@unidy.io/sdk 1.1.9 → 1.1.10

package/dist/components/i18n.js

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import { Build } from '@stencil/core/internal/client';
-import { o as onChange, u as unidyState } from './unidy-store.js';
 import { i as i18nLogger } from './logger.js';
+import { o as onChange, u as unidyState } from './unidy-store.js';
 
 const isString = obj => typeof obj === 'string';
 const defer = () => {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ const setPath = (object, path, newValue) => {
     e = `${p[p.length - 1]}.${e}`;
     p = p.slice(0, p.length - 1);
     last = getLastOfPath(object, p, Object);
-    if (last && last.obj && typeof last.obj[`${last.k}.${e}`] !== 'undefined') {
+    if (last?.obj && typeof last.obj[`${last.k}.${e}`] !== 'undefined') {
       last.obj = undefined;
     }
   }
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ const getPath = (object, path) => {
     k
   } = getLastOfPath(object, path);
   if (!obj) return undefined;
+  if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, k)) return undefined;
   return obj[k];
 };
 const getPathWithDefaults = (data, defaultData, key) => {
@@ -159,10 +160,12 @@ const looksLikeObjectPath = (key, nsSeparator, keySeparator) => {
   }
   return matched;
 };
-const deepFind = function (obj, path) {
-  let keySeparator = arguments.length > 2 && arguments[2] !== undefined ? arguments[2] : '.';
+const deepFind = (obj, path, keySeparator = '.') => {
   if (!obj) return undefined;
-  if (obj[path]) return obj[path];
+  if (obj[path]) {
+    if (!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(obj, path)) return undefined;
+    return obj[path];
+  }
   const tokens = path.split(keySeparator);
   let current = obj;
   for (let i = 0; i < tokens.length;) {
@@ -189,7 +192,7 @@ const deepFind = function (obj, path) {
   }
   return current;
 };
-const getCleanedCode = code => code && code.replace('_', '-');
+const getCleanedCode = code => code?.replace('_', '-');
 
 const consoleLogger = {
   type: 'logger',
@@ -203,43 +206,29 @@ const consoleLogger = {
     this.output('error', args);
   },
   output(type, args) {
-    if (console && console[type]) console[type].apply(console, args);
+    console?.[type]?.apply?.(console, args);
   }
 };
 class Logger {
-  constructor(concreteLogger) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};
+  constructor(concreteLogger, options = {}) {
     this.init(concreteLogger, options);
   }
-  init(concreteLogger) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};
+  init(concreteLogger, options = {}) {
     this.prefix = options.prefix || 'i18next:';
     this.logger = concreteLogger || consoleLogger;
     this.options = options;
     this.debug = options.debug;
   }
-  log() {
-    for (var _len = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len), _key = 0; _key < _len; _key++) {
-      args[_key] = arguments[_key];
-    }
+  log(...args) {
     return this.forward(args, 'log', '', true);
   }
-  warn() {
-    for (var _len2 = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len2), _key2 = 0; _key2 < _len2; _key2++) {
-      args[_key2] = arguments[_key2];
-    }
+  warn(...args) {
     return this.forward(args, 'warn', '', true);
   }
-  error() {
-    for (var _len3 = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len3), _key3 = 0; _key3 < _len3; _key3++) {
-      args[_key3] = arguments[_key3];
-    }
+  error(...args) {
     return this.forward(args, 'error', '');
   }
-  deprecate() {
-    for (var _len4 = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len4), _key4 = 0; _key4 < _len4; _key4++) {
-      args[_key4] = arguments[_key4];
-    }
+  deprecate(...args) {
     return this.forward(args, 'warn', 'WARNING DEPRECATED: ', true);
   }
   forward(args, lvl, prefix, debugOnly) {
@@ -283,14 +272,10 @@ class EventEmitter {
     }
     this.observers[event].delete(listener);
   }
-  emit(event) {
-    for (var _len = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len > 1 ? _len - 1 : 0), _key = 1; _key < _len; _key++) {
-      args[_key - 1] = arguments[_key];
-    }
+  emit(event, ...args) {
     if (this.observers[event]) {
       const cloned = Array.from(this.observers[event].entries());
