+  # --- Deep Merge Helpers for merge ---
+  #
+  # deep_merge recursively combines two nodes.
+  # For hashes, keys in b override those in a.
+  # For arrays, merge index-by-index; b's element overrides a's at that position,
+  # while preserving items that b does not provide.
+  def self.deep_merge(a, b)
+    if ismap(a) && ismap(b)
+      merged = a.dup
+      b.each do |k, v|
+        if merged.key?(k)
+          merged[k] = deep_merge(merged[k], v)
+        else
+          merged[k] = v
+        end
+      end
+      merged
+    elsif islist(a) && islist(b)
+      max_len = [a.size, b.size].max
+      merged = []
+      (0...max_len).each do |i|
+        if i < a.size && i < b.size
+          merged[i] = deep_merge(a[i], b[i])
+        elsif i < b.size
+          merged[i] = b[i]
+        else
+          merged[i] = a[i]
+        end
+      end
+      merged
+    else
+      # For non-node values, b wins.
+      b
+    end
+  end
+
+  # --- Merge function ---
+  # Merge a list of values. Later values have precedence.
+  # Nodes override scalars. Matching node kinds merge recursively.
+  def self.merge(val, maxdepth = nil)
+    md = maxdepth.nil? ? MAXDEPTH : [maxdepth, 0].max
+
+    return val unless islist(val)
+
+    lenlist = val.length
+    return nil if lenlist == 0
+    return val[0] if lenlist == 1
+
+    out = getprop(val, 0, {})
+
+    (1...lenlist).each do |oI|
+      obj = val[oI]
+
+      if !isnode(obj)
+        # Non-nodes (including nil) override directly
+        out = obj
+      else
+        cur = [out]
+        dst = [out]
+
+        before_fn = lambda { |key, v, _parent, path|
+          pI = path.length
+
+          if md <= pI
+            while cur.length <= pI; cur << nil; end
+            cur[pI] = v
+            setprop(cur[pI - 1], key, v) if pI > 0 && pI - 1 < cur.length
+            next nil  # stop descending
+          elsif !isnode(v)
+            cur[pI] = v
+          else
+            # Extend arrays as needed
+            while dst.length <= pI; dst << nil; end
+            while cur.length <= pI; cur << nil; end
+
+            dst[pI] = pI > 0 ? getprop(dst[pI - 1], key) : dst[pI]
+            tval = dst[pI]
+
+            if tval.nil?
+              cur[pI] = islist(v) ? [] : {}
+            elsif (islist(v) && islist(tval)) || (ismap(v) && ismap(tval))
+              cur[pI] = tval
+            else
+              cur[pI] = v
+              v = nil  # stop descending
+            end
+          end
+
+          v
+        }
+
+        after_fn = lambda { |key, _v, _parent, path|
+          cI = path.length
+          if cI < 1
+            next (cur.length > 0 ? cur[0] : _v)
+          end
+
+          target = (cI - 1 < cur.length) ? cur[cI - 1] : nil
+          value = (cI < cur.length) ? cur[cI] : nil
+
+          setprop(target, key, value) if target
+          value
+        }
+
+        out = walk(obj, before_fn, after_fn)
+      end
+    end
+
+    if md == 0
+      out = getelem(val, -1)
+      out = islist(out) ? [] : ismap(out) ? {} : out
+    end
+
+    out
+  end
+
+  # Get value at a key path deep inside a store.
+  # Matches TS canonical: getpath(store, path, injdef?)
+  def self.getpath(store, path, injdef = nil)
+    # Operate on a string array.
+    if islist(path)
+      parts = path.dup
+    elsif path.is_a?(String)
+      parts = path.split(S_DT, -1)
+    elsif path.is_a?(Numeric)
+      parts = [strkey(path)]
+    else
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    val = store
+
+    # Extract injdef properties (support both Hash and object with accessors)
+    if injdef.is_a?(Hash)
+      base = injdef['base'] || injdef[:base]
+      dparent = injdef['dparent'] || injdef[:dparent]
+      inj_meta = injdef['meta'] || injdef[:meta]
+      inj_key = injdef['key'] || injdef[:key]
+      dpath = injdef['dpath'] || injdef[:dpath]
+      handler = injdef['handler'] || injdef[:handler]
+    elsif injdef.respond_to?(:base)
+      base = injdef.base
+      dparent = injdef.dparent
+      inj_meta = injdef.meta
+      inj_key = injdef.key
+      dpath = injdef.dpath
+      handler = injdef.handler
+    else
+      base = nil; dparent = nil; inj_meta = nil; inj_key = nil; dpath = nil; handler = nil
+    end
+
+    src = base ? _getprop(store, base, store) : store
+    numparts = parts.length
+
+    # An empty path (incl empty string) just finds the src.
+    if path.nil? || store.nil? || (numparts == 1 && parts[0] == S_MT) || numparts == 0
+      val = src
+    elsif numparts > 0
+      # Check for $ACTIONs
+      if numparts == 1
+        val = _getprop(store, parts[0], UNDEF)
+      end
+
+      if !isfunc(val)
+        val = src
+
+        # Check for meta path syntax
+        if parts[0].is_a?(String) && (m = parts[0].match(/^([^$]+)\$([=~])(.+)$/)) && inj_meta
+          val = _getprop(inj_meta, m[1], UNDEF)
+          parts[0] = m[3]
+        end
+
+        pI = 0
+        while !val.equal?(UNDEF) && !val.nil? && pI < numparts
+          part = parts[pI]
+
+          if injdef && part == '$KEY'
+            part = inj_key || part
+          elsif part.is_a?(String) && part.start_with?('$GET:')
+            part = stringify(getpath(src, part[5..-2]))
+          elsif part.is_a?(String) && part.start_with?('$REF:')
+            part = stringify(getpath(_getprop(store, '$SPEC', UNDEF), part[5..-2]))
+          elsif injdef && part.is_a?(String) && part.start_with?('$META:')
+            part = stringify(getpath(inj_meta, part[6..-2]))
+          end
+
+          # $$ escapes $
+          part = part.gsub('$$', '$') if part.is_a?(String)
+
+          if part == S_MT
+            ascends = 0
+            while pI + 1 < parts.length && parts[pI + 1] == S_MT
+              ascends += 1
+              pI += 1
+            end
+
+            if injdef && ascends > 0
+              ascends -= 1 if pI == parts.length - 1
+              if ascends == 0
+                val = dparent
+              else
+                fullpath = flatten([slice(dpath, 0 - ascends), parts[(pI + 1)..-1]])
+                if dpath.is_a?(Array) && ascends <= dpath.length
+                  val = getpath(store, fullpath)
+                else
+                  val = UNDEF
+                end
+                break
+              end
+            else
+              val = dparent || src
+            end
+          else
+            val = _getprop(val, part, UNDEF)
+          end
+          pI += 1
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Injdef may provide a custom handler to modify found value.
