@vector-display/3d 0.1.0

package/LICENSE

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+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 Rick Segrest
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

package/README.md

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+# @vector-display/3d
+
+3D wireframe models and perspective projection for [**vector-display**](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@vector-display/core), for *Battlezone*-, *Tempest*- and *Star Wars*-style graphics. The math is built on [es-vector-math](https://www.npmjs.com/package/es-vector-math).
+
+> **Status:** early (0.x). The API may change between minor versions.
+
+## Install
+
+```sh
+npm install @vector-display/core @vector-display/3d es-vector-math
+```
+
+ES modules only, with TypeScript declarations.
+
+## Usage
+
+```ts
+import { DisplayList, SCREEN_SPACE_PLACEMENT } from "@vector-display/core";
+import {
+  DEFAULT_PERSPECTIVE_CAMERA,
+  WireframeProjector,
+  createBoxModel,
+  createModelPlacement,
+} from "@vector-display/3d";
+import { Angle, Vector } from "es-vector-math";
+
+const cube = createBoxModel({ width: 100, height: 100, depth: 100 });
+const projector = new WireframeProjector({
+  ...DEFAULT_PERSPECTIVE_CAMERA,
+  position: new Vector(0, 50, -300),
+  screenCenterX: 512,
+  screenCenterY: 384,
+});
+
+function addCube(displayList: DisplayList, seconds: number) {
+  const placement = createModelPlacement({
+    position: new Vector(0, 0, 400),
+    rotationY: Angle.fromRadians(seconds),
+  });
+  // The projector reuses its buffers: add each result before projecting the next model.
+  displayList.addShape(projector.project(cube, placement), SCREEN_SPACE_PLACEMENT);
+}
+```
+
+## Concepts
+
+- **Space:** x right, **y up**, z forward (away from the viewer). Projected output uses the display's y-down screen coordinates.
+- **Models:** `WireframeModel.fromDefinition({ vertices, polylines })`, where vertices are es-vector-math `Vector`s and each polyline lists vertex indices plus whether it closes. `createBoxModel` and `createPyramidModel` are included.
+- **Placement:** `createModelPlacement({ position, rotationX, rotationY, rotationZ, scale })`, applied as scale, then rotation (x, y, z), then position.
+- **Camera:** uses es-vector-math's perspective model. The eye sits `viewDistance` behind a projection plane at `position`, so objects on that plane keep their size. Positive `yaw` turns toward +x; positive `pitch` tilts down.
+- **Clipping:** lines closer than `nearDistance` to the eye are cut off, so objects can fly past the camera without lines stretching across the screen.
+
+## License
+
+MIT © Rick Segrest

package/dist/WireframeModel.d.ts

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+import { type Vector } from "es-vector-math";
+import type { WireframeDefinition } from "./wireframeTypes.js";
+export declare class WireframeModel {
+    readonly vertices: readonly Vector[];
+    readonly edgeVertexIndices: Int32Array;
+    readonly edgeNeighbors: Int32Array;
+    private constructor();
+    get edgeCount(): number;
+    static fromDefinition(definition: WireframeDefinition): WireframeModel;
+}
+export default WireframeModel;
+//# sourceMappingURL=WireframeModel.d.ts.map

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package/dist/WireframeModel.js

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+import { NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT } from "@vector-display/core";
+import { VectorMath } from "es-vector-math";
+export class WireframeModel {
+    vertices;
+    // Two vertex indices per edge (start, end).
+    edgeVertexIndices;
+    // Two entries per edge: the connected previous and next edge in its polyline, or NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT.
+    edgeNeighbors;
+    constructor(vertices, buffers) {
+        this.vertices = vertices;
+        this.edgeVertexIndices = Int32Array.from(buffers.vertexIndices);
+        this.edgeNeighbors = Int32Array.from(buffers.neighbors);
+    }
+    get edgeCount() {
+        return this.edgeVertexIndices.length / 2;
+    }
+    // Edges within a polyline connect at shared vertices, which lets the renderer draw clean joints.
+    static fromDefinition(definition) {
+        // es-vector-math's expand2D() resets z to 0 even for 3D vectors, so only expand 2D vertices.
+        const vertices = definition.vertices.map((vertex) => (vertex.dimensions === 2 ? VectorMath.expand2D(vertex) : vertex));
+        const buffers = { vertexIndices: [], neighbors: [] };
+        for (const polyline of definition.polylines) {
+            assertVertexIndicesExist(polyline, vertices.length);
+            appendPolylineEdges(buffers, polyline);
+        }
+        return new WireframeModel(vertices, buffers);
+    }
+}
+function assertVertexIndicesExist(polyline, vertexCount) {
+    const invalidIndex = polyline.vertexIndices.find((index) => !Number.isInteger(index) || index < 0 || index >= vertexCount);
+    if (invalidIndex !== undefined) {
+        throw new Error(`Wireframe polyline refers to vertex ${invalidIndex}, but the model has ${vertexCount} vertices`);
+    }
+}
+function appendPolylineEdges(buffers, polyline) {
+    const { vertexIndices, isClosed } = polyline;
+    if (vertexIndices.length < 2)
+        return;
+    const firstEdge = buffers.vertexIndices.length / 2;
+    for (let index = 0; index < vertexIndices.length - 1; index++) {
+        buffers.vertexIndices.push(vertexIndices[index], vertexIndices[index + 1]);
+    }
+    const wrapsAround = isClosed && vertexIndices.length > 2;
+    if (wrapsAround)
+        buffers.vertexIndices.push(vertexIndices[vertexIndices.length - 1], vertexIndices[0]);
+    const lastEdge = buffers.vertexIndices.length / 2 - 1;
+    for (let edge = firstEdge; edge <= lastEdge; edge++) {
+        const previousEdge = edge > firstEdge ? edge - 1 : wrapsAround ? lastEdge : NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT;
+        const nextEdge = edge < lastEdge ? edge + 1 : wrapsAround ? firstEdge : NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT;
+        buffers.neighbors.push(previousEdge, nextEdge);
+    }
+}
+export default WireframeModel;
+//# sourceMappingURL=WireframeModel.js.map

