@volter/game-editor 0.5.82 → 0.5.83

package/catalog/project-source/src/lib/reflections/volume-reflection-material.ts

@@ -32,11 +32,12 @@ import {
   baseIblFunctions,
   createIblSentinelTexture,
   IBL_WORLD_POSITION,
-  type IblOverride,
-  type IblOverrideShader,
   overrideMaterialIbl,
 } from '@volter/threejs-runtime/render/ibl-override-material';
 import {
+  type Camera,
+  type Material,
+  Matrix4,
   MeshPhysicalMaterial,
   type MeshPhysicalMaterialParameters,
   MeshStandardMaterial,
@@ -47,8 +48,11 @@ import {
   Vector3,
   type WebGLRenderer,
 } from 'three';
+import type { ReflectionProbeDiffuse } from './probe-controller';
 import {
   acquireReflectionProbeRegistry,
+  type ReflectionProbeObserver,
+  type ReflectionProbeRegistry,
   type ReflectionProbeRegistryLease,
   type ReflectionProbeRuntime,
 } from './reflection-probe-registry';
@@ -66,7 +70,11 @@ export interface VolumeReflectionMaterialHandle<
 > {
   /** The material this factory created. Use it like any `MeshStandardMaterial`. */
   readonly material: T;
-  /** Releases the registry lease and the material's own GPU resources. */
+  /**
+   * Releases the registry leases and the material's own GPU resources: the
+   * same as `material.dispose()`, which lets go of everything this handle
+   * holds too.
+   */
   dispose(): void;
 }
 
@@ -91,15 +99,15 @@ function cubeUvSamplingFunctions(): string {
 }
 
 /**
- * `(texelWidth, texelHeight, maxMip)` for one PMREM atlas — three's own
- * `generateCubeUVSize`, which reads the installed envMap's image height, asked
- * per texture instead.
+ * `(texelWidth, texelHeight, maxMip)` for one PMREM atlas, written into
+ * `target` — three's own `generateCubeUVSize`, which reads the installed
+ * envMap's image height, asked per texture instead.
  */
-function atlasSizeOf(texture: Texture | null): Vector3 {
+function atlasSizeInto(texture: Texture | null, target: Vector3): Vector3 {
   const height = (texture?.image as { height?: number } | undefined)?.height ?? 0;
-  if (height <= 0) return new Vector3(0, 0, 0);
+  if (height <= 0) return target.set(0, 0, 0);
   const maxMip = Math.log2(height) - 2;
-  return new Vector3(1 / (3 * Math.max(2 ** maxMip, 7 * 16)), 1 / height, maxMip);
+  return target.set(1 / (3 * Math.max(2 ** maxMip, 7 * 16)), 1 / height, maxMip);
 }
 
 function probeWeight(index: number): string {
@@ -124,16 +132,32 @@ function probeWeight(index: number): string {
     }`;
 }
 
-function probeWeightBlock(index: number): string {
+/** Whether probe `index` takes part in the reflected (`radiance`) or the diffuse (`irradiance`) term. */
+function probeTakesPart(index: number, term: 'radiance' | 'irradiance'): string {
+  return term === 'radiance'
+    ? `volterProbeReady[${index}] > 0.5`
+    : `volterProbeReady[${index}] > 0.5 && volterProbeDiffuseMode[${index}] > 0.5`;
+}
+
+function probeWeightBlock(index: number, term: 'radiance' | 'irradiance'): string {
   return `
-  if (volterProbeReady[${index}] > 0.5) {${probeWeight(index)}
+  if (${probeTakesPart(index, term)}) {${probeWeight(index)}
     if (weight > 0.0) bestPriority = max(bestPriority, volterProbePriority[${index}]);
   }`;
 }
 
-function probeSampleBlock(index: number, roughness: string, direction: string): string {
+function probeSampleBlock(index: number, term: 'radiance' | 'irradiance'): string {
+  const [roughness, direction] = term === 'radiance' ? ['roughness', 'worldReflect'] : ['1.0', 'worldNormal'];
+  const sampled = `volterTextureCubeUV(
+        volterProbeMap${index}, probeDirection, ${roughness}, volterProbeAtlasSize[${index}]
+      ).rgb`;
+  // The diffuse term is the capture's, or the probe's constant colour (mode 2), with its own weight.
+  const light =
+    term === 'radiance'
+      ? `${sampled} * volterProbeIntensity[${index}]`
+      : `(volterProbeDiffuseMode[${index}] > 1.5 ? volterProbeDiffuseColor[${index}] : ${sampled}) * volterProbeDiffuseIntensity[${index}]`;
   return `
-  if (volterProbeReady[${index}] > 0.5 && abs(volterProbePriority[${index}] - bestPriority) < 0.001) {${probeWeight(index)}
+  if (${probeTakesPart(index, term)} && abs(volterProbePriority[${index}] - bestPriority) < 0.001) {${probeWeight(index)}
     if (weight > 0.0) {
       vec3 probeDirection = (volterProbeWorldToLocal[${index}] * vec4(${direction}, 0.0)).xyz;
       if (volterProbeParallax[${index}] > 0.5) {
@@ -146,29 +170,38 @@ function probeSampleBlock(index: number, roughness: string, direction: string):
         probeDirection = boxPos + safeDirection * nearestFace
           + volterProbeParallaxOffset[${index}] - volterProbeCaptureOffset[${index}];
       }
-      accumulated += volterTextureCubeUV(
-        volterProbeMap${index}, probeDirection, ${roughness}, volterProbeAtlasSize[${index}]
-      ).rgb * volterProbeIntensity[${index}] * weight;
+      accumulated += ${light} * weight;
       totalWeight += weight;
     }
   }`;
 }
 