+    if handler && isfunc(handler)
+      ref = pathify(path)
+      val = handler.call(injdef, val.equal?(UNDEF) ? nil : val, ref, store)
+    end
+
+    val.equal?(UNDEF) ? nil : val
+  end
+
+
+  S_BKEY = '`$KEY`'
+  S_BANNO = '`$ANNO`'
+  S_BEXACT = '`$EXACT`'
+  S_BVAL = '`$VAL`'
+  S_DSPEC = '$SPEC'
+
+  R_FULL_INJECT = /\A`(\$[A-Z]+|[^`]*)[0-9]*`\z/
+  R_PART_INJECT = /`([^`]*)`/
+  R_META_PATH = /\A([^$]+)\$([=~])(.+)\z/
+  R_DOUBLE_DOLLAR = /\$\$/
+
+  # --- _injectstr: Resolve backtick expressions in strings ---
+  def self._injectstr(val, store, inj = nil)
+    return S_MT unless val.is_a?(String) && val != S_MT
+
+    out = val
+    m = R_FULL_INJECT.match(val)
+
+    # Full string injection: "`path.ref`" or "`$CMD`"
+    if m
+      inj.full = true if inj
+
+      pathref = m[1]
+      if pathref.length > 3
+        pathref = pathref.gsub('$BT', S_BT).gsub('$DS', S_DS)
+      end
+
+      out = getpath(store, pathref, inj)
+
+    else
+      # Partial string injection: "prefix`ref`suffix"
+      out = val.gsub(R_PART_INJECT) do |_match|
+        ref = $1
+        if ref.length > 3
+          ref = ref.gsub('$BT', S_BT).gsub('$DS', S_DS)
+        end
+
+        inj.full = false if inj
+
+        found = getpath(store, ref, inj)
+
+        if found.nil?
+          # Check if key exists in base data (nil = JSON null, vs not-found)
+          base_data = _getprop(store, S_DTOP, store)
+          ref_parts = ref.split(S_DT)
+          exists = !_getprop(base_data, ref_parts[0], UNDEF).equal?(UNDEF)
+          exists ? 'null' : S_MT
+        elsif found.is_a?(String)
+          found
+        elsif isfunc(found)
+          found
+        else
+          begin
+            JSON.generate(found)
+          rescue
+            stringify(found)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Call the inj handler on the entire string for custom injection.
+      if inj && isfunc(inj.handler)
+        inj.full = true
+        out = inj.handler.call(inj, out, val, store)
+      end
+    end
+
+    out
+  end
+
+  # --- inject: Recursively inject store values into a node ---
+  # Matches TS canonical: inject(val, store, injdef?)
+  def self.inject(val, store, injdef = nil)
+    # Reuse existing Injection state during recursion; otherwise create new one.
+    if injdef.is_a?(Injection)
+      inj = injdef
+    else
+      parent = { S_DTOP => val }
+      inj = Injection.new(val, parent)
+      inj.handler = method(:_injecthandler)
+      inj.base = S_DTOP
+      inj.modify = _injdef_prop(injdef, 'modify')
+      inj.meta = _injdef_prop(injdef, 'meta') || {}
+      inj.errs = getprop(store, S_DERRS, [])
+      inj.dparent = store
+      inj.dpath = [S_DTOP]
+      inj.root = parent
+
+      h = _injdef_prop(injdef, 'handler')
+      inj.handler = h if h
+      dp = _injdef_prop(injdef, 'dparent')
+      inj.dparent = dp if dp
+      dpth = _injdef_prop(injdef, 'dpath')
+      inj.dpath = dpth if dpth
+      ex = _injdef_prop(injdef, 'extra')
+      inj.extra = ex if ex
+    end
+
+    inj.descend
+
+    # Descend into node.
+    if isnode(val)
+      if ismap(val)
+        normal = val.keys.select { |k| !k.include?(S_DS) }.sort
+        transforms = val.keys.select { |k| k.include?(S_DS) }.sort
+        nodekeys = normal + transforms
+      else
+        nodekeys = (0...val.length).to_a
+      end
+
+      nkI = 0
+      while nkI < nodekeys.length
+        childinj = inj.child(nkI, nodekeys)
+        nodekey = childinj.key
+        childinj.mode = S_MKEYPRE
+
+        prekey = _injectstr(nodekey, store, childinj)
+
+        nkI = childinj.keyI
+        nodekeys = childinj.keys
+
+        if !prekey.nil?
+          childinj.val = getprop(val, prekey)
+          childinj.mode = S_MVAL
+
+          inject(childinj.val, store, childinj)
+
+          nkI = childinj.keyI
+          nodekeys = childinj.keys
+
+          childinj.mode = S_MKEYPOST
+          _injectstr(nodekey, store, childinj)
+
+          nkI = childinj.keyI
+          nodekeys = childinj.keys
+        end
+
+        nkI += 1
+      end
+
+    elsif val.is_a?(String)
+      inj.mode = S_MVAL
+      val = _injectstr(val, store, inj)
+      inj.setval(val) if val != SKIP
+    end
+
+    # Custom modification.
+    if inj.modify && val != SKIP
+      mkey = inj.key
+      mparent = inj.parent
+      mval = getprop(mparent, mkey)
+      inj.modify.call(mval, mkey, mparent, inj)
+    end
+
+    inj.val = val
+
+    if inj.prior.nil? && inj.root && haskey(inj.root, S_DTOP)
+      return getprop(inj.root, S_DTOP)
+    end
+    if inj.key == S_DTOP && inj.parent && haskey(inj.parent, S_DTOP)
+      return getprop(inj.parent, S_DTOP)
+    end
+    val
+  end
+
+  # Helper to read a property from injdef (Hash or object)
+  def self._injdef_prop(injdef, key)
+    return nil if injdef.nil?