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package/dist/WireframeProjector.d.ts

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+import { type ShapeGeometry } from "@vector-display/core";
+import type { WireframeModel } from "./WireframeModel.js";
+import type { ModelPlacement3D, PerspectiveCamera } from "./wireframeTypes.js";
+export declare class WireframeProjector implements ShapeGeometry {
+    private camera;
+    private inverseYaw;
+    private inversePitch;
+    private coordinates;
+    private neighbors;
+    private visibleSegmentOfEdge;
+    private clippedEndpointFlags;
+    private readonly cameraSpaceVertices;
+    private visibleSegmentCount;
+    constructor(camera: PerspectiveCamera);
+    get segmentCoordinates(): Float32Array;
+    get segmentNeighbors(): Int32Array;
+    get segmentCount(): number;
+    setCamera(camera: PerspectiveCamera): void;
+    project(model: WireframeModel, placement: ModelPlacement3D): ShapeGeometry;
+    private ensureCapacity;
+    private transformVerticesToCameraSpace;
+    private writeVisibleEdges;
+    private linkVisibleNeighbors;
+    private findVisibleSegment;
+    private depthFromEye;
+    private clipToNearPlane;
+    private writeScreenPoint;
+}
+export default WireframeProjector;
+//# sourceMappingURL=WireframeProjector.d.ts.map

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package/dist/WireframeProjector.js