-      cloned.forEach(_ref => {
-        let [observer, numTimesAdded] = _ref;
+      cloned.forEach(([observer, numTimesAdded]) => {
         for (let i = 0; i < numTimesAdded; i++) {
           observer(...args);
         }
@@ -298,8 +283,7 @@ class EventEmitter {
     }
     if (this.observers['*']) {
       const cloned = Array.from(this.observers['*'].entries());
-      cloned.forEach(_ref2 => {
-        let [observer, numTimesAdded] = _ref2;
+      cloned.forEach(([observer, numTimesAdded]) => {
         for (let i = 0; i < numTimesAdded; i++) {
           observer.apply(observer, [event, ...args]);
         }
@@ -309,11 +293,10 @@ class EventEmitter {
 }
 
 class ResourceStore extends EventEmitter {
-  constructor(data) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {
-      ns: ['translation'],
-      defaultNS: 'translation'
-    };
+  constructor(data, options = {
+    ns: ['translation'],
+    defaultNS: 'translation'
+  }) {
     super();
     this.data = data || {};
     this.options = options;
@@ -335,8 +318,7 @@ class ResourceStore extends EventEmitter {
       this.options.ns.splice(index, 1);
     }
   }
-  getResource(lng, ns, key) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 3 && arguments[3] !== undefined ? arguments[3] : {};
+  getResource(lng, ns, key, options = {}) {
     const keySeparator = options.keySeparator !== undefined ? options.keySeparator : this.options.keySeparator;
     const ignoreJSONStructure = options.ignoreJSONStructure !== undefined ? options.ignoreJSONStructure : this.options.ignoreJSONStructure;
     let path;
@@ -361,12 +343,11 @@ class ResourceStore extends EventEmitter {
       key = path.slice(2).join('.');
     }
     if (result || !ignoreJSONStructure || !isString(key)) return result;
-    return deepFind(this.data && this.data[lng] && this.data[lng][ns], key, keySeparator);
+    return deepFind(this.data?.[lng]?.[ns], key, keySeparator);
   }
-  addResource(lng, ns, key, value) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 4 && arguments[4] !== undefined ? arguments[4] : {
-      silent: false
-    };
+  addResource(lng, ns, key, value, options = {
+    silent: false
+  }) {
     const keySeparator = options.keySeparator !== undefined ? options.keySeparator : this.options.keySeparator;
     let path = [lng, ns];
     if (key) path = path.concat(keySeparator ? key.split(keySeparator) : key);
@@ -379,10 +360,9 @@ class ResourceStore extends EventEmitter {
     setPath(this.data, path, value);
     if (!options.silent) this.emit('added', lng, ns, key, value);
   }
-  addResources(lng, ns, resources) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 3 && arguments[3] !== undefined ? arguments[3] : {
-      silent: false
-    };
+  addResources(lng, ns, resources, options = {
+    silent: false
+  }) {
     for (const m in resources) {
       if (isString(resources[m]) || Array.isArray(resources[m])) this.addResource(lng, ns, m, resources[m], {
         silent: true
@@ -390,11 +370,10 @@ class ResourceStore extends EventEmitter {
     }
     if (!options.silent) this.emit('added', lng, ns, resources);
   }
-  addResourceBundle(lng, ns, resources, deep, overwrite) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 5 && arguments[5] !== undefined ? arguments[5] : {
-      silent: false,
-      skipCopy: false
-    };
+  addResourceBundle(lng, ns, resources, deep, overwrite, options = {
+    silent: false,
+    skipCopy: false
+  }) {
     let path = [lng, ns];
     if (lng.indexOf('.') > -1) {
       path = lng.split('.');
@@ -428,10 +407,6 @@ class ResourceStore extends EventEmitter {
   }
   getResourceBundle(lng, ns) {
     if (!ns) ns = this.options.defaultNS;
-    if (this.options.compatibilityAPI === 'v1') return {
-      ...{},
-      ...this.getResource(lng, ns)
-    };
     return this.getResource(lng, ns);
   }
   getDataByLanguage(lng) {
@@ -454,16 +429,37 @@ var postProcessor = {
   },
   handle(processors, value, key, options, translator) {
     processors.forEach(processor => {
-      if (this.processors[processor]) value = this.processors[processor].process(value, key, options, translator);
+      value = this.processors[processor]?.process(value, key, options, translator) ?? value;