+    if injdef.is_a?(Hash)
+      injdef[key] || injdef[key.to_sym]
+    elsif injdef.respond_to?(key.to_sym)
+      injdef.send(key.to_sym)
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Default inject handler
+  def self._injecthandler(inj, val, ref, store)
+    out = val
+    iscmd = isfunc(val) && (ref.nil? || (ref.is_a?(String) && ref.start_with?(S_DS)))
+
+    if iscmd
+      out = val.call(inj, val, ref, store)
+    elsif inj.mode == S_MVAL && inj.full
+      inj.setval(val)
+    end
+
+    out
+  end
+
+  # --- Transform commands ---
+
+  def self.transform_DELETE(inj, _val, _ref, _store)
+    inj.setval(nil)
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.transform_COPY(inj, _val, _ref, _store)
+    mode = inj.mode
+    key = inj.key
+
+    out = nil
+    if mode.start_with?('key')
+      out = key
+    else
+      if !isnode(inj.dparent)
+        out = (inj.path.length != 2) ? inj.dparent : nil
+      else
+        out = getprop(inj.dparent, key)
+      end
+      inj.setval(out)
+    end
+    out
+  end
+
+  def self.transform_KEY(inj, _val, _ref, _store)
+    mode = inj.mode
+    path = inj.path
+    parent = inj.parent
+
+    return inj.key if mode == S_MKEYPRE
+    return nil if mode != S_MVAL
+
+    keyspec = getprop(parent, S_BKEY)
+    if keyspec
+      delprop(parent, S_BKEY)
+      return getprop(inj.dparent, keyspec)
+    end
+
+    if ismap(inj.dparent) && inj.key && haskey(inj.dparent, inj.key)
+      return getprop(inj.dparent, inj.key)
+    end
+
+    meta = getprop(parent, S_BANNO)
+    getprop(meta, S_KEY, getprop(path, path.length - 2))
+  end
+
+  def self.transform_ANNO(inj, _val, _ref, _store)
+    delprop(inj.parent, S_BANNO)
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.transform_META(inj, _val, _ref, _store)
+    delprop(inj.parent, S_DMETA)
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.transform_MERGE(inj, _val, _ref, _store)
+    mode = inj.mode
+    key = inj.key
+    parent = inj.parent
+
+    if mode == S_MKEYPRE
+      return key
+    elsif mode == S_MKEYPOST
+      args = getprop(parent, key)
+      args = islist(args) ? args : [args]
+      inj.setval(nil)
+      mergelist = [parent] + args + [clone(parent)]
+      merge(mergelist)
+      return key
+    elsif mode == S_MVAL && islist(parent)
+      if strkey(inj.key) == '0' && size(parent) > 0
+        parent.delete_at(0)
+        return getprop(parent, 0)
+      else
+        return getprop(parent, inj.key)
+      end
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.transform_EACH(inj, _val, _ref, store)
+    mode = inj.mode
+    keys_ = inj.keys
+    path = inj.path
+    parent = inj.parent
+    nodes_ = inj.nodes
+
+    keys_.replace(keys_[0, 1]) if keys_
+
+    return nil if mode != S_MVAL || !path || !nodes_
+
+    srcpath = parent[1] if parent.length > 1
+    child_template = clone(parent[2]) if parent.length > 2
+
+    srcstore = getprop(store, inj.base, store)
+    src = getpath(srcstore, srcpath, inj)
+
+    tkey = getelem(path, -2)
+    target = nodes_.length >= 2 ? nodes_[-2] : nodes_[-1]
+
+    rval = []
+
+    if isnode(src)
+      if islist(src)
+        tval = src.map { clone(child_template) }
+      else
+        tval = []
+        src.each do |k, v|
+          cc = clone(child_template)
+          setprop(cc, S_BANNO, { S_KEY => k }) if ismap(cc)
+          tval << cc
+        end
+      end
+      tcurrent = ismap(src) ? src.values : src
+
+      if size(tval) > 0
+        ckey = getelem(path, -2)
+        tpath = path[0...-1]
+
+        dpath = [S_DTOP]
+        if srcpath.is_a?(String) && !srcpath.empty?
+          srcpath.split(S_DT).each { |p| dpath << p if p != S_MT }
+        end
+        dpath << ('$:' + ckey.to_s) if ckey
+
+        tcur = { ckey => tcurrent }
+
+        if size(tpath) > 1
+          pkey = getelem(path, -3, S_DTOP)
+          tcur = { pkey => tcur }
+          dpath << ('$:' + pkey.to_s)
+        end
+
+        tinj = inj.child(0, ckey ? [ckey] : [])
+        tinj.path = tpath
+        tinj.nodes = nodes_.length > 0 ? nodes_[0...-1] : []
+        tinj.parent = getelem(tinj.nodes, -1)
+        setprop(tinj.parent, ckey, tval) if ckey && tinj.parent
+        tinj.val = tval
+        tinj.dpath = dpath
+        tinj.dparent = tcur
+
+        inject(tval, store, tinj)
+        rval = tinj.val
+      end
+    end
+
+    setprop(target, tkey, rval)
+    islist(rval) && size(rval) > 0 ? rval[0] : nil
+  end
+
+  def self.transform_PACK(inj, _val, _ref, store)
+    mode = inj.mode
+    key = inj.key
+    path = inj.path
+    parent = inj.parent
+    nodes_ = inj.nodes
+
+    return nil if mode != S_MKEYPRE || !key.is_a?(String) || !path || !nodes_
+
+    args_val = getprop(parent, key)
+    return nil if !islist(args_val) || size(args_val) < 2
+
+    srcpath = args_val[0]
+    origchildspec = args_val[1]
+
+    tkey = getelem(path, -2)
+    pathsize = size(path)
+    target = getelem(nodes_, pathsize - 2, lambda { getelem(nodes_, pathsize - 1) })
+
+    srcstore = getprop(store, inj.base, store)
+    src = getpath(srcstore, srcpath, inj)
+
+    if !islist(src)
+      if ismap(src)
+        new_src = []
+        items(src).each do |item|
+          setprop(item[1], S_BANNO, { S_KEY => item[0] })
+          new_src << item[1]
+        end
+        src = new_src
+      else
+        src = nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    return nil if src.nil?
+
+    keypath = getprop(origchildspec, S_BKEY)
+    childspec = delprop(clone(origchildspec), S_BKEY)
+    child = getprop(childspec, S_BVAL, childspec)
+
+    tval = {}
+    items(src).each do |item|
+      srckey = item[0]
+      srcnode = item[1]
+
+      k = srckey
+      if keypath
+        if keypath.is_a?(String) && keypath.start_with?(S_BT)
+          k = inject(keypath, merge([{}, store, { S_DTOP => srcnode }], 1))
+        else
+          k = getpath(srcnode, keypath, inj)
+        end
+      end
+
+      tchild = clone(child)
+      setprop(tval, k, tchild)
+
+      anno = getprop(srcnode, S_BANNO)
+      if anno.nil?