-function volumeReflectionShader(probeCount: number): string {
-  const samplers = Array.from(
-    { length: probeCount },
-    (_, index) => `uniform sampler2D volterProbeMap${index};`,
-  ).join('\n');
-  const weights = Array.from({ length: probeCount }, (_, index) => probeWeightBlock(index)).join(
-    '\n',
+/**
+ * Three's anisotropic radiance (`getIBLAnisotropyRadiance`, which an
+ * anisotropic physical material calls instead of `getIBLRadiance`) bends the
+ * normal and samples the radiance; in the renamed base chunk it would sample
+ * the environment alone, so it samples the probes' radiance instead (declared
+ * ahead of it, defined below).
+ */
+function anisotropyOverProbes(base: string): string {
+  return base.replace(
+    /(vec3 getIBLAnisotropyRadiance\([\s\S]*?)getBaseIBLRadiance\(/,
+    '$1getIBLRadiance(',
   );
-  const radiance = Array.from({ length: probeCount }, (_, index) =>
-    probeSampleBlock(index, 'roughness', 'worldReflect'),
-  ).join('\n');
-  const irradiance = Array.from({ length: probeCount }, (_, index) =>
-    probeSampleBlock(index, '1.0', 'worldNormal'),
-  ).join('\n');
-  return `${baseIblFunctions()}
+}
+
+/**
+ * The IBL chunk for `probeCount` probes, of which the first `sampled` have a
+ * sampler (the rest are declared in the arrays, whose length is the program's
+ * cache key, and never read).
+ */
+function volumeReflectionShader(probeCount: number, sampled: number): string {
+  const each = (block: (index: number) => string) =>
+    Array.from({ length: sampled }, (_, index) => block(index)).join('\n');
+  return `#ifdef USE_ENVMAP
+vec3 getIBLRadiance(const in vec3 viewDir, const in vec3 normal, const in float roughness);
+#endif
+${anisotropyOverProbes(baseIblFunctions())}
 ${cubeUvSamplingFunctions()}
 #ifdef USE_ENVMAP
 uniform float volterProbeReady[${probeCount}];
@@ -183,19 +216,22 @@ uniform float volterProbeRadius[${probeCount}];
 uniform float volterProbeBlendDistance[${probeCount}];
 uniform float volterProbePriority[${probeCount}];
 uniform float volterProbeIntensity[${probeCount}];
+uniform float volterProbeDiffuseMode[${probeCount}];
+uniform float volterProbeDiffuseIntensity[${probeCount}];
+uniform vec3 volterProbeDiffuseColor[${probeCount}];
 uniform float volterProbeParallax[${probeCount}];
 uniform float volterBaseEnvironment;
-${samplers}
+${each((index) => `uniform sampler2D volterProbeMap${index};`)}
 
 vec3 getIBLIrradiance(const in vec3 normal) {
 #ifdef ENVMAP_TYPE_CUBE_UV
   vec3 baseIrradiance = getBaseIBLIrradiance(normal) * volterBaseEnvironment;
   vec3 worldNormal = inverseTransformDirection(normal, viewMatrix);
   float bestPriority = -1000000.0;
-${weights}
+${each((index) => probeWeightBlock(index, 'irradiance'))}
   vec3 accumulated = vec3(0.0);
   float totalWeight = 0.0;
-${irradiance}
+${each((index) => probeSampleBlock(index, 'irradiance'))}
   return totalWeight > 0.0
     ? PI * accumulated / totalWeight * envMapIntensity
     : baseIrradiance;
@@ -211,10 +247,10 @@ vec3 getIBLRadiance(const in vec3 viewDir, const in vec3 normal, const in float
   reflected = normalize(mix(reflected, normal, roughness * roughness));
   vec3 worldReflect = inverseTransformDirection(reflected, viewMatrix);
   float bestPriority = -1000000.0;
-${weights}
+${each((index) => probeWeightBlock(index, 'radiance'))}
   vec3 accumulated = vec3(0.0);
   float totalWeight = 0.0;
-${radiance}
+${each((index) => probeSampleBlock(index, 'radiance'))}
   return totalWeight > 0.0
     ? accumulated / totalWeight * envMapIntensity
     : baseRadiance;
@@ -225,72 +261,194 @@ ${radiance}
 #endif`;
 }
 