     });
     return value;
   }
 };
 
+const PATH_KEY = Symbol('i18next/PATH_KEY');
+function createProxy() {
+  const state = [];
+  const handler = Object.create(null);
+  let proxy;
+  handler.get = (target, key) => {
+    proxy?.revoke?.();
+    if (key === PATH_KEY) return state;
+    state.push(key);
+    proxy = Proxy.revocable(target, handler);
+    return proxy.proxy;
+  };
+  return Proxy.revocable(Object.create(null), handler).proxy;
+}
+function keysFromSelector(selector, opts) {
+  const {
+    [PATH_KEY]: path
+  } = selector(createProxy());
+  return path.join(opts?.keySeparator ?? '.');
+}
+
 const checkedLoadedFor = {};
+const shouldHandleAsObject = res => !isString(res) && typeof res !== 'boolean' && typeof res !== 'number';
 class Translator extends EventEmitter {
-  constructor(services) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};
+  constructor(services, options = {}) {
     super();
     copy(['resourceStore', 'languageUtils', 'pluralResolver', 'interpolator', 'backendConnector', 'i18nFormat', 'utils'], services, this);
     this.options = options;
@@ -475,23 +471,28 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
   changeLanguage(lng) {
     if (lng) this.language = lng;
   }
-  exists(key) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {
-      interpolation: {}
+  exists(key, o = {
+    interpolation: {}
+  }) {
+    const opt = {
+      ...o
     };
-    if (key === undefined || key === null) {
+    if (key == null) return false;
+    const resolved = this.resolve(key, opt);
+    if (resolved?.res === undefined) return false;
+    const isObject = shouldHandleAsObject(resolved.res);
+    if (opt.returnObjects === false && isObject) {
       return false;
     }
-    const resolved = this.resolve(key, options);
-    return resolved && resolved.res !== undefined;
+    return true;
   }
-  extractFromKey(key, options) {
-    let nsSeparator = options.nsSeparator !== undefined ? options.nsSeparator : this.options.nsSeparator;
+  extractFromKey(key, opt) {
+    let nsSeparator = opt.nsSeparator !== undefined ? opt.nsSeparator : this.options.nsSeparator;
     if (nsSeparator === undefined) nsSeparator = ':';
-    const keySeparator = options.keySeparator !== undefined ? options.keySeparator : this.options.keySeparator;
-    let namespaces = options.ns || this.options.defaultNS || [];
+    const keySeparator = opt.keySeparator !== undefined ? opt.keySeparator : this.options.keySeparator;
+    let namespaces = opt.ns || this.options.defaultNS || [];
     const wouldCheckForNsInKey = nsSeparator && key.indexOf(nsSeparator) > -1;
-    const seemsNaturalLanguage = !this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator && !options.keySeparator && !this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator && !options.nsSeparator && !looksLikeObjectPath(key, nsSeparator, keySeparator);
+    const seemsNaturalLanguage = !this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator && !opt.keySeparator && !this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator && !opt.nsSeparator && !looksLikeObjectPath(key, nsSeparator, keySeparator);
     if (wouldCheckForNsInKey && !seemsNaturalLanguage) {
       const m = key.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);
       if (m && m.length > 0) {
@@ -509,28 +510,36 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
       namespaces: isString(namespaces) ? [namespaces] : namespaces
     };
   }
-  translate(keys, options, lastKey) {
-    if (typeof options !== 'object' && this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler) {
-      options = this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler(arguments);
+  translate(keys, o, lastKey) {
+    let opt = typeof o === 'object' ? {
+      ...o
+    } : o;
+    if (typeof opt !== 'object' && this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler) {
+      opt = this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler(arguments);
     }
-    if (typeof options === 'object') options = {
-      ...options
+    if (typeof opt === 'object') opt = {
+      ...opt
     };
-    if (!options) options = {};
-    if (keys === undefined || keys === null) return '';
+    if (!opt) opt = {};