+        delprop(tchild, S_BANNO)
+      else
+        setprop(tchild, S_BANNO, anno)
+      end
+    end
+
+    rval = {}
+
+    if !isempty(tval)
+      tsrc = {}
+      src.each_with_index do |n, i|
+        if keypath.nil?
+          kn = i
+        elsif keypath.is_a?(String) && keypath.start_with?(S_BT)
+          kn = inject(keypath, merge([{}, store, { S_DTOP => n }], 1))
+        else
+          kn = getpath(n, keypath, inj)
+        end
+        setprop(tsrc, kn, n)
+      end
+
+      tpath = slice(inj.path, -1)
+      ckey = getelem(inj.path, -2)
+      dpath = flatten([S_DTOP, srcpath.to_s.split(S_DT), '$:' + ckey.to_s])
+
+      tcur = { ckey => tsrc }
+      if size(tpath) > 1
+        pkey = getelem(inj.path, -3, S_DTOP)
+        tcur = { pkey => tcur }
+        dpath << ('$:' + pkey.to_s)
+      end
+
+      tinj = inj.child(0, [ckey])
+      tinj.path = tpath
+      tinj.nodes = slice(inj.nodes, -1)
+      tinj.parent = getelem(tinj.nodes, -1)
+      tinj.val = tval
+      tinj.dpath = dpath
+      tinj.dparent = tcur
+
+      inject(tval, store, tinj)
+      rval = tinj.val
+    end
+
+    setprop(target, tkey, rval)
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.transform_REF(inj, _val, _ref, store)
+    nodes_ = inj.nodes
+    return nil if S_MVAL != inj.mode
+
+    refpath = getprop(inj.parent, 1)
+    inj.keyI = size(inj.keys)
+
+    specFn = getprop(store, S_DSPEC)
+    spec = isfunc(specFn) ? specFn.call : nil
+
+    dpath = slice(inj.path, 1)
+    ref = getpath(spec, refpath, {
+      'dpath' => dpath,
+      'dparent' => getpath(spec, dpath),
+    })
+
+    tref = clone(ref)
+
+    cpath = slice(inj.path, -3)
+    tpath = slice(inj.path, -1)
+    tcur = getpath(store, cpath)
+    tval = getpath(store, tpath)
+    rval = nil
+
+    if tval || !isnode(ref)
+      tinj = inj.child(0, [getelem(tpath, -1)])
+      tinj.path = tpath
+      tinj.nodes = slice(inj.nodes, -1)
+      tinj.parent = getelem(nodes_, -2)
+      tinj.val = tref
+
+      tinj.dpath = flatten([cpath])
+      tinj.dparent = tcur
+
+      inject(tref, store, tinj)
+      rval = tinj.val
+    end
+
+    tkey = getelem(inj.path, -2)
+    target = getelem(nodes_, -2, lambda { getelem(nodes_, -1) })
+    if rval.nil?
+      delprop(target, tkey)
+    else
+      setprop(target, tkey, rval)
+    end
+
+    if islist(target) && inj.prior
+      inj.prior.keyI -= 1
+    end
+
+    _val
+  end
+
+  FORMATTER = {
+    'identity' => lambda { |_k, v, *_a| v },
+    'upper' => lambda { |_k, v, *_a| isnode(v) ? v : (v.nil? ? 'null' : '' + v.to_s).upcase },
+    'lower' => lambda { |_k, v, *_a| isnode(v) ? v : (v.nil? ? 'null' : '' + v.to_s).downcase },
+    'string' => lambda { |_k, v, *_a| isnode(v) ? v : (v.nil? ? 'null' : '' + v.to_s) },
+    'number' => lambda { |_k, v, *_a|
+      if isnode(v)
+        v
+      else
+        n = Float(v) rescue 0
+        n
+      end
+    },
+    'integer' => lambda { |_k, v, *_a|
+      if isnode(v)
+        v
+      else
+        n = Integer(Float(v)) rescue 0
+        n
+      end
+    },
+    'concat' => lambda { |k, v, *_a|
+      if k.nil? && islist(v)
+        items(v, lambda { |n| isnode(n[1]) ? '' : (n[1].nil? ? 'null' : '' + n[1].to_s) }).join('')
+      else
+        v
+      end
+    },
+  }
+
+  def self.transform_FORMAT(inj, _val, _ref, store)
+    slice(inj.keys, 0, 1, true)
+    return nil if S_MVAL != inj.mode
+
+    name = getprop(inj.parent, 1)
+    child = getprop(inj.parent, 2)
+
+    tkey = getelem(inj.path, -2)
+    target = getelem(inj.nodes, -2, lambda { getelem(inj.nodes, -1) })
+
+    cinj = injectChild(child, store, inj)
+    resolved = cinj.val
+
+    formatter = (0 < (T_function & typify(name))) ? name : FORMATTER[name]
+
+    if formatter.nil?
+      inj.errs << ('$FORMAT: unknown format: ' + name.to_s + '.')
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    out = walk(resolved, formatter)
+    setprop(target, tkey, out)
+    out
+  end
+
+  def self.transform_APPLY(inj, _val, _ref, store)
+    ijname = 'APPLY'
+    return nil unless checkPlacement(M_VAL, ijname, T_list, inj)
+
+    args = slice(inj.parent, 1)
+    args_list = islist(args) ? args : []
+    err, apply, child = injectorArgs([T_function, T_any], args_list)
+    if err
+      inj.errs << ('$' + ijname + ': ' + err)
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    tkey = getelem(inj.path, -2)
+    target = getelem(inj.nodes, -2, lambda { getelem(inj.nodes, -1) })
+
+    cinj = injectChild(child, store, inj)
+    resolved = cinj.val
+
+    out = apply.call(resolved, store, cinj)
+    setprop(target, tkey, out)
+    out
+  end
+
+  def self.checkPlacement(modes, ijname, parentTypes, inj)
+    mode_num = { S_MKEYPRE => M_KEYPRE, S_MKEYPOST => M_KEYPOST, S_MVAL => M_VAL }
+    mode_int = mode_num[inj.mode] || 0
+    if 0 == (modes & mode_int)
+      inj.errs << '$' + ijname + ': invalid placement as ' + (PLACEMENT[mode_int] || '') +
+        ', expected: ' + [M_KEYPRE, M_KEYPOST, M_VAL].select { |m| modes & m != 0 }.map { |m| PLACEMENT[m] }.join(',') + '.'