-function writeProbeUniforms(
-  shader: IblOverrideShader | null,
+/** Every uniform the chunk declares, by name: one object each, for the material's whole life. */
+type ProbeUniforms = Readonly<Record<string, { value: unknown }>>;
+
+const FLOAT_UNIFORMS = [
+  'volterProbeReady',
+  'volterProbeShape',
+  'volterProbeRadius',
+  'volterProbeBlendDistance',
+  'volterProbePriority',
+  'volterProbeIntensity',
+  'volterProbeDiffuseMode',
+  'volterProbeDiffuseIntensity',
+  'volterProbeParallax',
+] as const;
+
+const VECTOR_UNIFORMS = [
+  'volterProbeExtents',
+  'volterProbeParallaxExtents',
+  'volterProbeParallaxOffset',
+  'volterProbeCaptureOffset',
+  'volterProbeAtlasSize',
+  'volterProbeDiffuseColor',
+] as const;
+
+function createProbeUniforms(): ProbeUniforms {
+  const uniforms: Record<string, { value: unknown }> = {
+    volterBaseEnvironment: { value: 0 },
+    volterProbeWorldToLocal: { value: null },
+  };
+  for (const name of [...FLOAT_UNIFORMS, ...VECTOR_UNIFORMS]) uniforms[name] = { value: null };
+  for (let index = 0; index < MAX_PROBES; index += 1) uniforms[`volterProbeMap${index}`] = { value: null };
+  return uniforms;
+}
+
+/**
+ * One binding's probe values, allocated once and rewritten in place. Every
+ * array is {@link MAX_PROBES} long whatever the program declares, the entries
+ * past the selected probes neutral (not ready, identity, zero), so a program
+ * compiled for more probes than are selected still uploads in full and
+ * lights nothing from the extra ones.
+ */
+interface ProbeValues {
+  readonly floats: Readonly<Record<(typeof FLOAT_UNIFORMS)[number], Float32Array>>;
+  readonly vectors: Readonly<Record<(typeof VECTOR_UNIFORMS)[number], readonly Vector3[]>>;
+  readonly worldToLocal: readonly Matrix4[];
+  readonly maps: (Texture | null)[];
+}
+
+function createProbeValues(): ProbeValues {
+  const floats = {} as Record<(typeof FLOAT_UNIFORMS)[number], Float32Array>;
+  for (const name of FLOAT_UNIFORMS) floats[name] = new Float32Array(MAX_PROBES);
+  const vectors = {} as Record<(typeof VECTOR_UNIFORMS)[number], readonly Vector3[]>;
+  for (const name of VECTOR_UNIFORMS) vectors[name] = Array.from({ length: MAX_PROBES }, () => new Vector3());
+  return {
+    floats,
+    vectors,
+    worldToLocal: Array.from({ length: MAX_PROBES }, () => new Matrix4()),
+    maps: Array.from({ length: MAX_PROBES }, () => null),
+  };
+}
+
+/** The probe's diffuse term: 0 none, 1 its capture, 2 its constant colour. */
+function diffuseModeOf(config: ReflectionProbeDiffuse): number {
+  if (config.diffuse === 'none') return 0;
+  return config.diffuse === 'color' ? 2 : 1;
+}
+
+/** Rewrite `values` in place for `probes`, padding the rest with neutral entries. */
+function fillProbeValues(
+  values: ProbeValues,
   probes: readonly ReflectionProbeRuntime[],
-  baseEnvironment: boolean,
   capturing: boolean,
 ): void {
-  if (!shader) return;
-  const values = <T>(name: string, value: T) => {
-    shader.uniforms[name] = { value };
+  const { floats, vectors } = values;
+  for (let index = 0; index < MAX_PROBES; index += 1) {
+    const probe = probes[index];
+    if (!probe) {
+      for (const name of FLOAT_UNIFORMS) floats[name][index] = 0;
+      for (const name of VECTOR_UNIFORMS) vectors[name][index]!.set(0, 0, 0);
+      values.worldToLocal[index]!.identity();
+      values.maps[index] = null;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const config = probe.mark.config as typeof probe.mark.config & ReflectionProbeDiffuse;
+    floats.volterProbeReady[index] = Number(probe.ready && !capturing);
+    floats.volterProbeShape[index] = Number(config.shape === 'sphere');
+    floats.volterProbeRadius[index] = Math.max(0.01, config.radius);
+    floats.volterProbeBlendDistance[index] = Math.max(0, config.blendDistance);
+    floats.volterProbePriority[index] = config.priority;
+    floats.volterProbeIntensity[index] = Math.max(0, config.intensity);
+    floats.volterProbeDiffuseMode[index] = diffuseModeOf(config);
+    floats.volterProbeDiffuseIntensity[index] = Math.max(0, config.diffuseIntensity ?? config.intensity);
+    floats.volterProbeParallax[index] = Number(config.parallaxProjection);
+    vectors.volterProbeExtents[index]!.copy(probe.extents);
+    vectors.volterProbeParallaxExtents[index]!.copy(probe.parallaxExtents);
+    vectors.volterProbeParallaxOffset[index]!.copy(probe.parallaxOffset);
+    vectors.volterProbeCaptureOffset[index]!.copy(probe.captureOffset);
+    atlasSizeInto(probe.texture, vectors.volterProbeAtlasSize[index]!);
+    const color = config.diffuseColor;
+    vectors.volterProbeDiffuseColor[index]!.set(color?.[0] ?? 0, color?.[1] ?? 0, color?.[2] ?? 0);
+    values.worldToLocal[index]!.copy(probe.worldToLocal);
