@voluma/vlam 0.2.1 → 0.2.2

package/dist/{splat-mesh-types-8QDjTbZO.js.map → splat-mesh-types-CTN_duw2.js.map}

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"splat-mesh-types-8QDjTbZO.js","sources":["../src/lib/lod-scheduler.ts","../src/lib/splat-mesh-types.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';\nimport type { LodLeaf, LodManifest } from './lod-manifest';\nimport type { LodSource } from './lod-source';\n\n/**\n * A contiguous splat range within one chunk file, at one LOD level - the\n * unit the pool activates. Adjacent manifest leaves that resolve to the same\n * `(file, level)` and whose ranges abut are coalesced into one run, so the\n * pool sees a handful of large ranges instead of thousands of tiny leaves.\n */\nexport interface LodRun {\n  readonly file: number;\n  readonly level: number;\n  readonly offset: number;\n  readonly count: number;\n  /** First manifest-leaf index this run covers. */\n  readonly leafStart: number;\n  /** One past the last covered leaf index. */\n  readonly leafEnd: number;\n  /**\n   * Physical-coverage identity when several manifest leaves form one region.\n   * A classic LCC cell may be split into fetch-sized leaves, but its slices\n   * must still swap as one visible unit. Undefined retains interval-based\n   * grouping for hierarchical sources.\n   */\n  readonly coverageGroup?: number;\n  /**\n   * Camera distance (mesh-local) of the nearest leaf in this run, from the\n   * last {@link LodScheduler.computeDesiredRuns} pass. Streamed meshes use it\n   * to fetch near detail before far coarse coverage. Absent on sources that\n   * do not track per-leaf distance.\n   */\n  readonly distance?: number;\n  /**\n   * True when any leaf in this run intersects the view frustum (with the\n   * scheduler's edge margin). Used to rank classic-path fetches so in-view\n   * detail beats behind-camera work; absent when the source does not track it.\n   */\n  readonly inView?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Fetch-only angular distance from the camera's forward axis. Smaller values\n   * are nearer the screen centre. It never affects LOD selection or budget.\n   */\n  readonly screenImportance?: number;\n}\n\n/** Stable identity of a run, for diffing desired vs. resident sets. */\nexport function runKey(run: LodRun): string {\n  return `${run.file}:${run.level}:${run.offset}:${run.count}`;\n}\n\n/** Sentinel level meaning \"this leaf is currently dropped (renders nothing)\". */\nconst DROPPED = -1;\n\n/**\n * Maximum splats in one run. Large contiguous regions are split into several\n * runs so no single pool append (and thus no single frame) does an unbounded\n * amount of copy + upload work. Split runs stay contiguous, so they still\n * upload as one coalesced rectangle.\n */\nconst MAX_RUN_SPLATS = 128_000;\n\n/** Hysteresis dead-band around each LOD distance threshold. */\nconst THRESHOLD_MARGIN = 0.1;\n/** Minimum time a leaf must hold a level before changing again, ms. */\nconst DWELL_MS = 500;\n/** Frustum test margin, as a fraction of each leaf's own size. */\nconst FRUSTUM_MARGIN = 0.1;\n/**\n * Out-of-frustum leaves act this many times farther away instead of being\n * hard-coarsened. Rotating the camera then re-ranks leaves smoothly (and\n * dwell applies), rather than mass-flipping edge leaves every frame -\n * PlayCanvas uses the same behind-camera-penalty idea.\n */\nconst FRUSTUM_PENALTY = 3;\n\n/**\n * Chooses a level of detail per spatial leaf from the camera, keeps the\n * total within a splat budget, and coalesces the result into runs.\n *\n * The scheduler is pure with respect to rendering: it takes a camera\n * position and frustum (both in the mesh's local space) and returns the set\n * of runs that should be resident. It owns only the small amount of state\n * needed for temporal stability (each leaf's current level and when it last\n * changed), so it is straightforward to drive from a test harness.\n *\n * LOD distance model (PlayCanvas-compatible): level 0 is used within\n * `lodBaseDistance`; each successive level covers a band `lodMultiplier`×\n * farther out. By default out-of-frustum leaves act {@link FRUSTUM_PENALTY}×\n * farther away. Formats with broad spatial cells can disable that bias so an\n * orbit does not churn already-refined cells at the frustum edges.\n *\n * The distance model only sets the *floor* and the *priority*: when the\n * distance-chosen set leaves budget unused, {@link fillBudget} promotes\n * in-frustum leaves nearest-first until its configured headroom target is\n * spent (90% by default). Formats can cap that optional refinement and avoid\n * a full-finest cut even when an explicitly large budget could hold it. The\n * budget\n * therefore decides how far refinement reaches - a desktop budget yields\n * full detail even with the whole scene in view, a mobile budget refines\n * only near the camera.\n */\nexport class LodScheduler implements LodSource {\n  /** World-unit distance inside which the finest level (0) is used. */\n  lodBaseDistance: number;\n  /** Distance ratio between successive LOD levels. */\n  lodMultiplier: number;\n  /** Maximum active splats; the desired set is demoted to fit. */\n  budget: number;\n\n  private readonly leaves: readonly LodLeaf[];\n  private readonly coarsest: number;\n  /** Per leaf: lowest/highest LOD level that has data. */\n  private readonly minLevel: Int32Array;\n  private readonly maxLevel: Int32Array;\n  /**\n   * Per leaf: the distance *ambition* - the finest level the camera distance\n   * asks for, with hysteresis/dwell applied. This is the hysteresis *state*:\n   * only {@link selectLevels} writes it, so budget demotion can never feed\n   * back into the dead-band/dwell logic and oscillate. With `fillPastDistance`\n   * false, {@link fillBudget} restores {@link resolved} only up to here.\n   */\n  private readonly level: Int32Array;\n  /**\n   * Per leaf: the resolved target - the ambition capped to fit the budget by\n   * {@link enforceBudget}, then refilled from leftover headroom by\n   * {@link fillBudget} (or DROPPED). This is what {@link coalesceRuns} emits.\n   */\n  private readonly resolved: Int32Array;\n  /** Per leaf: timestamp of the last distance-level change, for dwell. */\n  private readonly changedAt: Float64Array;\n\n  private readonly distance: Float64Array;\n  private readonly inFrustum: Uint8Array;\n  /** Leaves that must move through the budget cut together. */\n  private readonly budgetGroups: readonly Uint32Array[];\n  /** Per-leaf physical coverage group, when the manifest defines one. */\n  private readonly coverageGroups: Int32Array;\n  /** Whether view-frustum membership affects distance and fill priority. */\n  private readonly frustumAware: boolean;\n  /** Fraction of the usable budget that optional refinement may consume. */\n  private readonly budgetFillFraction: number;\n  /** Absolute cap on optional refinement; distance-selected detail may exceed it. */\n  private readonly budgetFillCap: number;\n  /** Whether a budget that holds every finest leaf forces a full-finest cut. */\n  private readonly forceFinestWhenFits: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Leaves at or inside this camera distance always resolve to their finest\n   * available level (no hysteresis climb). Classic LCC uses a multi-band\n   * radius so adjacent broad cells do not paint coarse discs at startup.\n   */\n  private readonly forceFinestWithin: number | undefined;\n  /**\n   * When false, {@link fillBudget} only restores toward each leaf's\n   * distance-selected {@link level} - never finer. Classic LCC sets this so\n   * a mid-range cell does not fetch L0 only to demote to L1 once the cut\n   * settles.\n   */\n  private readonly fillPastDistance: boolean;\n\n  /**\n   * What the last cut actually decided, for the HUD.\n   *\n   * The resident splat count alone cannot distinguish \"the scheduler asked for\n   * this\" from \"the scheduler asked for more and the mesh could not apply it\",\n   * and those have opposite fixes. Measured rather than inferred after a\n   * zoomed-out `sandwijck` sat at exactly its coarsest total (190,730) with a\n   * 600k budget - 68% of the budget unspent, with no way to see which stage\n   * declined to spend it.\n   */\n  readonly stats = {\n    /** Leaves the frustum test accepted - `fillBudget`'s candidate set. */\n    inFrustum: 0,\n    /** Total leaves in the tree. */\n    leaves: 0,\n    /** Splats implied by the resolved cut, before the mesh applies anything. */\n    desired: 0,\n    /** Splats `fillBudget` added on top of the distance-chosen levels. */\n    filled: 0,\n  };\n\n  private readonly scratchBox = new THREE.Box3();\n  private readonly scratchSize = new THREE.Vector3();\n  private readonly scratchCenter = new THREE.Vector3();\n  private readonly screenImportance: Float32Array;\n  /** Whether the last selection pass received a camera-forward vector. */\n  private hasScreenImportance = false;\n  /**\n   * Persistent leaf-index ordering scratch for {@link enforceBudget} and\n   * {@link fillBudget}, sorted in place per call instead of allocating a\n   * fresh `[...keys]` array. Comparators break ties on the index itself so\n   * the order is identical to the stable `Array#sort` this replaces\n   * (`TypedArray#sort` stability is not guaranteed).\n   */\n  private readonly orderScratch: Uint32Array;\n\n  constructor(\n    manifest: LodManifest,\n    options: {\n      budget: number;\n      lodBaseDistance: number;\n      lodMultiplier: number;\n      frustumAware?: boolean;\n      budgetFillFraction?: number;\n      budgetFillCap?: number;\n      forceFinestWhenFits?: boolean;\n      forceFinestWithin?: number;\n      /**\n       * When false, leftover-budget fill never refines past the distance-\n       * selected level (see {@link fillPastDistance}). Default true.\n       */\n      fillPastDistance?: boolean;\n    },\n  ) {\n    this.leaves = manifest.leaves;\n    this.coarsest = manifest.lodLevels - 1;\n    this.budget = options.budget;\n    this.lodBaseDistance = options.lodBaseDistance;\n    this.lodMultiplier = options.lodMultiplier;\n    this.frustumAware = options.frustumAware !== false;\n    this.budgetFillFraction = options.budgetFillFraction ?? 0.9;\n    this.budgetFillCap = options.budgetFillCap ?? Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;\n    this.forceFinestWhenFits = options.forceFinestWhenFits !== false;\n    this.forceFinestWithin = options.forceFinestWithin;\n    this.fillPastDistance = options.fillPastDistance !== false;\n    if (this.budgetFillFraction <= 0 || this.budgetFillFraction > 1) {\n      throw new RangeError('LodScheduler budgetFillFraction must be in (0, 1].');\n    }\n    if (!(this.budgetFillCap > 0)) {\n      throw new RangeError('LodScheduler budgetFillCap must be positive.');\n    }\n    if (this.forceFinestWithin !== undefined && !(this.forceFinestWithin >= 0)) {\n      throw new RangeError('LodScheduler forceFinestWithin must be >= 0.');\n    }\n\n    const n = this.leaves.length;\n    this.minLevel = new Int32Array(n);\n    this.maxLevel = new Int32Array(n);\n    this.level = new Int32Array(n).fill(this.coarsest);\n    this.resolved = new Int32Array(n).fill(this.coarsest);\n    this.changedAt = new Float64Array(n);\n    this.distance = new Float64Array(n);\n    this.inFrustum = new Uint8Array(n);\n    this.screenImportance = new Float32Array(n);\n    this.orderScratch = new Uint32Array(n);\n    this.coverageGroups = new Int32Array(n).fill(-1);\n\n    const groups: number[][] = [];\n    const explicitGroups = new Map<number, number>();\n    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n      const key = (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).budgetGroup;\n      if (key === undefined) {\n        groups.push([i]);\n        continue;\n      }\n      let groupIndex = explicitGroups.get(key);\n      if (groupIndex === undefined) {\n        groupIndex = groups.length;\n        explicitGroups.set(key, groupIndex);\n        groups.push([]);\n      }\n      (groups[groupIndex] as number[]).push(i);\n      this.coverageGroups[i] = key;\n    }\n    this.budgetGroups = groups.map((members) => Uint32Array.from(members));\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n      const lods = (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods;\n      let min = this.coarsest;\n      let max = 0;\n      for (let l = 0; l < lods.length; l++) {\n        if (lods[l] === undefined) continue;\n        min = Math.min(min, l);\n        max = Math.max(max, l);\n      }\n      this.minLevel[i] = min;\n      this.maxLevel[i] = max;\n      this.level[i] = max; // start coarse\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Recomputes the desired resident run set for the current camera.\n   *\n   * @param cameraLocal - Camera position in the mesh's local space.\n   * @param frustum - View frustum in the mesh's local space.\n   * @param now - Monotonic timestamp (ms) for dwell hysteresis.\n   */\n  computeDesiredRuns(\n    cameraLocal: THREE.Vector3,\n    frustum: THREE.Frustum,\n    now: number,\n    cameraForward?: THREE.Vector3,\n  ): LodRun[] {\n    this.selectLevels(cameraLocal, frustum, now, cameraForward);\n    // When the budget already holds every leaf's finest level, skip distance /\n    // frustum demotion entirely. Otherwise a small rotate marks leaves\n    // out-of-frustum (×{@link FRUSTUM_PENALTY}), coarsens them, and the mesh\n    // aborts fine fetches / swaps to coarse LCC discs - then has to climb\n    // back when they re-enter the view.\n    if (this.forceFinestWhenFits && this.budget >= this.finestTotal()) {\n      for (let i = 0; i < this.leaves.length; i++) {\n        this.resolved[i] = this.minLevel[i] as number;\n      }\n      this.stats.desired = this.activeTotal();\n      this.stats.filled = 0;\n      return this.coalesceRuns();\n    }\n    // Copy the ambition into the resolved target, cap it to the budget, then\n    // refill leftover headroom. Budget stages touch only `resolved`, never the\n    // ambition/hysteresis state - a stationary camera therefore resolves the\n    // same cut every pass instead of oscillating red↔orange.\n    this.resolved.set(this.level);\n    this.enforceBudget();\n    const beforeFill = this.activeTotal();\n    this.fillBudget();\n    this.stats.desired = this.activeTotal();\n    this.stats.filled = this.stats.desired - beforeFill;\n    return this.coalesceRuns();\n  }\n\n  /** Total active splats implied by the current resolved levels. */\n  private activeTotal(): number {\n    let total = 0;\n    for (let i = 0; i < this.leaves.length; i++) {\n      const level = this.resolved[i] as number;\n      if (level === DROPPED) continue;\n      total += (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods[level]?.count ?? 0;\n    }\n    return total;\n  }\n\n  /** Splats if every leaf sat at its finest available level (none dropped). */\n  private finestTotal(): number {\n    let total = 0;\n    for (let i = 0; i < this.leaves.length; i++) {\n      const level = this.minLevel[i] as number;\n      total += (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods[level]?.count ?? 0;\n    }\n    return total;\n  }\n\n  private selectLevels(\n    cameraLocal: THREE.Vector3,\n    frustum: THREE.Frustum,\n    now: number,\n    cameraForward?: THREE.Vector3,\n  ): void {\n    const { lodBaseDistance: base, lodMultiplier: m } = this;\n    this.hasScreenImportance = cameraForward !== undefined;\n    let visibleCount = 0;\n    this.stats.leaves = this.leaves.length;\n    for (let i = 0; i < this.leaves.length; i++) {\n      const leaf = this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf;\n      const d = leaf.bounds.distanceToPoint(cameraLocal);\n      this.distance[i] = d;\n\n      // Widen the box by a fraction of its own size for edge stability.\n      this.scratchBox.copy(leaf.bounds);\n      leaf.bounds.getSize(this.scratchSize);\n      this.scratchBox.expandByScalar(this.scratchSize.length() * FRUSTUM_MARGIN);\n      const visible = frustum.intersectsBox(this.scratchBox);\n      this.inFrustum[i] = visible ? 1 : 0;\n      if (visible) visibleCount++;\n\n      // Broad classic-LCC tiles frequently all intersect the frustum, so the\n      // boolean above cannot tell the centre of the screen from its edges.\n      // This is deliberately fetch metadata only: distance remains the source\n      // of truth for the resolved LOD and the budget cut.\n      if (cameraForward) {\n        leaf.bounds.getCenter(this.scratchCenter).sub(cameraLocal);\n        const depth = this.scratchCenter.dot(cameraForward);\n        const lateralSquared = Math.max(0, this.scratchCenter.lengthSq() - depth * depth);\n        this.screenImportance[i] =\n          depth > 0 ? Math.sqrt(lateralSquared) / Math.max(depth, 0.25) : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;\n      } else {\n        this.screenImportance[i] = 0;\n      }\n\n      const current = this.level[i] as number;\n      // Blanket force-finest only when fill may still climb past the distance\n      // band (octree / pagetable). Classic LCC never uses this path.\n      if (\n        this.fillPastDistance &&\n        this.forceFinestWithin !== undefined &&\n        d <= this.forceFinestWithin\n      ) {\n        const finest = this.minLevel[i] as number;\n        if (current !