+      return false
+    end
+    if !isempty(parentTypes)
+      ptype = typify(inj.parent)
+      if 0 == (parentTypes & ptype)
+        inj.errs << '$' + ijname + ': invalid placement in parent ' + typename(ptype) +
+          ', expected: ' + typename(parentTypes) + '.'
+        return false
+      end
+    end
+    true
+  end
+
+  def self.injectorArgs(argTypes, args)
+    numargs = size(argTypes)
+    found = Array.new(1 + numargs)
+    found[0] = nil
+    (0...numargs).each do |argI|
+      arg = args[argI]
+      argType = typify(arg)
+      if 0 == (argTypes[argI] & argType)
+        found[0] = 'invalid argument: ' + stringify(arg, 22) +
+          ' (' + typename(argType) + ' at position ' + (1 + argI).to_s +
+          ') is not of type: ' + typename(argTypes[argI]) + '.'
+        break
+      end
+      found[1 + argI] = arg
+    end
+    found
+  end
+
+  def self.injectChild(child, store, inj)
+    cinj = inj
+    if inj.prior
+      if inj.prior.prior
+        cinj = inj.prior.prior.child(inj.prior.keyI, inj.prior.keys)
+        cinj.val = child
+        setprop(cinj.parent, inj.prior.key, child)
+      else
+        cinj = inj.prior.child(inj.keyI, inj.keys)
+        cinj.val = child
+        setprop(cinj.parent, inj.key, child)
+      end
+    end
+    inject(child, store, cinj)
+    cinj
+  end
+
+  # --- transform: Transform data using spec ---
+  def self.transform(data, spec, injdef = nil)
+    origspec = spec
+    spec = clone(spec)
+
+    extra = _injdef_prop(injdef, 'extra')
+    collect = !_injdef_prop(injdef, 'errs').nil?
+    errs = collect ? _injdef_prop(injdef, 'errs') : []
+
+    extraTransforms = {}
+    extraData = {}
+
+    if extra && isnode(extra)
+      items(extra).each do |item|
+        k, v = item
+        if k.is_a?(String) && k.start_with?(S_DS)
+          extraTransforms[k] = v
+        else
+          extraData[k] = v
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    data_clone = merge([
+      isempty(extraData) ? nil : clone(extraData),
+      clone(data)
+    ])
+
+    store = {
+      S_DTOP => data_clone,
+      S_DSPEC => lambda { origspec },
+      '$BT' => lambda { |*_a| S_BT },
+      '$DS' => lambda { |*_a| S_DS },
+      '$WHEN' => lambda { |*_a| Time.now.iso8601 },
+      '$DELETE' => method(:transform_DELETE),
+      '$COPY' => method(:transform_COPY),
+      '$KEY' => method(:transform_KEY),
+      '$ANNO' => method(:transform_ANNO),
+      '$META' => method(:transform_META),
+      '$MERGE' => method(:transform_MERGE),
+      '$EACH' => method(:transform_EACH),
+      '$PACK' => method(:transform_PACK),
+      '$REF' => method(:transform_REF),
+      '$FORMAT' => method(:transform_FORMAT),
+      '$APPLY' => method(:transform_APPLY),
+    }
+    extraTransforms.each { |k, v| store[k] = v }
+    store[S_DERRS] = errs
+
+    injdef = {} if injdef.nil?
+    injdef = {} unless injdef.is_a?(Hash)
+    injdef = injdef.merge('errs' => errs)
+
+    out = inject(spec, store, injdef)
+
+    if !errs.empty? && !collect
+      raise errs.join(' | ')
+    end
+
+    out
+  end
+
+  # --- Validators ---
+
+  def self._invalidTypeMsg(path, needtype, vt, v, _whence = nil)
+    vs = (v.nil? || v.equal?(UNDEF)) ? 'no value' : stringify(v)
+    'Expected ' +
+      (size(path) > 1 ? ('field ' + pathify(path, 1) + ' to be ') : '') +
+      needtype.to_s + ', but found ' +
+      ((v.nil? || v.equal?(UNDEF)) ? '' : typename(vt) + S_VIZ) + vs + '.'
+  end
+
+  def self.validate_STRING(inj, _val = nil, _ref = nil, _store = nil)
+    out = getprop(inj.dparent, inj.key)
+    t = typify(out)
+    if 0 == (T_string & t)
+      inj.errs << _invalidTypeMsg(inj.path, S_string, t, out, 'V1010')
+      return nil
+    end
+    if out == S_MT
+      inj.errs << ('Empty string at ' + pathify(inj.path, 1))
+      return nil
+    end
+    out
+  end
+
+  TYPE_CHECKS = {
+    S_number => lambda { |v| v.is_a?(Numeric) && !(v == true || v == false) },
+    S_integer => lambda { |v| v.is_a?(Integer) && !(v == true || v == false) },
+    S_decimal => lambda { |v| v.is_a?(Float) },
+    S_boolean => lambda { |v| v == true || v == false },
+    S_null => lambda { |v| v.nil? },
+    S_nil => lambda { |v| v.equal?(UNDEF) },
+    S_map => lambda { |v| v.is_a?(Hash) },
+    S_list => lambda { |v| v.is_a?(Array) },
+    S_function => lambda { |v| v.respond_to?(:call) },
+    S_instance => lambda { |v|
+      !v.is_a?(Hash) && !v.is_a?(Array) && !v.is_a?(String) &&
+      !v.is_a?(Numeric) && !(v == true || v == false) && !v.nil? && !v.equal?(UNDEF)
+    },
+  }
+
+  def self.validate_TYPE(inj, _val = nil, ref = nil, _store = nil)
+    tname = (ref.is_a?(String) && ref.length > 1) ? ref[1..-1].downcase : S_any
+    idx = TYPENAME.index(tname)
+    typev = idx ? (1 << (31 - idx)) : 0
+    typev = typev | T_null if tname == S_nil
+
+    out = getprop(inj.dparent, inj.key)
+    t = typify(out)
+
+    if 0 == (t & typev)
+      inj.errs << _invalidTypeMsg(inj.path, tname, t, out, 'V1001')
+      return nil
+    end
+    out
+  end
+
+  def self.validate_ANY(inj, _val = nil, _ref = nil, _store = nil)
+    getprop(inj.dparent, inj.key)
+  end
+
+  def self.validate_CHILD(inj, _val = nil, _ref = nil, _store = nil)
+    mode = inj.mode
+    key = inj.key
+    parent = inj.parent
+    path = inj.path
+    keys = inj.keys
+
+    if S_MKEYPRE == mode
+      childtm = getprop(parent, key)
+      pkey = getelem(path, -2)
+      tval = getprop(inj.dparent, pkey)
+
+      if tval.nil?