+    values.maps[index] = probe.texture;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Point the material's uniform objects at `values`. Only `.value` changes:
+ * every program compiled for the material, in any renderer, holds these same
+ * objects, so the next draw uploads what they point at.
+ */
+function pointProbeUniforms(uniforms: ProbeUniforms, values: ProbeValues): void {
+  const set = (name: string, value: unknown) => {
+    (uniforms[name] as { value: unknown }).value = value;
   };
-  values(
-    'volterProbeReady',
-    probes.map((probe) => Number(probe.ready && !capturing)),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeWorldToLocal',
-    probes.map((probe) => probe.worldToLocal),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeExtents',
-    probes.map((probe) => probe.extents),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeParallaxExtents',
-    probes.map((probe) => probe.parallaxExtents),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeParallaxOffset',
-    probes.map((probe) => probe.parallaxOffset),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeCaptureOffset',
-    probes.map((probe) => probe.captureOffset),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeAtlasSize',
-    probes.map((probe) => atlasSizeOf(probe.texture)),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeShape',
-    probes.map((probe) => Number(probe.mark.config.shape === 'sphere')),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeRadius',
-    probes.map((probe) => Math.max(0.01, probe.mark.config.radius)),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeBlendDistance',
-    probes.map((probe) => Math.max(0, probe.mark.config.blendDistance)),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbePriority',
-    probes.map((probe) => probe.mark.config.priority),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeIntensity',
-    probes.map((probe) => Math.max(0, probe.mark.config.intensity)),
-  );
-  values(
-    'volterProbeParallax',
-    probes.map((probe) => Number(probe.mark.config.parallaxProjection)),
+  for (const name of FLOAT_UNIFORMS) set(name, values.floats[name]);
+  for (const name of VECTOR_UNIFORMS) set(name, values.vectors[name]);
+  set('volterProbeWorldToLocal', values.worldToLocal);
+  for (let index = 0; index < MAX_PROBES; index += 1) set(`volterProbeMap${index}`, values.maps[index]);
+}
+
+/** Texture units a program three compiles with `parameters` binds before any probe's. */
+const PARAMETER_TEXTURES = [
+  'map',
+  'matcap',
+  'envMap',
+  'lightMap',
+  'aoMap',
+  'bumpMap',
+  'normalMap',
+  'displacementMap',
+  'emissiveMap',
+  'metalnessMap',
+  'roughnessMap',
+  'anisotropyMap',
+  'clearcoatMap',
+  'clearcoatNormalMap',
+  'clearcoatRoughnessMap',
+  'iridescenceMap',
+  'iridescenceThicknessMap',
+  'sheenColorMap',
+  'sheenRoughnessMap',
+  'specularMap',
+  'specularColorMap',
+  'specularIntensityMap',
+  'transmission',
+  'transmissionMap',
+  'thicknessMap',
+  'gradientMap',
+  'alphaMap',
+  'skinning',
+  'instancingMorph',
+  'batchingColor',
+] as const;
+
+function texturesBeforeProbes(parameters: Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>): number {
+  const count = (name: string) => {
+    const value = parameters[name];
+    return typeof value === 'number' ? value : 0;
+  };
+  return (
+    PARAMETER_TEXTURES.filter((name) => Boolean(parameters[name])).length +
+    // A batched mesh's matrices and ids, a geometry's morph targets.
+    (parameters['batching'] ? 2 : 0) +
+    (count('morphTargetsCount') > 0 ? 1 : 0) +
+    // A rect area light's two LTC lookup textures.
+    (count('numRectAreaLights') > 0 ? 2 : 0) +
+    count('numDirLightShadows') +
+    count('numPointLightShadows') +
+    count('numSpotLightShadows') +
+    count('numSpotLightMaps')
   );
-  values('volterBaseEnvironment', baseEnvironment ? 1 : 0);
-  probes.forEach((probe, index) => {
-    values(`volterProbeMap${index}`, probe.texture);
-  });
+}
+
+/** Warned once each: a registry with more probes than a material blends, a renderer out of units. */
+const warnedRegistries = new WeakSet<ReflectionProbeRegistry>();
+const warnedRenderers = new WeakSet<WebGLRenderer>();
+
+/** The parameters and, when given, the renderer and scene of either factory's two forms. */
+function splitArguments<O>(
+  first: WebGLRenderer | O | undefined,
+  scene: Scene | undefined,
+  options: O | undefined,
+): { readonly bound: Binding | null; readonly options: O | undefined } {
+  const renderer = first as WebGLRenderer | undefined;
+  if (typeof renderer?.render === 'function' && scene !== undefined) {
+    return { bound: { renderer, scene }, options };
+  }
+  return { bound: null, options: first as O | undefined };
 }
 
