@uuaid/pillar 0.2.0-alpha.13 → 0.2.0-alpha.16

package/src/blob/blob.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+/**
+ * Blob transport — the oversized-payload path for pillar envelopes.
+ *
+ * Inline envelopes are capped by the carrier tier ladder (community
+ * 512 KiB ... 2 MiB; identity/tier.mjs — those limits are NOT redefined
+ * here) and by ABSOLUTE_MAX_BODY as the direct hard cap on ANY send.
+ * Above the direct threshold the payload travels out-of-band instead:
+ *
+ *   1. ENCRYPT locally — a fresh random AES-256-GCM DEK per object and a
+ *      fresh 12-byte nonce.  The GCM AAD binds the ciphertext to the exact
+ *      envelope that will carry its reference:
+ *          jcs({ envelopeId, sender, recipient, object, v, expiry })
+ *      so a ciphertext cannot be transplanted into another envelope, sender,
+ *      recipient, object name, protocol version, or lifetime.
+ *   2. UPLOAD the ciphertext to a blob store (temporary-bucket semantics —
+ *      objects are ephemeral; expiry travels in the ref and is re-checked
+ *      on fetch).
+ *   3. SEND a signed blob-ref inside the normal sealed envelope.  The ref
+ *      carries DEK + content hash + size; its metadata view (what any
+ *      carrier-side log/telemetry may ever see) carries none of those.
+ *      The serialized ref must stay <= 4 KiB.
+ *   4. REDEEM on receipt: recipient checks the ref signature + expiry +
+ *      recipient binding, verifies the sender's registry key is ACTIVE,
+ *      fetches and hash-checks the object, redeems the broker challenge
+ *      (single-use), then decrypts.
+ *
+ * Error contract: every failure throws a typed BlobError subclass with a
+ * stable `.code` — blob-too-large, blob-expired, blob-not-found,
+ * blob-upload-failed, blob-fetch-failed, blob-integrity-failed,
+ * blob-ref-invalid, blob-broker-*, sender-key-not-active.
+ */
+import { createCipheriv, createDecipheriv, createHash, randomBytes } from "node:crypto";
+import { jcs } from "../identity/jcs.mjs";
+import { Keychain } from "../identity/keychain.mjs";
+import { ABSOLUTE_MAX_BODY, TIER_DEFAULTS } from "../identity/tier.mjs";
+
+export const BLOB_REF_V = 1;
+export const BLOB_KIND = "blob-ref";
+export const MAX_BLOB_REF_BYTES = 4096;              // serialized ref ceiling
+export const MAX_INLINE_BODY_BYTES = ABSOLUTE_MAX_BODY; // 2 MiB direct hard cap
+export const MAX_BLOB_OBJECT_BYTES = 50 * 1024 * 1024; // broker ciphertext cap
+export const MAX_BLOB_PLAINTEXT_BYTES = MAX_BLOB_OBJECT_BYTES - 16; // GCM tag rides with ciphertext
+export const DEFAULT_BLOB_TTL_MS = 24 * 3600 * 1000;
+export const DEFAULT_DIRECT_THRESHOLD_BYTES = 256_000;
+export const NONCE_BYTES = 12;
+export const DEK_BYTES = 32;
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------- errors ---
+export class BlobError extends Error {
+  constructor(code, message) { super(message ?? code); this.name = "BlobError"; this.code = code; }
+}
+export class BlobSizeError extends BlobError {
+  constructor(message, { size, max } = {}) { super("blob-too-large", message); this.size = size; this.max = max; }
+}
+export class BlobExpiryError extends BlobError {
+  constructor(message, expiry) { super("blob-expired", message); this.expiry = expiry; }
+}
+export class BlobNotFoundError extends BlobError {
+  constructor(object) { super("blob-not-found", `blob object not found: ${object}`); this.object = object; }
+}
+export class BlobUploadError extends BlobError {
+  constructor(message, cause = null) { super("blob-upload-failed", message); this.cause = cause; }
+}
+export class BlobFetchError extends BlobError {
+  constructor(message, cause = null) { super("blob-fetch-failed", message); this.cause = cause; }
+}
+export class BlobIntegrityError extends BlobError {
+  constructor(message) { super("blob-integrity-failed", message); }
+}
+export class BlobRefError extends BlobError {
+  constructor(message) { super("blob-ref-invalid", message); }
+}
+export class BlobBrokerError extends BlobError {
+  constructor(code, message, status = null) { super(code, message); this.status = status; }
+}
+export class BlobSenderKeyError extends BlobError {
+  constructor(message, sender, status) { super("sender-key-not-active", message); this.sender = sender; this.status = status; }
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------- crypto -----
+const HEX = { dek: 64, nonce: 24, hash: 64 }; // expected hex lengths
+
+/**
+ * Deterministic AAD: binds one ciphertext to exactly one envelope context.