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+import { NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT } from "@vector-display/core";
+import { Angle, VectorMath } from "es-vector-math";
+const START_CLIPPED = 1;
+const END_CLIPPED = 2;
+const INITIAL_EDGE_CAPACITY = 64;
+// Projects a wireframe into screen-space line segments. The returned geometry is this projector's reusable
+// buffer: add it to a display list before projecting the next model.
+export class WireframeProjector {
+    camera;
+    inverseYaw;
+    inversePitch;
+    coordinates = new Float32Array(INITIAL_EDGE_CAPACITY * 4);
+    neighbors = new Int32Array(INITIAL_EDGE_CAPACITY * 2);
+    visibleSegmentOfEdge = new Int32Array(INITIAL_EDGE_CAPACITY);
+    clippedEndpointFlags = new Uint8Array(INITIAL_EDGE_CAPACITY);
+    cameraSpaceVertices = [];
+    visibleSegmentCount = 0;
+    constructor(camera) {
+        this.camera = camera;
+        this.inverseYaw = Angle.fromRadians(-camera.yaw.radians);
+        this.inversePitch = Angle.fromRadians(-camera.pitch.radians);
+    }
+    get segmentCoordinates() {
+        return this.coordinates;
+    }
+    get segmentNeighbors() {
+        return this.neighbors;
+    }
+    get segmentCount() {
+        return this.visibleSegmentCount;
+    }
+    setCamera(camera) {
+        this.camera = camera;
+        this.inverseYaw = Angle.fromRadians(-camera.yaw.radians);
+        this.inversePitch = Angle.fromRadians(-camera.pitch.radians);
+    }
+    project(model, placement) {
+        this.ensureCapacity(model.edgeCount);
+        this.transformVerticesToCameraSpace(model, placement);
+        this.writeVisibleEdges(model);
+        this.linkVisibleNeighbors(model);
+        return this;
+    }
+    ensureCapacity(edgeCount) {
+        if (edgeCount <= this.visibleSegmentOfEdge.length)
+            return;
+        let capacity = this.visibleSegmentOfEdge.length;
+        while (capacity < edgeCount)
+            capacity *= 2;
+        this.coordinates = new Float32Array(capacity * 4);
+        this.neighbors = new Int32Array(capacity * 2);
+        this.visibleSegmentOfEdge = new Int32Array(capacity);
+        this.clippedEndpointFlags = new Uint8Array(capacity);
+    }
+    transformVerticesToCameraSpace(model, placement) {
+        const { position, rotationX, rotationY, rotationZ, scale } = placement;
+        this.cameraSpaceVertices.length = model.vertices.length;
+        model.vertices.forEach((vertex, vertexIndex) => {
+            const rotated = VectorMath.rotateXYZ(rotationX, rotationY, rotationZ, VectorMath.scale(scale, vertex));
+            const relativeToCamera = VectorMath.subtract(VectorMath.add(rotated, position), this.camera.position);
+            const cameraSpace = VectorMath.rotateX(this.inversePitch, VectorMath.rotateY(this.inverseYaw, relativeToCamera));
+            this.cameraSpaceVertices[vertexIndex] = cameraSpace;
+        });
+    }
+    writeVisibleEdges(model) {
+        this.visibleSegmentCount = 0;
+        for (let edge = 0; edge < model.edgeCount; edge++) {
+            const start = this.cameraSpaceVertices[model.edgeVertexIndices[edge * 2]];
+            const end = this.cameraSpaceVertices[model.edgeVertexIndices[edge * 2 + 1]];
+            const isStartTooClose = this.depthFromEye(start) < this.camera.nearDistance;
+            const isEndTooClose = this.depthFromEye(end) < this.camera.nearDistance;
+            if (isStartTooClose && isEndTooClose) {
+                this.visibleSegmentOfEdge[edge] = NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT;
+                continue;
+            }
+            const visibleStart = isStartTooClose ? this.clipToNearPlane(end, start) : start;
+            const visibleEnd = isEndTooClose ? this.clipToNearPlane(start, end) : end;
+            const segment = this.visibleSegmentCount;
+            this.writeScreenPoint(segment * 4, visibleStart);
+            this.writeScreenPoint(segment * 4 + 2, visibleEnd);
+            this.clippedEndpointFlags[segment] = (isStartTooClose ? START_CLIPPED : 0) | (isEndTooClose ? END_CLIPPED : 0);
+            this.visibleSegmentOfEdge[edge] = segment;
+            this.visibleSegmentCount++;
+        }
+    }
+    // A clipped endpoint no longer meets its neighbor, so that joint is left unconnected.
+    linkVisibleNeighbors(model) {
+        for (let edge = 0; edge < model.edgeCount; edge++) {
+            const segment = this.visibleSegmentOfEdge[edge];
+            if (segment === NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT)
+                continue;
+            const previousSegment = this.findVisibleSegment(model.edgeNeighbors[edge * 2]);
+            const nextSegment = this.findVisibleSegment(model.edgeNeighbors[edge * 2 + 1]);
+            const flags = this.clippedEndpointFlags[segment];
+            const joinsPrevious = previousSegment !== NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT &&
+                (flags & START_CLIPPED) === 0 &&
+                (this.clippedEndpointFlags[previousSegment] & END_CLIPPED) === 0;
+            const joinsNext = nextSegment !== NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT &&
+                (flags & END_CLIPPED) === 0 &&
+                (this.clippedEndpointFlags[nextSegment] & START_CLIPPED) === 0;
+            this.neighbors[segment * 2] = joinsPrevious ? previousSegment : NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT;
+            this.neighbors[segment * 2 + 1] = joinsNext ? nextSegment : NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT;
+        }
+    }
+    findVisibleSegment(edge) {
+        return edge === NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT ? NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT : this.visibleSegmentOfEdge[edge];
+    }
+    depthFromEye(cameraSpacePoint) {
+        return (cameraSpacePoint.z ?? 0) + this.camera.viewDistance;
+    }
+    clipToNearPlane(visiblePoint, hiddenPoint) {
+        const visibleDepth = this.depthFromEye(visiblePoint);
+        const hiddenDepth = this.depthFromEye(hiddenPoint);
+        const fraction = (this.camera.nearDistance - visibleDepth) / (hiddenDepth - visibleDepth);
+        return VectorMath.add(visiblePoint, VectorMath.scale(fraction, VectorMath.subtract(hiddenPoint, visiblePoint)));
+    }
+    writeScreenPoint(coordinateOffset, cameraSpacePoint) {
+        const perspective = VectorMath.getPerspective(this.camera.viewDistance, cameraSpacePoint);
+        this.coordinates[coordinateOffset] = this.camera.screenCenterX + cameraSpacePoint.x * perspective;
+        this.coordinates[coordinateOffset + 1] = this.camera.screenCenterY - cameraSpacePoint.y * perspective;
+    }
+}
+export default WireframeProjector;
+//# sourceMappingURL=WireframeProjector.js.map

package/dist/WireframeProjector.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/index.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+export { WireframeModel } from "./WireframeModel.js";
+export { WireframeProjector } from "./WireframeProjector.js";
+export { createBoxModel, createPyramidModel } from "./wireframePrimitives.js";
+export type { BoxDimensions, PyramidDimensions } from "./wireframePrimitives.js";
+export { DEFAULT_PERSPECTIVE_CAMERA, createModelPlacement } from "./wireframeTypes.js";
+export type { ModelPlacement3D, PerspectiveCamera, WireframeDefinition, WireframePolyline } from "./wireframeTypes.js";
+//# sourceMappingURL=index.d.ts.map

