@vercel/queue 0.0.0-alpha.12 → 0.0.0-alpha.3

package/README.md

@@ -1,16 +1,20 @@
 # Vercel Queues
 
-A TypeScript client library for interacting with the Vercel Queue Service API, designed for seamless integration with Vercel deployments.
+A TypeScript client library for interacting with the Vercel Queue Service API
+with customizable serialization/deserialization (transport) support, including
+**streaming support** for memory-efficient processing of large payloads.
 
 ## Features
 
-- **Automatic Queue Triggering**: Vercel automatically triggers your API routes when messages are ready
-- **Next.js Integration**: Built-in support for Next.js API routes and Server Actions
-- **Generic Payload Support**: Send and receive any type of data with type safety
+- **Generic Payload Support**: Send and receive any type of data with type
+  safety
+- **Customizable Serialization**: Use built-in transports (JSON, Buffer, Stream)
+  or create your own
+- **Streaming Support**: Handle large payloads without loading them entirely
+  into memory
 - **Pub/Sub Pattern**: Topic-based messaging with consumer groups
 - **Type Safety**: Full TypeScript support with generic types
-- **Streaming Support**: Handle large payloads efficiently
-- **Customizable Serialization**: Use built-in transports (JSON, Buffer, Stream) or create your own
+- **Automatic Retries**: Built-in visibility timeout management
 
 ## Installation
 
@@ -20,7 +24,8 @@ npm install @vercel/queue
 
 ## Quick Start
 
-For local development, you'll need to pull your Vercel environment variables:
+For local development, you'll need to pull your Vercel environment variables
+(including the OIDC token):
 
 ```bash
 # Install Vercel CLI if you haven't already
@@ -30,9 +35,68 @@ npm i -g vercel
 vc env pull
 ```
 
+Publishing and consuming messages on a queue
+
+```typescript
+// index.ts
+import { createTopic, JsonTransport, QueueClient } from "@vercel/queue";
+
+// Create a client - automatically authenticated using the OIDC token
+const client = await QueueClient.fromVercelFunction();
+
+// Create a topic with JSON serialization (default)
+const topic = createTopic<{ message: string; timestamp: number }>(
+  client,
+  "my-topic",
+);
+
+// Publish a message
+await topic.publish({
+  message: "Hello, World!",
+  timestamp: Date.now(),
+});
+
+// Create a consumer group
+const consumer = topic.consumerGroup("my-processors");
+
+// Process messages continuously with cancellation support
+const controller = new AbortController();
+
+// Start processing (blocks until aborted or error)
+try {
+  await consumer.subscribe(controller.signal, async (message) => {
+    console.log("Received:", message.payload.message);
+    console.log("Timestamp:", new Date(message.payload.timestamp));
+  });
+} catch (error) {
+  console.error("Processing stopped due to error:", error);
+}
+
+// Stop processing from elsewhere in your code
+// controller.abort();
+```
+
+Run the script
+
+```bash
+# Using dotenv to load the OIDC token
+dotenv -e .env.local node index.ts
+```
+
+## Usage with Vercel
+
+When deploying on Vercel, rather than having a persistent server subscribed to a
+queue, Vercel can trigger a callback route when a message is ready for
+consumption.
+
+To demonstrate using queues on Vercel, let's use a Next.js app. You can use an
+existing app or create one using
+[create-next-app](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/cli/create-next-app).
+
 ### TypeScript Configuration
 
-Update your `tsconfig.json` to use `"bundler"` module resolution for proper package export resolution:
+Update your `tsconfig.json` to use `"bundler"` module resolution for proper
+package export resolution:
 
 ```json
 {
@@ -43,248 +107,326 @@ Update your `tsconfig.json` to use `"bundler"` module resolution for proper pack
 }
 ```
 