+ * Every field is mandatory — a missing binding is a refusal, not a default.
+ */
+export function blobAad({ envelopeId, sender, recipient, object, v, expiry }) {
+  for (const [k, val] of Object.entries({ envelopeId, sender, recipient, object, expiry })) {
+    if (typeof val !== "string" || !val) throw new BlobRefError(`blob AAD: field "${k}" required`);
+  }
+  if (!Number.isInteger(v)) throw new BlobRefError("blob AAD: field \"v\" required");
+  return jcs({ envelopeId, sender, recipient, object, v, expiry });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Encrypt plaintext under a fresh per-object AES-256-GCM DEK.
+ * Returns Buffers { dek (32 B), nonce (12 B), ct, tag (16 B) }.
+ */
+export function encryptBlob(plaintext, ctx, { nonce = null } = {}) {
+  const buf = Buffer.isBuffer(plaintext) ? plaintext : Buffer.from(plaintext);
+  const aad = blobAad(ctx);
+  const dek = randomBytes(DEK_BYTES);
+  const nv = nonce ?? randomBytes(NONCE_BYTES);
+  if (nv.length !== NONCE_BYTES) throw new BlobRefError(`blob nonce must be ${NONCE_BYTES} bytes`);
+  const cipher = createCipheriv("aes-256-gcm", dek, nv);
+  cipher.setAAD(Buffer.from(aad, "utf-8"));
+  const ct = Buffer.concat([cipher.update(buf), cipher.final()]);
+  return { dek, nonce: nv, ct, tag: cipher.getAuthTag() };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Decrypt; throws BlobIntegrityError on ANY AAD/key/tag mismatch.
+ * `secret` fields may be Buffers or hex strings.
+ */
+export function decryptBlob({ dek, nonce, ct, tag = null }, ctx) {
+  const aad = blobAad(ctx);
+  try {
+    const stored = Buffer.from(ct, "hex");
+    const ciphertext = tag == null ? stored.subarray(0, stored.length - 16) : stored;
+    const authTag = tag == null ? stored.subarray(stored.length - 16) : Buffer.from(tag, "hex");
+    if (authTag.length !== 16) throw new Error("ciphertext is missing the GCM tag");
+    const d = createDecipheriv("aes-256-gcm", Buffer.from(dek, "hex"), Buffer.from(nonce, "hex"));
+    d.setAAD(Buffer.from(aad, "utf-8"));
+    d.setAuthTag(authTag);
+    return Buffer.concat([d.update(ciphertext), d.final()]);
+  } catch (e) {
+    throw new BlobIntegrityError(`blob integrity check failed: ${e.message}`);
+  }
+}
+
+export function contentHash(buf) {
+  return createHash("sha256").update(buf).digest("hex");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Unguessable upload token for a blob object.  Deliberately NOT content-
+ * addressed: the AAD must bind the object name before the ciphertext exists
+ * (no derivation cycle), and a content digest in the store key would leak a
+ * guessable plaintext's fingerprint to the store operator.
+ */
+export function mkObjectName() {
+  return randomBytes(32).toString("hex");
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------------ refs ---
+function refSignable(ref) {
+  const { sig, ...rest } = ref;
+  return jcs(rest);
+}
+
+/** Sign a blob-ref body with the loaded keychain (sender identity). */
+export function signBlobRef(keychain, ref) {
+  if (!keychain?._identity) throw new Error("signBlobRef: keychain not loaded");
+  ref.sig = {
+    alg: "ed25519",
+    publicKey: keychain._identity.publicKeyHex,
+    signature: keychain.sign(Buffer.from(refSignable(ref), "utf-8")).toString("hex"),
+  };
+  return ref;
+}
+
+export function verifyBlobRefSig(ref) {
+  const sig = ref?.sig;
+  if (!sig || sig.alg !== "ed25519") return false;
+  if (!/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/i.test(sig.publicKey ?? "") || !/^[0-9a-f]{128}$/i.test(sig.signature ?? "")) return false;
+  try {
+    return Keychain.verifyDetached(sig.publicKey, Buffer.from(refSignable(ref), "utf-8"), Buffer.from(sig.signature, "hex"));
+  } catch (_e) { return false; }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Metadata view of a ref — safe for carrier-side logs/telemetry.