package/dist/index.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"index.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/index.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAC;AACrD,OAAO,EAAE,kBAAkB,EAAE,MAAM,yBAAyB,CAAC;AAC7D,OAAO,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,kBAAkB,EAAE,MAAM,0BAA0B,CAAC;AAC9E,YAAY,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,MAAM,0BAA0B,CAAC;AACjF,OAAO,EAAE,0BAA0B,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAC;AACvF,YAAY,EAAE,gBAAgB,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,mBAAmB,EAAE,iBAAiB,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAC"}

package/dist/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+export { WireframeModel } from "./WireframeModel.js";
+export { WireframeProjector } from "./WireframeProjector.js";
+export { createBoxModel, createPyramidModel } from "./wireframePrimitives.js";
+export { DEFAULT_PERSPECTIVE_CAMERA, createModelPlacement } from "./wireframeTypes.js";
+//# sourceMappingURL=index.js.map

package/dist/index.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"index.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/index.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAC;AACrD,OAAO,EAAE,kBAAkB,EAAE,MAAM,yBAAyB,CAAC;AAC7D,OAAO,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,kBAAkB,EAAE,MAAM,0BAA0B,CAAC;AAE9E,OAAO,EAAE,0BAA0B,EAAE,oBAAoB,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAC"}

package/dist/wireframePrimitives.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import { WireframeModel } from "./WireframeModel.js";
+export interface BoxDimensions {
+    readonly width: number;
+    readonly height: number;
+    readonly depth: number;
+}
+export interface PyramidDimensions {
+    readonly baseWidth: number;
+    readonly height: number;
+}
+export declare function createBoxModel(dimensions: BoxDimensions): WireframeModel;
+export declare function createPyramidModel(dimensions: PyramidDimensions): WireframeModel;
+//# sourceMappingURL=wireframePrimitives.d.ts.map

package/dist/wireframePrimitives.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/wireframePrimitives.js

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+import { Vector } from "es-vector-math";
+import { WireframeModel } from "./WireframeModel.js";
+// Centered on the origin.
+export function createBoxModel(dimensions) {
+    const halfWidth = dimensions.width / 2;
+    const halfHeight = dimensions.height / 2;
+    const halfDepth = dimensions.depth / 2;
+    const vertices = [-1, 1].flatMap((ySign) => [
+        [-1, -1],
+        [1, -1],
+        [1, 1],
+        [-1, 1],
+    ].map(([xSign, zSign]) => new Vector(xSign * halfWidth, ySign * halfHeight, zSign * halfDepth)));
+    return WireframeModel.fromDefinition({
+        vertices,
+        polylines: [
+            { vertexIndices: [0, 1, 2, 3], isClosed: true },
+            { vertexIndices: [4, 5, 6, 7], isClosed: true },
+            ...[0, 1, 2, 3].map((corner) => ({ vertexIndices: [corner, corner + 4], isClosed: false })),
+        ],
+    });
+}
+// Base centered on the origin, apex pointing up (+y).
+export function createPyramidModel(dimensions) {
+    const halfBase = dimensions.baseWidth / 2;
+    const vertices = [
+        new Vector(-halfBase, 0, -halfBase),
+        new Vector(halfBase, 0, -halfBase),
+        new Vector(halfBase, 0, halfBase),
+        new Vector(-halfBase, 0, halfBase),
+        new Vector(0, dimensions.height, 0),
+    ];
+    return WireframeModel.fromDefinition({
+        vertices,
+        polylines: [
+            { vertexIndices: [0, 1, 2, 3], isClosed: true },
+            ...[0, 1, 2, 3].map((corner) => ({ vertexIndices: [corner, 4], isClosed: false })),
+        ],
+    });
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=wireframePrimitives.js.map

package/dist/wireframePrimitives.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"wireframePrimitives.js","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../src/wireframePrimitives.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,EAAE,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,gBAAgB,CAAC;AACxC,OAAO,EAAE,cAAc,EAAE,MAAM,qBAAqB,CAAC;AAarD,0BAA0B;AAC1B,MAAM,UAAU,cAAc,CAAC,UAAyB;IACpD,MAAM,SAAS,GAAG,UAAU,CAAC,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACvC,MAAM,UAAU,GAAG,UAAU,CAAC,MAAM,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACzC,MAAM,SAAS,GAAG,UAAU,CAAC,KAAK,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IACvC,MAAM,QAAQ,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,OAAO,CAAC,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,EAAE,CACvC;QACI,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QACR,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC;QACP,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;QACN,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;KACV,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,KAAK,EAAE,KAAK,CAAC,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC,IAAI,MAAM,CAAC,KAAK,GAAG,SAAS,EAAE,KAAK,GAAG,UAAU,EAAE,KAAK,GAAG,SAAS,CAAC,CAAC,CAClG,CAAC;IACF,OAAO,cAAc,CAAC,cAAc,CAAC;QACjC,QAAQ;QACR,SAAS,EAAE;YACP,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE;YAC/C,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE;YAC/C,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;SAC9F;KACJ,CAAC,CAAC;AACP,CAAC;AAED,sDAAsD;AACtD,MAAM,UAAU,kBAAkB,CAAC,UAA6B;IAC5D,MAAM,QAAQ,GAAG,UAAU,CAAC,SAAS,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC;IAC1C,MAAM,QAAQ,GAAG;QACb,IAAI,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC,QAAQ,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC;QACnC,IAAI,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,QAAQ,CAAC;QAClC,IAAI,MAAM,CAAC,QAAQ,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ,CAAC;QACjC,IAAI,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC,QAAQ,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ,CAAC;QAClC,IAAI,MAAM,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,UAAU,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;KACtC,CAAC;IACF,OAAO,cAAc,CAAC,cAAc,CAAC;QACjC,QAAQ;QACR,SAAS,EAAE;YACP,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,IAAI,EAAE;YAC/C,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,CAAC,GAAG,CAAC,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,aAAa,EAAE,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC,EAAE,QAAQ,EAAE,KAAK,EAAE,CAAC,CAAC;SACrF;KACJ,CAAC,CAAC;AACP,CAAC"}