== finest) {\n          this.level[i] = finest;\n          this.changedAt[i] = now;\n        }\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      const effectiveDistance = !this.frustumAware || visible ? d : d * FRUSTUM_PENALTY;\n\n      // Classic LCC: the ambition tracks the pure distance band only. Budget\n      // demotions live in `resolved`, never here, so they cannot feed back\n      // into hysteresis. A cold cell snaps straight to its band (no dwell\n      // climb through intermediate LODs); afterward only a band *crossing*\n      // moves the ambition - a stationary camera in the same band holds,\n      // even if the budget just demoted its resolved level.\n      if (!this.fillPastDistance) {\n        const band = this.distanceBandLevel(i, effectiveDistance, base, m);\n        const coldStart =\n          (this.changedAt[i] as number) === 0 && current === (this.maxLevel[i] as number);\n        if (coldStart) {\n          if (band !== current) {\n            this.level[i] = band;\n            this.changedAt[i] = now;\n          }\n          continue;\n        }\n        if (band === current) continue;\n        const proposed = this.hysteresisLevel(i, effectiveDistance, base, m, current);\n        if (proposed === current) continue;\n        // Coarsen immediately (moving away should not linger over budget);\n        // only refinement waits out the dwell window.\n        const coarsening = proposed > current;\n        if (coarsening || now - (this.changedAt[i] as number) >= DWELL_MS) {\n          this.level[i] = proposed;\n          this.changedAt[i] = now;\n        }\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      const proposed = this.hysteresisLevel(i, effectiveDistance, base, m, current);\n      if (proposed === current) continue;\n      const coldSnap =\n        (this.changedAt[i] as number) === 0 && current === (this.maxLevel[i] as number);\n      if (coldSnap || now - (this.changedAt[i] as number) >= DWELL_MS) {\n        this.level[i] = proposed;\n        this.changedAt[i] = now;\n      }\n    }\n    this.stats.inFrustum = visibleCount;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Pure distance→level band (independent of the leaf's current level), so a\n   * classic LCC cut never has to dwell through intermediate rungs.\n   */\n  private distanceBandLevel(index: number, d: number, base: number, m: number): number {\n    const min = this.minLevel[index] as number;\n    const max = this.maxLevel[index] as number;\n    let level = min;\n    while (level < max && d > base * m ** level * (1 + THRESHOLD_MARGIN)) level++;\n    return this.resolveAvailable(index, level);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Stable level from distance: coarsen only past `threshold·(1 + margin)`,\n   * refine only within `threshold·(1 − margin)`. The available-level clamp\n   * keeps leaves that lack a level on their nearest coarser one.\n   */\n  private hysteresisLevel(\n    index: number,\n    d: number,\n    base: number,\n    m: number,\n    current: number,\n  ): number {\n    const min = this.minLevel[index] as number;\n    const max = this.maxLevel[index] as number;\n    let level = Math.min(max, Math.max(min, current));\n    // threshold(L) = base·m^L is the boundary between level L and L+1.\n    while (level < max && d > base * m ** level * (1 + THRESHOLD_MARGIN)) level++;\n    while (level > min && d <= base * m ** (level - 1) * (1 - THRESHOLD_MARGIN)) level--;\n    // Resolve to the nearest available level (prefer coarser) if this exact\n    // one has no data (leaves need not carry every level).\n    return this.resolveAvailable(index, level);\n  }\n\n  private resolveAvailable(index: number, target: number): number {\n    const lods = (this.leaves[index] as LodLeaf).lods;\n    for (let l = target; l <= (this.maxLevel[index] as number); l++) if (lods[l]) return l;\n    for (let l = target - 1; l >= (this.minLevel[index] as number); l--) if (lods[l]) return l;\n    return this.maxLevel[index] as number;\n  }\n\n  /** Demotes/drops lowest-priority leaves until the total fits the budget. */\n  private enforceBudget(): void {\n    let total = this.activeTotal();\n    if (total <= this.budget) return;\n\n    // Demote lowest priority first. When frustum-aware: out-of-frustum before\n    // in-frustum, then farthest. Classic LCC sets frustumAware false - broad\n    // XY cells often sit mostly behind the camera while the user stands in\n    // them (d≈0); frustum demotion would coarsen that cell first and let\n    // thinner cells ahead keep fine detail (backwards load). Distance only.\n    const order = this.orderScratch.subarray(0, this.budgetGroups.length);\n    for (let i = 0; i < order.length; i++) order[i] = i;\n    order.sort((a, b) => {\n      const ia = (this.budgetGroups[a] as Uint32Array)[0] as number;\n      const ib = (this.budgetGroups[b] as Uint32Array)[0] as number;\n      if (this.frustumAware) {\n        const fa = this.inFrustum[ia] as number;\n        const fb = this.inFrustum[ib] as number;\n        if (fa !== fb) return fa - fb; // out-of-frustum (0) first\n      }\n      return (this.distance[ib] as number) - (this.distance[ia] as number) || ia - ib;\n    });\n\n    // Pass 1: coarsen toward the coarsest available level.\n    for (const groupIndex of order) {\n      const group = this.budgetGroups[groupIndex] as Uint32Array;\n      while (total > this.budget) {\n        let reduction = 0;\n        let changed = false;\n        for (const i of group) {\n          const current = this.resolved[i] as number;\n          if (current >= (this.maxLevel[i] as number)) continue;\n          const lods = (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods;\n          const nextLevel = this.resolveAvailable(i, current + 1);\n          if (nextLevel === current) continue;\n          reduction += (lods[current]?.count ?? 0) - (lods[nextLevel]?.count ?? 0);\n          this.resolved[i] = nextLevel;\n          changed = true;\n        }\n        if (!changed) break;\n        total -= reduction;\n      }\n      if (total <= this.budget) return;\n    }\n\n    // Pass 2 (last resort): drop groups entirely, lowest priority first.\n    for (const groupIndex of order) {\n      if (total <= this.budget) return;\n      for (const i of this.budgetGroups[groupIndex] as Uint32Array) {\n        if ((this.resolved[i] as number) === DROPPED) continue;\n        total -= (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods[this.resolved[i] as number]?.count ?? 0;\n        this.resolved[i] = DROPPED;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Uses leftover budget to restore detail after {@link enforceBudget}\n   * demoted leaves, nearest first, while the total stays under the fill\n   * target. By default this may also refine *past* the distance-chosen level\n   * when headroom remains (octree / pagetable streams). With\n   * {@link fillPastDistance} false (classic LCC), fill never goes finer than\n   * each leaf's distance-selected level - so a cell at the L1 band does not\n   * fetch L0 only to demote moments later with the camera still.\n   */\n  private fillBudget(): void {\n    const target =\n      this.forceFinestWhenFits && this.budget >= this.finestTotal()\n        ? this.budget\n        : Math.min(this.budget, this.budgetFillCap) * this.budgetFillFraction;\n    let total = this.activeTotal();\n    if (total >= target) return;\n\n    // Candidate in-frustum groups, nearest first (ties keep manifest order),\n    // packed into the front of the shared index scratch.\n    let candidateCount = 0;\n    for (let groupIndex = 0; groupIndex < this.budgetGroups.length; groupIndex++) {\n      const first = (this.budgetGroups[groupIndex] as Uint32Array)[0] as number;\n      if (\n        (!this.frustumAware || this.inFrustum[first] === 1) &&\n        (this.resolved[first] as number) !== DROPPED\n      ) {\n        this.orderScratch[candidateCount++] = groupIndex;\n      }\n    }\n    const order = this.orderScratch.subarray(0, candidateCount);\n    order.sort((a, b) => {\n      const ia = (this.budgetGroups[a] as Uint32Array)[0] as number;\n      const ib = (this.budgetGroups[b] as Uint32Array)[0] as number;\n      return (this.distance[ia] as number) - (this.distance[ib] as number) || ia - ib;\n    });\n\n    // Nearest groups refine first (up to the distance floor when capped).\n    for (const groupIndex of order) {\n      const group = this.budgetGroups[groupIndex] as Uint32Array;\n      while (true) {\n        let growth = 0;\n        let canPromote = false;\n        for (const i of group) {\n          const current = this.resolved[i] as number;\n          const floor = this.fillPastDistance\n            ? (this.minLevel[i] as number)\n            : (this.level[i] as number);\n          if (current <= floor) continue;\n          const leaf = this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf;\n          let finer = current - 1;\n          while (finer > floor && !leaf.lods[finer]) finer--;\n          if (finer < floor || !leaf.lods[finer]) continue;\n          growth += (leaf.lods[finer]?.count ?? 0) - (leaf.lods[current]?.count ?? 0);\n          canPromote = true;\n        }\n        if (!canPromote || total + growth > target) break;\n        for (const i of group) {\n          const current = this.resolved[i] as number;\n          const floor = this.fillPastDistance\n            ? (this.minLevel[i] as number)\n            : (this.level[i] as number);\n          if (current <= floor) continue;\n          const leaf = this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf;\n          let finer = current - 1;\n          while (finer > floor && !leaf.lods[finer]) finer--;\n          if (finer >= floor && leaf.lods[finer]) this.resolved[i] = finer;\n        }\n        total += growth;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  private coalesceRuns(): LodRun[] {\n    return this.buildRuns(0, this.leaves.length, (i) => this.resolved[i] as number);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Runs covering [from, to) at each leaf's coarsest available level - used\n   * to substitute always-cached coverage while a finer level is fetching.\n   */\n  coarsestRunsFor(from: number, to: number): LodRun[] {\n    return this.buildRuns(from, to, (i) => this.maxLevel[i] as number);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Runs covering [from, to) at `level`, clamped per leaf to an available rung\n   * (prefer the requested level, else the next coarser, else the next finer).\n   */\n  runsAtLevelFor(from: number, to: number, level: number): LodRun[] {\n    const wanted = Math.floor(level);\n    return this.buildRuns(from, to, (i) => this.clampLeafLevel(i, wanted));\n  }\n\n  /** Prefer `wanted`, else next coarser, else next finer; {@link DROPPED} if none. */\n  private clampLeafLevel(leafIndex: number, wanted: number): number {\n    const leaf = this.leaves[leafIndex] as LodLeaf;\n    if (leaf.lods[wanted]) return wanted;\n    for (let l = wanted + 1; l < leaf.lods.length; l++) {\n      if (leaf.lods[l]) return l;\n    }\n    for (let l = wanted - 1; l >= 0; l--) {\n      if (leaf.lods[l]) return l;\n    }\n    return DROPPED;\n  }\n\n  /** Coalesces leaves [from, to) at `levelOf(leaf)` into contiguous runs. */\n  private buildRuns(from: number, to: number, levelOf: (index: number) => number): LodRun[] {\n    const runs: LodRun[] = [];\n    let file = -1;\n    let level = -1;\n    let offset = 0;\n    let count = 0;\n    let leafStart = -1;\n    let leafEnd = -1;\n    let coverageGroup = -1;\n    let distance = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;\n    let inView = false;\n    let screenImportance = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;\n    const flush = (): void => {\n      if (count > 0) {\n        runs.push({\n          file,\n          level,\n          offset,\n          count,\n          leafStart,\n          leafEnd,\n          distance,\n          inView,\n          ...(this.hasScreenImportance ? { screenImportance } : {}),\n          ...(coverageGroup >= 0 ? { coverageGroup } : {}),\n        });\n      }\n      count = 0;\n    };\n\n    for (let i = from; i < to; i++) {\n      const l = levelOf(i);\n      if (l === DROPPED) {\n        flush();\n        continue;\n      }\n      const range = (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods[l];\n      if (!range) {\n        flush();\n        continue;\n      }\n      const leafCoverageGroup = this.coverageGroups[i] as number;\n      const leafDistance = this.distance[i] as number;\n      const leafInView = (this.inFrustum[i] as number) === 1;\n      if (\n        count > 0 &&\n        range.file === file &&\n        l === level &&\n        leafCoverageGroup === coverageGroup &&\n        range.offset === offset + count &&\n        count + range.count <= MAX_RUN_SPLATS\n      ) {\n        count += range.count; // extend the current run\n        leafEnd = i + 1;\n        if (leafDistance < distance) distance = leafDistance;\n        if (leafInView) inView = true;\n        screenImportance = Math.min(screenImportance, this.screenImportance[i] as number);\n      } else {\n        flush();\n        file = range.file;\n        level = l;\n        offset = range.offset;\n        count = range.count;\n        leafStart = i;\n        leafEnd = i + 1;\n        coverageGroup = leafCoverageGroup;\n        distance = leafDistance;\n        inView = leafInView;\n        screenImportance = this.screenImportance[i] as number;\n      }\n    }\n    flush();\n    return runs;\n  }\n}\n","/** Public configuration and result types for SplatMesh. */\nimport type * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';\nimport type { SplatData } from './splat-data';\nimport type { SplatOrientation } from './orientation';\nimport type { SplatModifier } from './splat-modifier';\nimport {\n  detectSplatDeviceProfile,\n  isFillConstrainedSplatDevice,\n  type SplatDeviceProfile,\n} from './splat-budget';\nimport type { SplatPool } from './splat-mesh-pool';\nimport type { SplatShInputs, Vec3Uniform } from './splat-mesh-material';\n\n/** Construction-time projected-footprint policy selected by a streamed format. */\nexport type ProjectedFilterProfile = 'default' | 'lcc';\n\n/**\n * Opaque handle for a range of splats appended to a {@link SplatMesh},\n * used to remove the range again.\n */\nexport interface SplatRange {\n  /** Number of splats in this range. */\n  readonly count: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Storage format of a per-splat channel (see {@link SplatMesh.defineChannel}).\n *\n *  - `'byte'`: one `Uint8` per splat (`r8unorm`). Compact - a good fit for\n *    masks and labels. `ctx.channel(name)` reads it back **normalized** to\n *    `[0, 1]`, so a painted `255` reads as `1.0`.\n *  - `'float'`: one `Float32` per splat (`r32float`), read back verbatim.\n */\nexport type SplatChannelType = 'byte' | 'float';\n\n/** Options for {@link SplatMesh.defineChannel}. */\nexport interface SplatChannelOptions {\n  /** Storage format; default `'float'`. */\n  type?: SplatChannelType;\n  /**\n   * Value every splat starts at before any {@link SplatMesh.writeChannel}.\n   * Default `0`. For `'byte'` channels this is a raw `0..255` value.\n   */\n  fill?: number;\n}\n\n/** The highest SH order this renderer evaluates (3rd → 15 coefficients). */\nexport const MAX_SH_BANDS = 3;\n\n/**\n * The contribution-culling profile a mesh will use, given an optional\n * explicit override. Exported so callers that must decide something *before*\n * constructing the mesh - such as whether a streamed scene should fetch its\n * SH at all - agree with what the mesh itself will pick.\n */\nexport function resolveSplatPerformanceProfile(\n  explicit?: SplatPerformanceProfile,\n  profile: SplatDeviceProfile | undefined = detectSplatDeviceProfile(),\n): SplatPerformanceProfile {\n  return explicit ?? (isFillConstrainedSplatDevice(profile) ? 'smooth' : 'quality');\n}\n\n/** Construction options for {@link SplatMesh}. */\nexport interface SplatMeshOptions {\n  /**\n   * Storage for per-splat higher-order SH in a dynamic-capacity pool, in\n   * bands (1, 2 or 3 → 3, 8 or 15 coefficients per channel); 0 (default)\n   * allocates nothing.\n   *\n   * Only formats that store SH per splat can fill this - LCC `Quality`, `.rad`, etc.\n   * It costs 16 bytes per splat per band-group of four\n   * coefficients (64 B/splat at 3 bands), so it is opt-in. On a static mesh\n   * this is ignored: packed SH is taken from `source.shPacked` when present,\n   * otherwise palette `source.sh` (SOG).\n   */\n  shBands?: 0 | 1 | 2 | 3;\n  /**\n   * Minimum interval between WebGPU sorts while the camera moves. When\n   * omitted, the interval adapts to the active splat count. Use `0` to sort\n   * every changed frame. WebGL worker sorting is unaffected.\n   */\n  sortIntervalMs?: number;\n  /**\n   * WebGPU sorter used for A/B validation. Defaults to the proven counting\n   * sorter. `'radix'` keeps the fast 24-bit key path; `'exact'` lazy-loads a\n   * stable 32-bit Float32-depth radix path that avoids scene-range\n   * quantization. The first frames may skip sorting until the module resolves.\n   *\n   * @experimental Radix strategies may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  sortStrategy?: SplatSortStrategy;\n  /**\n   * Render-quality policy. `smooth` rejects negligible projected contributions.\n   *\n   * The default is device-aware: `smooth` on mobile (where rejecting splats too\n   * small or too faint to see is worth far more than it costs), `quality`\n   * everywhere else. Passing a value opts out of the detection.\n   */\n  performanceProfile?: SplatPerformanceProfile;\n  /**\n   * How far out, in standard deviations, each Gaussian is drawn before it is\n   * cut off. Every splat is an alpha-blended quad sized to this radius, so it\n   * sets how much each one costs to blend - the dominant cost in a busy view.