+ * Deliberately drops DEK, nonce, object id, hash and signature. This view is
+ * safe for counters only; the opaque capability never enters logs/telemetry.
+ */
+export function blobRefMetadata(ref) {
+  return {
+    v: ref.v,
+    kind: ref.kind,
+    size: ref.size,
+    plaintextSize: ref.plaintextSize,
+    expiry: ref.expiry,
+    createdAt: ref.createdAt,
+  };
+}
+
+/** Secret material of a ref — what only the sealed envelope may carry. */
+export function blobRefSecret(ref) {
+  return { dek: ref.dek, nonce: ref.nonce };
+}
+
+export function refSerializedBytes(ref) {
+  return Buffer.byteLength(JSON.stringify(ref), "utf-8");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build + encrypt + sign a blob-ref for one plaintext payload.
+ * Returns { ref, metadata, ct, ctx }.  Ref is rejected if it would
+ * serialize above MAX_BLOB_REF_BYTES.
+ */
+export function makeBlobRef(keychain, { envelopeId, recipient, plaintext, ttlMs = DEFAULT_BLOB_TTL_MS, now = Date.now(), challengeId = null, objectId = null, broker = null }) {
+  const sender = keychain._identity?.uuaid;
+  if (!sender) throw new Error("makeBlobRef: keychain not loaded");
+  const buf = Buffer.isBuffer(plaintext) ? plaintext : Buffer.from(plaintext);
+  const object = objectId ?? mkObjectName();
+  const expiry = new Date(now + ttlMs).toISOString();
+  const ctx = { envelopeId, sender, recipient, object, v: BLOB_REF_V, expiry };
+  const { dek, nonce, ct, tag } = encryptBlob(buf, ctx);
+  const stored = Buffer.concat([ct, tag]);
+  // Hash covers every STORED byte, including the GCM tag — checkable before decrypt.
+  const hash = contentHash(stored);
+  const ref = {
+    v: BLOB_REF_V,
+    kind: BLOB_KIND,
+    envelopeId,
+    sender,
+    recipient,
+    object,
+    hash,
+    size: stored.length,
+    plaintextSize: buf.length,
+    dek: dek.toString("hex"),
+    nonce: nonce.toString("hex"),
+    ...(broker ? { broker } : {}),
+    expiry,
+    createdAt: new Date(now).toISOString(),
+    ...(challengeId ? { challengeId } : {}),
+  };
+  signBlobRef(keychain, ref);
+  const bytes = refSerializedBytes(ref);
+  if (bytes > MAX_BLOB_REF_BYTES) {
+    throw new BlobRefError(`blob-ref serializes to ${bytes}B > ${MAX_BLOB_REF_BYTES}B ceiling`);
+  }
+  return { ref, metadata: blobRefMetadata(ref), ct: stored, ctx };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Structural + temporal validation of a received ref.  Throws typed errors.
+ * `recipient` (when given) must match ref.recipient; `now` injectable for
+ * tests.