package/dist/wireframeTypes.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+import { Angle, Vector } from "es-vector-math";
+export interface WireframePolyline {
+    readonly vertexIndices: readonly number[];
+    readonly isClosed: boolean;
+}
+export interface WireframeDefinition {
+    readonly vertices: readonly Vector[];
+    readonly polylines: readonly WireframePolyline[];
+}
+export interface ModelPlacement3D {
+    readonly position: Vector;
+    readonly rotationX: Angle;
+    readonly rotationY: Angle;
+    readonly rotationZ: Angle;
+    readonly scale: number;
+}
+export interface PerspectiveCamera {
+    readonly position: Vector;
+    readonly yaw: Angle;
+    readonly pitch: Angle;
+    readonly viewDistance: number;
+    readonly nearDistance: number;
+    readonly screenCenterX: number;
+    readonly screenCenterY: number;
+}
+export declare const DEFAULT_PERSPECTIVE_CAMERA: PerspectiveCamera;
+export declare function createModelPlacement(overrides: Partial<ModelPlacement3D>): ModelPlacement3D;
+//# sourceMappingURL=wireframeTypes.d.ts.map

package/dist/wireframeTypes.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/wireframeTypes.js

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { Angle, Vector } from "es-vector-math";
+export const DEFAULT_PERSPECTIVE_CAMERA = {
+    position: new Vector(0, 0, 0),
+    yaw: Angle.fromRadians(0),
+    pitch: Angle.fromRadians(0),
+    viewDistance: 400,
+    nearDistance: 1,
+    screenCenterX: 512,
+    screenCenterY: 384,
+};
+export function createModelPlacement(overrides) {
+    return {
+        position: new Vector(0, 0, 0),
+        rotationX: Angle.fromRadians(0),
+        rotationY: Angle.fromRadians(0),
+        rotationZ: Angle.fromRadians(0),
+        scale: 1,
+        ...overrides,
+    };
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=wireframeTypes.js.map

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package/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+{
+  "name": "@vector-display/3d",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "description": "Wireframe models and perspective projection for vector-display, built on es-vector-math.",
+  "license": "MIT",
+  "author": {
+    "name": "Rick Segrest",
+    "email": "rsegrest77@gmail.com",
+    "url": "https://www.ricksegrest.com"
+  },
+  "repository": {
+    "type": "git",
+    "url": "git+https://github.com/rsegrest/vector-display.git",
+    "directory": "packages/3d"
+  },
+  "homepage": "https://github.com/rsegrest/vector-display/tree/main/packages/3d#readme",
+  "bugs": {
+    "url": "https://github.com/rsegrest/vector-display/issues"
+  },
+  "type": "module",
+  "sideEffects": false,
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "@vector-display/source": "./src/index.ts",
+      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+      "import": "./dist/index.js"
+    }
+  },
+  "scripts": {
+    "prepublishOnly": "tsc -b"
+  },
+  "files": [
+    "dist",
+    "src",
+    "!src/**/*.test.ts"
+  ],
+  "publishConfig": {
+    "access": "public"
+  },
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@vector-display/core": "0.1.0",
+    "es-vector-math": "^0.1.0"
+  }
+}