-### Publishing Messages
+### Publishing messages to a queue
 
-The `send` function can be used anywhere in your codebase to publish messages to a queue:
+Create a new server function to publish messages
 
 ```typescript
-import { send } from "@vercel/queue";
-
-// Send a message to a topic
-await send("my-topic", {
-  message: "Hello world",
-});
+// app/action.ts
+"use server";
+
+import { createTopic, QueueClient } from "@vercel/queue";
+
+export async function publishTestMessage(message: string) {
+  // Initialize a queue client
+  const client = await QueueClient.fromVercelFunction();
+
+  // Create a topic with JSON serialization (default)
+  const topic = createTopic<{ message: string; timestamp: number }>(
+    client,
+    "my-topic",
+  );
+
+  // Publish the message
+  const { messageId } = await topic.publish(
+    { message, timestamp: Date.now() },
+    {
+      // Provide a callback URL to invoke a consumer when the message is ready to be processed
+      callback: {
+        url: process.env.VERCEL_PROJECT_PRODUCTION_URL
+          ? `https://${process.env.VERCEL_PROJECT_PRODUCTION_URL}/api/queue/handle`
+          : "http://localhost:3000/api/queue/handle",
+      },
+    },
+  );
 
-// With additional options
-await send(
-  "my-topic",
-  {
-    message: "Hello world",
-  },
-  {
-    idempotencyKey: "unique-key", // Optional: prevent duplicate messages
-    retentionSeconds: 3600, // Optional: override retention time (defaults to 24 hours)
-  },
-);
+  console.log(`Published message ${messageId}`);
+}
 ```
 
-Example usage in an API route:
+Now wire up the server function to your app
 
-```typescript
-// app/api/send-message/route.ts
-import { send } from "@vercel/queue";
-
-export async function POST(request: Request) {
-  const body = await request.json();
-
-  const { messageId } = await send("my-topic", {
-    message: body.message,
-  });
+```jsx
+// app/some/page.tsx
+"use client";
+import { publishTestMessage } from "./actions";
 
-  return Response.json({ messageId });
+export default function Button() {
+  return (
+    // ...
+    <Button onClick={() => publishTestMessage("Hello world")} >
+      Publish Test Message
+    </a>
+  );
 }
 ```
 
-### Consuming Messages
+### Consuming the queue
 
-Messages are consumed using API routes that Vercel automatically triggers when messages are available.
+Instead of running a persistent server that subscribes to the queue, we use the
+callback functionality of Vercel queues to consume messages on the fly, when a
+message is ready to be processed.
 
-#### 1. Create API Routes
-
-The recommended approach is to handle multiple topics and consumers in a single API route to keep your `vercel.json` configuration simple:
+The `handleCallback` helper function simplifies queue callback handling in NextJS:
 
 ```typescript
-// app/api/queue/route.ts
+// app/api/queue/handle/route.ts
 import { handleCallback } from "@vercel/queue";
 
 export const POST = handleCallback({
-  // Single topic with one consumer
-  "my-topic": {
-    "my-consumer": async (message, metadata) => {
-      // metadata includes: { messageId, deliveryCount, createdAt }
-      console.log("Processing message:", message);
-
-      // If this throws an error, the message will be automatically retried
-      await processMessage(message);
-    },
+  // Handle messages sent on the "new-users" topic (the consumer
+  // group "default" will be used)
+  "my-topic": (message, metadata) => {
+    console.log(`Received message:`, message, metadata);
+    // metadata: { messageId, deliveryCount, timestamp }
   },
+});
 
-  // Multiple consumers for different purposes
-  "order-events": {
-    fulfillment: async (order, metadata) => {
-      // By default, errors will trigger automatic retries
-      // But you can control retry timing if needed:
-      if (!isSystemReady()) {
-        // Override default retry with a 5 minute delay
-        return { timeoutSeconds: 300 };
-      }
-
-      await processOrder(order);
+// Or, specify separate handlers for separate consumer groups
+export const POST = handleCallback({
+  // topic: "my-topic"
+  "my-topic": {
+    // consumer group: "compress"
+    compress: (message, metadata) => {
+      console.log("Compressing image:", message);
     },
-    analytics: async (order, metadata) => {
-      try {
-        await trackOrder(order);
-      } catch (error) {
-        // Optional: Custom exponential backoff instead of default retry timing
-        const timeoutSeconds = Math.pow(2, metadata.deliveryCount) * 60;
-        return { timeoutSeconds };
-      }
+    // consumer group: "resize"
+    resize: (message, metadata) => {
+      console.log("Resizing image:", message);
+    },
+    // consumer group: "watermark"
+    watermark: (message, metadata) => {
+      console.log("Adding watermark:", message);
     },
   },
 });
 ```
 
-While you can split handlers into separate routes if needed (e.g., for code organization or deployment flexibility), consolidating them in one route is recommended for simpler configuration.
+## Key Features
 
-#### 2. Configure vercel.json
+### Streaming Support
 
-Configure which topics and consumers your API route handles:
+Handle large files and data streams without loading them into memory:
 
-```json
-{
-  "functions": {
-    "app/api/queue/route.ts": {
-      "experimentalTriggers": [
-        {
-          "type": "queue/v1beta",
-          "topic": "my-topic",
-          "consumer": "my-consumer",
-          "maxAttempts": 3, // Optional: Maximum number of delivery attempts (default: 3)
-          "retryAfterSeconds": 60, // Optional: Delay between retries (default: 60)
-          "initialDelaySeconds": 0 // Optional: Initial delay before first delivery (default: 0)
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "queue/v1beta",
-          "topic": "order-events",
-          "consumer": "fulfillment"
-        },
-        {
-          "type": "queue/v1beta",
-          "topic": "order-events",
-          "consumer": "analytics",
-          "maxAttempts": 5, // Retry up to 5 times
-          "retryAfterSeconds": 300 // Wait 5 minutes between retries
-        }
-      ]
-    }
+```typescript
+import { StreamTransport } from "@vercel/queue";
+
+const videoTopic = createTopic<ReadableStream<Uint8Array>>(
+  client,
+  "video-processing",
+  new StreamTransport(),
+);
+
+// Process large video files efficiently
+const processor = videoTopic.consumerGroup("processors");
+await processor.subscribe(signal, async (message) => {
+  const videoStream = message.payload;
+  // Process stream chunk by chunk
+  const reader = videoStream.getReader();
+  while (true) {
+    const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+    if (done) break;
+    await processChunk(value);
   }
-}
+});
 ```
 