\n   * Lowering it shrinks every quad and clips the faint outer tail of each\n   * Gaussian; the falloff within the remaining radius is unchanged.\n   *\n   * Defaults to `3`, the reference 3DGS rasterizer's radius. Below ~2 the\n   * truncation shows as visible splat edges; much above ~5 the extra fill is not\n   * worth it. Mobile coverage gaps are handled by `minSplatSizePx` instead of\n   * growing every splat.\n   */\n  maxStdDev?: number;\n  /**\n   * Floor, in viewport pixels, on each rendered splat's projected quad radius.\n   *\n   * A screen-space *minimum* size, the counterpart to `maxScreenRadiusPx`'s\n   * maximum. When a splat projects smaller than this - because it is distant, or\n   * because the whole scene is zoomed out - its quad is grown to this radius and\n   * the Gaussian is stretched to fill it (the falloff normalizes to the quad, so\n   * no hard edge appears). Splats already larger are untouched, so it costs no\n   * extra fill on the near-camera splats that dominate overdraw.\n   *\n   * This is the fix for the \"dark gaps when zoomed out\" failure mode: a capture\n   * whose finest splats are spaced farther apart than their footprint leaves the\n   * background showing between them, and the effect is worst at low resolution -\n   * i.e. on a phone. Raising `maxStdDev` also closes the gaps but inflates\n   * *every* splat's fragment count by its square, paying the coverage cost on the\n   * large splats too; this floor spends it only where a gap can actually open.\n   *\n   * Defaults to `1.5` px on mobile and `0` (disabled) elsewhere, including\n   * fill-constrained desktops. Values around 1–3 px close typical gaps; too\n   * large a floor blurs distinct small features into discs, so tune it up from\n   * small on the target device. An explicit `0` always disables the floor.\n   */\n  minSplatSizePx?: number;\n  /**\n   * Apply the Mip-Splatting 2D antialiasing filter - the screen-space low-pass\n   * dilation plus the opacity compensation that conserves each Gaussian's\n   * integral, so small/distant splats stop over-brightening. Match the\n   * exporter: enable it for scenes trained/exported with antialiasing (the SOG\n   * `antialias` meta flag sets this automatically). Defaults to `false` (the\n   * classic 3DGS dilation without compensation).\n   */\n  antialias?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Internal format-selected reconstruction profile. Classic LCC uses the\n   * XGRIDS-compatible 0.1 px² compensated low-pass; callers should leave this\n   * unset and select a format through {@link StreamedSplatMesh.load} instead.\n   *\n   * @internal\n   */\n  projectedFilterProfile?: ProjectedFilterProfile;\n  /**\n   * Emit splat colors in sRGB (display) space instead of decoding them to the\n   * renderer's linear working space. Pair with a renderer that skips output\n   * conversion (`outputColorSpace = LinearSRGBColorSpace`, `NoToneMapping`,\n   * inline sRGB encode for other materials via `renderer.contextNode`): splats\n   * then alpha-composite on gamma-encoded values - the math 3DGS training\n   * optimizes against, and what WebGL splat viewers render. Defaults to\n   * `false` (linear working-space compositing).\n   */\n  srgbOutput?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Cull any splat whose projected on-screen radius exceeds this many pixels,\n   * rendering a hole instead. A physically large splat close to the camera -\n   * a coarse merged LOD node (a Spark `.rad` \"blob\"), or a giant background\n   * Gaussian - projects huge while a fine surface splat stays small, so this\n   * removes the near-camera blobs without touching detailed geometry. `0` or\n   * unset disables it (the default). Baked into the material graph.\n   */\n  maxSplatScreenRadius?: number;\n  /**\n   * Foveation band lower bound (px): cull any splat whose projected on-screen\n   * radius is *below* this. Paired with {@link maxSplatScreenRadius}, only\n   * splats sized `(min, max]` on screen draw. Because a `.rad` LOD tree's node\n   * sizes shrink geometrically, exactly one level per view ray lands in the\n   * band - near rays on fine leaves, far rays on coarse nodes - giving a\n   * camera-distance foveated cut. `0` or unset disables it (the default).\n   * Baked into the material graph. See `docs/formats/rad-notes.md` M14.6.\n   */\n  minSplatScreenRadius?: number;\n  /**\n   * How a `.rad` foveated mesh picks its per-splat LOD cut:\n   * - `'band'` (default): the screen-radius band above\n   *   ({@link minSplatScreenRadius}, {@link maxSplatScreenRadius}].\n   * - `'frontier'`: Spark's exact tree cut - draw splat `i` iff its parent is\n   *   too big and it is small enough (`parentPixelScale > limit ≥ ownPixelScale`),\n   *   using per-splat `own_size`/`parent_size`. Full coverage by construction, no\n   *   band leapfrogging. Baked into the material graph. See `docs/formats/rad-notes.md`.\n   * - `'pagetable'`: the {@link StreamedSplatMesh} default for `.rad` - a worker\n   *   owns the tree traversal and pages only the *selected* frontier into the\n   *   pool (Spark's selected-index model), so the whole splat budget buys\n   *   on-screen detail. Requires the streamed `.rad` machinery; on a plain\n   *   `SplatMesh` it has no worker to drive it.\n   *\n   * @experimental `.rad` foveation option; may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  foveationMode?: 'band' | 'frontier' | 'pagetable';\n  /**\n   * Target on-screen size (px) for the frontier / page-table cut: it keeps one\n   * LOD level per view ray whose projected node size is about this. Larger =\n   * coarser/fewer splats, smaller = finer/denser. Default\n   * {@link DEFAULT_FOVEATION_TARGET_PX} (1, matching Spark's `lodRenderScale`),\n   * so the draw budget rather than the cut size is what bounds detail. Raise it\n   * to trade sharpness for fill rate on weak GPUs.\n   * Acts as the *finest* bound: the adaptive limit coarsens above it to hold the\n   * draw budget but never dips below it.\n   *\n   * @experimental `.rad` foveation option; may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  foveationTargetPx?: number;\n  /**\n   * Target upper bound on the number of splats the frontier cut *draws*\n   * (Spark's `maxSplats`). Each reschedule the cut's `pixelScaleLimit`\n   * self-adjusts - coarsening when the estimated drawn count exceeds this - so\n   * frame cost stays bounded as detail streams in. Default\n   * {@link DEFAULT_FOVEATION_DRAW_BUDGET}. Only used in `'frontier'` mode.\n   *\n   * @experimental `.rad` foveation option; may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  foveationDrawBudget?: number;\n  /**\n   * Cap on a rendered splat's major/minor axis ratio (`0`/unset = off). A very\n   * anisotropic Gaussian (a flat 3DGS disk edge-on, or an expansion-enlarged\n   * coarse LOD node) otherwise projects to a long needle; this bounds its drawn\n   * length to `maxSplatAspect`× its width. Baked into the material graph.\n   *\n   * @experimental `.rad` foveation option; may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  maxSplatAspect?: number;\n  /**\n   * Spark's LOD alpha encoding (`.rad`): the stored opacity is `alpha/2` so the\n   * shader recovers `alpha ∈ [0,2]`, and `alpha > 1` marks a merged node rendered\n   * with a grown σ-cutoff + super-Gaussian falloff. Set for foveated `.rad`.\n   *\n   * @experimental `.rad` foveation option; may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  lodAlpha?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * How the scene is oriented into the three.js Y-up world. `'y-up'` (default)\n   * normalizes every known format to Y-up - 3DGS Y-down formats\n   * (PLY/`.splat`/`.ksplat`/SOG) are flipped 180° about X; SPZ/`.rad` are\n   * already Y-up; LCC keeps its own Z-up→Y-up matrix. `'source'` applies no\n   * cosmetic flip and renders in the data frame (raw Spark / mkkellogg parity);\n   * LCC still self-orients (that is format semantics, not part of the switch).\n   *\n   * For a static mesh the flip is chosen from {@link SplatData.sourceFormat}\n   * (stamped by the loaders); a dynamic-capacity mesh carries no format, so its\n   * host applies {@link yUpTransformForFormat} itself. See {@link SplatOrientation}.\n   */\n  orientation?: SplatOrientation;\n  /**\n   * GPU storage type for the pool's continuous float textures (`centers` and\n   * `covarianceA`). `'float16'` uploads them as `rgba16float` (~16 B/splat\n   * saved vs the default). CPU backing stays float32 (sorter, query, writes).\n   *\n   * `covarianceB` is always float32: it packs integer IDs (SOG palette labels,\n   * RAD frontier parents) that half floats cannot represent exactly above\n   * 2048. Colors and packed SH are unchanged. Construction-time only.\n   */\n  poolFloatTextures?: 'float32' | 'float16';\n  /**\n   * An existing pool to draw from instead of allocating one.\n   *\n   * Several meshes sharing a pool share its memory envelope: rows go to\n   * whichever mesh needs them, so a mesh the camera is near can hold far more\n   * than an even split would give it, and one that is far away holds almost\n   * nothing - without every mesh having reserved a private ceiling up front.\n   * This is the multi-mesh analogue of a single streamed mesh's LOD budget.\n   *\n   * The pool is *not* owned by the mesh: {@link SplatMesh.dispose} releases the\n   * mesh's rows and leaves the textures alone, so the pool's creator disposes\n   * it once every tenant is gone. `capacity` on the source is then only used\n   * for the mesh's own draw list, not to size storage.\n   *\n   * Sharing costs a whole-pool stall when the pool fragments - see\n   * {@link SplatMesh.compact}.\n   */\n  pool?: SplatPool;\n  /**\n   * The device's `maxTextureDimension2D`, forwarded to a pool this mesh\n   * allocates for itself so an over-tall pool fails at construction with a\n   * readable error instead of at first draw. Pass `deviceMaxTextureSize(renderer)`.\n   *\n   * Ignored when {@link SplatMeshOptions.pool} supplies the pool - that pool\n   * was already checked when its creator built it.\n   */\n  maxTextureSize?: number;\n}\n\n/** Available WebGPU depth-sort implementations. */\nexport type SplatSortStrategy = 'counting' | 'radix' | 'exact';\n\n/** Controls optional work during a per-frame source update. */\nexport interface SplatUpdateOptions {\n  /** Leave sorting to {@link UnifiedSplatRenderer}; uploads and LOD state still update. */\n  sort?: boolean;\n}\n\n/**\n * Read-only GPU-facing view of a mesh's current active pool. It is consumed by\n * the M15.4 unified gather path; streamed meshes expose their current LOD cut\n * through the same view because they inherit {@link SplatMesh}.\n *\n * @experimental May change in a minor release.\n */\nexport interface UnifiedSourceView {\n  /** Total addressable pool slots. */\n  readonly capacity: number;\n  /** Pool indices of active splats, packed from zero. */\n  readonly sourceIndex: THREE.StorageBufferAttribute;\n  /** Active entries at the front of {@link sourceIndex}. */\n  readonly activeCount: number;\n  /** Local-space centers, RGBA32F and pool-indexed. */\n  readonly centersTexture: THREE.DataTexture;\n  /** Source display color and opacity, RGBA8 and pool-indexed. */\n  readonly colorsTexture: THREE.DataTexture;\n  /** Upper covariance rows, RGBA32F and pool-indexed. */\n  readonly covarianceATexture: THREE.DataTexture;\n  /** Final covariance row, RGBA32F and pool-indexed. */\n  readonly covarianceBTexture: THREE.DataTexture;\n  /** Centers texture row width. */\n  readonly dataTextureWidth: number;\n  /** Current source-local → world transform. */\n  readonly matrixWorld: THREE.Matrix4;\n  /** Conservative world-space bound for depth quantization. */\n  readonly worldBounds: THREE.Sphere;\n  /** Higher-order color data resolved by the gather pass when present. */\n  readonly sh: SplatShInputs | null;\n  /** Effect hooks and their source-local data channels. */\n  readonly modifiers: readonly SplatModifier[];\n  /**\n   * True when this source is itself a unified pool with per-source placement\n   * (`SplatScene`). The gather path cannot resolve nested placement, so\n   * `UnifiedSplatRenderer` rejects these sources.\n   */\n  readonly hasSourcePlacement: boolean;\n  readonly channels: ReadonlyMap<string, { texture: THREE.DataTexture }>;\n  /** Same uniform node the source graph updates each frame. */\n  readonly localCameraPosition: Vec3Uniform;\n  /** Changes whenever a modifier graph must be rebuilt. */\n  readonly graphRevision: number;\n  /** Whether this source intentionally composites in display (sRGB) space. */\n  readonly srgbOutput: boolean;\n  /** Shared draw-path settings that must agree across unified sources. */\n  readonly maxStdDev: number;\n  /** Screen-space minimum splat radius, px (0 = off). */\n  readonly minSplatSizePx: number;\n  readonly antialias: boolean;\n  /** Construction-time projected-footprint policy shared by one unified pass. */\n  readonly projectedFilterProfile: ProjectedFilterProfile;\n  /**\n   * Whether this source stores Spark LOD alpha (`alpha ÷ 2`, `.rad`). The\n   * gather recovers the full `alpha ∈ [0,2]`; the draw material then treats\n   * `alpha > 1` as a merged node. Per source, not a compatibility field - a\n   * scene may mix `.rad` and non-`.rad` sources.\n   */\n  readonly lodAlpha: boolean;\n  /** Increments whenever pool-backed data or active residency changes. */\n  readonly contentRevision: number;\n}\n\n/** Quality-compatible rendering or smoother contribution-culling rendering. */\nexport type SplatPerformanceProfile = 'quality' | 'smooth';\n\n/**\n * Options for {@link SplatMesh.pick}.\n *\n * Picking returns the selected splat's rendered center plane (depth-tested\n * Gaussian coverage), not a persistent splat identifier or a collision mesh.\n */\nexport interface SplatPickOptions {\n  /**\n   * Minimum Gaussian opacity (after falloff × splat alpha) for a fragment to\n   * count as a hit. Default `0.1`.\n   */\n  alphaThreshold?: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Result of a successful {@link SplatMesh.pick}.\n *\n * The point lies on the frontmost splat's billboard plane at the picked\n * pixel - suitable for click-to-focus and placement anchors, not physics.\n */\nexport interface SplatPickResult {\n  /** Hit position in world space. */\n  readonly point: THREE.Vector3;\n  /** Distance from the camera position to {@link point}. */\n  readonly distance: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Result of {@link SplatMesh.queryNearest}: the resident splat center closest\n * to the query point, in world space.\n */\nexport interface SplatNearestResult {\n  /** The splat's center, in world space. */\n  readonly point: THREE.Vector3;\n  /** World-space distance from the query point to {@link point}. */\n  readonly distance: number;\n}\n\n/** Result of a successful synchronous {@link SplatMesh.queryRay}. */\nexport interface SplatRayResult {\n  /** Resident splat center in world space. */\n  readonly point: THREE.Vector3;\n  /** Distance along the ray from its origin to the center's closest plane. */\n  readonly distance: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Result of {@link SplatMesh.queryHeight}: the supporting surface found beneath\n * the query point (the highest resident splat within the drop and horizontal\n * radius), in world space.\n */\nexport interface SplatHeightResult {\n  /** The supporting splat's center, in world space. */\n  readonly point: THREE.Vector3;\n  /** How far below the query point the surface sits (world units, ≥ 0). */\n  readonly drop: 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+{"version":3,"file":"splat-mesh-types-CTN_duw2.js","sources":["../src/lib/lod-scheduler.ts","../src/lib/splat-mesh-types.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';\nimport type { LodLeaf, LodManifest } from './lod-manifest';\nimport type { LodSource } from './lod-source';\n\n/**\n * A contiguous splat range within one chunk file, at one LOD level - the\n * unit the pool activates. Adjacent manifest leaves that resolve to the same\n * `(file, level)` and whose ranges abut are coalesced into one run, so the\n * pool sees a handful of large ranges instead of thousands of tiny leaves.\n */\nexport interface LodRun {\n  readonly file: number;\n  readonly level: number;\n  readonly offset: number;\n  readonly count: number;\n  /** First manifest-leaf index this run covers. */\n  readonly leafStart: number;\n  /** One past the last covered leaf index. */\n  readonly leafEnd: number;\n  /**\n   * Physical-coverage identity when several manifest leaves form one region.\n   * A classic LCC cell may be split into fetch-sized leaves, but its slices\n   * must still swap as one visible unit. Undefined retains interval-based\n   * grouping for hierarchical sources.\n   */\n  readonly coverageGroup?: number;\n  /**\n   * Camera distance (mesh-local) of the nearest leaf in this run, from the\n   * last {@link LodScheduler.computeDesiredRuns} pass. Streamed meshes use it\n   * to fetch near detail before far coarse coverage. Absent on sources that\n   * do not track per-leaf distance.\n   */\n  readonly distance?: number;\n  /**\n   * True when any leaf in this run intersects the view frustum (with the\n   * scheduler's edge margin). Used to rank classic-path fetches so in-view\n   * detail beats behind-camera work; absent when the source does not track it.\n   */\n  readonly inView?