 /**
@@ -300,21 +458,66 @@ function writeProbeUniforms(
  * The material is this factory's: no existing material is mutated, and only
  * meshes the author assigns it to are affected. Assigning `envMap` later works
  * as usual and takes over the fallback term — the black texture that keeps
- * three's IBL entry points compiled when there is no environment at all is
- * installed behind that property and never replaces an assigned map.
+ * three's IBL entry points compiled when probes apply and there is no
+ * environment at all is installed behind that property and never replaces an
+ * assigned map. Where the scene has no probes the material draws as three's
+ * own.
+ *
+ * `onBeforeCompile`, `customProgramCacheKey` and `onBeforeRender` are the
+ * material's own hooks, and compose as three's hooks do: reading one returns
+ * exactly what was last assigned (the material's own before that), and a hook
+ * that wraps the value it read and calls it keeps the volume lighting, however
+ * many wrap it in turn. The probe chunk is spliced once per program, where the
+ * chain reaches the material's own hook; with no probes to light nothing is
+ * spliced, so a hook that takes three's IBL chunk for itself still finds it.
+ * A hook assigned without calling the one it replaces replaces the volume
+ * lighting too, as on any three material.
+ *
+ * Given no `renderer` and `scene` — a material made before either exists, as
+ * a module-level resource is — the material reads the probes of whichever
+ * renderer and scene draw it, from their first draw (three's
+ * `Material.onBeforeRender`, which runs before that draw compiles its
+ * program). It keeps one registry lease per renderer and scene that has drawn
+ * it, so two renderers drawing it (an editor viewport and a game view, a
+ * throwaway preview renderer) each keep their own probes and never evict each
+ * other's; before each draw the material's uniform values are those of the
+ * drawing renderer's probes. Given a `renderer` and `scene`, it reads that
+ * pair's probes wherever it is drawn. It lets go of every lease when it is
+ * disposed (`material.dispose()` or the handle's), taking them up again if it
+ * is drawn after that, or when it is garbage collected: whoever holds it owns
+ * it as they own any three material.
+ *
+ * With more probes in the scene than `maxProbes` (at most eight), the ones
+ * nearest the camera are blended, reselected as it moves, and the registry
+ * warns once. A program blends no more probes than the texture units the
+ * renderer has left once the material's maps, environment, shadow maps and
+ * area-light tables are bound (`capabilities.maxTextures`); the farthest are
+ * dropped from that program, and the renderer warns once.
+ *
+ * A program compiled without a draw (`renderer.compile`) takes the probe count
+ * of the binding that drew last; the renderer's next draw recompiles it if its
+ * own probes differ, and until then the program's extra probe slots light
+ * nothing.
+ *
+ * `clone()` and `toJSON()` see the author's `envMap` (null if none), never the
+ * black texture that stands in for it while probes apply.
  */
+export function createVolumeReflectionMaterial(
+  options?: VolumeReflectionMaterialOptions,
+): VolumeReflectionMaterialHandle;
 export function createVolumeReflectionMaterial(
   renderer: WebGLRenderer,
   scene: Scene,
-  options: VolumeReflectionMaterialOptions = {},
+  options?: VolumeReflectionMaterialOptions,
+): VolumeReflectionMaterialHandle;
+export function createVolumeReflectionMaterial(
+  first?: WebGLRenderer | VolumeReflectionMaterialOptions,
+  scene?: Scene,
+  options?: VolumeReflectionMaterialOptions,
 ): VolumeReflectionMaterialHandle {
-  const { maxProbes, ...parameters } = options;
-  return ownVolumeReflectionMaterial(
-    renderer,
-    scene,
-    new MeshStandardMaterial(parameters),
-    maxProbes,
-  );
+  const split = splitArguments(first, scene, options);
+  const { maxProbes, ...parameters } = split.options ?? {};
+  return ownVolumeReflectionMaterial(new MeshStandardMaterial(parameters), maxProbes, split.bound);
 }
 