-### Key Concepts
+### Consumer Groups
 
-- **Topics**: Named message channels that can have multiple consumer groups
-- **Consumer Groups**: Named groups of consumers that process messages in parallel
-  - Different consumer groups for the same topic each get a copy of every message
-  - Multiple consumers in the same group share/split messages for load balancing
-- **Automatic Triggering**: Vercel triggers your API routes when messages are available
-- **Message Processing**: Your API routes receive message metadata via headers
-- **Configuration**: The `vercel.json` file tells Vercel which routes handle which topics/consumers
+Multiple consumers can process messages from the same topic in parallel:
 
-## Advanced Features
+```typescript
+// Multiple workers in the same group - they share/split messages
+const worker1 = topic.consumerGroup("workers");
+const worker2 = topic.consumerGroup("workers"); // Same group name
+// worker1 and worker2 will receive different messages (load balancing)
+
+// Different consumer groups - each gets copies of ALL messages
+const analytics = topic.consumerGroup("analytics");
+const webhooks = topic.consumerGroup("webhooks");
+// analytics and webhooks will both receive every message
+```
 
-### Serialization (Transport) System
+## Architecture
 
-The queue client supports customizable serialization through the `Transport` interface:
+- **Topics**: Named message channels with configurable serialization
+- **Consumer Groups**: Named groups of consumers that process messages in
+  parallel
+  - `subscribe()`: Continuously process messages with automatic polling
+  - `receiveMessage()`: Process a specific message by ID
+  - `receiveNextMessage()`: Process the next available message (one-shot)
+  - `handleMessage()`: Process message metadata only (without payload)
+- **Transports**: Pluggable serialization/deserialization for different data
+  types
+- **Streaming**: Memory-efficient processing of large payloads
+- **Visibility Timeouts**: Automatic message lifecycle management
 
-#### Built-in Transports
+## Performance
 
-1. **JsonTransport (Default)**: For structured data that fits in memory
-2. **BufferTransport**: For binary data that fits in memory
-3. **StreamTransport**: For large files and memory-efficient processing
+The multipart parser is optimized for high-throughput scenarios:
 
-Example:
+- **Streaming**: Messages are yielded immediately as headers are parsed
+- **Memory Efficient**: No buffering of complete payloads
+- **Fast Parsing**: Native Buffer operations for ~50% performance improvement
+- **Scalable**: Can handle arbitrarily large responses without memory
+  constraints
 
-```typescript
-import { send, JsonTransport } from "@vercel/queue";
+## Serialization (Transport) System
+
+The queue client supports customizable serialization through the `Transport`
+interface with **streaming support** for memory-efficient processing. Transport
+can be configured at the **topic level** when creating a topic, or at the
+**consumer group level** when creating a consumer group.
+
+### Built-in Transports
+
+#### JsonTransport (Default)
 
-// JsonTransport is the default
-await send("json-topic", { data: "example" });
+Buffers data for JSON parsing - suitable for structured data that fits in
+memory.
 