+        tval = {}
+      elsif !ismap(tval)
+        inj.errs << _invalidTypeMsg(path[0...-1], S_object, typify(tval), tval, 'V0220')
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      keysof(tval).each do |ckey|
+        setprop(parent, ckey, clone(childtm))
+        keys << ckey
+      end
+
+      inj.setval(nil)
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    if S_MVAL == mode
+      if !islist(parent)
+        inj.errs << 'Invalid $CHILD as value'
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      childtm = getprop(parent, 1)
+
+      if inj.dparent.nil?
+        parent.clear
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      if !islist(inj.dparent)
+        inj.errs << _invalidTypeMsg(path[0...-1], S_list, typify(inj.dparent), inj.dparent, 'V0230')
+        inj.keyI = size(parent)
+        return inj.dparent
+      end
+
+      items(inj.dparent).each do |n|
+        setprop(parent, n[0], clone(childtm))
+      end
+      parent.slice!(inj.dparent.length..-1) if parent.length > inj.dparent.length
+      inj.keyI = 0
+      return getprop(inj.dparent, 0)
+    end
+
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.validate_ONE(inj, _val = nil, _ref = nil, store = nil)
+    mode = inj.mode
+    parent = inj.parent
+    keyI = inj.keyI
+
+    if S_MVAL == mode
+      if !islist(parent) || 0 != keyI
+        inj.errs << ('The $ONE validator at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1, 1) +
+          ' must be the first element of an array.')
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      inj.keyI = size(inj.keys)
+      inj.setval(inj.dparent, 2)
+      inj.path = inj.path[0...-1]
+      inj.key = getelem(inj.path, -1)
+
+      tvals = parent[1..-1]
+      if size(tvals) == 0
+        inj.errs << ('The $ONE validator at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1, 1) +
+          ' must have at least one argument.')
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      tvals.each do |tval|
+        terrs = []
+        vstore = merge([{}, store], 1)
+        vstore[S_DTOP] = inj.dparent
+
+        vcurrent = validate(inj.dparent, tval, {
+          'extra' => vstore,
+          'errs' => terrs,
+          'meta' => inj.meta,
+        })
+
+        inj.setval(vcurrent, -2)
+        return nil if size(terrs) == 0
+      end
+
+      valdesc = items(tvals).map { |n| stringify(n[1]) }.join(', ')
+      valdesc = valdesc.gsub(/`\$([A-Z]+)`/) { $1.downcase }
+
+      inj.errs << _invalidTypeMsg(
+        inj.path,
+        (size(tvals) > 1 ? 'one of ' : '') + valdesc,
+        typify(inj.dparent), inj.dparent, 'V0210')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.validate_EXACT(inj, _val = nil, _ref = nil, _store = nil)
+    mode = inj.mode
+    parent = inj.parent
+    key = inj.key
+    keyI = inj.keyI
+
+    if S_MVAL == mode
+      if !islist(parent) || 0 != keyI
+        inj.errs << ('The $EXACT validator at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1, 1) +
+          ' must be the first element of an array.')
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      inj.keyI = size(inj.keys)
+      inj.setval(inj.dparent, 2)
+      inj.path = inj.path[0...-1]
+      inj.key = getelem(inj.path, -1)
+
+      tvals = parent[1..-1]
+      if size(tvals) == 0
+        inj.errs << ('The $EXACT validator at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1, 1) +
+          ' must have at least one argument.')
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      currentstr = nil
+      tvals.each do |tval|
+        exactmatch = (tval == inj.dparent)
+        if !exactmatch && isnode(tval)
+          currentstr ||= stringify(inj.dparent)
+          exactmatch = stringify(tval) == currentstr
+        end
+        return nil if exactmatch
+      end
+
+      valdesc = items(tvals).map { |n| stringify(n[1]) }.join(', ')
+      valdesc = valdesc.gsub(/`\$([A-Z]+)`/) { $1.downcase }
+
+      inj.errs << _invalidTypeMsg(
+        inj.path,
+        (size(inj.path) > 1 ? '' : 'value ') +
+        'exactly equal to ' + (size(tvals) == 1 ? '' : 'one of ') + valdesc,
+        typify(inj.dparent), inj.dparent, 'V0110')
+    else
+      delprop(parent, key)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # --- _validation: Modify callback for validate ---
+  def self._validation(pval, key, parent, inj)
+    return if inj.nil?
+    return if pval == SKIP
+
+    exact = getprop(inj.meta, S_BEXACT, false)
+    cval = getprop(inj.dparent, key)
+
+    return if !exact && cval.nil?
+
+    ptype = typify(pval)
+    return if 0 < (T_string & ptype) && pval.is_a?(String) && pval.include?(S_DS)
+
+    ctype = typify(cval)
+
+    if ptype != ctype && !pval.nil?
+      inj.errs << _invalidTypeMsg(inj.path, typename(ptype), ctype, cval, 'V0010')
+      return
+    end
+
+    if ismap(cval)
+      if !ismap(pval)
+        inj.errs << _invalidTypeMsg(inj.path, typename(ptype), ctype, cval, 'V0020')
+        return
+      end
+
+      ckeys = keysof(cval)
+      pkeys = keysof(pval)
+
+      if pkeys.length > 0 && getprop(pval, '`$OPEN`') != true
+        badkeys = ckeys.select { |ck| !haskey(pval, ck) }
+        if badkeys.length > 0
+          inj.errs << ('Unexpected keys at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1) + S_VIZ + join(badkeys, ', '))
+        end
+      else
+        merge([pval, cval])
+        delprop(pval, '`$OPEN`') if isnode(pval)
+      end
+
+    elsif islist(cval)
+      if !islist(pval)
+        inj.errs << _invalidTypeMsg(inj.path, typename(ptype), ctype, cval, 'V0030')
+      end
+
+    elsif exact
+      # In exact mode, check key existence for nil values
+      if cval.nil? && pval.nil?