+ */
+export function validateBlobRef(ref, { recipient = null, now = Date.now() } = {}) {
+  if (!ref || typeof ref !== "object") throw new BlobRefError("blob-ref: not an object");
+  if (ref.v !== BLOB_REF_V) throw new BlobRefError(`blob-ref: unsupported v ${ref.v}`);
+  if (ref.kind !== BLOB_KIND) throw new BlobRefError(`blob-ref: unexpected kind ${ref.kind}`);
+  for (const [k, len] of Object.entries(HEX)) {
+    if (typeof ref[k] !== "string" || !new RegExp(`^[0-9a-f]{${len}}$`, "i").test(ref[k])) {
+      throw new BlobRefError(`blob-ref: bad ${k}`);
+    }
+  }
+  for (const k of ["envelopeId", "sender", "recipient", "object"]) {
+    if (typeof ref[k] !== "string" || !ref[k]) throw new BlobRefError(`blob-ref: missing ${k}`);
+  }
+  if (!/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/.test(ref.object)) throw new BlobRefError("blob-ref: object must be a 256-bit opaque id");
+  if (ref.broker !== undefined) {
+    let broker;
+    try { broker = new URL(ref.broker); } catch (_error) { throw new BlobRefError("blob-ref: invalid broker URL"); }
+    if (broker.protocol !== "https:" && broker.hostname !== "127.0.0.1" && broker.hostname !== "localhost") {
+      throw new BlobRefError("blob-ref: broker must use HTTPS");
+    }
+  }
+  if (!Number.isInteger(ref.size) || ref.size <= 16 || ref.size > MAX_BLOB_OBJECT_BYTES) {
+    throw new BlobRefError(`blob-ref: bad size ${ref.size}`);
+  }
+  if (!Number.isInteger(ref.plaintextSize) || ref.plaintextSize <= 0 || ref.plaintextSize !== ref.size - 16) {
+    throw new BlobRefError(`blob-ref: bad plaintextSize ${ref.plaintextSize}`);
+  }
+  const exp = Date.parse(ref.expiry);
+  if (!Number.isFinite(exp)) throw new BlobRefError("blob-ref: bad expiry");
+  if (exp < now) throw new BlobExpiryError(`blob-ref expired at ${ref.expiry}`, ref.expiry);
+  if (!verifyBlobRefSig(ref)) throw new BlobRefError("blob-ref: signature invalid");
+  if (recipient && ref.recipient !== recipient) {
+    throw new BlobRefError(`blob-ref: addressed to ${ref.recipient}, not ${recipient}`);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------- size decisions ----
+export function envelopeBodyBytes(envelope) {
+  return Buffer.byteLength(JSON.stringify(envelope), "utf-8");
+}
+
+/**
+ * Exact preflight against the carrier limits — tier inline limit first,
+ * then the 2 MiB direct hard cap, which no tier grant can raise.
+ * Returns { ok, bytes, limit, source: "ok"|"tier"|"direct-cap" }.
+ */
+export function preflightBodyBytes(bodyBytes, { tier = "community", maxBodyBytes = null } = {}) {
+  const tierLimit = maxBodyBytes ?? (TIER_DEFAULTS[tier]?.maxBodyBytes ?? TIER_DEFAULTS.community.maxBodyBytes);
+  const bytes = Number.isInteger(bodyBytes) ? bodyBytes : -1;
+  if (bytes > MAX_INLINE_BODY_BYTES) return { ok: false, bytes, limit: MAX_INLINE_BODY_BYTES, source: "direct-cap" };
+  if (bytes > tierLimit) return { ok: false, bytes, limit: tierLimit, source: "tier" };
+  return { ok: true, bytes, limit: Math.min(tierLimit, MAX_INLINE_BODY_BYTES), source: "ok" };
+}
+
+/** Inline-vs-blob decision for a payload of `dataBytes` plaintext. */
+export function chooseTransport(dataBytes, { directThresholdBytes = DEFAULT_DIRECT_THRESHOLD_BYTES } = {}) {
+  return dataBytes <= directThresholdBytes ? "inline" : "blob";
+}
+
+// ------------------------------------------------------------- flows -------
+/**
+ * SEND side (client half).  Order is deliberate:
+ *   broker.reserve -> encrypt+sign ref -> store.put -> broker.finalize
+ * An upload failure surfaces as BlobUploadError BEFORE finalize, so a
+ * challenge is never finalized for an object that did not land.
+ */
+export async function prepareBlobSend(keychain, { data, envelopeId, recipient, ttlMs = DEFAULT_BLOB_TTL_MS, now = Date.now(), store, broker = null }) {
+  const buf = Buffer.isBuffer(data) ? data : Buffer.from(data);
+  if (buf.length > MAX_BLOB_PLAINTEXT_BYTES) {
+    throw new BlobSizeError(`blob payload ${buf.length}B exceeds the ${MAX_BLOB_PLAINTEXT_BYTES}B plaintext cap`, { size: buf.length, max: MAX_BLOB_PLAINTEXT_BYTES });
+  }
+  if (!store) throw new BlobError("no-store", "prepareBlobSend: a blob store is required");
+  let challengeId = null;
+  if (broker) {
+    const reserved = await broker.reserve({ sender: keychain._identity.uuaid, recipient, size: buf.length + 16 });
+    challengeId = reserved.challengeId;
+  }
+  const { ref, metadata, ct, ctx } = makeBlobRef(keychain, { envelopeId, recipient, plaintext: buf, ttlMs, now, challengeId });
+  try {
+    await store.put(ref.object, ct);
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof BlobError) throw e;
+    throw new BlobUploadError(`blob upload failed for ${ref.object}: ${e.message}`, e);
+  }
+  if (broker) await broker.finalize({ challengeId, object: ref.object, hash: ref.hash, size: ref.size });
+  return { ref, metadata, ctx, size: buf.length, hash: ref.hash, object: ref.object };
+}
+
+/**
+ * RECEIVE side.  Gate order: ref validation (sig/expiry/recipient) ->
+ * registry-active sender key check -> fetch -> content-hash check ->
+ * broker redemption (single-use, only after every prior gate passed) ->
+ * decrypt -> size check.