-// Explicit transport configuration
-await send(
+```typescript
+import { createTopic, JsonTransport } from "@vercel/queue";
+
+const topic = createTopic<{ data: any }>(
+  client,
   "json-topic",
-  { data: "example" },
-  { transport: new JsonTransport() },
+  new JsonTransport(),
 );
+// or simply (JsonTransport is the default):
+const topic = createTopic<{ data: any }>(client, "json-topic");
 ```
 
-### Transport Selection Guide
+#### BufferTransport
 
-| Use Case             | Recommended Transport | Memory Usage | Performance |
-| -------------------- | --------------------- | ------------ | ----------- |
-| Small JSON objects   | JsonTransport         | Low          | High        |
-| Binary files < 100MB | BufferTransport       | Medium       | High        |
-| Large files > 100MB  | StreamTransport       | Very Low     | Medium      |
-| Real-time streams    | StreamTransport       | Very Low     | High        |
+Buffers the entire payload into memory as a Buffer - suitable for binary data
+that fits in memory.
 
-## Error Handling
+```typescript
+import { BufferTransport, createTopic } from "@vercel/queue";
 
-The queue client provides specific error types:
+const topic = createTopic<Buffer>(
+  client,
+  "binary-topic",
+  new BufferTransport(),
+);
+const binaryData = Buffer.from("Binary data", "utf8");
+await topic.publish(binaryData);
+```
 
-- **`QueueEmptyError`**: No messages available (204)
-- **`MessageLockedError`**: Message temporarily locked (423)
-- **`MessageNotFoundError`**: Message doesn't exist (404)
-- **`MessageNotAvailableError`**: Message exists but unavailable (409)
-- **`MessageCorruptedError`**: Message data corrupted
-- **`BadRequestError`**: Invalid parameters (400)
-- **`UnauthorizedError`**: Authentication failure (401)
-- **`ForbiddenError`**: Access denied (403)
-- **`InternalServerError`**: Server errors (500+)
+#### StreamTransport
 
-Example error handling:
+**True streaming support** - passes ReadableStream directly without buffering.
+Ideal for large files and memory-efficient processing.
 
 ```typescript
-import {
-  BadRequestError,
-  ForbiddenError,
-  InternalServerError,
-  UnauthorizedError,
-} from "@vercel/queue";
+import { createTopic, StreamTransport } from "@vercel/queue";
 
-try {
-  await send("my-topic", payload);
-} catch (error) {
-  if (error instanceof UnauthorizedError) {
-    console.log("Invalid token - refresh authentication");
-  } else if (error instanceof ForbiddenError) {
-    console.log("Environment mismatch - check configuration");
-  } else if (error instanceof BadRequestError) {
-    console.log("Invalid parameters:", error.message);
-  } else if (error instanceof InternalServerError) {
-    console.log("Server error - retry with backoff");
-  }
+const topic = createTopic<ReadableStream<Uint8Array>>(
+  client,
+  "streaming-topic",
+  new StreamTransport(),
+);
+
+// Send large file as stream without loading into memory
+const fileStream = new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
+  start(controller) {
+    // Read file in chunks
+    for (const chunk of readFileInChunks("large-file.bin")) {
+      controller.enqueue(chunk);
+    }
+    controller.close();
+  },
+});
+
+await topic.publish(fileStream);
+```
+
+### Custom Transport
+
+You can create your own serialization format by implementing the `Transport`
+interface:
+
+```typescript
+import { Transport } from "@vercel/queue";
+
+interface Transport<T = unknown> {
+  serialize(value: T): Buffer | ReadableStream<Uint8Array>;
+  deserialize(stream: ReadableStream<Uint8Array>): Promise<T>;
+  contentType: string;
 }
 ```
 
-## Advanced Usage
+### Choosing the Right Transport
+
+| Use Case               | Recommended Transport | Memory Usage | Performance |
+| ---------------------- | --------------------- | ------------ | ----------- |
+| Small JSON objects     | `JsonTransport`       | Low          | High        |
+| Binary files < 100MB   | `BufferTransport`     | Medium       | High        |
+| Large files > 100MB    | `StreamTransport`     | Very Low     | Medium      |
+| Real-time data streams | `StreamTransport`     | Very Low     | High        |
+| Custom protocols       | Custom implementation | Varies       | Varies      |
+
+## API Reference
+
+### QueueClient
 
-### Direct Message Processing
+```typescript
+const client = new QueueClient({
+  token: string;
+  baseUrl?: string; // defaults to 'https://vqs.vercel.sh'
+});
+```
 
-> **Note**: The `receive` function is not intended for use in Vercel deployments. It's designed for use in the Vercel Sandbox environment or alternative server setups where you need direct message processing control.
+### Topic
 
 ```typescript
-// Process next available message
-await receive<T>(topicName, consumerGroup, handler);
+const topic = createTopic<T>(client, topicName, transport?);
 