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Fetch-only angular distance from the camera's forward axis. Smaller values\n   * are nearer the screen centre. It never affects LOD selection or budget.\n   */\n  readonly screenImportance?: number;\n}\n\n/** Stable identity of a run, for diffing desired vs. resident sets. */\nexport function runKey(run: LodRun): string {\n  return `${run.file}:${run.level}:${run.offset}:${run.count}`;\n}\n\n/** Sentinel level meaning \"this leaf is currently dropped (renders nothing)\". */\nconst DROPPED = -1;\n\n/**\n * Maximum splats in one run. Large contiguous regions are split into several\n * runs so no single pool append (and thus no single frame) does an unbounded\n * amount of copy + upload work. Split runs stay contiguous, so they still\n * upload as one coalesced rectangle.\n */\nconst MAX_RUN_SPLATS = 128_000;\n\n/** Hysteresis dead-band around each LOD distance threshold. */\nconst THRESHOLD_MARGIN = 0.1;\n/** Minimum time a leaf must hold a level before changing again, ms. */\nconst DWELL_MS = 500;\n/** Frustum test margin, as a fraction of each leaf's own size. */\nconst FRUSTUM_MARGIN = 0.1;\n/**\n * Out-of-frustum leaves act this many times farther away instead of being\n * hard-coarsened. Rotating the camera then re-ranks leaves smoothly (and\n * dwell applies), rather than mass-flipping edge leaves every frame -\n * PlayCanvas uses the same behind-camera-penalty idea.\n */\nconst FRUSTUM_PENALTY = 3;\n\n/**\n * Chooses a level of detail per spatial leaf from the camera, keeps the\n * total within a splat budget, and coalesces the result into runs.\n *\n * The scheduler is pure with respect to rendering: it takes a camera\n * position and frustum (both in the mesh's local space) and returns the set\n * of runs that should be resident. It owns only the small amount of state\n * needed for temporal stability (each leaf's current level and when it last\n * changed), so it is straightforward to drive from a test harness.\n *\n * LOD distance model (PlayCanvas-compatible): level 0 is used within\n * `lodBaseDistance`; each successive level covers a band `lodMultiplier`×\n * farther out. By default out-of-frustum leaves act {@link FRUSTUM_PENALTY}×\n * farther away. Formats with broad spatial cells can disable that bias so an\n * orbit does not churn already-refined cells at the frustum edges.\n *\n * The distance model only sets the *floor* and the *priority*: when the\n * distance-chosen set leaves budget unused, {@link fillBudget} promotes\n * in-frustum leaves nearest-first until its configured headroom target is\n * spent (90% by default). Formats can cap that optional refinement and avoid\n * a full-finest cut even when an explicitly large budget could hold it. The\n * budget\n * therefore decides how far refinement reaches - a desktop budget yields\n * full detail even with the whole scene in view, a mobile budget refines\n * only near the camera.\n */\nexport class LodScheduler implements LodSource {\n  /** World-unit distance inside which the finest level (0) is used. */\n  lodBaseDistance: number;\n  /** Distance ratio between successive LOD levels. */\n  lodMultiplier: number;\n  /** Maximum active splats; the desired set is demoted to fit. */\n  budget: number;\n\n  private readonly leaves: readonly LodLeaf[];\n  private readonly coarsest: number;\n  /** Per leaf: lowest/highest LOD level that has data. */\n  private readonly minLevel: Int32Array;\n  private readonly maxLevel: Int32Array;\n  /**\n   * Per leaf: the distance *ambition* - the finest level the camera distance\n   * asks for, with hysteresis/dwell applied. This is the hysteresis *state*:\n   * only {@link selectLevels} writes it, so budget demotion can never feed\n   * back into the dead-band/dwell logic and oscillate. With `fillPastDistance`\n   * false, {@link fillBudget} restores {@link resolved} only up to here.\n   */\n  private readonly level: Int32Array;\n  /**\n   * Per leaf: the resolved target - the ambition capped to fit the budget by\n   * {@link enforceBudget}, then refilled from leftover headroom by\n   * {@link fillBudget} (or DROPPED). This is what {@link coalesceRuns} emits.\n   */\n  private readonly resolved: Int32Array;\n  /** Per leaf: timestamp of the last distance-level change, for dwell. */\n  private readonly changedAt: Float64Array;\n\n  private readonly distance: Float64Array;\n  private readonly inFrustum: Uint8Array;\n  /** Leaves that must move through the budget cut together. */\n  private readonly budgetGroups: readonly Uint32Array[];\n  /** Per-leaf physical coverage group, when the manifest defines one. */\n  private readonly coverageGroups: Int32Array;\n  /** Whether view-frustum membership affects distance and fill priority. */\n  private readonly frustumAware: boolean;\n  /** Fraction of the usable budget that optional refinement may consume. */\n  private readonly budgetFillFraction: number;\n  /** Absolute cap on optional refinement; distance-selected detail may exceed it. */\n  private readonly budgetFillCap: number;\n  /** Whether a budget that holds every finest leaf forces a full-finest cut. */\n  private readonly forceFinestWhenFits: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Leaves at or inside this camera distance always resolve to their finest\n   * available level (no hysteresis climb). Classic LCC uses a multi-band\n   * radius so adjacent broad cells do not paint coarse discs at startup.\n   */\n  private readonly forceFinestWithin: number | undefined;\n  /**\n   * When false, {@link fillBudget} only restores toward each leaf's\n   * distance-selected {@link level} - never finer. Classic LCC sets this so\n   * a mid-range cell does not fetch L0 only to demote to L1 once the cut\n   * settles.\n   */\n  private readonly fillPastDistance: boolean;\n\n  /**\n   * What the last cut actually decided, for the HUD.\n   *\n   * The resident splat count alone cannot distinguish \"the scheduler asked for\n   * this\" from \"the scheduler asked for more and the mesh could not apply it\",\n   * and those have opposite fixes. Measured rather than inferred after a\n   * zoomed-out `sandwijck` sat at exactly its coarsest total (190,730) with a\n   * 600k budget - 68% of the budget unspent, with no way to see which stage\n   * declined to spend it.\n   */\n  readonly stats = {\n    /** Leaves the frustum test accepted - `fillBudget`'s candidate set. */\n    inFrustum: 0,\n    /** Total leaves in the tree. */\n    leaves: 0,\n    /** Splats implied by the resolved cut, before the mesh applies anything. */\n    desired: 0,\n    /** Splats `fillBudget` added on top of the distance-chosen levels. */\n    filled: 0,\n  };\n\n  private readonly scratchBox = new THREE.Box3();\n  private readonly scratchSize = new THREE.Vector3();\n  private readonly scratchCenter = new THREE.Vector3();\n  private readonly screenImportance: Float32Array;\n  /** Whether the last selection pass received a camera-forward vector. */\n  private hasScreenImportance = false;\n  /**\n   * Persistent leaf-index ordering scratch for {@link enforceBudget} and\n   * {@link fillBudget}, sorted in place per call instead of allocating a\n   * fresh `[...keys]` array. Comparators break ties on the index itself so\n   * the order is identical to the stable `Array#sort` this replaces\n   * (`TypedArray#sort` stability is not guaranteed).\n   */\n  private readonly orderScratch: Uint32Array;\n\n  constructor(\n    manifest: LodManifest,\n    options: {\n      budget: number;\n      lodBaseDistance: number;\n      lodMultiplier: number;\n      frustumAware?: boolean;\n      budgetFillFraction?: number;\n      budgetFillCap?: number;\n      forceFinestWhenFits?: boolean;\n      forceFinestWithin?: number;\n      /**\n       * When false, leftover-budget fill never refines past the distance-\n       * selected level (see {@link fillPastDistance}). Default true.\n       */\n      fillPastDistance?: boolean;\n    },\n  ) {\n    this.leaves = manifest.leaves;\n    this.coarsest = manifest.lodLevels - 1;\n    this.budget = options.budget;\n    this.lodBaseDistance = options.lodBaseDistance;\n    this.lodMultiplier = options.lodMultiplier;\n    this.frustumAware = options.frustumAware !== false;\n    this.budgetFillFraction = options.budgetFillFraction ?? 0.9;\n    this.budgetFillCap = options.budgetFillCap ?? Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;\n    this.forceFinestWhenFits = options.forceFinestWhenFits !== false;\n    this.forceFinestWithin = options.forceFinestWithin;\n    this.fillPastDistance = options.fillPastDistance !== false;\n    if (this.budgetFillFraction <= 0 || this.budgetFillFraction > 1) {\n      throw new RangeError('LodScheduler budgetFillFraction must be in (0, 1].');\n    }\n    if (!(this.budgetFillCap > 0)) {\n      throw new RangeError('LodScheduler budgetFillCap must be positive.');\n    }\n    if (this.forceFinestWithin !== undefined && !(this.forceFinestWithin >= 0)) {\n      throw new RangeError('LodScheduler forceFinestWithin must be >= 0.');\n    }\n\n    const n = this.leaves.length;\n    this.minLevel = new Int32Array(n);\n    this.maxLevel = new Int32Array(n);\n    this.level = new Int32Array(n).fill(this.coarsest);\n    this.resolved = new Int32Array(n).fill(this.coarsest);\n    this.changedAt = new Float64Array(n);\n    this.distance = new Float64Array(n);\n    this.inFrustum = new Uint8Array(n);\n    this.screenImportance = new Float32Array(n);\n    this.orderScratch = new Uint32Array(n);\n    this.coverageGroups = new Int32Array(n).fill(-1);\n\n    const groups: number[][] = [];\n    const explicitGroups = new Map<number, number>();\n    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n      const key = (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).budgetGroup;\n      if (key === undefined) {\n        groups.push([i]);\n        continue;\n      }\n      let groupIndex = explicitGroups.get(key);\n      if (groupIndex === undefined) {\n        groupIndex = groups.length;\n        explicitGroups.set(key, groupIndex);\n        groups.push([]);\n      }\n      (groups[groupIndex] as number[]).push(i);\n      this.coverageGroups[i] = key;\n    }\n    this.budgetGroups = groups.map((members) => Uint32Array.from(members));\n\n    for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {\n      const lods = (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods;\n      let min = this.coarsest;\n      let max = 0;\n      for (let l = 0; l < lods.length; l++) {\n        if (lods[l] === undefined) continue;\n        min = Math.min(min, l);\n        max = Math.max(max, l);\n      }\n      this.minLevel[i] = min;\n      this.maxLevel[i] = max;\n      this.level[i] = max; // start coarse\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Recomputes the desired resident run set for the current camera.\n   *\n   * @param cameraLocal - Camera position in the mesh's local space.\n   * @param frustum - View frustum in the mesh's local space.\n   * @param now - Monotonic timestamp (ms) for dwell hysteresis.\n   */\n  computeDesiredRuns(\n    cameraLocal: THREE.Vector3,\n    frustum: THREE.Frustum,\n    now: number,\n    cameraForward?: THREE.Vector3,\n  ): LodRun[] {\n    this.selectLevels(cameraLocal, frustum, now, cameraForward);\n    // When the budget already holds every leaf's finest level, skip distance /\n    // frustum demotion entirely. Otherwise a small rotate marks leaves\n    // out-of-frustum (×{@link FRUSTUM_PENALTY}), coarsens them, and the mesh\n    // aborts fine fetches / swaps to coarse LCC discs - then has to climb\n    // back when they re-enter the view.\n    if (this.forceFinestWhenFits && this.budget >= this.finestTotal()) {\n      for (let i = 0; i < this.leaves.length; i++) {\n        this.resolved[i] = this.minLevel[i] as number;\n      }\n      this.stats.desired = this.activeTotal();\n      this.stats.filled = 0;\n      return this.coalesceRuns();\n    }\n    // Copy the ambition into the resolved target, cap it to the budget, then\n    // refill leftover headroom. Budget stages touch only `resolved`, never the\n    // ambition/hysteresis state - a stationary camera therefore resolves the\n    // same cut every pass instead of oscillating red↔orange.\n    this.resolved.set(this.level);\n    this.enforceBudget();\n    const beforeFill = this.activeTotal();\n    this.fillBudget();\n    this.stats.desired = this.activeTotal();\n    this.stats.filled = this.stats.desired - beforeFill;\n    return this.coalesceRuns();\n  }\n\n  /** Total active splats implied by the current resolved levels. */\n  private activeTotal(): number {\n    let total = 0;\n    for (let i = 0; i < this.leaves.length; i++) {\n      const level = this.resolved[i] as number;\n      if (level === DROPPED) continue;\n      total += (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods[level]?.count ?? 0;\n    }\n    return total;\n  }\n\n  /** Splats if every leaf sat at its finest available level (none dropped). */\n  private finestTotal(): number {\n    let total = 0;\n    for (let i = 0; i < this.leaves.length; i++) {\n      const level = this.minLevel[i] as number;\n      total += (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods[level]?.count ?? 0;\n    }\n    return total;\n  }\n\n  private selectLevels(\n    cameraLocal: THREE.Vector3,\n    frustum: THREE.Frustum,\n    now: number,\n    cameraForward?: THREE.Vector3,\n  ): void {\n    const { lodBaseDistance: base, lodMultiplier: m } = this;\n    this.hasScreenImportance = cameraForward !== undefined;\n    let visibleCount = 0;\n    this.stats.leaves = this.leaves.length;\n    for (let i = 0; i < this.leaves.length; i++) {\n      const leaf = this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf;\n      const d = leaf.bounds.distanceToPoint(cameraLocal);\n      this.distance[i] = d;\n\n      // Widen the box by a fraction of its own size for edge stability.\n      this.scratchBox.copy(leaf.bounds);\n      leaf.bounds.getSize(this.scratchSize);\n      this.scratchBox.expandByScalar(this.scratchSize.length() * FRUSTUM_MARGIN);\n      const visible = frustum.intersectsBox(this.scratchBox);\n      this.inFrustum[i] = visible ? 1 : 0;\n      if (visible) visibleCount++;\n\n      // Broad classic-LCC tiles frequently all intersect the frustum, so the\n      // boolean above cannot tell the centre of the screen from its edges.\n      // This is deliberately fetch metadata only: distance remains the source\n      // of truth for the resolved LOD and the budget cut.\n      if (cameraForward) {\n        leaf.bounds.getCenter(this.scratchCenter).sub(cameraLocal);\n        const depth = this.scratchCenter.dot(cameraForward);\n        const lateralSquared = Math.max(0, this.scratchCenter.lengthSq() - depth * depth);\n        this.screenImportance[i] =\n          depth > 0 ? Math.sqrt(lateralSquared) / Math.max(depth, 0.25) : Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;\n      } else {\n        this.screenImportance[i] = 0;\n      }\n\n      const current = this.level[i] as number;\n      // Blanket force-finest only when fill may still climb past the distance\n      // band (octree / pagetable). Classic LCC never uses this path.\n      if (\n        this.fillPastDistance &&\n        this.forceFinestWithin !== undefined &&\n        d <= this.forceFinestWithin\n      ) {\n        const finest = this.minLevel[i] as number;\n        if (current !== finest) {\n          this.level[i] = finest;\n          this.changedAt[i] = now;\n        }\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      const effectiveDistance = !this.frustumAware || visible ? d : d * FRUSTUM_PENALTY;\n\n      // Classic LCC: the ambition tracks the pure distance band only. Budget\n      // demotions live in `resolved`, never here, so they cannot feed back\n      // into hysteresis. A cold cell snaps straight to its band (no dwell\n      // climb through intermediate LODs); afterward only a band *crossing*\n      // moves the ambition - a stationary camera in the same band holds,\n      // even if the budget just demoted its resolved level.\n      if (!this.fillPastDistance) {\n        const band = this.distanceBandLevel(i, effectiveDistance, base, m);\n        const coldStart =\n          (this.changedAt[i] as number) === 0 && current === (this.maxLevel[i] as number);\n        if (coldStart) {\n          if (band !== current) {\n            this.level[i] = band;\n            this.changedAt[i] = now;\n          }\n          continue;\n        }\n        if (band === current) continue;\n        const proposed = this.hysteresisLevel(i, effectiveDistance, base, m, current);\n        if (proposed === current) continue;\n        // Coarsen immediately (moving away should not linger over budget);\n        // only refinement waits out the dwell window.\n        const coarsening = proposed > current;\n        if (coarsening || now - (this.changedAt[i] as number) >= DWELL_MS) {\n          this.level[i] = proposed;\n          this.changedAt[i] = now;\n        }\n        continue;\n      }\n\n      const proposed = this.hysteresisLevel(i, effectiveDistance, base, m, current);\n      if (proposed === current) continue;\n      const coldSnap =\n        (this.changedAt[i] as number) === 0 && current === (this.maxLevel[i] as number);\n      if (coldSnap || now - (this.changedAt[i] as number) >= DWELL_MS) {\n        this.level[i] = proposed;\n        this.changedAt[i] = now;\n      }\n    }\n    this.stats.inFrustum = visibleCount;\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Pure distance→level band (independent of the leaf's current level), so a\n   * classic LCC cut never has to dwell through intermediate rungs.