+ */
+export async function fetchAndDecryptBlob({ ref, store, envelopeId, now = Date.now(), broker = null, senderKeyCheck = null }) {
+  validateBlobRef(ref, { recipient: null, now });
+  if (typeof ref.envelopeId === "string" && envelopeId && ref.envelopeId !== envelopeId) {
+    throw new BlobRefError(`blob-ref bound to envelope ${ref.envelopeId}, received in ${envelopeId}`);
+  }
+  // Registry-active sender key gate — BEFORE any redemption burns.
+  if (senderKeyCheck) {
+    const status = await senderKeyCheck(ref.sender, ref.sig?.publicKey);
+    if (status !== "active") {
+      throw new BlobSenderKeyError(`sender key for ${ref.sender} is ${status ?? "unknown"}, not active — refusing redemption`, ref.sender, status);
+    }
+  }
+  let ct;
+  try {
+    ct = await store.get(ref.object);
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof BlobError) throw e;
+    throw new BlobFetchError(`blob fetch failed for ${ref.object}: ${e.message}`, e);
+  }
+  if (ct == null) throw new BlobNotFoundError(ref.object);
+  if (contentHash(ct) !== ref.hash) {
+    throw new BlobIntegrityError(`blob content hash mismatch for ${ref.object}`);
+  }
+  if (broker && ref.challengeId) await broker.redeem({ challengeId: ref.challengeId });
+  const data = decryptBlob({ ...blobRefSecret(ref), ct: Buffer.from(ct).toString("hex") }, {
+    envelopeId: ref.envelopeId, sender: ref.sender, recipient: ref.recipient,
+    object: ref.object, v: ref.v, expiry: ref.expiry,
+  });
+  if (data.length !== ref.plaintextSize) {
+    throw new BlobIntegrityError(`blob size mismatch: decrypted ${data.length}B, ref says ${ref.plaintextSize}B`);
+  }
+  return { data, object: ref.object, hash: ref.hash, size: ref.size };
+}
+
+/** Production send path through the recipient-authenticated UUAID HTTP broker. */
+export async function prepareBrokerBlobSend(keychain, { data, envelopeId, recipient, ttlMs = DEFAULT_BLOB_TTL_MS, now = Date.now(), client }) {
+  if (!client) throw new BlobError("no-broker-client", "prepareBrokerBlobSend: broker client required");
+  const buf = Buffer.isBuffer(data) ? data : Buffer.from(data);
+  if (buf.length > MAX_BLOB_PLAINTEXT_BYTES) {
+    throw new BlobSizeError(`blob payload ${buf.length}B exceeds the ${MAX_BLOB_PLAINTEXT_BYTES}B plaintext cap`, { size: buf.length, max: MAX_BLOB_PLAINTEXT_BYTES });
+  }
+  const challenge = await client.challenge("reserve");
+  const prepared = makeBlobRef(keychain, {
+    envelopeId,
+    recipient,
+    plaintext: buf,
+    ttlMs,
+    now,
+    objectId: challenge.object_id,
+    broker: client.baseUrl,
+  });
+  const reserved = await client.reserve(challenge, {
+    recipient,
+    ciphertextSha256: prepared.ref.hash,
+    ciphertextBytes: prepared.ref.size,
+    expiresAt: prepared.ref.expiry,
+  });
+  if (reserved.object_id !== prepared.ref.object || reserved.expires_at !== prepared.ref.expiry) {
+    throw new BlobIntegrityError("broker reservation does not match the prepared blob-ref");
+  }
+  await client.upload(reserved.upload, prepared.ct);
+  const finalized = await client.finalize(prepared.ref.object);
+  client.crossCheckRedemption(prepared.ref, finalized.blob_ref);
+  return { ...prepared, size: buf.length, hash: prepared.ref.hash, object: prepared.ref.object };
+}
+
+/** Production receive path; registry verification precedes broker redemption. */
+export async function fetchBrokerBlob({ ref, envelopeId, recipient, now = Date.now(), client }) {
+  if (!client) throw new BlobError("no-broker-client", "fetchBrokerBlob: broker client required");
+  validateBlobRef(ref, { recipient, now });
+  if (ref.envelopeId !== envelopeId) throw new BlobRefError("blob-ref envelope binding mismatch");
+  if (ref.broker !== client.baseUrl) throw new BlobRefError("blob-ref broker binding mismatch");
+  await client.assertRegistryActiveSender(ref.sender, ref.sig?.publicKey);
+  const redeemed = await client.redeem(ref.object);