-// Process specific message by ID
-await receive<T>(topicName, consumerGroup, handler, {
-  messageId: "message-id"
+// Publish a message (uses topic's transport)
+await topic.publish(payload, options?);
+
+// Trigger a callback URL when the message is
+// ready for consumption
+await topic.publish(payload, {
+  callback: { url: "https://example.com/webhook" }
 });
 
-// Process message with options
-await receive<T>(topicName, consumerGroup, handler, {
-  messageId?: string; // Process specific message by ID
-  skipPayload?: boolean; // Skip payload download (requires messageId)
-  transport?: Transport<T>; // Custom transport (defaults to JsonTransport)
-  visibilityTimeoutSeconds?: number; // Message visibility timeout
-  refreshInterval?: number; // Refresh interval for long-running operations
+// Or provide multiple callbacks (each URL is called
+// with a separate consumer group)
+await topic.publish(payload, {
+  callback: {
+    group1: { url: "https://example.com/webhook1" },
+    group2: { url: "https://example.com/webhook2", delay: 30 }
+  }
 });
 
+// Create a consumer group (can override transport)
+const consumer = topic.consumerGroup<U>(groupName, options?);
+```
+
+### ConsumerGroup
+
+```typescript
+// Start continuous processing (blocks until signal is aborted or error occurs)
+await consumer.subscribe(signal, handler, options?);
+
+// Process a specific message by ID
+await consumer.receiveMessage(messageId, handler);
+
+// Process the next available message
+await consumer.receiveNextMessage(handler);
+
+// Handle a specific message by ID without payload
+await consumer.handleMessage(messageId, handler);
+```
+
+### Message Handler
+
+```typescript
 // Handler function signature
-type MessageHandler<T = unknown> = (
-  message: T,
-  metadata: MessageMetadata
+type MessageHandler<T> = (
+  message: Message<T>,
 ) => Promise<MessageHandlerResult> | MessageHandlerResult;
 