\n   */\n  private distanceBandLevel(index: number, d: number, base: number, m: number): number {\n    const min = this.minLevel[index] as number;\n    const max = this.maxLevel[index] as number;\n    let level = min;\n    while (level < max && d > base * m ** level * (1 + THRESHOLD_MARGIN)) level++;\n    return this.resolveAvailable(index, level);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Stable level from distance: coarsen only past `threshold·(1 + margin)`,\n   * refine only within `threshold·(1 − margin)`. The available-level clamp\n   * keeps leaves that lack a level on their nearest coarser one.\n   */\n  private hysteresisLevel(\n    index: number,\n    d: number,\n    base: number,\n    m: number,\n    current: number,\n  ): number {\n    const min = this.minLevel[index] as number;\n    const max = this.maxLevel[index] as number;\n    let level = Math.min(max, Math.max(min, current));\n    // threshold(L) = base·m^L is the boundary between level L and L+1.\n    while (level < max && d > base * m ** level * (1 + THRESHOLD_MARGIN)) level++;\n    while (level > min && d <= base * m ** (level - 1) * (1 - THRESHOLD_MARGIN)) level--;\n    // Resolve to the nearest available level (prefer coarser) if this exact\n    // one has no data (leaves need not carry every level).\n    return this.resolveAvailable(index, level);\n  }\n\n  private resolveAvailable(index: number, target: number): number {\n    const lods = (this.leaves[index] as LodLeaf).lods;\n    for (let l = target; l <= (this.maxLevel[index] as number); l++) if (lods[l]) return l;\n    for (let l = target - 1; l >= (this.minLevel[index] as number); l--) if (lods[l]) return l;\n    return this.maxLevel[index] as number;\n  }\n\n  /** Demotes/drops lowest-priority leaves until the total fits the budget. */\n  private enforceBudget(): void {\n    let total = this.activeTotal();\n    if (total <= this.budget) return;\n\n    // Demote lowest priority first. When frustum-aware: out-of-frustum before\n    // in-frustum, then farthest. Classic LCC sets frustumAware false - broad\n    // XY cells often sit mostly behind the camera while the user stands in\n    // them (d≈0); frustum demotion would coarsen that cell first and let\n    // thinner cells ahead keep fine detail (backwards load). Distance only.\n    const order = this.orderScratch.subarray(0, this.budgetGroups.length);\n    for (let i = 0; i < order.length; i++) order[i] = i;\n    order.sort((a, b) => {\n      const ia = (this.budgetGroups[a] as Uint32Array)[0] as number;\n      const ib = (this.budgetGroups[b] as Uint32Array)[0] as number;\n      if (this.frustumAware) {\n        const fa = this.inFrustum[ia] as number;\n        const fb = this.inFrustum[ib] as number;\n        if (fa !== fb) return fa - fb; // out-of-frustum (0) first\n      }\n      return (this.distance[ib] as number) - (this.distance[ia] as number) || ia - ib;\n    });\n\n    // Pass 1: coarsen toward the coarsest available level.\n    for (const groupIndex of order) {\n      const group = this.budgetGroups[groupIndex] as Uint32Array;\n      while (total > this.budget) {\n        let reduction = 0;\n        let changed = false;\n        for (const i of group) {\n          const current = this.resolved[i] as number;\n          if (current >= (this.maxLevel[i] as number)) continue;\n          const lods = (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods;\n          const nextLevel = this.resolveAvailable(i, current + 1);\n          if (nextLevel === current) continue;\n          reduction += (lods[current]?.count ?? 0) - (lods[nextLevel]?.count ?? 0);\n          this.resolved[i] = nextLevel;\n          changed = true;\n        }\n        if (!changed) break;\n        total -= reduction;\n      }\n      if (total <= this.budget) return;\n    }\n\n    // Pass 2 (last resort): drop groups entirely, lowest priority first.\n    for (const groupIndex of order) {\n      if (total <= this.budget) return;\n      for (const i of this.budgetGroups[groupIndex] as Uint32Array) {\n        if ((this.resolved[i] as number) === DROPPED) continue;\n        total -= (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods[this.resolved[i] as number]?.count ?? 0;\n        this.resolved[i] = DROPPED;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Uses leftover budget to restore detail after {@link enforceBudget}\n   * demoted leaves, nearest first, while the total stays under the fill\n   * target. By default this may also refine *past* the distance-chosen level\n   * when headroom remains (octree / pagetable streams). With\n   * {@link fillPastDistance} false (classic LCC), fill never goes finer than\n   * each leaf's distance-selected level - so a cell at the L1 band does not\n   * fetch L0 only to demote moments later with the camera still.\n   */\n  private fillBudget(): void {\n    const target =\n      this.forceFinestWhenFits && this.budget >= this.finestTotal()\n        ? this.budget\n        : Math.min(this.budget, this.budgetFillCap) * this.budgetFillFraction;\n    let total = this.activeTotal();\n    if (total >= target) return;\n\n    // Candidate in-frustum groups, nearest first (ties keep manifest order),\n    // packed into the front of the shared index scratch.\n    let candidateCount = 0;\n    for (let groupIndex = 0; groupIndex < this.budgetGroups.length; groupIndex++) {\n      const first = (this.budgetGroups[groupIndex] as Uint32Array)[0] as number;\n      if (\n        (!this.frustumAware || this.inFrustum[first] === 1) &&\n        (this.resolved[first] as number) !== DROPPED\n      ) {\n        this.orderScratch[candidateCount++] = groupIndex;\n      }\n    }\n    const order = this.orderScratch.subarray(0, candidateCount);\n    order.sort((a, b) => {\n      const ia = (this.budgetGroups[a] as Uint32Array)[0] as number;\n      const ib = (this.budgetGroups[b] as Uint32Array)[0] as number;\n      return (this.distance[ia] as number) - (this.distance[ib] as number) || ia - ib;\n    });\n\n    // Nearest groups refine first (up to the distance floor when capped).\n    for (const groupIndex of order) {\n      const group = this.budgetGroups[groupIndex] as Uint32Array;\n      while (true) {\n        let growth = 0;\n        let canPromote = false;\n        for (const i of group) {\n          const current = this.resolved[i] as number;\n          const floor = this.fillPastDistance\n            ? (this.minLevel[i] as number)\n            : (this.level[i] as number);\n          if (current <= floor) continue;\n          const leaf = this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf;\n          let finer = current - 1;\n          while (finer > floor && !leaf.lods[finer]) finer--;\n          if (finer < floor || !leaf.lods[finer]) continue;\n          growth += (leaf.lods[finer]?.count ?? 0) - (leaf.lods[current]?.count ?? 0);\n          canPromote = true;\n        }\n        if (!canPromote || total + growth > target) break;\n        for (const i of group) {\n          const current = this.resolved[i] as number;\n          const floor = this.fillPastDistance\n            ? (this.minLevel[i] as number)\n            : (this.level[i] as number);\n          if (current <= floor) continue;\n          const leaf = this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf;\n          let finer = current - 1;\n          while (finer > floor && !leaf.lods[finer]) finer--;\n          if (finer >= floor && leaf.lods[finer]) this.resolved[i] = finer;\n        }\n        total += growth;\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  private coalesceRuns(): LodRun[] {\n    return this.buildRuns(0, this.leaves.length, (i) => this.resolved[i] as number);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Runs covering [from, to) at each leaf's coarsest available level - used\n   * to substitute always-cached coverage while a finer level is fetching.\n   */\n  coarsestRunsFor(from: number, to: number): LodRun[] {\n    return this.buildRuns(from, to, (i) => this.maxLevel[i] as number);\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Runs covering [from, to) at `level`, clamped per leaf to an available rung\n   * (prefer the requested level, else the next coarser, else the next finer).\n   */\n  runsAtLevelFor(from: number, to: number, level: number): LodRun[] {\n    const wanted = Math.floor(level);\n    return this.buildRuns(from, to, (i) => this.clampLeafLevel(i, wanted));\n  }\n\n  /** Prefer `wanted`, else next coarser, else next finer; {@link DROPPED} if none. */\n  private clampLeafLevel(leafIndex: number, wanted: number): number {\n    const leaf = this.leaves[leafIndex] as LodLeaf;\n    if (leaf.lods[wanted]) return wanted;\n    for (let l = wanted + 1; l < leaf.lods.length; l++) {\n      if (leaf.lods[l]) return l;\n    }\n    for (let l = wanted - 1; l >= 0; l--) {\n      if (leaf.lods[l]) return l;\n    }\n    return DROPPED;\n  }\n\n  /** Coalesces leaves [from, to) at `levelOf(leaf)` into contiguous runs. */\n  private buildRuns(from: number, to: number, levelOf: (index: number) => number): LodRun[] {\n    const runs: LodRun[] = [];\n    let file = -1;\n    let level = -1;\n    let offset = 0;\n    let count = 0;\n    let leafStart = -1;\n    let leafEnd = -1;\n    let coverageGroup = -1;\n    let distance = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;\n    let inView = false;\n    let screenImportance = Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY;\n    const flush = (): void => {\n      if (count > 0) {\n        runs.push({\n          file,\n          level,\n          offset,\n          count,\n          leafStart,\n          leafEnd,\n          distance,\n          inView,\n          ...(this.hasScreenImportance ? { screenImportance } : {}),\n          ...(coverageGroup >= 0 ? { coverageGroup } : {}),\n        });\n      }\n      count = 0;\n    };\n\n    for (let i = from; i < to; i++) {\n      const l = levelOf(i);\n      if (l === DROPPED) {\n        flush();\n        continue;\n      }\n      const range = (this.leaves[i] as LodLeaf).lods[l];\n      if (!range) {\n        flush();\n        continue;\n      }\n      const leafCoverageGroup = this.coverageGroups[i] as number;\n      const leafDistance = this.distance[i] as number;\n      const leafInView = (this.inFrustum[i] as number) === 1;\n      if (\n        count > 0 &&\n        range.file === file &&\n        l === level &&\n        leafCoverageGroup === coverageGroup &&\n        range.offset === offset + count &&\n        count + range.count <= MAX_RUN_SPLATS\n      ) {\n        count += range.count; // extend the current run\n        leafEnd = i + 1;\n        if (leafDistance < distance) distance = leafDistance;\n        if (leafInView) inView = true;\n        screenImportance = Math.min(screenImportance, this.screenImportance[i] as number);\n      } else {\n        flush();\n        file = range.file;\n        level = l;\n        offset = range.offset;\n        count = range.count;\n        leafStart = i;\n        leafEnd = i + 1;\n        coverageGroup = leafCoverageGroup;\n        distance = leafDistance;\n        inView = leafInView;\n        screenImportance = this.screenImportance[i] as number;\n      }\n    }\n    flush();\n    return runs;\n  }\n}\n","/** Public configuration and result types for SplatMesh. */\nimport type * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';\nimport type { SplatData } from './splat-data';\nimport type { SplatOrientation } from './orientation';\nimport type { SplatModifier } from './splat-modifier';\nimport {\n  detectSplatDeviceProfile,\n  isFillConstrainedSplatDevice,\n  type SplatDeviceProfile,\n} from './splat-budget';\nimport type { SplatPool } from './splat-mesh-pool';\nimport type { SplatShInputs, Vec3Uniform } from './splat-mesh-material';\n\n/** Construction-time projected-footprint policy selected by a streamed format. */\nexport type ProjectedFilterProfile = 'default' | 'lcc';\n\n/**\n * Opaque handle for a range of splats appended to a {@link SplatMesh},\n * used to remove the range again.\n */\nexport interface SplatRange {\n  /** Number of splats in this range. */\n  readonly count: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Storage format of a per-splat channel (see {@link SplatMesh.defineChannel}).\n *\n *  - `'byte'`: one `Uint8` per splat (`r8unorm`). Compact - a good fit for\n *    masks and labels. `ctx.channel(name)` reads it back **normalized** to\n *    `[0, 1]`, so a painted `255` reads as `1.0`.\n *  - `'float'`: one `Float32` per splat (`r32float`), read back verbatim.\n */\nexport type SplatChannelType = 'byte' | 'float';\n\n/** Options for {@link SplatMesh.defineChannel}. */\nexport interface SplatChannelOptions {\n  /** Storage format; default `'float'`. */\n  type?: SplatChannelType;\n  /**\n   * Value every splat starts at before any {@link SplatMesh.writeChannel}.\n   * Default `0`. For `'byte'` channels this is a raw `0..255` value.\n   */\n  fill?: number;\n}\n\n/** The highest SH order this renderer evaluates (3rd → 15 coefficients). */\nexport const MAX_SH_BANDS = 3;\n\n/**\n * The contribution-culling profile a mesh will use, given an optional\n * explicit override. Exported so callers that must decide something *before*\n * constructing the mesh - such as whether a streamed scene should fetch its\n * SH at all - agree with what the mesh itself will pick.\n */\nexport function resolveSplatPerformanceProfile(\n  explicit?: SplatPerformanceProfile,\n  profile: SplatDeviceProfile | undefined = detectSplatDeviceProfile(),\n): SplatPerformanceProfile {\n  return explicit ?? (isFillConstrainedSplatDevice(profile) ? 'smooth' : 'quality');\n}\n\n/** Construction options for {@link SplatMesh}. */\nexport interface SplatMeshOptions {\n  /**\n   * Storage for per-splat higher-order SH in a dynamic-capacity pool, in\n   * bands (1, 2 or 3 → 3, 8 or 15 coefficients per channel); 0 (default)\n   * allocates nothing.\n   *\n   * Only formats that store SH per splat can fill this - LCC `Quality`, `.rad`, etc.\n   * It costs 16 bytes per splat per band-group of four\n   * coefficients (64 B/splat at 3 bands), so it is opt-in. On a static mesh\n   * this is ignored: packed SH is taken from `source.shPacked` when present,\n   * otherwise palette `source.sh` (SOG).\n   */\n  shBands?: 0 | 1 | 2 | 3;\n  /**\n   * Minimum interval between WebGPU sorts while the camera moves. When\n   * omitted, the interval adapts to the active splat count. Use `0` to sort\n   * every changed frame. WebGL worker sorting is unaffected.\n   */\n  sortIntervalMs?: number;\n  /**\n   * WebGPU sorter used for A/B validation. Defaults to the proven counting\n   * sorter. `'radix'` keeps the fast 24-bit key path; `'exact'` lazy-loads a\n   * stable 32-bit Float32-depth radix path that avoids scene-range\n   * quantization. The first frames may skip sorting until the module resolves.\n   *\n   * @experimental Radix strategies may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  sortStrategy?: SplatSortStrategy;\n  /**\n   * Render-quality policy. `smooth` rejects negligible projected contributions.\n   *\n   * The default is device-aware: `smooth` on mobile (where rejecting splats too\n   * small or too faint to see is worth far more than it costs), `quality`\n   * everywhere else. Passing a value opts out of the detection.\n   */\n  performanceProfile?: SplatPerformanceProfile;\n  /**\n   * How far out, in standard deviations, each Gaussian is drawn before it is\n   * cut off. Every splat is an alpha-blended quad sized to this radius, so it\n   * sets how much each one costs to blend - the dominant cost in a busy view.\n   * Lowering it shrinks every quad and clips the faint outer tail of each\n   * Gaussian; the falloff within the remaining radius is unchanged.\n   *\n   * Defaults to `3`, the reference 3DGS rasterizer's radius. Below ~2 the\n   * truncation shows as visible splat edges; much above ~5 the extra fill is not\n   * worth it. Mobile coverage gaps are handled by `minSplatSizePx` instead of\n   * growing every splat.\n   */\n  maxStdDev?: number;\n  /**\n   * Floor, in viewport pixels, on each rendered splat's projected quad radius.\n   *\n   * A screen-space *minimum* size, the counterpart to `maxScreenRadiusPx`'s\n   * maximum. When a splat projects smaller than this - because it is distant, or\n   * because the whole scene is zoomed out - its quad is grown to this radius and\n   * the Gaussian is stretched to fill it (the falloff normalizes to the quad, so\n   * no hard edge appears). Splats already larger are untouched, so it costs no\n   * extra fill on the near-camera splats that dominate overdraw.\n   *\n   * This is the fix for the \"dark gaps when zoomed out\" failure mode: a capture\n   * whose finest splats are spaced farther apart than their footprint leaves the\n   * background showing between them, and the effect is worst at low resolution -\n   * i.e. on a phone. Raising `maxStdDev` also closes the gaps but inflates\n   * *every* splat's fragment count by its square, paying the coverage cost on the\n   * large splats too; this floor spends it only where a gap can actually open.\n   *\n   * Defaults to `1.5` px on mobile and `0` (disabled) elsewhere, including\n   * fill-constrained desktops. Values around 1–3 px close typical gaps; too\n   * large a floor blurs distinct small features into discs, so tune it up from\n   * small on the target device. An explicit `0` always disables the floor.