 export interface VolumeReflectionPhysicalMaterialOptions extends MeshPhysicalMaterialParameters {
@@ -322,95 +525,370 @@ export interface VolumeReflectionPhysicalMaterialOptions extends MeshPhysicalMat
 }
 
 /** The same explicit volume effect with Three's physical material controls. */
+export function createVolumeReflectionPhysicalMaterial(
+  options?: VolumeReflectionPhysicalMaterialOptions,
+): VolumeReflectionMaterialHandle<MeshPhysicalMaterial>;
 export function createVolumeReflectionPhysicalMaterial(
   renderer: WebGLRenderer,
   scene: Scene,
-  options: VolumeReflectionPhysicalMaterialOptions = {},
+  options?: VolumeReflectionPhysicalMaterialOptions,
+): VolumeReflectionMaterialHandle<MeshPhysicalMaterial>;
+export function createVolumeReflectionPhysicalMaterial(
+  first?: WebGLRenderer | VolumeReflectionPhysicalMaterialOptions,
+  scene?: Scene,
+  options?: VolumeReflectionPhysicalMaterialOptions,
 ): VolumeReflectionMaterialHandle<MeshPhysicalMaterial> {
-  const { maxProbes, ...parameters } = options;
-  return ownVolumeReflectionMaterial(
-    renderer,
-    scene,
-    new MeshPhysicalMaterial(parameters),
-    maxProbes,
-  );
+  const split = splitArguments(first, scene, options);
+  const { maxProbes, ...parameters } = split.options ?? {};
+  return ownVolumeReflectionMaterial(new MeshPhysicalMaterial(parameters), maxProbes, split.bound);
+}
+
+interface Binding {
+  readonly renderer: WebGLRenderer;
+  readonly scene: Scene;
+}
+
+/** One renderer and scene's probes, as this material reads them. */
+interface ProbeBinding extends Binding {
+  readonly lease: ReflectionProbeRegistryLease;
+  /** Held here, so it lives exactly as long as the binding; the registry reaches it weakly. */
+  readonly observer: ReflectionProbeObserver;
+  stop: () => void;
+  probes: readonly ReflectionProbeRuntime[];
+  capturing: boolean;
+  /** The probes blended, nearest the camera first; its length is the program's probe count. */
+  readonly selected: ReflectionProbeRuntime[];
+  /** The registry reported, or the selection changed, since `values` were last filled. */
+  dirty: boolean;
+  readonly camera: Vector3;
+  /** This binding's uniform values, rewritten in place. */
+  readonly values: ProbeValues;
+  /** Scratch for selection: the nearest probes so far and their distances. */
+  readonly nearest: (ReflectionProbeRuntime | undefined)[];
+  readonly nearestDistance: Float64Array;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Observe `registry` through a weak reference to `observer`: once the
+ * binding that holds the observer is collected (with the material, or with
+ * its renderer or scene), the next update stops observing and releases the
+ * lease. Module-level on purpose — a closure made inside the material's own
+ * scope would hold that scope, and the material with it, from the registry.
+ */
+function observeWeakly(
+  lease: ReflectionProbeRegistryLease,
+  observer: WeakRef<ReflectionProbeObserver>,
+): () => void {
+  let stop = (): void => undefined;
+  stop = lease.registry.observe((probes, capturing) => {
+    const live = observer.deref();
+    if (live) {
+      live(probes, capturing);
+      return;
+    }
+    stop();
+    lease.release();
+  });
+  return stop;
+}
+
+/** How far the camera is from a probe's volume: 0 inside it. */
+function distanceToProbe(probe: ReflectionProbeRuntime, camera: Vector3, local: Vector3): number {
+  local.copy(camera).applyMatrix4(probe.worldToLocal);
+  if (probe.mark.config.shape === 'sphere') return Math.max(0, local.length() - probe.mark.config.radius);
+  const dx = Math.max(0, Math.abs(local.x) - probe.extents.x);
+  const dy = Math.max(0, Math.abs(local.y) - probe.extents.y);
+  const dz = Math.max(0, Math.abs(local.z) - probe.extents.z);
+  return Math.hypot(dx, dy, dz);
+}
+
+/** The chunks the probe splice reads from three's program, or the first missing. */
+function missingChunk(shader: { vertexShader: string; fragmentShader: string }): string | null {
+  if (!shader.vertexShader.includes('#include <worldpos_vertex>')) return '#include <worldpos_vertex>';
+  if (!shader.fragmentShader.includes('#include <envmap_physical_pars_fragment>')) {
+    return '#include <envmap_physical_pars_fragment>';
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+type CompileHook = Material['onBeforeCompile'];
+type RenderHook = Material['onBeforeRender'];
+
+/**
+ * Make `name` an accessor that reads back exactly what was last assigned, or
+ * `own` before anything was (or once `own` is assigned back). Three calls
+ * what it reads, so a hook that wraps the value it read chains to `own`.
+ */
+function ownHook<F>(material: Material, name: string, own: F): void {
+  let assigned: F | null = null;
+  Object.defineProperty(material, name, {
+    configurable: true,
+    enumerable: true,
+    get: () => assigned ?? own,
+    set: (value: F) => {
+      assigned = value === own ? null : value;
+    },
+  });
 }
 
 function ownVolumeReflectionMaterial<T extends MeshStandardMaterial>(
-  renderer: WebGLRenderer,
-  scene: Scene,
   material: T,
   maxProbes: number | undefined,
+  bound: Binding | null,
 ): VolumeReflectionMaterialHandle<T> {
   const limit = Math.min(MAX_PROBES, Math.max(1, Math.round(maxProbes ?? MAX_PROBES)));
   const sentinel = createIblSentinelTexture();
+  const uniforms = createProbeUniforms();
   let authoredEnvMap = material.envMap;
-  let override: IblOverride | null = null;
-  let installedCount = 0;
-  let warnedOverflow = false;
-  let eligible: readonly ReflectionProbeRuntime[] = [];
-  let isCapturing = false;
-  let lease: ReflectionProbeRegistryLease | null = acquireReflectionProbeRegistry(renderer, scene);
+  let bindings = new WeakMap<WebGLRenderer, WeakMap<Scene, ProbeBinding>>();
+  // Every binding made, weakly, so disposing can release their leases.
+  let made = new Set<WeakRef<ProbeBinding>>();
+  let pinned: ProbeBinding | null = null;
+  /** The binding of the draw in progress: the program three compiles next is its. */
+  let current: ProbeBinding | null = null;
+  /** The binding whose values the uniform objects point at. */
+  let written: ProbeBinding | null = null;
+  /** Per renderer, the probe count of the program it last resolved for this material. */
+  let resolved = new WeakMap<WebGLRenderer, number>();
+  /** The samplers the program being compiled declares (its texture units allowing). */
+  let sampled = 0;
+  /** Inside `clone()`/`toJSON()`, which see the author's envMap. */
+  let plain = 0;
+  let warnedChunk = false;
+  const cameraPosition = new Vector3();
+  const scratch = new Vector3();
+
+  const probeCount = () => current?.selected.length ?? 0;
 