 // Handler result types
@@ -295,37 +437,514 @@ interface MessageTimeoutResult {
 }
 ```
 
-## Limits
+### Transport Interface
+
+```typescript
+interface Transport<T = unknown> {
+  serialize(value: T): Buffer | ReadableStream<Uint8Array>;
+  deserialize(stream: ReadableStream<Uint8Array>): Promise<T>;
+  contentType: string;
+}
+```
 
-- **Message Throughput**: Each topic can handle up to 1,000 messages per second
-- **Payload Size**: Maximum payload size is 4.5MB (this limit will be increased soon)
-- **Number of Topics**: No limit on the number of topics you can create
+### Callback Utilities
 
-### Scaling Beyond Limits
+```typescript
+// Parse queue callback request headers
+function parseCallbackRequest(request: Request): CallbackMessageOptions;
+
+// Callback options type
+interface CallbackMessageOptions {
+  queueName: string;
+  consumerGroup: string;
+  messageId: string;
+}
+// Create a callback handler for NextJS route handlers
+function handleCallback(handlers: CallbackHandlers): (request: Request) => Promise<Response>;
 
-If you need more than 1,000 messages per second, you can create multiple topics (e.g., user-specific or shard-based topics) and handle them with a single consumer using wildcards in your `vercel.json`:
+// Handler function signature for callbacks
+type Handler<T = unknown> = (
+  payload: T,
+  metadata: MessageMetadata
+) => Promise<MessageHandlerResult> | MessageHandlerResult;
 
-```json
-{
-  "functions": {
-    "app/api/queue/route.ts": {
-      "experimentalTriggers": [
-        {
-          "type": "queue/v1beta",
-          "topic": "user-*",
-          "consumer": "processor"
-        }
-      ]
+// Message metadata provided to handlers
+interface MessageMetadata {
+  messageId: string;
+  deliveryCount: number;
+  timestamp: string;
+}
+
+// Configuration object with handlers for different topics
+type CallbackHandlers = {
+  [topicName: string]:
+    | Handler // Single handler (uses 'default' consumer group)
+    | { [consumerGroup: string]: Handler }; // Multiple consumer group handlers
+};
+
+// Example usage:
+export const POST = handleCallback({
+  // Topic handler (uses 'default' consumer group)
+  "new-users": (message, metadata) => {
+    console.log(`New user event:`, message, metadata);
+  },
+
+  // Consumer group specific handlers
+  "image-processing": {
+    "compress": (message, metadata) => console.log("Compressing image", message),
+    "resize": (message, metadata) => console.log("Resizing image", message),
+  }
+});
+
+// Error thrown for invalid callback requests
+class InvalidCallbackError extends Error;
+```
+
+## Examples
+
+### Basic JSON Processing
+
+```typescript
+interface UserEvent {
+  userId: string;
+  action: string;
+  timestamp: number;
+}
+
+const userTopic = createTopic<UserEvent>(client, "user-events");
+
+await userTopic.publish({
+  userId: "123",
+  action: "login",
+  timestamp: Date.now(),
+});
+
+const consumer = userTopic.consumerGroup("processors");
+const controller = new AbortController();
+
+try {
+  await consumer.subscribe(controller.signal, async (message) => {
+    console.log(
+      `User ${message.payload.userId} performed ${message.payload.action}`,
+    );
+  });
+} catch (error) {
+  console.error("Processing error:", error);
+}
+
+// Stop processing when needed
+// controller.abort();
+```
+
+### Processing Specific Messages by ID
+
+```typescript
+const userTopic = createTopic<{ userId: string; action: string }>(
+  client,
+  "user-events",
+);
+const consumer = userTopic.consumerGroup("processors");
+
+// Process a specific message if you know its ID
+const messageId = "01234567-89ab-cdef-0123-456789abcdef";
+
+try {
+  await consumer.receiveMessage(messageId, async (message) => {
+    console.log(`Processing specific message: ${message.messageId}`);
+    console.log(
+      `User ${message.payload.userId} performed ${message.payload.action}`,
+    );
+  });
+  console.log("Message processed successfully");
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error.message.includes("not found or not available")) {
+    console.log("Message was already processed or does not exist");
+  } else if (error.message.includes("FIFO ordering violation")) {
+    console.log("FIFO queue requires processing messages in order");
+  } else {
+    console.error("Error processing message:", error);
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Processing Next Available Message
+
+```typescript
+const workTopic = createTopic<{ taskType: string; data: any }>(
+  client,
+  "work-queue",
+);
+const worker = workTopic.consumerGroup("workers");
+
+// Process the next available message (one-shot processing)
+try {
+  await worker.receiveNextMessage(async (message) => {
+    console.log(`Processing task: ${message.payload.taskType}`);
+    await processTask(message.payload.taskType, message.payload.data);
+  });
+  console.log("Message processed successfully");
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error instanceof QueueEmptyError) {
+    console.log("No messages available");
+  } else if (error instanceof MessageLockedError) {
+    console.log("Next message is locked (FIFO queue)");
+    if (error.retryAfter) {
+      console.log(`Retry after ${error.retryAfter} seconds`);
     }
+  } else {
+    console.error("Error processing message:", error);
   }
 }
+
+// You can also use it with timeout results
+await worker.receiveNextMessage(async (message) => {
+  if (!canProcessTaskType(message.payload.taskType)) {
+    // Return timeout to retry later
+    return { timeoutSeconds: 60 };
+  }
+
+  await processTask(message.payload.taskType, message.payload.data);
+});
+```
+
+### Timing Out Messages
+
+```typescript
+const workTopic = createTopic<{ taskType: string; data: any }>(
+  client,
+  "work-queue",
+);
+const worker = workTopic.consumerGroup("workers");
+const controller = new AbortController();
+
+try {
+  await worker.subscribe(controller.signal, async (message) => {
+    const { taskType, data } = message.payload;
+
+    // Check if we can process this task type right now
+    if (taskType === "heavy-computation" && isSystemOverloaded()) {
+      // Return timeout to retry later (5 minutes)
+      return { timeoutSeconds: 300 };
+    }
+
+    // Check if we have required resources
+    if (taskType === "external-api" && !isExternalServiceAvailable()) {
+      // Return timeout to retry in 1 minute
+      return { timeoutSeconds: 60 };
+    }
+
+    // Process the message normally
+    console.log(`Processing ${taskType} task`);
+    await processTask(taskType, data);
+    // Message will be automatically deleted on successful completion
+  });
+} catch (error) {
+  console.error("Worker processing error:", error);
+}
+
+// Example with exponential backoff
+const backoffController = new AbortController();
+
+try {
+  await worker.subscribe(backoffController.signal, async (message) => {
+    const maxRetries = 3;
+    const deliveryCount = message.deliveryCount;
+
+    try {
+      await processMessage(message.payload);
+      // Successful processing - message will be deleted
+    } catch (error) {
+      if (deliveryCount < maxRetries) {
+        // Exponential backoff: 2^deliveryCount minutes
+        const timeoutSeconds = Math.pow(2, deliveryCount) * 60;
+        console.log(
+          `Retrying message in ${timeoutSeconds} seconds (attempt ${deliveryCount})`,
+        );
+        return { timeoutSeconds: timeoutSeconds };
+      } else {
+        // Max retries reached, let the message fail and be deleted
+        console.error("Max retries reached, message will be discarded:", error);
+        throw error;
+      }
+    }
+  });
+} catch (error) {
+  console.error("Backoff processing error:", error);
+}
 ```
 