\n   */\n  minSplatSizePx?: number;\n  /**\n   * Apply the Mip-Splatting 2D antialiasing filter - the screen-space low-pass\n   * dilation plus the opacity compensation that conserves each Gaussian's\n   * integral, so small/distant splats stop over-brightening. Match the\n   * exporter: enable it for scenes trained/exported with antialiasing (the SOG\n   * `antialias` meta flag sets this automatically). Defaults to `false` (the\n   * classic 3DGS dilation without compensation).\n   */\n  antialias?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Internal format-selected reconstruction profile. Classic LCC uses the\n   * XGRIDS-compatible 0.1 px² compensated low-pass; callers should leave this\n   * unset and select a format through {@link StreamedSplatMesh.load} instead.\n   *\n   * @internal\n   */\n  projectedFilterProfile?: ProjectedFilterProfile;\n  /**\n   * Emit splat colors in sRGB (display) space instead of decoding them to the\n   * renderer's linear working space. Pair with a renderer that skips output\n   * conversion (`outputColorSpace = LinearSRGBColorSpace`, `NoToneMapping`,\n   * inline sRGB encode for other materials via `renderer.contextNode`): splats\n   * then alpha-composite on gamma-encoded values - the math 3DGS training\n   * optimizes against, and what WebGL splat viewers render. Defaults to\n   * `false` (linear working-space compositing).\n   */\n  srgbOutput?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Cull any splat whose projected on-screen radius exceeds this many pixels,\n   * rendering a hole instead. A physically large splat close to the camera -\n   * a coarse merged LOD node (a Spark `.rad` \"blob\"), or a giant background\n   * Gaussian - projects huge while a fine surface splat stays small, so this\n   * removes the near-camera blobs without touching detailed geometry. `0` or\n   * unset disables it (the default). Baked into the material graph.\n   */\n  maxSplatScreenRadius?: number;\n  /**\n   * Foveation band lower bound (px): cull any splat whose projected on-screen\n   * radius is *below* this. Paired with {@link maxSplatScreenRadius}, only\n   * splats sized `(min, max]` on screen draw. Because a `.rad` LOD tree's node\n   * sizes shrink geometrically, exactly one level per view ray lands in the\n   * band - near rays on fine leaves, far rays on coarse nodes - giving a\n   * camera-distance foveated cut. `0` or unset disables it (the default).\n   * Baked into the material graph. See `docs/formats/rad-notes.md` M14.6.\n   */\n  minSplatScreenRadius?: number;\n  /**\n   * How a `.rad` foveated mesh picks its per-splat LOD cut:\n   * - `'band'` (default): the screen-radius band above\n   *   ({@link minSplatScreenRadius}, {@link maxSplatScreenRadius}].\n   * - `'frontier'`: Spark's exact tree cut - draw splat `i` iff its parent is\n   *   too big and it is small enough (`parentPixelScale > limit ≥ ownPixelScale`),\n   *   using per-splat `own_size`/`parent_size`. Full coverage by construction, no\n   *   band leapfrogging. Baked into the material graph. See `docs/formats/rad-notes.md`.\n   * - `'pagetable'`: the {@link StreamedSplatMesh} default for `.rad` - a worker\n   *   owns the tree traversal and pages only the *selected* frontier into the\n   *   pool (Spark's selected-index model), so the whole splat budget buys\n   *   on-screen detail. Requires the streamed `.rad` machinery; on a plain\n   *   `SplatMesh` it has no worker to drive it.\n   *\n   * @experimental `.rad` foveation option; may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  foveationMode?: 'band' | 'frontier' | 'pagetable';\n  /**\n   * Target on-screen size (px) for the frontier / page-table cut: it keeps one\n   * LOD level per view ray whose projected node size is about this. Larger =\n   * coarser/fewer splats, smaller = finer/denser. Default\n   * {@link DEFAULT_FOVEATION_TARGET_PX} (1, matching Spark's `lodRenderScale`),\n   * so the draw budget rather than the cut size is what bounds detail. Raise it\n   * to trade sharpness for fill rate on weak GPUs.\n   * Acts as the *finest* bound: the adaptive limit coarsens above it to hold the\n   * draw budget but never dips below it.\n   *\n   * @experimental `.rad` foveation option; may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  foveationTargetPx?: number;\n  /**\n   * Target upper bound on the number of splats the frontier cut *draws*\n   * (Spark's `maxSplats`). Each reschedule the cut's `pixelScaleLimit`\n   * self-adjusts - coarsening when the estimated drawn count exceeds this - so\n   * frame cost stays bounded as detail streams in. Default\n   * {@link DEFAULT_FOVEATION_DRAW_BUDGET}. Only used in `'frontier'` mode.\n   *\n   * @experimental `.rad` foveation option; may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  foveationDrawBudget?: number;\n  /**\n   * Cap on a rendered splat's major/minor axis ratio (`0`/unset = off). A very\n   * anisotropic Gaussian (a flat 3DGS disk edge-on, or an expansion-enlarged\n   * coarse LOD node) otherwise projects to a long needle; this bounds its drawn\n   * length to `maxSplatAspect`× its width. Baked into the material graph.\n   *\n   * @experimental `.rad` foveation option; may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  maxSplatAspect?: number;\n  /**\n   * Spark's LOD alpha encoding (`.rad`): the stored opacity is `alpha/2` so the\n   * shader recovers `alpha ∈ [0,2]`, and `alpha > 1` marks a merged node rendered\n   * with a grown σ-cutoff + super-Gaussian falloff. Set for foveated `.rad`.\n   *\n   * @experimental `.rad` foveation option; may change in a minor release.\n   */\n  lodAlpha?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * How the scene is oriented into the three.js Y-up world. `'y-up'` (default)\n   * normalizes every known format to Y-up - 3DGS Y-down formats\n   * (PLY/`.splat`/`.ksplat`/SOG) are flipped 180° about X; SPZ/`.rad` are\n   * already Y-up; LCC keeps its own Z-up→Y-up matrix. `'source'` applies no\n   * cosmetic flip and renders in the data frame (raw Spark / mkkellogg parity);\n   * LCC still self-orients (that is format semantics, not part of the switch).\n   *\n   * For a static mesh the flip is chosen from {@link SplatData.sourceFormat}\n   * (stamped by the loaders); a dynamic-capacity mesh carries no format, so its\n   * host applies {@link yUpTransformForFormat} itself. See {@link SplatOrientation}.\n   */\n  orientation?: SplatOrientation;\n  /**\n   * GPU storage type for the pool's continuous float textures (`centers` and\n   * `covarianceA`). `'float16'` uploads them as `rgba16float` (~16 B/splat\n   * saved vs the default). CPU backing stays float32 (sorter, query, writes).\n   *\n   * `covarianceB` is always float32: it packs integer IDs (SOG palette labels,\n   * RAD frontier parents) that half floats cannot represent exactly above\n   * 2048. Colors and packed SH are unchanged. Construction-time only.\n   */\n  poolFloatTextures?: 'float32' | 'float16';\n  /**\n   * An existing pool to draw from instead of allocating one.\n   *\n   * Several meshes sharing a pool share its memory envelope: rows go to\n   * whichever mesh needs them, so a mesh the camera is near can hold far more\n   * than an even split would give it, and one that is far away holds almost\n   * nothing - without every mesh having reserved a private ceiling up front.\n   * This is the multi-mesh analogue of a single streamed mesh's LOD budget.\n   *\n   * The pool is *not* owned by the mesh: {@link SplatMesh.dispose} releases the\n   * mesh's rows and leaves the textures alone, so the pool's creator disposes\n   * it once every tenant is gone. `capacity` on the source is then only used\n   * for the mesh's own draw list, not to size storage.\n   *\n   * Sharing costs a whole-pool stall when the pool fragments - see\n   * {@link SplatMesh.compact}.\n   */\n  pool?: SplatPool;\n  /**\n   * The device's `maxTextureDimension2D`, forwarded to a pool this mesh\n   * allocates for itself so an over-tall pool fails at construction with a\n   * readable error instead of at first draw. Pass `deviceMaxTextureSize(renderer)`.\n   *\n   * Ignored when {@link SplatMeshOptions.pool} supplies the pool - that pool\n   * was already checked when its creator built it.\n   */\n  maxTextureSize?: number;\n}\n\n/** Available WebGPU depth-sort implementations. */\nexport type SplatSortStrategy = 'counting' | 'radix' | 'exact';\n\n/** Controls optional work during a per-frame source update. */\nexport interface SplatUpdateOptions {\n  /** Leave sorting to {@link UnifiedSplatRenderer}; uploads and LOD state still update. */\n  sort?: boolean;\n}\n\n/**\n * Read-only GPU-facing view of a mesh's current active pool. It is consumed by\n * the M15.4 unified gather path; streamed meshes expose their current LOD cut\n * through the same view because they inherit {@link SplatMesh}.\n *\n * @experimental May change in a minor release.\n */\nexport interface UnifiedSourceView {\n  /** Total addressable pool slots. */\n  readonly capacity: number;\n  /** Pool indices of active splats, packed from zero. */\n  readonly sourceIndex: THREE.StorageBufferAttribute;\n  /** Active entries at the front of {@link sourceIndex}. */\n  readonly activeCount: number;\n  /** Local-space centers, RGBA32F and pool-indexed. */\n  readonly centersTexture: THREE.DataTexture;\n  /** Source display color and opacity, RGBA8 and pool-indexed. */\n  readonly colorsTexture: THREE.DataTexture;\n  /** Upper covariance rows, RGBA32F and pool-indexed. */\n  readonly covarianceATexture: THREE.DataTexture;\n  /** Final covariance row, RGBA32F and pool-indexed. */\n  readonly covarianceBTexture: THREE.DataTexture;\n  /** Centers texture row width. */\n  readonly dataTextureWidth: number;\n  /** Current source-local → world transform. */\n  readonly matrixWorld: THREE.Matrix4;\n  /** Conservative world-space bound for depth quantization. */\n  readonly worldBounds: THREE.Sphere;\n  /** Higher-order color data resolved by the gather pass when present. */\n  readonly sh: SplatShInputs | null;\n  /** Effect hooks and their source-local data channels. */\n  readonly modifiers: readonly SplatModifier[];\n  /**\n   * True when this source is itself a unified pool with per-source placement\n   * (`SplatScene`). 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The\n   * gather recovers the full `alpha ∈ [0,2]`; the draw material then treats\n   * `alpha > 1` as a merged node. Per source, not a compatibility field - a\n   * scene may mix `.rad` and non-`.rad` sources.\n   */\n  readonly lodAlpha: boolean;\n  /** Increments whenever pool-backed data or active residency changes. */\n  readonly contentRevision: number;\n}\n\n/** Quality-compatible rendering or smoother contribution-culling rendering. */\nexport type SplatPerformanceProfile = 'quality' | 'smooth';\n\n/**\n * Options for {@link SplatMesh.pick}.\n *\n * Picking returns the selected splat's rendered center plane (depth-tested\n * Gaussian coverage), not a persistent splat identifier or a collision mesh.\n */\nexport interface SplatPickOptions {\n  /**\n   * Minimum Gaussian opacity (after falloff × splat alpha) for a fragment to\n   * count as a hit. 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package/dist/streamed-splat-mesh.d.ts

@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@ import type { ChunkCacheBudget } from './chunk-cache-budget';
  */
 export declare function estimateSceneDecodedBytes(scene: StreamedScene): number;
 /**
- * Read-only startup-hold progress for classic `.lcc` {@link StreamedSplatMeshOptions.initialReveal}.
- * Exported for hosts that gate visibility on the first useful near-L0 frame.
+ * Read-only startup-hold progress for {@link StreamedSplatMeshOptions.initialReveal}.
+ * Exported for hosts that gate visibility on the first useful coverage frame
+ * (classic `.lcc` nearby L0, or `.lcc2` in-view coarsest cells).
  */
 export type InitialRevealState = {
     readonly status: 'disabled';
@@ -156,10 +157,11 @@ export interface StreamedSplatMeshOptions extends SplatMeshOptions {
      */
     maxSplatsPerSwap?: number;
     /**
-     * First-frame reveal policy for classic `.lcc` streaming.
+     * First-frame reveal policy for streamed formats that can hide empty cells.
      *
-     * - `'progressive'`: cells become visible as each L0 coverage group commits
-     *   - can show sparse near-detail while siblings load.
+     * - `'progressive'`: cells become visible as each swap group commits — can
+     *   show sparse near-detail (classic `.lcc`) or empty octree squares
+     *   (`.lcc2`) while siblings load.
      * - `'hold-near-l0'` (the default for classic `.lcc` when unset): hide the
      *   mesh until the camera's home coverage group is resident (L0 when it fits;
      *   otherwise coarsen via the leaf ladder L1→L2). Neighbours are not part of
@@ -168,16 +170,20 @@ export interface StreamedSplatMeshOptions extends SplatMeshOptions {
      *   does not require frustum intersection (HiRes tiles often fail `inView`
      *   when the camera stands inside looking out). Coarser rungs come from
      *   `LodSource.runsAtLevelFor`. Only home files are fetched during the hold.
-     *   A one-minute watchdog also degrades if the cut cannot finish. Other
-     *   streamed formats default to `'progressive'` and treat the hold as
-     *   disabled.
-     *
-     * Does not make detail downloads instantaneous; it avoids lower-LOD traffic
-     * and multi-cell buildup before the first useful frame. The hold uses the
-     * **resolved** cut from the first schedule (after camera + format transform),
-     * not distance ambition alone.
-     */
-    initialReveal?: 'progressive' | 'hold-near-l0';
+     *   A one-minute watchdog also degrades if the cut cannot finish.
+     * - `'hold-coverage'` (the default for `.lcc2` when unset): hide the mesh
+     *   until every in-view finest cell has a coarsest covering node resident
+     *   (any LOD). Does not wait for finest tiles or the rest of the stream.
+     *   An empty frustum falls back to the nearest cell. Requires
+     *   `LodSource.coverageRunsFor`; other formats treat this as disabled.
+     *
+     * A one-minute watchdog degrades to progressive if the frozen set cannot
+     * finish. Does not make detail downloads instantaneous. Classic `.lcc` uses
+     * the **resolved** cut from the first schedule (after camera + format
+     * transform), not distance ambition alone. Other streamed formats default
+     * to `'progressive'`.
+     */
+    initialReveal?: 'progressive' | 'hold-near-l0' | 'hold-coverage';
     /** Receives lightweight LOD swap markers for performance attribution. */
     onPerformanceEvent?: (event: StreamedSplatPerformanceEvent) => void;
     /**
@@ -492,11 +498,13 @@ export declare class StreamedSplatMesh extends SplatMesh {
     /** Set when the env tile is larger than the whole pool - terminal, warned once. */
     private envUnfit;
     /**
-     * Classic `.lcc` startup hold. `'capture'` waits for the first schedule after
-     * the host applies the final camera; `'holding'` freezes that nearby-detail set.
+     * Startup hold. `'capture'` waits for the first schedule after the host
+     * applies the final camera; `'holding'` freezes that coverage set.
      */
     private initialRevealPhase;
-    /** Frozen nearby-detail runs for {@link initialRevealPhase} `'holding'`. */
+    /** Which hold, if any, was armed at construction. Survives release for recapture. */
+    private readonly initialRevealHold;
+    /** Frozen nearby-detail / in-view coverage runs for {@link initialRevealPhase} `'holding'`. */
     private frozenCriticalRuns;
     /** Timestamp of the final-camera capture that began the current hold. */
     private initialRevealStartedAt;
@@ -815,16 +823,17 @@ export declare class StreamedSplatMesh extends SplatMesh {
     get isLodLevelDebug(): boolean;
     /**
      * Startup-hold progress for {@link StreamedSplatMeshOptions.initialReveal}.
-     * Classic `.lcc` hosts using the default (or explicitly opting into
-     * `'hold-near-l0'`) should keep the mesh invisible while
-     * `status === 'pending'`, then reveal on `'ready'` or `'degraded'`.
+     * Hosts using `'hold-near-l0'` or `'hold-coverage'` should keep the mesh
+     * invisible while `status === 'pending'`, then reveal on `'ready'` or
+     * `'degraded'`.
      */
     get initialRevealState(): InitialRevealState;
     /**
-     * Captures a fresh classic `.lcc` nearby-detail startup set on the next
-     * {@link update}. Hosts that apply their final initial camera pose after the
-     * mesh first receives frames should call this before lifting their loading
-     * cover. It is a no-op for every other format and for progressive startup.
+     * Captures a fresh startup-hold set on the next {@link update}. Hosts that
+     * apply their final initial camera pose after the mesh first receives frames
+     * should call this before lifting their loading cover. It is a no-op when
+     * the hold was never armed (progressive startup, or a format without the
+     * matching LodSource hook).
      */
     recaptureInitialReveal(): void;
     private writeLodLevelChannel;
@@ -881,6 +890,12 @@ export declare class StreamedSplatMesh extends SplatMesh {
     private criticalRunsFitCapacity;
     private publishInitialRevealProgress;
     private releaseInitialReveal;
+    /**
+     * `.lcc2` coverage hold: freeze coarsest covering runs for in-view cells.
+     * Missing `coverageRunsFor` (or an empty result after fallback) releases
+     * immediately so the mesh does not stay hidden with nothing to fetch.