+  client.crossCheckRedemption(ref, redeemed.blob);
+  const stored = await client.download(redeemed.download);
+  if (stored.length !== ref.size) throw new BlobIntegrityError(`blob ciphertext size mismatch: ${stored.length}B != ${ref.size}B`);
+  if (contentHash(stored) !== ref.hash) throw new BlobIntegrityError("blob ciphertext hash mismatch");
+  const data = decryptBlob({ ...blobRefSecret(ref), ct: stored.toString("hex") }, {
+    envelopeId: ref.envelopeId,
+    sender: ref.sender,
+    recipient: ref.recipient,
+    object: ref.object,
+    v: ref.v,
+    expiry: ref.expiry,
+  });
+  if (data.length !== ref.plaintextSize) {
+    throw new BlobIntegrityError(`blob plaintext size mismatch: ${data.length}B != ${ref.plaintextSize}B`);
+  }
+  return { data, object: ref.object, hash: ref.hash, size: ref.plaintextSize };
+}

package/src/blob/broker.mjs

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/**
+ * Blob challenge broker — single-use redemption tickets for blob transport.
+ *
+ * Flow: reserve (sender announces an upload) -> finalize (upload landed,
+ * challenge is armed) -> redeem (recipient burns it exactly once, and only
+ * after the registry-active sender key check passed).  A challenge that was
+ * never finalized, was already redeemed, or whose holder key is no longer
+ * active is refused — the redeem counter is the anti-replay guard.
+ *
+ * DEV/TEST ONLY. Production uses PillarBlobHttpClient with the UUAID broker;
+ * this in-memory implementation exists for deterministic local tests.
+ */
+import { appendFileSync, existsSync, readFileSync } from "node:fs";
+import { randomBytes } from "node:crypto";
+import { BlobBrokerError } from "./blob.mjs";
+
+export class InMemoryChallengeBroker {
+  constructor({ reserveTtlMs = 5 * 60 * 1000, now = () => Date.now() } = {}) {
+    this.reserveTtlMs = reserveTtlMs;
+    this.now = now;
+    this.challenges = new Map(); // challengeId -> record
+  }
+
+  /** Step 1: sender announces an upload; the challenge starts un-finalized. */
+  async reserve({ sender, recipient, size }) {
+    if (!sender) throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-bad-request", "reserve: sender required");
+    if (!Number.isInteger(size) || size <= 0) throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-bad-request", "reserve: size required");
+    const challengeId = `blob-ch-${this.now().toString(36)}-${randomBytes(8).toString("hex")}`;
+    this.challenges.set(challengeId, {
+      sender, recipient: recipient ?? null, size,
+      reservedAt: this.now(), expiresAt: this.now() + this.reserveTtlMs,
+      state: "reserved", object: null, hash: null, redeemedAt: null,
+    });
+    return { challengeId, expiresAt: this.now() + this.reserveTtlMs };
+  }
+
+  /** Step 2: the upload landed — arm the challenge for redemption. */
+  async finalize({ challengeId, object, hash, size }) {
+    const rec = this.challenges.get(challengeId);
+    if (!rec) throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-not-found", `finalize: unknown challenge ${challengeId}`, 404);
+    if (rec.state !== "reserved") throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-bad-state", `finalize: challenge is ${rec.state}`);
+    if (typeof object !== "string" || !object) throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-bad-request", "finalize: object required");
+    if (typeof hash !== "string" || !/^[0-9a-f]{64}$/i.test(hash)) throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-bad-request", "finalize: hash required");
+    if (!Number.isInteger(size) || size <= 0 || size !== rec.size) {
+      throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-bad-request", `finalize: size ${size} != reserved ${rec.size}`);
+    }
+    rec.object = object; rec.hash = hash.toLowerCase(); rec.state = "finalized"; rec.finalizedAt = this.now();
+    return { challengeId, state: rec.state };
+  }
+