-This allows you to:
+### Complete Example: Video Processing Pipeline
+
+Here's a comprehensive example showing a video processing pipeline that
+processes videos with FFmpeg and stores the results in Vercel Blob:
+
+```typescript
+import { createTopic, QueueClient, StreamTransport } from "@vercel/queue";
+import { spawn } from "child_process";
+import ffmpeg from "ffmpeg-static";
+import { put } from "@vercel/blob";
+
+const client = new QueueClient({
+  token: "your-vercel-oidc-token",
+});
+
+// Input topic with unoptimized videos
+const unoptimizedVideosTopic = createTopic<ReadableStream<Uint8Array>>(
+  client,
+  "unoptimized-videos",
+  new StreamTransport(),
+);
+
+// Output topic for optimized videos
+const optimizedVideosTopic = createTopic<ReadableStream<Uint8Array>>(
+  client,
+  "optimized-videos",
+  new StreamTransport(),
+);
+
+// Step 1: Process videos with FFmpeg
+const videoProcessor = unoptimizedVideosTopic.consumerGroup("processors");
+const processingController = new AbortController();
+
+try {
+  await videoProcessor.subscribe(
+    processingController.signal,
+    async (message) => {
+      const inputVideoStream = message.payload;
+      console.log("Processing video...");
+
+      if (!ffmpeg) {
+        throw new Error("FFmpeg not available");
+      }
+
+      // Create optimized video stream using FFmpeg
+      const optimizedStream = new ReadableStream<Uint8Array>({
+        start(controller) {
+          const ffmpegProcess = spawn(
+            ffmpeg,
+            [
+              "-i",
+              "pipe:0", // Input from stdin
+              "-c:v",
+              "libvpx-vp9", // Video codec
+              "-c:a",
+              "libopus", // Audio codec
+              "-crf",
+              "23", // Quality
+              "-f",
+              "webm", // Output format
+              "pipe:1", // Output to stdout
+            ],
+            { stdio: ["pipe", "pipe", "pipe"] },
+          );
+
+          // Pipe input stream to FFmpeg
+          const reader = inputVideoStream.getReader();
+          const pipeInput = async () => {
+            while (true) {
+              const { done, value } = await reader.read();
+              if (done) {
+                ffmpegProcess.stdin?.end();
+                break;
+              }
+              ffmpegProcess.stdin?.write(value);
+            }
+          };
+          pipeInput();
+
+          // Stream FFmpeg output
+          ffmpegProcess.stdout?.on("data", (chunk) => {
+            controller.enqueue(new Uint8Array(chunk));
+          });
+
+          ffmpegProcess.on("close", (code) => {
+            if (code === 0) {
+              controller.close();
+            } else {
+              controller.error(new Error(`FFmpeg failed with code ${code}`));
+            }
+          });
+        },
+      });
+
+      // Publish optimized video to next topic
+      await optimizedVideosTopic.publish(optimizedStream);
+      console.log("Video optimized and published");
+    },
+  );
+} catch (error) {
+  console.error("Video processing error:", error);
+}
 