+     */
+    private captureCoverageHold;
     private captureOrContinueInitialReveal;
     /** After staging/commits, release the hold when every frozen run is resident. */
     private finishInitialRevealIfComplete;

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@voluma/vlam",
-  "version": "0.2.1",
+  "version": "0.2.2",
   "description": "VLAM! - A lightweight WebGPU Gaussian splat viewer for three.js, built for high performance, streaming LOD, and fully customizable rendering through an open shader pipeline.",
   "license": "MIT",
   "author": "Voluma",

package/dist/splat-budget-PSojLJPO.js.map

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"splat-budget-PSojLJPO.js","sources":["../src/lib/splat-budget.ts"],"sourcesContent":["/**\n * Device profiling and the default active-splat budget.\n *\n * Streaming is splat-count budgeted rather than byte budgeted: every cost in\n * the renderer (pool textures, sort buffers) scales with the number of\n * resident splats - roughly 64 bytes of GPU memory per splat (three RGBA32F\n * data textures + one RGBA8, plus the sort index/order/bucket buffers), or\n * about 48 bytes when `poolFloatTextures: 'float16'` halves centers and\n * covarianceA; plus about 52 more bytes of CPU-side backing per splat of\n * pool capacity. Capping the active splat count therefore caps memory\n * directly, which is what matters on mobile GPUs.\n */\n\nimport type { StreamedSplatFormat } from './loading';\nimport { shCoefficientCount } from './sh-pack';\n\n/**\n * Desktop GPU capability class for budget / quality defaults.\n *\n * Mobile still keys off {@link SplatDeviceProfile.isMobile}; this splits\n * non-mobile machines that would otherwise share the ~8M workstation path.\n * Unset means \"unknown\" - keep the pre-existing desktop defaults (fail open).\n */\nexport type SplatGpuClass = 'discrete' | 'integrated' | 'fallback';\n\n/** Browser/device signals used for deterministic budget selection. */\nexport interface SplatDeviceProfile {\n  /** Coarse memory estimate in GiB, when exposed by the browser. */\n  deviceMemoryGb?: number;\n  /** Whether the runtime is an iOS/iPadOS-class device. */\n  isIOS?: boolean;\n  /** Whether the runtime is a phone/tablet-class device (includes iOS). */\n  isMobile?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Whether the runtime is a standalone XR headset browser (Quest, Pico, …).\n   * Headsets are mobile-class GPUs asked to fill a stereo framebuffer larger\n   * than a 4K desktop, so they get their own, tighter defaults.\n   */\n  isHeadset?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Whether this is a *budget* phone rather than a flagship one.\n   *\n   * `isMobile` cannot tell a Galaxy A51 from an iPhone 15 Pro, and the memory\n   * signal cannot either - Chrome privacy-caps `deviceMemory` at 8 GiB, so the\n   * flagship and the mid-ranger both land on the same ceiling despite an order\n   * of magnitude between their GPUs. A coarse signal, and a *downward* one: a\n   * reading of ≤4 is trustworthy because the cap only ever lowers it, while a\n   * reading of 8 says nothing. {@link hasWebGpu} is the sharper signal where it\n   * applies, since it names a difference in how the sort runs rather than\n   * guessing capability from RAM.\n   */\n  isLowPower?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Whether the runtime exposes WebGPU at all.\n   *\n   * `false` means the renderer will take the WebGL2 fallback, where the depth\n   * sort runs on the CPU rather than as a GPU compute pass - a different cost\n   * curve, not just a slower one. See {@link resolveSplatBudget}.\n   *\n   * Detected from the presence of `navigator.gpu`, which is a *browser support*\n   * signal rather than an adapter one: a runtime that exposes the API but whose\n   * `requestAdapter` fails (driver blocklist) still reports `true` here and will\n   * fall back to WebGL2 anyway. A host that knows its renderer's real backend\n   * can correct this by passing its own profile.\n   */\n  hasWebGpu?: boolean;\n  /**\n   * Desktop GPU class from {@link probeSplatGpuClass} / {@link classifySplatGpuClass}.\n   * Omit when unknown so workstations without adapter info keep the 8M path.\n   */\n  gpuClass?: SplatGpuClass;\n}\n\n/** Adapter identifying fields used by {@link classifySplatGpuClass}. */\nexport interface SplatGpuAdapterInfo {\n  vendor?: string;\n  architecture?: string;\n  device?: string;\n  description?: string;\n  isFallbackAdapter?: boolean;\n}\n\n/**\n * How expensive a format's splats are *per splat*, which is not the same across\n * formats and is the reason one mobile budget cannot serve them all.\n *\n * - `'sampled'` - coarser LOD levels are subsamples of the same surface, so a\n *   splat costs about the same however deep the cut is. Streamed SOG.\n * - `'lcc'` - XGRIDS' levels are decimated *alternatives* whose splats merge\n *   into wide flat discs (see {@link liftBudgetToFinestLevel}). Cost per splat\n *   therefore *rises* as the budget falls, because a tighter budget serves\n *   coarser levels and each of their splats covers more pixels. `.rad`, `.lcc`,\n *   `.lcc2`.\n *\n * Measured on one iPhone 15 Pro, which is what the numbers below are worth:\n * `oldtimers-route` (`.rad`) ran 31-39 fps at 750k and 45-50 at 600k, while\n * `sandwijck` (streamed SOG) held 52-57 fps at 675k resident. Two streamed\n * scenes, near-identical splat counts, ~20 fps apart - splat count is a poor\n * proxy for cost, and the format is the only better signal available for free\n * before a single byte is fetched.\n */\nexport type SplatCostClass = 'lcc' | 'sampled';\n\n/** The mobile ceilings, per {@link SplatCostClass}. */\ninterface MobileClassBudget {\n  /**\n   * The most a mobile GPU is asked to keep resident, whatever its RAM says.\n   *\n   * `deviceMemory` is a *memory* signal, but a mobile GPU runs out of fill rate\n   * and bandwidth long before memory: every splat is an alpha-blended quad, and\n   * a busy view stacks hundreds of them per pixel. Chrome also privacy-caps\n   * `deviceMemory` at 8 GiB, so every Android flagship reports 8 and would\n   * otherwise land on the 8M desktop ceiling - measured at 5-24 fps on an\n   * Adreno 750 (S24 Ultra), against 45 fps for the same scene on an iPhone at\n   * 1M. Peer viewers land in the same band: SuperSplat budgets mobile at 1-2M,\n   * Spark targets 1M on Android / 1.5M on iOS.\n   */\n  ceiling: number;\n  /**\n   * The budget for a mobile device that exposes no `deviceMemory` at all -\n   * which is every iPhone, since mobile Safari does not implement it. This is\n   * the branch the measurements above were taken on, so it is a separate number\n   * rather than a fraction of {@link ceiling}.\n   */\n  withoutMemorySignal: number;\n}\n\nconst MOBILE_BUDGETS: Readonly<Record<SplatCostClass, MobileClassBudget>> = {\n  // Both measured: 600k held 45-50 fps where 750k managed 31-39. The ceiling\n  // matches the default because the evidence is about the class, not the RAM -\n  // an Android flagship reporting 8 GiB has no more fill rate for wide discs\n  // than an iPhone that reports nothing.\n  lcc: { ceiling: 600_000, withoutMemorySignal: 600_000 },\n  // Today's numbers, unchanged. `sandwijck` has visible headroom here (it holds\n  // 52-57 fps while losing centre detail to the budget), but the replacement is\n  // an A/B on device, not a guess.\n  sampled: { ceiling: 1_000_000, withoutMemorySignal: 750_000 },\n};\n\n/**\n * Desktop *integrated* / unified GPU ceilings (laptop iGPU, Apple Silicon).\n *\n * These machines report as desktop in the UA and often claim 8 GiB\n * `deviceMemory`, so without a GPU class they inherit the workstation 8M path.\n * LCC stays at 1M to match the demo performance-mode ceiling; streamed SOG can\n * hold a bit more because sampled levels do not inflate per-splat fill the way\n * XGRIDS coarse discs do.\n */\nconst INTEGRATED_BUDGETS: Readonly<Record<SplatCostClass, number>> = {\n  lcc: 1_000_000,\n  sampled: 2_000_000,\n};\n\n/**\n * Classifies a WebGPU adapter from its identifying strings.\n *\n * Heuristics only - browsers may blank fields for privacy. Prefer\n * {@link probeSplatGpuClass} when both power-preference adapters are available.\n */\nexport function classifySplatGpuClass(info: SplatGpuAdapterInfo | undefined): SplatGpuClass {\n  if (info?.isFallbackAdapter === true) return 'fallback';\n  const vendor = (info?.vendor ?? '').toLowerCase();\n  const architecture = (info?.architecture ?? '').toLowerCase();\n  const device = (info?.device ?? '').toLowerCase();\n  const description = (info?.description ?? '').toLowerCase();\n  const blob = `${vendor} ${architecture} ${device} ${description}`;\n\n  // Apple Silicon is always unified memory / shared GPU.\n  if (vendor === 'apple' || blob.includes('apple')) return 'integrated';\n\n  // Intel integrated families commonly exposed by Chrome's adapter.info.\n  if (\n    vendor === 'intel' ||\n    architecture.startsWith('gen-') ||\n    /iris|uhd|xe-lp|xe-hpg|alderlake|tigerlake|meteorlake|arrowlake/.test(blob)\n  ) {\n    // Discrete Intel Arc often carries \"arc\" or dg2-class strings; treat those\n    // as discrete when clearly named, otherwise Intel desktop WebGPU is usually iGPU.\n    if (/\\barc\\b|dg2|battlemage|xe2-hpg/.test(blob) && !/iris|uhd|xe-lp/.test(blob)) {\n      return 'discrete';\n    }\n    return 'integrated';\n  }\n\n  // AMD APUs / explicit iGPU architecture tokens.\n  if (vendor === 'amd' || vendor.includes('amd')) {\n    if (/igpu|vega-igpu|gfx1\\d-igpu|radeon\\s*graphics(?!\\s*pro)/.test(blob)) {\n      return 'integrated';\n    }\n    // Bare \"amd\" without a discrete cue still often means an APU on laptops;\n    // Radeon RX / Radeon Pro name the discrete cards.\n    if (/radeon\\s*rx|radeon\\s*pro|navi|rdna/.test(blob)) return 'discrete';\n  }\n\n  return 'discrete';\n}\n\n/** Minimal `navigator.gpu` surface for {@link probeSplatGpuClass}. */\nexport interface SplatGpuProbeEntry {\n  requestAdapter(options?: {\n    powerPreference?: 'low-power' | 'high-performance';\n  }): Promise<SplatGpuProbeAdapter | null>;\n}\n\n/** Adapter handle with optional `.info` (WebGPU GPUAdapterInfo). */\nexport interface SplatGpuProbeAdapter {\n  readonly info?: SplatGpuAdapterInfo;\n}\n\nfunction ambientProbeGpu(): SplatGpuProbeEntry | null {\n  const nav = typeof navigator !== 'undefined' ? (navigator as { gpu?: unknown }) : undefined;\n  const gpu = nav?.gpu;\n  return gpu ? (gpu as SplatGpuProbeEntry) : null;\n}\n\nfunction adapterIdentityKey(info: SplatGpuAdapterInfo | undefined): string {\n  return [\n    info?.vendor ?? '',\n    info?.architecture ?? '',\n    info?.device ?? '',\n    info?.description ?? '',\n  ].join('\\0');\n}\n\n/**\n * Probes WebGPU adapters to choose a {@link SplatGpuClass}.\n *\n * Requests both `low-power` and `high-performance` adapters when possible. A\n * hybrid laptop that exposes two different devices is `discrete`; a single\n * shared / unified GPU (Apple Silicon, many iGPU-only machines) is classified\n * from {@link classifySplatGpuClass}. Returns `undefined` when WebGPU is absent\n * or the probe fails, so budget resolution keeps the legacy desktop path.\n */\nexport async function probeSplatGpuClass(\n  gpu: SplatGpuProbeEntry | null | undefined = typeof navigator !== 'undefined'\n    ? ambientProbeGpu()\n    : null,\n): Promise<SplatGpuClass | undefined> {\n  if (!gpu) return undefined;\n  let low: SplatGpuProbeAdapter | null;\n  let high: SplatGpuProbeAdapter | null;\n  try {\n    const adapters = await Promise.all([\n      gpu.requestAdapter({ powerPreference: 'low-power' }),\n      gpu.requestAdapter({ powerPreference: 'high-performance' }),\n    ]);\n    low = adapters[0] ?? null;\n    high = adapters[1] ?? null;\n  } catch {\n    return undefined;\n  }\n  if (!low && !high) return undefined;\n\n  const lowInfo = low?.info;\n  const highInfo = high?.info;\n  if (lowInfo?.isFallbackAdapter || highInfo?.isFallbackAdapter) return 'fallback';\n\n  const lowKey = adapterIdentityKey(lowInfo);\n  const highKey = adapterIdentityKey(highInfo);\n  const both = low != null && high != null;\n  // Distinct non-empty identities ⇒ hybrid dGPU available.\n  if (both && lowKey.length > 3 && highKey.length > 3 && lowKey !== highKey) {\n    return 'discrete';\n  }\n\n  const info = highInfo ?? lowInfo;\n  return classifySplatGpuClass(info);\n}\n\n/**\n * Whether fill-rate / laptop-class defaults apply (mobile, or desktop\n * integrated / software fallback). Exported so hosts and the demo share one\n * predicate for performance-mode defaults and adaptive DPR.\n */\nexport function isFillConstrainedSplatDevice(\n  profile: SplatDeviceProfile | undefined = detectSplatDeviceProfile(),\n): boolean {\n  return (\n    profile?.isMobile === true ||\n    profile?.gpuClass === 'integrated' ||\n    profile?.gpuClass === 'fallback'\n  );\n}\n\n/**\n * The cost class of a streamed format. Unknown and absent formats read as\n * `'sampled'`, which is the pre-existing behaviour for every caller that does\n * not name one.\n */\nfunction splatCostClass(format?: StreamedSplatFormat): SplatCostClass {\n  return format === 'rad' || format === 'lcc' || format === 'lcc2' ? 'lcc' : 'sampled';\n}\n\n/**\n * The headset ceiling, below the phone one.\n *\n * A headset is a phone-class GPU asked to fill a stereo framebuffer larger\n * than a 4K desktop (~1680×1760 *per eye* on a Quest 3), sharing the SoC with\n * a compositor that must hit 72 Hz. Every splat is drawn twice, so the\n * fill-rate wall that sets {@link MOBILE_BUDGET_MAX} arrives proportionally\n * sooner. This is a *cap*, not a floor: a genuinely small device still scales\n * below it on its memory signal.\n */\nconst HEADSET_BUDGET_MAX = 600_000;\n\n/**\n * The ceiling for a budget phone, below the flagship one.\n *\n * A mid-range mobile GPU is not a slightly slower flagship: a Mali-G72 MP3\n * (Galaxy A51) has a small fraction of an Adreno 750's fill rate, while both\n * report the same privacy-capped 8 GiB `deviceMemory` and the same `isMobile`.\n * Starting such a device at the flagship ceiling means it thrashes from the\n * first frame. This is a *cap*: a device whose memory signal is lower still\n * scales below it.\n */\nconst LOW_POWER_BUDGET_MAX = 500_000;\n\n/**\n * The ceiling for a mobile device with no WebGPU at all.\n *\n * This is the tightest tier, and the signal behind it is the most direct: with\n * no WebGPU there is no compute path, so the depth sort runs on the CPU in a\n * worker, and that cost scales with the splat count far worse than a GPU radix\n * sort does. A phone still on the WebGL2 fallback is also, in practice, old -\n * WebGPU has shipped on Android 12+ and iOS 18 - so the two costs arrive\n * together.\n *\n * Measured on a Galaxy S7 (2016, Mali-T880, WebGL2) at **750k**, which was the\n * low-power tier at the time: **5 fps, 194 ms frames**. That device is out of\n * scope as a target, but it is evidence that the memory-derived tier alone lands\n * far too high once the sort is on the CPU. The tiers have since been lowered\n * across the board, so the figure is the measurement's, not this constant's.\n *\n * Desktop is deliberately exempt: a desktop that falls back to WebGL2 is\n * sorting on a far stronger CPU, and capping it here would punish a\n * driver-blocklist fallback on capable hardware.\n */\nconst NO_WEBGPU_BUDGET_MAX = 400_000;\n\n/** Reads the available browser device signals without requiring a DOM runtime. */\nexport function detectSplatDeviceProfile(): SplatDeviceProfile | undefined {\n  if (typeof navigator === 'undefined') return undefined;\n  const nav = navigator as Navigator & { deviceMemory?: number };\n  const isIOS =\n    /iPhone|iPad|iPod/.test(nav.userAgent) ||\n    (nav.platform === 'MacIntel' && nav.maxTouchPoints > 1);\n  // UA first (it names the platform outright); the coarse-pointer probe then\n  // catches mobile browsers that hide or reword their UA.\n  const isMobile =\n    isIOS ||\n    /Android/i.test(nav.userAgent) ||\n    (nav.maxTouchPoints > 0 &&\n      typeof matchMedia === 'function' &&\n      matchMedia('(pointer: coarse)').matches);\n  // Best-effort *hint* only - see `resolveXrSplatBudget`, which is what\n  // actually sizes an XR session. Most standalone headsets are Android under\n  // the hood (Quest, Pico, Vive, Android XR), so `isMobile` already catches\n  // them even when this misses; the named flag just lets first paint start at\n  // a headset-appropriate size instead of resizing after the session opens.\n  //\n  // It cannot be relied on. visionOS Safari presents as *desktop* Safari, so\n  // Apple Vision Pro matches neither this nor `isMobile` and would take the\n  // desktop budget; and every new headset misses until its string is added.\n  // That is the whole reason budgets key off presentation state instead.\n  const isHeadset = /OculusBrowser|Quest|Pico(?: Neo)?[ /]|Wolvic|VRBrowser|Vive|XRBrowser/i.test(\n    nav.userAgent,\n  );\n  // A budget phone, best-effort. `deviceMemory` is privacy-capped at 8 GiB but\n  // *not* raised, so a device reporting ≤4 really does have ≤4 - that makes a\n  // low reading trustworthy even though a high one says nothing. Deliberately\n  // not `hardwareConcurrency`: it would get this exactly backwards, since the\n  // Galaxy A51 this exists for is octa-core while an iPhone 15 Pro reports 6.\n  const isLowPower =\n    (isMobile || isHeadset) && nav.deviceMemory !== undefined && nav.deviceMemory <= 4;\n  return {\n    ...(nav.deviceMemory === undefined ? {} : { deviceMemoryGb: nav.deviceMemory }),\n    isIOS,\n    isMobile: isMobile || isHeadset,\n    isHeadset,\n    isLowPower,\n    hasWebGpu: 'gpu' in nav,\n  };\n}\n\n/** Scene-side signals for {@link resolveSplatBudget}. */\nexport interface SplatBudgetOptions {\n  /**\n   * The format about to be loaded, which selects the {@link SplatCostClass}\n   * whose mobile tier applies. Omit when it is not yet known - the `'sampled'`\n   * numbers are what every caller resolved before cost classes existed.\n   */\n  format?: StreamedSplatFormat;\n  /**\n   * A ceiling on the resolved default, for callers that want to tighten without\n   * overriding what this function knows.\n   *\n   * `override` is absolute: it wins over the device tier, the cost class and\n   * everything else, because a caller who names a number has said they know\n   * better. That is the right contract and the wrong tool for \"the same as\n   * usual, but no more than N\" - which is what a performance toggle or a host\n   * default actually means. Pinning a number there has twice shipped as a bug:\n   * a demo performance mode that *raised* the load on the weakest device tested,\n   * and a host default that bypassed every device tier.\n   *\n   * Applied only when `override` is omitted, and only downward.\n   */\n  cap?: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Chooses a default active-splat budget for the current device.\n *\n * The default is derived from the coarsest device-memory signal the platform\n * exposes; callers who know better (or want a hard cap for a mobile test on\n * desktop) should pass an explicit override.\n *\n * @param override - Explicit budget in splats; wins over device detection when\n * positive. Throws `RangeError` if it is not a positive finite number.