   // Three deletes both IBL entry points from a program with no environment at
-  // all, so a probe-only material needs one native input present to keep them.
-  // The author's own value always wins, and `scene.environment` is left to
-  // three whenever it exists.
-  const hasBaseEnvironment = () => Boolean(authoredEnvMap ?? scene.environment);
+  // all, so a material that probes apply to needs one native input present to
+  // keep them. The author's own value always wins, and `scene.environment` is
+  // left to three whenever it exists.
   Object.defineProperty(material, 'envMap', {
     configurable: true,
     enumerable: true,
-    get: () => authoredEnvMap ?? (scene.environment ? null : sentinel),
+    get: () =>
+      authoredEnvMap ??
+      (plain > 0 || probeCount() === 0 || current?.scene.environment ? null : sentinel),
     set: (value: Texture | null) => {
       authoredEnvMap = value;
     },
   });
+  const prototype = Object.getPrototypeOf(material) as T;
+  const plainly = <R>(run: () => R): R => {
+    plain += 1;
+    try {
+      return run();
+    } finally {
+      plain -= 1;
+    }
+  };
+  Object.defineProperty(material, 'clone', {
+    configurable: true,
+    writable: true,
+    value: () => plainly(() => prototype.clone.call(material)),
+  });
+  Object.defineProperty(material, 'toJSON', {
+    configurable: true,
+    writable: true,
+    value: (meta?: Parameters<T['toJSON']>[0]) => plainly(() => prototype.toJSON.call(material, meta)),
+  });
 
-  const uninstall = () => {
-    override?.restore();
-    override = null;
-    installedCount = 0;
+  const bind = (renderer: WebGLRenderer, scene: Scene): ProbeBinding => {
+    const lease = acquireReflectionProbeRegistry(renderer, scene);
+    const binding: ProbeBinding = {
+      renderer,
+      scene,
+      lease,
+      observer: (probes, capturing) => {
+        binding.probes = probes;
+        binding.capturing = capturing;
+        binding.dirty = true;
+        if (probes.length > limit && !warnedRegistries.has(lease.registry)) {
+          warnedRegistries.add(lease.registry);
+          // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noConsole: the uniform arrays have a fixed ceiling; say that probes fell off it.
+          console.warn(
+            `[reflections] a volume reflection material blends at most ${limit} probes; this scene has ${probes.length}, so the ${limit} nearest the camera are blended.`,
+          );
+        }
+      },
+      stop: () => undefined,
+      probes: [],
+      capturing: false,
+      selected: [],
+      dirty: true,
+      camera: new Vector3(Number.NaN, 0, 0),
+      values: createProbeValues(),
+      nearest: Array.from({ length: MAX_PROBES }, () => undefined),
+      nearestDistance: new Float64Array(MAX_PROBES),
+    };
+    binding.stop = observeWeakly(lease, new WeakRef(binding.observer));
+    for (const reference of made) if (!reference.deref()) made.delete(reference);
+    made.add(new WeakRef(binding));
+    return binding;
   };
 
-  const install = (count: number) => {
-    uninstall();
-    installedCount = count;
-    override = overrideMaterialIbl(material, {
-      fragment: () => volumeReflectionShader(count),
-      cacheKey: () => `volter-volume-reflections:${count}`,
-      onCompile: (shader) =>
-        writeProbeUniforms(shader, eligible, hasBaseEnvironment(), isCapturing),
-    });
+  const bindingFor = (renderer: WebGLRenderer, scene: Scene): ProbeBinding => {
+    // Made at construction, and again at a draw after a dispose.
+    if (bound) {
+      pinned ??= bind(bound.renderer, bound.scene);
+      return pinned;
+    }
+    let scenes = bindings.get(renderer);
+    if (!scenes) {
+      scenes = new WeakMap();
+      bindings.set(renderer, scenes);
+    }
+    let binding = scenes.get(scene);
+    if (!binding) {
+      binding = bind(renderer, scene);
+      scenes.set(scene, binding);
+    }
+    return binding;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * The `limit` probes nearest the camera, nearest first (a program short of
+   * texture units samples the first ones), chosen without allocating: again
+   * whenever the registry reports, and as the camera moves.
+   */
+  const select = (binding: ProbeBinding, camera: Camera) => {
+    // A capture window zeroes every probe: nothing to choose between.
+    if (binding.capturing) return;
+    cameraPosition.setFromMatrixPosition(camera.matrixWorld);
+    const moved = !cameraPosition.equals(binding.camera);
+    if (!binding.dirty && !(moved && binding.probes.length > 1)) return;
+    binding.camera.copy(cameraPosition);
+    const { nearest, nearestDistance: distance } = binding;
+    let count = 0;
+    for (const probe of binding.probes) {
+      const d = binding.probes.length === 1 ? 0 : distanceToProbe(probe, cameraPosition, scratch);
+      if (count === limit && d >= distance[count - 1]!) continue;
+      let slot = count < limit ? count++ : count - 1;
+      for (; slot > 0 && distance[slot - 1]! > d; slot -= 1) {
+        distance[slot] = distance[slot - 1]!;
+        nearest[slot] = nearest[slot - 1];
+      }
+      distance[slot] = d;
+      nearest[slot] = probe;
+    }
+    const selected = binding.selected;
+    let same = count === selected.length;
+    for (let index = 0; same && index < count; index += 1) same = nearest[index] === selected[index];
+    if (!same) {
+      selected.length = count;
+      for (let index = 0; index < count; index += 1) selected[index] = nearest[index]!;
+      binding.dirty = true;
+    }
+    nearest.fill(undefined);
+  };
+
+  // Before every draw, in whichever renderer: its probes are the ones the
+  // uniform objects point at for this draw. Three uploads a material's
+  // uniforms whenever its program or the material drawn changes, and at the
+  // start of every render, so a value written here reaches this draw.
+  const render: RenderHook = (renderer, scene, camera) => {
+    const binding = bindingFor(renderer, scene);
+    current = binding;
+    select(binding, camera);
+    // The program this renderer resolved last may be for another binding's
+    // count (one compiled by `renderer.compile`, which draws nothing and so
+    // never comes here first): have three resolve it again.
+    const count = resolved.get(renderer);
+    if (count !== undefined && count !== binding.selected.length) material.needsUpdate = true;
+    if (binding.dirty) {
+      fillProbeValues(binding.values, binding.selected, binding.capturing);
+      binding.dirty = false;
+      written = null;
+    }
+    if (written !== binding) {
+      pointProbeUniforms(uniforms, binding.values);
+      written = binding;
+    }
+    (uniforms['volterBaseEnvironment'] as { value: unknown }).value = (authoredEnvMap ?? scene.environment) ? 1 : 0;
   };
 