+        # Both nil: only match if key actually exists in data
+        if ismap(inj.dparent) && !inj.dparent.key?(key.to_s)
+          inj.errs << ('Value at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1) + ': key not present.')
+        end
+      elsif cval != pval
+        pathmsg = size(inj.path) > 1 ? ('at field ' + pathify(inj.path, 1) + ': ') : ''
+        inj.errs << ('Value ' + pathmsg + cval.to_s + ' should equal ' + pval.to_s + '.')
+      end
+
+    else
+      setprop(parent, key, cval)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self._validatehandler(inj, val, ref, store)
+    out = val
+    m = ref.is_a?(String) ? R_META_PATH.match(ref) : nil
+
+    if m
+      if m[2] == '='
+        inj.setval([S_BEXACT, val])
+      else
+        inj.setval(val)
+      end
+      inj.keyI = -1
+      out = SKIP
+    else
+      out = _injecthandler(inj, val, ref, store)
+    end
+
+    out
+  end
+
+  # --- validate: Validate data against shape spec ---
+  def self.validate(data, spec, injdef = nil)
+    extra = _injdef_prop(injdef, 'extra')
+    collect = !_injdef_prop(injdef, 'errs').nil?
+    errs = collect ? _injdef_prop(injdef, 'errs') : []
+
+    store = merge([
+      {
+        '$DELETE' => nil, '$COPY' => nil, '$KEY' => nil, '$META' => nil,
+        '$MERGE' => nil, '$EACH' => nil, '$PACK' => nil,
+
+        '$STRING' => method(:validate_STRING),
+        '$NUMBER' => method(:validate_TYPE),
+        '$INTEGER' => method(:validate_TYPE),
+        '$DECIMAL' => method(:validate_TYPE),
+        '$BOOLEAN' => method(:validate_TYPE),
+        '$NULL' => method(:validate_TYPE),
+        '$NIL' => method(:validate_TYPE),
+        '$MAP' => method(:validate_TYPE),
+        '$LIST' => method(:validate_TYPE),
+        '$FUNCTION' => method(:validate_TYPE),
+        '$INSTANCE' => method(:validate_TYPE),
+        '$ANY' => method(:validate_ANY),
+        '$CHILD' => method(:validate_CHILD),
+        '$ONE' => method(:validate_ONE),
+        '$EXACT' => method(:validate_EXACT),
+      },
+      (extra.nil? ? {} : extra),
+      { S_DERRS => errs },
+    ], 1)
+
+    meta = _injdef_prop(injdef, 'meta') || {}
+    setprop(meta, S_BEXACT, getprop(meta, S_BEXACT, false)) if ismap(meta)
+
+    out = transform(data, spec, {
+      'meta' => meta,
+      'extra' => store,
+      'modify' => method(:_validation),
+      'handler' => method(:_validatehandler),
+      'errs' => errs,
+    })
+
+    if !errs.empty? && !collect
+      raise errs.join(' | ')
+    end
+
+    out
+  end
+
+  # --- Select operators ---
+
+  def self.select_AND(inj, _val, _ref, store)
+    if S_MKEYPRE == inj.mode
+      terms = getprop(inj.parent, inj.key)
+      ppath = slice(inj.path, -1)
+      point = getpath(store, ppath)
+
+      vstore = merge([{}, store], 1)
+      vstore[S_DTOP] = point
+
+      terms.each do |term|
+        terrs = []
+        validate(point, term, {
+          'extra' => vstore,
+          'errs' => terrs,
+          'meta' => inj.meta,
+        })
+        if !terrs.empty?
+          inj.errs << ('AND:' + pathify(ppath) + "\u2A2F" + stringify(point) +
+            ' fail:' + stringify(terms))
+        end
+      end
+
+      gkey = getelem(inj.path, -2)
+      gp = getelem(inj.nodes, -2)
+      setprop(gp, gkey, point)
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.select_OR(inj, _val, _ref, store)
+    if S_MKEYPRE == inj.mode
+      terms = getprop(inj.parent, inj.key)
+      ppath = slice(inj.path, -1)
+      point = getpath(store, ppath)
+
+      vstore = merge([{}, store], 1)
+      vstore[S_DTOP] = point
+
+      terms.each do |term|
+        terrs = []
+        validate(point, term, {
+          'extra' => vstore,
+          'errs' => terrs,
+          'meta' => inj.meta,
+        })
+        if terrs.empty?
+          gkey = getelem(inj.path, -2)
+          gp = getelem(inj.nodes, -2)
+          setprop(gp, gkey, point)
+          return nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      inj.errs << ('OR:' + pathify(ppath) + "\u2A2F" + stringify(point) +
+        ' fail:' + stringify(terms))
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.select_NOT(inj, _val, _ref, store)
+    if S_MKEYPRE == inj.mode
+      term = getprop(inj.parent, inj.key)
+      ppath = slice(inj.path, -1)
+      point = getpath(store, ppath)
+
+      vstore = merge([{}, store], 1)
+      vstore[S_DTOP] = point
+
+      terrs = []
+      validate(point, term, {
+        'extra' => vstore,
+        'errs' => terrs,
+        'meta' => inj.meta,
+      })
+
+      if terrs.empty?