package/src/WireframeModel.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+import { NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT } from "@vector-display/core";
+import { VectorMath, type Vector } from "es-vector-math";
+import type { WireframeDefinition, WireframePolyline } from "./wireframeTypes.js";
+
+interface EdgeBuffers {
+    readonly vertexIndices: number[];
+    readonly neighbors: number[];
+}
+
+export class WireframeModel {
+    public readonly vertices: readonly Vector[];
+    // Two vertex indices per edge (start, end).
+    public readonly edgeVertexIndices: Int32Array;
+    // Two entries per edge: the connected previous and next edge in its polyline, or NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT.
+    public readonly edgeNeighbors: Int32Array;
+
+    private constructor(vertices: readonly Vector[], buffers: EdgeBuffers) {
+        this.vertices = vertices;
+        this.edgeVertexIndices = Int32Array.from(buffers.vertexIndices);
+        this.edgeNeighbors = Int32Array.from(buffers.neighbors);
+    }
+
+    public get edgeCount(): number {
+        return this.edgeVertexIndices.length / 2;
+    }
+
+    // Edges within a polyline connect at shared vertices, which lets the renderer draw clean joints.
+    public static fromDefinition(definition: WireframeDefinition): WireframeModel {
+        // es-vector-math's expand2D() resets z to 0 even for 3D vectors, so only expand 2D vertices.
+        const vertices = definition.vertices.map((vertex) => (vertex.dimensions === 2 ? VectorMath.expand2D(vertex) : vertex));
+        const buffers: EdgeBuffers = { vertexIndices: [], neighbors: [] };
+        for (const polyline of definition.polylines) {
+            assertVertexIndicesExist(polyline, vertices.length);
+            appendPolylineEdges(buffers, polyline);
+        }
+        return new WireframeModel(vertices, buffers);
+    }
+}
+
+function assertVertexIndicesExist(polyline: WireframePolyline, vertexCount: number): void {
+    const invalidIndex = polyline.vertexIndices.find((index) => !Number.isInteger(index) || index < 0 || index >= vertexCount);
+    if (invalidIndex !== undefined) {
+        throw new Error(`Wireframe polyline refers to vertex ${invalidIndex}, but the model has ${vertexCount} vertices`);
+    }
+}
+
+function appendPolylineEdges(buffers: EdgeBuffers, polyline: WireframePolyline): void {
+    const { vertexIndices, isClosed } = polyline;
+    if (vertexIndices.length < 2) return;
+    const firstEdge = buffers.vertexIndices.length / 2;
+    for (let index = 0; index < vertexIndices.length - 1; index++) {
+        buffers.vertexIndices.push(vertexIndices[index], vertexIndices[index + 1]);
+    }
+    const wrapsAround = isClosed && vertexIndices.length > 2;
+    if (wrapsAround) buffers.vertexIndices.push(vertexIndices[vertexIndices.length - 1], vertexIndices[0]);
+    const lastEdge = buffers.vertexIndices.length / 2 - 1;
+    for (let edge = firstEdge; edge <= lastEdge; edge++) {
+        const previousEdge = edge > firstEdge ? edge - 1 : wrapsAround ? lastEdge : NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT;
+        const nextEdge = edge < lastEdge ? edge + 1 : wrapsAround ? firstEdge : NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT;
+        buffers.neighbors.push(previousEdge, nextEdge);
+    }
+}
+
+export default WireframeModel;