+  /** Step 3: single-use redemption.  Throws on replay, expiry, bad state. */
+  async redeem({ challengeId, object = null, hash = null, sender = null, now = null }) {
+    const rec = this.challenges.get(challengeId);
+    if (!rec) throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-not-found", `redeem: unknown challenge ${challengeId}`, 404);
+    if (rec.state === "redeemed") {
+      throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-already-redeemed", `challenge ${challengeId} already redeemed at ${rec.redeemedAt}`, 409);
+    }
+    if (rec.state !== "finalized") {
+      throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-not-finalized", `challenge ${challengeId} never finalized (state ${rec.state})`, 409);
+    }
+    const t = now ?? this.now();
+    if (rec.expiresAt < t) {
+      throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-expired", `challenge ${challengeId} expired at ${new Date(rec.expiresAt).toISOString()}`, 410);
+    }
+    if (object && object !== rec.object) throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-mismatch", "redeem: object mismatch", 400);
+    if (hash && hash.toLowerCase() !== rec.hash) throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-mismatch", "redeem: hash mismatch", 400);
+    if (sender && sender !== rec.sender) throw new BlobBrokerError("blob-broker-mismatch", "redeem: sender mismatch", 400);
+    rec.state = "redeemed"; rec.redeemedAt = t;
+    return { challengeId, redeemedAt: t, object: rec.object, sender: rec.sender };
+  }
+
+  /** Inspection only — never a substitute for redeem(). */
+  state(challengeId) { return this.challenges.get(challengeId) ?? null; }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Append-only JSONL journal on top of the in-memory broker.  The journal IS
+ * the persistence: construction replays it, so a CLI `put` in one process and
+ * `get` (redemption) in another share the same challenge ledger.
+ */
+export class JournalingBlobBroker extends InMemoryChallengeBroker {
+  constructor({ journalPath = null, ...rest } = {}) {
+    super(rest);
+    this.journalPath = journalPath;
+    this.journal = [];
+    if (journalPath && existsSync(journalPath)) this._replay(journalPath);
+  }
+  _replay(path) {
+    for (const line of readFileSync(path, "utf-8").split("\n")) {
+      if (!line.trim()) continue;
+      let e;
+      try { e = JSON.parse(line); } catch (_err) { continue; }
+      this.journal.push(e);
+      const cid = e.challengeId;
+      if (e.op === "reserve") {
+        this.challenges.set(cid, {
+          sender: e.sender, recipient: e.recipient ?? null, size: e.size,
+          reservedAt: e.at, expiresAt: e.expiresAt,
+          state: "reserved", object: null, hash: null, redeemedAt: null,
+        });
+      } else if (e.op === "finalize") {
+        const rec = this.challenges.get(cid);
+        if (rec) { rec.object = e.object; rec.hash = e.hash; rec.state = "finalized"; rec.finalizedAt = e.at; }
+      } else if (e.op === "redeem") {
+        const rec = this.challenges.get(cid);
+        if (rec) { rec.state = "redeemed"; rec.redeemedAt = e.at; }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  async reserve(o) {
+    const r = await super.reserve(o);
+    this._log({ op: "reserve", challengeId: r.challengeId, sender: o.sender, recipient: o.recipient ?? null, size: o.size, expiresAt: r.expiresAt, at: this.now() });
+    return r;
+  }
+  async finalize(o) {
+    const r = await super.finalize(o);
+    this._log({ op: "finalize", challengeId: o.challengeId, object: o.object, hash: o.hash, at: this.now() });
+    return r;
+  }
+  async redeem(o) {
+    const r = await super.redeem(o);
+    this._log({ op: "redeem", challengeId: o.challengeId, sender: r.sender, at: r.redeemedAt });
+    return r;
+  }
+  _log(entry) {
+    this.journal.push(entry);
+    if (this.journalPath) appendFileSync(this.journalPath, `${JSON.stringify(entry)}\n`, { mode: 0o600 });
+  }
+}