-- Create topics like `user-1`, `user-2`, etc.
-- Process messages from all user topics with a single handler
-- Each topic gets its own 1,000 messages per second quota
+// Step 2: Store optimized videos in Vercel Blob
+const blobUploader = optimizedVideosTopic.consumerGroup("blob-uploaders");
+const uploadController = new AbortController();
+
+try {
+  await blobUploader.subscribe(uploadController.signal, async (message) => {
+    const optimizedVideo = message.payload;
+
+    // Upload to Vercel Blob storage
+    const filename = `optimized-${Date.now()}.webm`;
+    const blob = await put(filename, optimizedVideo, {
+      access: "public",
+      contentType: "video/webm",
+    });
+
+    console.log(`Video uploaded to blob: ${blob.url} (${blob.size} bytes)`);
+  });
+} catch (error) {
+  console.error("Blob upload error:", error);
+}
+
+// Graceful shutdown
+process.on("SIGINT", () => {
+  processingController.abort();
+  uploadController.abort();
+});
+```
+
+## Error Handling
+
+The queue client provides specific error types for different failure scenarios:
+
+### Error Types
+
+- **`QueueEmptyError`**: Thrown when attempting to receive messages from an
+  empty queue (204 status)
+
+  - Only thrown when directly using `client.receiveMessages()`
+  - `ConsumerGroup.subscribe()` handles this error internally and continues
+    polling
+
+- **`MessageLockedError`**: Thrown when a message is temporarily locked (423
+  status)
+
+  - Contains optional `retryAfter` property with seconds to wait before retry
+  - For `receiveMessages()` on FIFO queues: the next message in sequence is
+    locked
+  - For `receiveMessageById()`: the requested message is locked
+  - `ConsumerGroup.subscribe()` handles this error internally when polling
+
+- **`MessageNotFoundError`**: Message doesn't exist (404 status)
+
+- **`MessageNotAvailableError`**: Message exists but isn't available for
+  processing (409 status)
+
+- **`FifoOrderingViolationError`**: FIFO queue ordering violation (409 status
+  with nextMessageId)
+
+  - Contains `nextMessageId` property indicating which message to process first
+
+- **`FailedDependencyError`**: FIFO ordering violation when receiving by ID (424
+  status)
+
+  - Contains `nextMessageId` property indicating which message must be processed
+    first
+  - Similar to `FifoOrderingViolationError` but specifically for receive-by-ID
+    operations
+
+- **`MessageCorruptedError`**: Message data is corrupted or can't be parsed
+
+- **`BadRequestError`**: Invalid request parameters (400 status)
+
+  - Invalid queue names, FIFO limit violations, missing required parameters
+
+- **`UnauthorizedError`**: Authentication failure (401 status)
+
+  - Missing or invalid authentication token
+
+- **`ForbiddenError`**: Access denied (403 status)
+
+  - Queue environment doesn't match token environment
+
+- **`InternalServerError`**: Server-side errors (500+ status codes)
+  - Unexpected server errors, service unavailable, etc.
+
+### Error Handling Examples
+
+```typescript
+import {
+  BadRequestError,
+  FailedDependencyError,
+  FifoOrderingViolationError,
+  ForbiddenError,
+  InternalServerError,
+  MessageLockedError,
+  QueueEmptyError,
+  UnauthorizedError,
+} from "@vercel/queue";
+
+// Handle empty queue or locked messages
+try {
+  for await (const message of client.receiveMessages(options, transport)) {
+    // Process messages
+  }
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error instanceof QueueEmptyError) {
+    console.log("Queue is empty, retry later");
+  } else if (error instanceof MessageLockedError) {
+    console.log("Next message in FIFO queue is locked");
+    if (error.retryAfter) {
+      console.log(`Retry after ${error.retryAfter} seconds`);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Handle locked message with retry
+try {
+  await consumer.receiveMessage(messageId, handler);
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error instanceof MessageLockedError) {
+    console.log("Message is locked by another consumer");
+    if (error.retryAfter) {
+      console.log(`Retry after ${error.retryAfter} seconds`);
+      setTimeout(() => retry(), error.retryAfter * 1000);
+    }
+  } else if (error instanceof FailedDependencyError) {
+    // FIFO ordering violation for receive by ID
+    console.log(`Must process ${error.nextMessageId} first`);
+  }
+}
+
+// Handle authentication and authorization errors
+try {
+  await topic.publish(payload);
+} catch (error) {
+  if (error instanceof UnauthorizedError) {
+    console.log("Invalid token - refresh authentication");
+  } else if (error instanceof ForbiddenError) {
+    console.log("Environment mismatch - check token/queue configuration");
+  } else if (error instanceof BadRequestError) {
+    console.log("Invalid parameters:", error.message);
+  } else if (error instanceof InternalServerError) {
+    console.log("Server error - retry with backoff");
+  }
+}
+
+// Complete error handling pattern
+function handleQueueError(error: unknown): void {
+  if (error instanceof QueueEmptyError || error instanceof MessageLockedError) {
+    // Transient errors - safe to retry
+    console.log("Temporary condition, will retry");
+  } else if (
+    error instanceof UnauthorizedError ||
+    error instanceof ForbiddenError
+  ) {
+    // Authentication/authorization errors - need to fix configuration
+    console.log("Auth error - check credentials");
+  } else if (error instanceof BadRequestError) {
+    // Client error - fix the request
+    console.log("Invalid request:", error.message);
+  } else if (error instanceof InternalServerError) {
+    // Server error - implement exponential backoff
+    console.log("Server error - retry with backoff");
+  } else {
+    // Unknown error
+    console.error("Unexpected error:", error);
+  }
+}
+```
 
 ## License