package/src/WireframeProjector.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import { NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT, type ShapeGeometry } from "@vector-display/core";
+import { Angle, VectorMath, type Vector } from "es-vector-math";
+import type { WireframeModel } from "./WireframeModel.js";
+import type { ModelPlacement3D, PerspectiveCamera } from "./wireframeTypes.js";
+
+const START_CLIPPED = 1;
+const END_CLIPPED = 2;
+const INITIAL_EDGE_CAPACITY = 64;
+
+// Projects a wireframe into screen-space line segments. The returned geometry is this projector's reusable
+// buffer: add it to a display list before projecting the next model.
+export class WireframeProjector implements ShapeGeometry {
+    private camera: PerspectiveCamera;
+    private inverseYaw: Angle;
+    private inversePitch: Angle;
+    private coordinates = new Float32Array(INITIAL_EDGE_CAPACITY * 4);
+    private neighbors = new Int32Array(INITIAL_EDGE_CAPACITY * 2);
+    private visibleSegmentOfEdge = new Int32Array(INITIAL_EDGE_CAPACITY);
+    private clippedEndpointFlags = new Uint8Array(INITIAL_EDGE_CAPACITY);
+    private readonly cameraSpaceVertices: Vector[] = [];
+    private visibleSegmentCount = 0;
+
+    constructor(camera: PerspectiveCamera) {
+        this.camera = camera;
+        this.inverseYaw = Angle.fromRadians(-camera.yaw.radians);
+        this.inversePitch = Angle.fromRadians(-camera.pitch.radians);
+    }
+
+    public get segmentCoordinates(): Float32Array {
+        return this.coordinates;
+    }
+
+    public get segmentNeighbors(): Int32Array {
+        return this.neighbors;
+    }
+
+    public get segmentCount(): number {
+        return this.visibleSegmentCount;
+    }
+
+    public setCamera(camera: PerspectiveCamera): void {
+        this.camera = camera;
+        this.inverseYaw = Angle.fromRadians(-camera.yaw.radians);
+        this.inversePitch = Angle.fromRadians(-camera.pitch.radians);
+    }
+
+    public project(model: WireframeModel, placement: ModelPlacement3D): ShapeGeometry {
+        this.ensureCapacity(model.edgeCount);
+        this.transformVerticesToCameraSpace(model, placement);
+        this.writeVisibleEdges(model);
+        this.linkVisibleNeighbors(model);
+        return this;
+    }
+
+    private ensureCapacity(edgeCount: number): void {
+        if (edgeCount <= this.visibleSegmentOfEdge.length) return;
+        let capacity = this.visibleSegmentOfEdge.length;
+        while (capacity < edgeCount) capacity *= 2;
+        this.coordinates = new Float32Array(capacity * 4);
+        this.neighbors = new Int32Array(capacity * 2);
+        this.visibleSegmentOfEdge = new Int32Array(capacity);
+        this.clippedEndpointFlags = new Uint8Array(capacity);
+    }
+
+    private transformVerticesToCameraSpace(model: WireframeModel, placement: ModelPlacement3D): void {
+        const { position, rotationX, rotationY, rotationZ, scale } = placement;
+        this.cameraSpaceVertices.length = model.vertices.length;
+        model.vertices.forEach((vertex, vertexIndex) => {
+            const rotated = VectorMath.rotateXYZ(rotationX, rotationY, rotationZ, VectorMath.scale(scale, vertex));
+            const relativeToCamera = VectorMath.subtract(VectorMath.add(rotated, position), this.camera.position);
+            const cameraSpace = VectorMath.rotateX(this.inversePitch, VectorMath.rotateY(this.inverseYaw, relativeToCamera));
+            this.cameraSpaceVertices[vertexIndex] = cameraSpace;
+        });
+    }
+
+    private writeVisibleEdges(model: WireframeModel): void {
+        this.visibleSegmentCount = 0;
+        for (let edge = 0; edge < model.edgeCount; edge++) {
+            const start = this.cameraSpaceVertices[model.edgeVertexIndices[edge * 2]];
+            const end = this.cameraSpaceVertices[model.edgeVertexIndices[edge * 2 + 1]];
+            const isStartTooClose = this.depthFromEye(start) < this.camera.nearDistance;
+            const isEndTooClose = this.depthFromEye(end) < this.camera.nearDistance;
+            if (isStartTooClose && isEndTooClose) {
+                this.visibleSegmentOfEdge[edge] = NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT;
+                continue;
+            }
+            const visibleStart = isStartTooClose ? this.clipToNearPlane(end, start) : start;
+            const visibleEnd = isEndTooClose ? this.clipToNearPlane(start, end) : end;
+            const segment = this.visibleSegmentCount;
+            this.writeScreenPoint(segment * 4, visibleStart);
+            this.writeScreenPoint(segment * 4 + 2, visibleEnd);
+            this.clippedEndpointFlags[segment] = (isStartTooClose ? START_CLIPPED : 0) | (isEndTooClose ? END_CLIPPED : 0);
+            this.visibleSegmentOfEdge[edge] = segment;
+            this.visibleSegmentCount++;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // A clipped endpoint no longer meets its neighbor, so that joint is left unconnected.
+    private linkVisibleNeighbors(model: WireframeModel): void {
+        for (let edge = 0; edge < model.edgeCount; edge++) {
+            const segment = this.visibleSegmentOfEdge[edge];
+            if (segment === NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT) continue;
+            const previousSegment = this.findVisibleSegment(model.edgeNeighbors[edge * 2]);
+            const nextSegment = this.findVisibleSegment(model.edgeNeighbors[edge * 2 + 1]);
+            const flags = this.clippedEndpointFlags[segment];
+            const joinsPrevious =
+                previousSegment !== NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT &&
+                (flags & START_CLIPPED) === 0 &&
+                (this.clippedEndpointFlags[previousSegment] & END_CLIPPED) === 0;
+            const joinsNext =
+                nextSegment !== NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT &&
+                (flags & END_CLIPPED) === 0 &&
+                (this.clippedEndpointFlags[nextSegment] & START_CLIPPED) === 0;
+            this.neighbors[segment * 2] = joinsPrevious ? previousSegment : NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT;
+            this.neighbors[segment * 2 + 1] = joinsNext ? nextSegment : NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private findVisibleSegment(edge: number): number {
+        return edge === NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT ? NO_NEIGHBOR_SEGMENT : this.visibleSegmentOfEdge[edge];
+    }
+
+    private depthFromEye(cameraSpacePoint: Vector): number {
+        return (cameraSpacePoint.z ?? 0) + this.camera.viewDistance;
+    }
+
+    private clipToNearPlane(visiblePoint: Vector, hiddenPoint: Vector): Vector {
+        const visibleDepth = this.depthFromEye(visiblePoint);
+        const hiddenDepth = this.depthFromEye(hiddenPoint);
+        const fraction = (this.camera.nearDistance - visibleDepth) / (hiddenDepth - visibleDepth);
+        return VectorMath.add(visiblePoint, VectorMath.scale(fraction, VectorMath.subtract(hiddenPoint, visiblePoint)));
+    }
+
+    private writeScreenPoint(coordinateOffset: number, cameraSpacePoint: Vector): void {
+        const perspective = VectorMath.getPerspective(this.camera.viewDistance, cameraSpacePoint);
+        this.coordinates[coordinateOffset] = this.camera.screenCenterX + cameraSpacePoint.x * perspective;
+        this.coordinates[coordinateOffset + 1] = this.camera.screenCenterY - cameraSpacePoint.y * perspective;
+    }
+}
+
+export default WireframeProjector;