\n * @param profile - Device signals to decide from; defaults to detecting them.\n * @param options - Scene signals. `format` selects the {@link SplatCostClass}\n * whose mobile tier applies; omitting it keeps the `'sampled'` numbers, which\n * are what every caller resolved before cost classes existed. `cap` is a\n * ceiling on the *resolved default*, for callers who want to tighten without\n * overriding - see {@link SplatBudgetOptions.cap}.\n * @returns A splat-count budget, clamped to a sensible range.\n */\nexport function resolveSplatBudget(\n  override?: number,\n  profile: SplatDeviceProfile | undefined = detectSplatDeviceProfile(),\n  options: SplatBudgetOptions = {},\n): number {\n  const cap = options.cap;\n  if (cap !== undefined && (!Number.isFinite(cap) || cap <= 0)) {\n    throw new RangeError('Splat budget cap must be a positive finite number.');\n  }\n  if (override !== undefined) {\n    if (!Number.isFinite(override) || override <= 0) {\n      throw new RangeError('Splat budget must be a positive finite number.');\n    }\n    // Deliberately *not* capped: `override` is the caller saying they know\n    // better than every default, and `cap` is a ceiling on a default. Applying\n    // it here would make it a second, quieter override.\n    return Math.floor(override);\n  }\n  const capped = (budget: number): number =>\n    cap === undefined ? budget : Math.min(budget, Math.floor(cap));\n\n  // The device ceiling, tightest signal first. Expressed as a cap rather than\n  // a flat headset default so a low-memory headset still scales *below* it\n  // instead of being pinned up to it - and so the memory validation below\n  // still runs for headsets.\n  // Every applicable cap, then the tightest of them. A ternary chain would make\n  // this order-dependent, and the order is not obvious - a device can be mobile\n  // *and* low-power *and* on the WebGL2 fallback at once, and the answer must be\n  // the smallest cap regardless of which test happens to run first.\n  //\n  // Only the mobile cap is per-format. The headset, low-power and no-WebGPU\n  // tiers were each measured on their own hardware against a limit the format\n  // cannot move - stereo fill, a mid-range GPU, a CPU-side sort - so they stay\n  // absolute, and a raised `'sampled'` tier never reaches those devices.\n  const mobile = MOBILE_BUDGETS[splatCostClass(options.format)];\n  const costClass = splatCostClass(options.format);\n  const caps: number[] = [];\n  if (profile?.isHeadset) caps.push(HEADSET_BUDGET_MAX);\n  if (profile?.isLowPower) caps.push(LOW_POWER_BUDGET_MAX);\n  if (profile?.isMobile) caps.push(mobile.ceiling);\n  // Mobile only: a desktop on the WebGL2 fallback sorts on a far stronger CPU.\n  if (profile?.isMobile && profile.hasWebGpu === false) caps.push(NO_WEBGPU_BUDGET_MAX);\n  // Desktop GPU class: laptop / unified / software must not inherit the 8M path.\n  if (!profile?.isMobile && profile?.gpuClass === 'integrated') {\n    caps.push(INTEGRATED_BUDGETS[costClass]);\n  }\n  if (!profile?.isMobile && profile?.gpuClass === 'fallback') {\n    caps.push(NO_WEBGPU_BUDGET_MAX);\n  }\n  const ceiling = caps.length === 0 ? Infinity : Math.min(...caps);\n\n  // `deviceMemory` (Chrome/Edge/Android) reports GiB, spec-capped at 8.\n  const deviceMemoryGb = profile?.deviceMemoryGb;\n  if (deviceMemoryGb !== undefined) {\n    if (!Number.isFinite(deviceMemoryGb) || deviceMemoryGb <= 0) {\n      throw new RangeError('Device memory must be a positive finite number.');\n    }\n    // 1M splats per reported GiB → Chrome's 8 GiB privacy cap yields the 8M\n    // desktop default. Mobile/headset/integrated caps above still win when tighter.\n    const scaled = clamp(Math.round(deviceMemoryGb * 1_000_000), 500_000, 8_000_000);\n    return capped(Math.min(scaled, ceiling));\n  }\n\n  // No `deviceMemory`: mobile Safari (iOS) and privacy-restricted mobile\n  // browsers land here, and must not fall through to the desktop default.\n  if (profile?.isMobile) return capped(Math.min(mobile.withoutMemorySignal, ceiling));\n\n  // Integrated / fallback desktop without a memory signal still needs the class\n  // ceiling (Apple Silicon Safari often omits deviceMemory entirely).\n  if (profile?.gpuClass === 'integrated') {\n    return capped(Math.min(INTEGRATED_BUDGETS[costClass], ceiling));\n  }\n  if (profile?.gpuClass === 'fallback') {\n    return capped(Math.min(NO_WEBGPU_BUDGET_MAX, ceiling));\n  }\n\n  // An absent profile can mean SSR, Node tooling, or a privacy-restricted\n  // browser. Known non-iOS desktop without a memory signal still gets the\n  // 8M default; everything else stays on the conservative portable floor.\n  return capped(profile?.isIOS === false ? 8_000_000 : 1_000_000);\n}\n\n/**\n * The budget to run at **while an immersive session presents**, given whatever\n * budget the page is using outside one.\n *\n * Stereo is the cost, and stereo is a property of the *session*, not of the\n * device: every splat is drawn twice, into two eye viewports that together\n * exceed a 4K desktop, on a GPU that must hold 72–90 Hz or the compositor\n * reprojects. That is true of a standalone headset and equally true of a\n * desktop machine driving a tethered one - which is exactly the case device\n * sniffing cannot see, since such a machine is a desktop right up until the\n * moment it is not.\n *\n * Keying off presentation instead of identity is also the only approach that\n * survives new hardware. `detectSplatDeviceProfile`'s `isHeadset` is a\n * user-agent guess: it misses Apple Vision Pro outright (visionOS Safari\n * presents as desktop Safari, so a headset would otherwise take the multi-\n * million desktop budget) and misses every headset released after it is\n * written. This function needs to know none of that.\n *\n * Apply it on `sessionstart` and restore the original on `sessionend` - via\n * `BudgetGovernor.setBudget` when several meshes share a pool, or a streamed\n * mesh's own budget setter otherwise.\n *\n * @param pageBudget - The budget in use outside the session, typically from\n * {@link resolveSplatBudget}. Throws `RangeError` if not a positive finite\n * number.\n * @returns `pageBudget` lowered to the stereo ceiling; never raised - a device\n * already rendering below the ceiling stays where it is.\n */\nexport function resolveXrSplatBudget(pageBudget: number): number {\n  if (!Number.isFinite(pageBudget) || pageBudget <= 0) {\n    throw new RangeError('Splat budget must be a positive finite number.');\n  }\n  return Math.min(Math.floor(pageBudget), HEADSET_BUDGET_MAX);\n}\n\n/**\n * The largest finest-level scene taken whole rather than streamed. At ~64 B\n * of GPU pool per splat this is ~380 MB - affordable on a desktop, and far\n * cheaper than it looks next to the alternative, since a scene held whole\n * never swaps, never compacts and never re-fetches.\n */\nconst FINEST_LEVEL_BUDGET_MAX = 8_000_000;\n\n/**\n * Raises `budget` far enough to hold a scene's finest level in full, when\n * that level is small enough to be worth taking whole.\n *\n * The LOD budget assumes coarser levels are cheap *approximations* of the\n * same surface, so trading detail for memory is nearly free. XGRIDS' LCC\n * LCC breaks that assumption: its five levels are decimated alternatives\n * whose splats merge into wide flat discs (correct at distance, streaked up\n * close), so any budget shortfall costs visible quality - sub-chunking gives\n * the scheduler ~128k-splat granularity to thin cells with, but a thinned\n * fine level is still sparser than the capture intends. A capture whose\n * finest level fits under the desktop ceiling is better shown whole: Casino's\n * level 0 is 4.74M splats and sits under the 8M default.\n *\n * Mobile and fill-constrained desktops (integrated / fallback GPU class) are\n * exempt: their cap is a fill-rate limit, not a sizing accident.\n *\n * @param budget - The resolved device budget.\n * @param finestLevelSplats - Splats in the scene's finest level.\n * @returns `budget`, or the finest level's size when that is the better fit.\n */\nexport function liftBudgetToFinestLevel(\n  budget: number,\n  finestLevelSplats: number,\n  profile: SplatDeviceProfile | undefined = detectSplatDeviceProfile(),\n): number {\n  if (isFillConstrainedSplatDevice(profile)) return budget;\n  if (!Number.isFinite(finestLevelSplats) || finestLevelSplats <= budget) return budget;\n  if (finestLevelSplats > FINEST_LEVEL_BUDGET_MAX) return budget;\n  return Math.floor(finestLevelSplats);\n}\n\n/** Options for {@link estimateSplatPoolBytes}. */\nexport interface SplatPoolBytesOptions {\n  /**\n   * Pool texture precision, matching `SplatMeshOptions.poolFloatTextures`.\n   * `'float16'` halves centers and covarianceA. Default `'float32'`.\n   */\n  floatTextures?: 'float32' | 'float16';\n  /** Per-splat SH bands the pool allocates for. Default `0`. */\n  shBands?: 0 | 1 | 2 | 3;\n  /**\n   * Pool capacity as a multiple of `splats`. `StreamedSplatMesh` allocates\n   * 1.5× (the default here) so per-run row alignment and the\n   * append-before-remove window during LOD swaps have somewhere to go; pass\n   * `1.4` to model `experimentalStagedSwaps: false`, or `1` for a static mesh.\n   */\n  capacityFactor?: number;\n  /**\n   * Whether to include the CPU-side backing arrays. Default `true` - they are\n   * real host memory a device has to find, so the honest answer to \"can I\n   * afford this ceiling\" includes them.\n   */\n  includeCpuBacking?: boolean;\n}\n\n/**\n * Estimates the memory a splat pool of `splats` costs.\n *\n * This exists to make a streamed mesh's `maxBudget` a computation rather than a\n * guess. A pool is allocated **once, from the ceiling** and never\n * grows, so several governed meshes cost the sum of their ceilings whatever the\n * shared budget is set to - a `BudgetGovernor` redistributes *sharpness* within\n * that envelope, it does not shrink it. Price the ceilings before choosing them:\n *\n * ```js\n * // 1 main + 4 markers, each able to reach 1.5M splats\n * const bytes = estimateSplatPoolBytes(4_000_000) + 4 * estimateSplatPoolBytes(1_500_000);\n * ```\n *\n * Per splat of *capacity* (`splats × capacityFactor`), counted from what the\n * constructor actually allocates:\n *\n * - **Pool textures** 52 B - centers RGBA32F 16, colors RGBA8 4,\n *   covarianceA RGBA32F 16, covarianceB RGBA32F 16. `'float16'` drops centers\n *   and covarianceA to 8 each (36 B); covarianceB stays float32 because it\n *   packs integer IDs.\n * - **Packed SH** 16 B per `RGBA32UI` texture, `ceil(coefficients / 4)` of them\n *   - so 16 / 32 / 64 B at 1 / 2 / 3 bands.\n * - **Sort storage** 16 B - the radix sorter's ping-pong key/value buffers.\n * - **CPU backing** 68 B - the float32/uint8 arrays kept for partial uploads\n *   (always full precision, even under `'float16'`): centers 16, colors 4,\n *   covarianceA 16, covarianceB 16, plus four u32-per-splat arrays - draw-order\n *   indices, the active-list source index, the pool-slot map, and the picker's\n *   pool-index template (allocated lazily, counted because a picked scene pays\n *   it). Under `'float16'` add a further 16 B: the half-encoded texture images\n *   are held alongside the float32 backing, not instead of it, so that\n *   precision saves GPU bytes only. Included unless `includeCpuBacking` is\n *   `false`.\n *\n * The module header's \"roughly 64 bytes per splat\" rounds the GPU side of this.\n *\n * @param splats - The ceiling in splats (e.g. a mesh's `maxBudget`).\n * @returns Estimated bytes. Indicative, not a device-memory guarantee: driver\n * texture padding, staging allocations and the decoded-chunk CPU cache\n * ({@link resolveCpuCacheBytes}) sit outside it.\n * @throws {RangeError} if `splats` is not a positive finite number, or\n * `capacityFactor` is not a finite number `>= 1`.\n */\nexport function estimateSplatPoolBytes(\n  splats: number,\n  options: SplatPoolBytesOptions = {},\n): number {\n  if (!Number.isFinite(splats) || splats <= 0) {\n    throw new RangeError('Splat count must be a positive finite number.');\n  }\n  const capacityFactor = options.capacityFactor ?? 1.5;\n  if (!Number.isFinite(capacityFactor) || capacityFactor < 1) {\n    throw new RangeError('Pool capacityFactor must be a finite number >= 1.');\n  }\n  const float16 = options.floatTextures === 'float16';\n  const shTextures = Math.ceil(shCoefficientCount(options.shBands ?? 0) / 4);\n  const shBytes = shTextures * 16;\n\n  const centers = float16 ? 8 : 16;\n  const covarianceA = float16 ? 8 : 16;\n  const poolTextures = centers + 4 /* colors */ + covarianceA + 16 /* covarianceB */ + shBytes;\n  const sortBuffers = 16; // radix ping-pong: keys A/B + values A/B, u32 each\n  // Backing arrays are float32/uint32 regardless of the texture precision, and\n  // under 'float16' the half-encoded texture images are held *in addition* to\n  // them (the constructor keeps both), so that precision saves GPU bytes only.\n  const halfImages = float16 ? 8 + 8 : 0; /* centersImage + covarianceAImage */\n  const cpuBacking =\n    options.includeCpuBacking === false\n      ? 0\n      : 16 /* centers */ +\n        4 /* colors */ +\n        16 /* covarianceA */ +\n        16 /* covarianceB */ +\n        shBytes +\n        4 /* draw order (splatIndexes) */ +\n        4 /* active-list source index */ +\n        4 /* activeSlotByPoolIndex */ +\n        4 /* picker pool-index template */ +\n        halfImages;\n\n  const capacity = Math.ceil(splats * capacityFactor);\n  return capacity * (poolTextures + sortBuffers + cpuBacking);\n}\n\n/**\n * Suggested ceiling for the renderer's pixel ratio on this device.\n *\n * Splat rendering is fragment-bound, so render resolution is one of the\n * largest costs on a high-DPI phone: a 2.6x display renders ~7x the pixels of\n * a 1x one, and every one of them blends the full depth-sorted splat stack.\n * The library cannot apply this itself (it draws into a renderer the app\n * owns), so it exports the policy - pass it to `renderer.setPixelRatio`:\n *\n * ```js\n * renderer.setPixelRatio(Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio, recommendedMaxPixelRatio()));\n * ```\n *\n * This is the *quality* ceiling. Viewers that offer a performance mode\n * (SuperSplat halves mobile resolution in its own) should go lower still when\n * it is on.\n */\nexport function recommendedMaxPixelRatio(\n  profile: SplatDeviceProfile | undefined = detectSplatDeviceProfile(),\n): number {\n  return isFillConstrainedSplatDevice(profile) ? 1.5 : 2;\n}\n\n/**\n * The Gaussian cutoff a `.rad` renders at, in standard deviations, or\n * `undefined` to accept the device-wide default.\n *\n * Spark hard-codes `sqrt(8)` (≈2.83σ) for every device, and matching it is what\n * makes a `.rad` look like Spark's render on a desktop. On a phone it is the\n * wrong trade: rendering is fill-bound on mobile, so a format override bypasses\n * the device policy that every other format accepts.\n *\n * Returning `undefined` on mobile lets `SplatMesh` apply its own 3σ cutoff and\n * undersized-splat floor; `.rad` must not escape that mobile policy.\n *\n * @returns √8 on discrete desktop; `undefined` on fill-constrained devices,\n * meaning \"no format override\".\n */\nexport function recommendedRadMaxStdDev(\n  profile: SplatDeviceProfile | undefined = detectSplatDeviceProfile(),\n): number | undefined {\n  return isFillConstrainedSplatDevice(profile) ? undefined : Math.SQRT2 * 2;\n}\n\n/**\n * Suggested WebXR framebuffer scale for this device. On three 0.185.x this is\n * a **WebGL XR** policy: apply it once before the session starts with\n * `renderer.xr.setFramebufferScaleFactor`. three's WebGPU XR path creates its\n * `XRGPUBinding` projection layer at native scale and does not consume that\n * setting, so WebGPU hosts should leave the native scale and use the presenting\n * splat budget plus fixed foveation for runtime headroom instead.\n *\n * Splat rendering is fill-bound, and a headset's default framebuffer is\n * already supersampled past its panels (~1680×1760 per eye on Quest 3):\n * 0.8 cuts fragment work ~36% for a barely visible softening. Non-headset\n * XR (desktop-tethered) keeps the native 1.0.\n */\nexport function recommendedXrFramebufferScale(\n  profile: SplatDeviceProfile | undefined = detectSplatDeviceProfile(),\n): number {\n  return profile?.isHeadset ? 0.8 : 1;\n}\n\n/** Inputs for {@link suggestAdaptivePixelRatio}. */\nexport interface AdaptivePixelRatioInput {\n  /** Latest wall-frame time in milliseconds. */\n  frameMs: number;\n  /** Currently applied pixel ratio. */\n  current: number;\n  /** Quality ceiling (typically {@link recommendedMaxPixelRatio}). */\n  max: number;\n  /** Floor; defaults to `1`. */\n  min?: number;\n  /** EMA of frame time from the previous call; omit on the first sample. */\n  emaMs?: number;\n  /**\n   * Comfortable frame time (ms). Below this (with headroom) the helper may\n   * step the ratio up. Default `18` (~55 fps).\n   */\n  targetFrameMs?: number;\n  /**\n   * Sustained frame time (ms) that triggers a step down. Default `22`\n   * (~45 fps) so brief spikes do not thrash the canvas size.\n   */\n  pressureFrameMs?: number;\n}\n\n/** Result of {@link suggestAdaptivePixelRatio}. */\nexport interface AdaptivePixelRatioResult {\n  /** Suggested pixel ratio after hysteresis (quarter steps). */\n  pixelRatio: number;\n  /** Updated EMA to pass back on the next call. */\n  emaMs: number;\n}\n\n/**\n * Suggests a pixel ratio under frame-time pressure.\n *\n * The library cannot call `renderer.setPixelRatio` (the host owns the\n * renderer); this is a pure policy helper. Pass the previous result's\n * `emaMs` each frame for a stable EMA, and only re-size the canvas when\n * `pixelRatio` changes.\n *\n * Steps are quarter-units with asymmetric thresholds (pressure to lower,\n * comfortable headroom to raise) so the ratio does not oscillate.\n */\nexport function suggestAdaptivePixelRatio(\n  input: AdaptivePixelRatioInput,\n): AdaptivePixelRatioResult {\n  const min = input.min ?? 1;\n  const max = Math.max(min, input.max);\n  const targetFrameMs = input.targetFrameMs ?? 18;\n  const pressureFrameMs = input.pressureFrameMs ?? 22;\n  const frameMs = Number.isFinite(input.frameMs) ? 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That is not a conservative guess, it is a wrong one,\n * and it is invisible on `.rad`, whose page-table cache has its own floor.\n *\n * On streamed SOG there is no such floor and the cost is immediate: measured on\n * an iPhone 15 Pro against `sandwijck`, the scheduler asked for 539,734 splats\n * and the mesh could only hold 466,499 of them across 3 chunk files (desktop:\n * 5), evicting continuously. The finest level is wanted *nearest the camera* and\n * lives in the largest files, so those are what fail to stay resident - the\n * middle of the view drops out and the scene renders as a donut.\n *\n * A device that declines to report its memory is far likelier to be a modern\n * phone withholding a fingerprinting signal than an actual 1 GiB device, so the\n * fallback assumes 4 GiB (128 MiB of cache). 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