+        inj.errs << ('NOT:' + pathify(ppath) + "\u2A2F" + stringify(point) +
+          ' fail:' + stringify(term))
+      end
+
+      gkey = getelem(inj.path, -2)
+      gp = getelem(inj.nodes, -2)
+      setprop(gp, gkey, point)
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def self.select_CMP(inj, _val, ref, store)
+    if S_MKEYPRE == inj.mode
+      term = getprop(inj.parent, inj.key)
+      gkey = getelem(inj.path, -2)
+      ppath = slice(inj.path, -1)
+      point = getpath(store, ppath)
+
+      pass_test = false
+
+      begin
+        if '$GT' == ref && point > term
+          pass_test = true
+        elsif '$LT' == ref && point < term
+          pass_test = true
+        elsif '$GTE' == ref && point >= term
+          pass_test = true
+        elsif '$LTE' == ref && point <= term
+          pass_test = true
+        elsif '$LIKE' == ref
+          pass_test = true if stringify(point).match?(Regexp.new(term.to_s))
+        end
+      rescue
+      end
+
+      if pass_test
+        gp = getelem(inj.nodes, -2)
+        setprop(gp, gkey, point)
+      else
+        inj.errs << ('CMP: ' + pathify(ppath) + "\u2A2F" + stringify(point) +
+          ' fail:' + ref.to_s + ' ' + stringify(term))
+      end
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+
+  # --- select: Select children matching query ---
+  def self.select(children, query)
+    return [] unless isnode(children)
+
+    if ismap(children)
+      children = items(children).map { |item|
+        v = item[1]
+        setprop(v, '$KEY', item[0]) if ismap(v)
+        v
+      }
+    else
+      children = children.each_with_index.map { |n, i|
+        setprop(n, '$KEY', i) if ismap(n)
+        n
+      }
+    end
+
+    results = []
+    q = clone(query)
+
+    # Add $OPEN to all maps in query
+    walk(q, lambda { |_k, v, _p, _t|
+      setprop(v, '`$OPEN`', getprop(v, '`$OPEN`', true)) if ismap(v)
+      v
+    })
+
+    select_extra = {
+      '$AND' => method(:select_AND),
+      '$OR' => method(:select_OR),
+      '$NOT' => method(:select_NOT),
+      '$GT' => method(:select_CMP),
+      '$LT' => method(:select_CMP),
+      '$GTE' => method(:select_CMP),
+      '$LTE' => method(:select_CMP),
+      '$LIKE' => method(:select_CMP),
+    }
+
+    children.each do |child|
+      terrs = []
+      validate(child, clone(q), {
+        'errs' => terrs,
+        'meta' => { S_BEXACT => true },
+        'extra' => select_extra,
+      })
+      results << child if terrs.empty?
+    end
+
+    results
+  end
+
+  # --- setpath ---
+  def self.setpath(store, path, val, injdef = nil)
+    pt = typify(path)
+    if 0 < (T_list & pt)
+      parts = path
+    elsif 0 < (T_string & pt)
+      parts = path.split(S_DT)
+    elsif 0 < (T_number & pt)
+      parts = [path]
+    else
+      return nil
+    end
+
+    base = _injdef_prop(injdef, 'base')
+    numparts = size(parts)
+    parent = base ? getprop(store, base, store) : store
+
+    (0...numparts - 1).each do |pI|
+      part_key = getelem(parts, pI)
+      next_parent = getprop(parent, part_key)
+      unless isnode(next_parent)
+        next_part = getelem(parts, pI + 1)
+        next_parent = (0 < (T_number & typify(next_part))) ? [] : {}
+        setprop(parent, part_key, next_parent)
+      end
+      parent = next_parent
+    end
+
+    if val == DELETE
+      delprop(parent, getelem(parts, -1))
+    else
+      setprop(parent, getelem(parts, -1), val)
+    end
+
+    parent
+  end
+
+
+  # --- Injection class ---
+  class Injection
+    attr_accessor :mode, :full, :keyI, :keys, :key, :val, :parent,
+                  :path, :nodes, :handler, :errs, :meta, :base,
+                  :modify, :extra, :prior, :dparent, :dpath, :root
+
+    def initialize(val, parent)
+      @mode = VoxgigStruct::S_MVAL
+      @full = false
+      @keyI = 0
+      @keys = [VoxgigStruct::S_DTOP]
+      @key = VoxgigStruct::S_DTOP
+      @val = val
+      @parent = parent
+      @path = [VoxgigStruct::S_DTOP]
+      @nodes = [parent]
+      @handler = nil
+      @errs = []
+      @meta = {}
+      @base = nil
+      @modify = nil
+      @extra = nil
+      @prior = nil
+      @dparent = nil
+      @dpath = [VoxgigStruct::S_DTOP]
+      @root = nil
+    end
+
+    def descend
+      @meta['__d'] = (@meta['__d'] || 0) + 1
+
+      parentkey = VoxgigStruct.getelem(@path, -2)
+
+      if @dparent.nil?
+        if VoxgigStruct.size(@dpath) > 1
+          @dpath = @dpath + [parentkey]
+        end
+      else
+        if parentkey
+          @dparent = VoxgigStruct.getprop(@dparent, parentkey)
+          lastpart = VoxgigStruct.getelem(@dpath, -1)
+          if lastpart == '$:' + parentkey.to_s
+            @dpath = VoxgigStruct.slice(@dpath, -1)
+          else
+            @dpath = @dpath + [parentkey]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      @dparent
+    end
+
+    def child(keyI, keys)
+      key = VoxgigStruct.strkey(keys[keyI])
+      val = @val
+
+      cinj = Injection.new(VoxgigStruct.getprop(val, key), val)
+      cinj.mode = @mode
+      cinj.full = @full
+      cinj.keyI = keyI
+      cinj.keys = keys
+      cinj.key = key
+      cinj.path = @path + [key]
+      cinj.nodes = @nodes + [val]
+      cinj.handler = @handler
+      cinj.errs = @errs
+      cinj.meta = @meta
+      cinj.base = @base
+      cinj.modify = @modify
+      cinj.prior = self
+      cinj.dpath = @dpath.dup
+      cinj.dparent = @dparent
+      cinj.extra = @extra
+      cinj.root = @root
+
+      cinj
+    end
+
+    def setval(val, ancestor = nil)
+      if val.nil? && (ancestor.nil? || (ancestor.is_a?(Numeric) && ancestor < 2))
+        # nil without ancestor: delete from parent (matches TS undefined)
+        VoxgigStruct.delprop(@parent, @key)
+      elsif val.nil? && ancestor.is_a?(Numeric) && ancestor >= 2
+        # nil with ancestor: set to nil in grandparent (preserves key for $ONE/$EXACT)
+        VoxgigStruct.setprop(
+          VoxgigStruct.getelem(@nodes, 0 - ancestor),
+          VoxgigStruct.getelem(@path, 0 - ancestor),
+          val
+        )
+      elsif ancestor.nil? || (ancestor.is_a?(Numeric) && ancestor < 2)
+        VoxgigStruct.setprop(@parent, @key, val)
+      else
+        VoxgigStruct.setprop(
+          VoxgigStruct.getelem(@nodes, 0 - ancestor),
+          VoxgigStruct.getelem(@path, 0 - ancestor),
+          val
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    def to_s(prefix = nil)
+      'INJ' + (prefix ? '/' + prefix : '') + ':' +
+        VoxgigStruct.pad(VoxgigStruct.pathify(@path, 1)) +
+        (VoxgigStruct::MODENAME[VoxgigStruct::M_VAL] || '') + (@full ? '/full' : '') + ':' +
+        'key=' + @keyI.to_s + '/' + @key.to_s
+    end
+  end
+
+end