package/src/index.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+export { WireframeModel } from "./WireframeModel.js";
+export { WireframeProjector } from "./WireframeProjector.js";
+export { createBoxModel, createPyramidModel } from "./wireframePrimitives.js";
+export type { BoxDimensions, PyramidDimensions } from "./wireframePrimitives.js";
+export { DEFAULT_PERSPECTIVE_CAMERA, createModelPlacement } from "./wireframeTypes.js";
+export type { ModelPlacement3D, PerspectiveCamera, WireframeDefinition, WireframePolyline } from "./wireframeTypes.js";

package/src/wireframePrimitives.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import { Vector } from "es-vector-math";
+import { WireframeModel } from "./WireframeModel.js";
+
+export interface BoxDimensions {
+    readonly width: number;
+    readonly height: number;
+    readonly depth: number;
+}
+
+export interface PyramidDimensions {
+    readonly baseWidth: number;
+    readonly height: number;
+}
+
+// Centered on the origin.
+export function createBoxModel(dimensions: BoxDimensions): WireframeModel {
+    const halfWidth = dimensions.width / 2;
+    const halfHeight = dimensions.height / 2;
+    const halfDepth = dimensions.depth / 2;
+    const vertices = [-1, 1].flatMap((ySign) =>
+        [
+            [-1, -1],
+            [1, -1],
+            [1, 1],
+            [-1, 1],
+        ].map(([xSign, zSign]) => new Vector(xSign * halfWidth, ySign * halfHeight, zSign * halfDepth)),
+    );
+    return WireframeModel.fromDefinition({
+        vertices,
+        polylines: [
+            { vertexIndices: [0, 1, 2, 3], isClosed: true },
+            { vertexIndices: [4, 5, 6, 7], isClosed: true },
+            ...[0, 1, 2, 3].map((corner) => ({ vertexIndices: [corner, corner + 4], isClosed: false })),
+        ],
+    });
+}
+
+// Base centered on the origin, apex pointing up (+y).
+export function createPyramidModel(dimensions: PyramidDimensions): WireframeModel {
+    const halfBase = dimensions.baseWidth / 2;
+    const vertices = [
+        new Vector(-halfBase, 0, -halfBase),
+        new Vector(halfBase, 0, -halfBase),
+        new Vector(halfBase, 0, halfBase),
+        new Vector(-halfBase, 0, halfBase),
+        new Vector(0, dimensions.height, 0),
+    ];
+    return WireframeModel.fromDefinition({
+        vertices,
+        polylines: [
+            { vertexIndices: [0, 1, 2, 3], isClosed: true },
+            ...[0, 1, 2, 3].map((corner) => ({ vertexIndices: [corner, 4], isClosed: false })),
+        ],
+    });
+}

package/src/wireframeTypes.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import { Angle, Vector } from "es-vector-math";
+
+// 3D space: x right, y up, z forward (away from the viewer).
+export interface WireframePolyline {
+    readonly vertexIndices: readonly number[];
+    readonly isClosed: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface WireframeDefinition {
+    readonly vertices: readonly Vector[];
+    readonly polylines: readonly WireframePolyline[];
+}
+
+// Applied in order: scale, rotate (x, then y, then z, as in es-vector-math rotateXYZ), then move to position.
+export interface ModelPlacement3D {
+    readonly position: Vector;
+    readonly rotationX: Angle;
+    readonly rotationY: Angle;
+    readonly rotationZ: Angle;
+    readonly scale: number;
+}
+
+// Uses es-vector-math's perspective model: the eye sits viewDistance behind the projection plane at position,
+// so points on that plane (z = 0 relative to the camera) keep their size.
+export interface PerspectiveCamera {
+    readonly position: Vector;
+    // Positive yaw turns the view toward +x; positive pitch tilts it toward -y (down).
+    readonly yaw: Angle;
+    readonly pitch: Angle;
+    readonly viewDistance: number;
+    // Lines closer to the eye than this are clipped, so objects can pass beside or through the viewer.
+    readonly nearDistance: number;
+    readonly screenCenterX: number;
+    readonly screenCenterY: number;
+}
+
+export const DEFAULT_PERSPECTIVE_CAMERA: PerspectiveCamera = {
+    position: new Vector(0, 0, 0),
+    yaw: Angle.fromRadians(0),
+    pitch: Angle.fromRadians(0),
+    viewDistance: 400,
+    nearDistance: 1,
+    screenCenterX: 512,
+    screenCenterY: 384,
+};
+
+export function createModelPlacement(overrides: Partial<ModelPlacement3D>): ModelPlacement3D {
+    return {
+        position: new Vector(0, 0, 0),
+        rotationX: Angle.fromRadians(0),
+        rotationY: Angle.fromRadians(0),
+        rotationZ: Angle.fromRadians(0),
+        scale: 1,
+        ...overrides,
+    };
+}