-  const unobserve = lease.registry.observe(
-    (probes: readonly ReflectionProbeRuntime[], capturing: boolean) => {
-      isCapturing = capturing;
-      eligible = probes.slice(0, limit);
-      if (probes.length > limit && !warnedOverflow) {
-        warnedOverflow = true;
-        // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noConsole: the uniform arrays have a fixed ceiling; say which probes fell off it.
+  // The IBL override goes on ONCE, for the material's whole life: its
+  // fragment and cache key are read at compile time from the drawing
+  // binding, and every program it compiles holds the same uniform objects.
+  overrideMaterialIbl(material, {
+    fragment: () =>
+      probeCount() === 0
+        ? ShaderChunk.envmap_physical_pars_fragment
+        : volumeReflectionShader(probeCount(), sampled),
+    cacheKey: () => `volter-volume-reflections:${probeCount()}`,
+    onCompile: (shader) => {
+      Object.assign(shader.uniforms, uniforms);
+    },
+  });
+  const volumeCompile: CompileHook = material.onBeforeCompile;
+  const volumeKey = material.customProgramCacheKey;
+
+  // Where a chain of hooks reaches the material's own: the probe splice, once
+  // per program three compiles (a wrapper that calls it twice splices once).
+  const spliced = new WeakSet<object>();
+  const compile: CompileHook = (shader, renderer) => {
+    if (spliced.has(shader)) return;
+    spliced.add(shader);
+    const count = probeCount();
+    resolved.set(renderer, count);
+    // No probes: three's own program, whose chunks a later hook may still take.
+    if (count === 0) return;
+    const missing = missingChunk(shader);
+    if (missing !== null) {
+      if (!warnedChunk) {
+        warnedChunk = true;
+        // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noConsole: a hook took a chunk the probe splice needs; say why no probe lights this material.
         console.warn(
-          `[reflections] "${material.name || 'volume reflection material'}" blends at most ${limit} probes; ${probes.length - limit} more are in the scene and are not sampled.`,
+          `[reflections] volume reflection material "${material.name}" draws without its probes: an onBeforeCompile hook replaced ${missing}, which the probe lighting is spliced into.`,
         );
       }
-      if (eligible.length !== installedCount) {
-        if (eligible.length === 0) uninstall();
-        else install(eligible.length);
-      }
-      writeProbeUniforms(override?.shader ?? null, eligible, hasBaseEnvironment(), capturing);
-    },
-  );
+      return;
+    }
+    const free = renderer.capabilities.maxTextures - texturesBeforeProbes(shader as unknown as Record<string, unknown>);
+    sampled = Math.max(0, Math.min(count, free));
+    if (sampled < count && !warnedRenderers.has(renderer)) {
+      warnedRenderers.add(renderer);
+      // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noConsole: a GPU's texture units bound how many probes one program can sample.
+      console.warn(
+        `[reflections] a volume reflection material samples ${sampled} of its ${count} probes: this GPU has ${renderer.capabilities.maxTextures} texture units and the material's maps and shadow maps use the rest. The probes farthest from the camera are left out.`,
+      );
+    }
+    volumeCompile.call(material, shader, renderer);
+  };
+  // Three asks for the key each time it resolves a program: during a draw,
+  // for the drawing renderer.
+  const cacheKey = (): string => {
+    if (current) resolved.set(current.renderer, probeCount());
+    return volumeKey.call(material);
+  };
+  ownHook(material, 'onBeforeCompile', compile);
+  ownHook(material, 'customProgramCacheKey', cacheKey);
+  ownHook(material, 'onBeforeRender', render);
+
+  const release = () => {
+    for (const reference of made) {
+      const binding = reference.deref();
+      if (!binding) continue;
+      binding.stop();
+      binding.lease.release();
+    }
+    made = new Set();
+    bindings = new WeakMap();
+    resolved = new WeakMap();
+    pinned = null;
+    current = null;
+    written = null;
+    sentinel.dispose();
+  };
+  material.addEventListener('dispose', release);
+
+  if (bound) pinned = bind(bound.renderer, bound.scene);
 
   return {
     material,
     dispose() {
-      unobserve();
-      uninstall();
-      sentinel.dispose();
       material.dispose();
-      lease?.release();
-      lease = null;
     },
   };
 }