+    if (keys == null) return '';
+    if (typeof keys === 'function') keys = keysFromSelector(keys, {
+      ...this.options,
+      ...opt
+    });
     if (!Array.isArray(keys)) keys = [String(keys)];
-    const returnDetails = options.returnDetails !== undefined ? options.returnDetails : this.options.returnDetails;
-    const keySeparator = options.keySeparator !== undefined ? options.keySeparator : this.options.keySeparator;
+    const returnDetails = opt.returnDetails !== undefined ? opt.returnDetails : this.options.returnDetails;
+    const keySeparator = opt.keySeparator !== undefined ? opt.keySeparator : this.options.keySeparator;
     const {
       key,
       namespaces
-    } = this.extractFromKey(keys[keys.length - 1], options);
+    } = this.extractFromKey(keys[keys.length - 1], opt);
     const namespace = namespaces[namespaces.length - 1];
-    const lng = options.lng || this.language;
-    const appendNamespaceToCIMode = options.appendNamespaceToCIMode || this.options.appendNamespaceToCIMode;
-    if (lng && lng.toLowerCase() === 'cimode') {
+    let nsSeparator = opt.nsSeparator !== undefined ? opt.nsSeparator : this.options.nsSeparator;
+    if (nsSeparator === undefined) nsSeparator = ':';
+    const lng = opt.lng || this.language;
+    const appendNamespaceToCIMode = opt.appendNamespaceToCIMode || this.options.appendNamespaceToCIMode;
+    if (lng?.toLowerCase() === 'cimode') {
       if (appendNamespaceToCIMode) {
-        const nsSeparator = options.nsSeparator || this.options.nsSeparator;
         if (returnDetails) {
           return {
             res: `${namespace}${nsSeparator}${key}`,
@@ -538,7 +547,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
             exactUsedKey: key,
             usedLng: lng,
             usedNS: namespace,
-            usedParams: this.getUsedParamsDetails(options)
+            usedParams: this.getUsedParamsDetails(opt)
           };
         }
         return `${namespace}${nsSeparator}${key}`;
@@ -550,69 +559,84 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
           exactUsedKey: key,
           usedLng: lng,
           usedNS: namespace,
-          usedParams: this.getUsedParamsDetails(options)
+          usedParams: this.getUsedParamsDetails(opt)
         };
       }
       return key;
     }
-    const resolved = this.resolve(keys, options);
-    let res = resolved && resolved.res;
-    const resUsedKey = resolved && resolved.usedKey || key;
-    const resExactUsedKey = resolved && resolved.exactUsedKey || key;
-    const resType = Object.prototype.toString.apply(res);
+    const resolved = this.resolve(keys, opt);
+    let res = resolved?.res;
+    const resUsedKey = resolved?.usedKey || key;
+    const resExactUsedKey = resolved?.exactUsedKey || key;
     const noObject = ['[object Number]', '[object Function]', '[object RegExp]'];
-    const joinArrays = options.joinArrays !== undefined ? options.joinArrays : this.options.joinArrays;
+    const joinArrays = opt.joinArrays !== undefined ? opt.joinArrays : this.options.joinArrays;
     const handleAsObjectInI18nFormat = !this.i18nFormat || this.i18nFormat.handleAsObject;
-    const handleAsObject = !isString(res) && typeof res !== 'boolean' && typeof res !== 'number';
-    if (handleAsObjectInI18nFormat && res && handleAsObject && noObject.indexOf(resType) < 0 && !(isString(joinArrays) && Array.isArray(res))) {
-      if (!options.returnObjects && !this.options.returnObjects) {
+    const needsPluralHandling = opt.count !== undefined && !isString(opt.count);
+    const hasDefaultValue = Translator.hasDefaultValue(opt);
+    const defaultValueSuffix = needsPluralHandling ? this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(lng, opt.count, opt) : '';
+    const defaultValueSuffixOrdinalFallback = opt.ordinal && needsPluralHandling ? this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(lng, opt.count, {
+      ordinal: false
+    }) : '';
+    const needsZeroSuffixLookup = needsPluralHandling && !opt.ordinal && opt.count === 0;
+    const defaultValue = needsZeroSuffixLookup && opt[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`] || opt[`defaultValue${defaultValueSuffix}`] || opt[`defaultValue${defaultValueSuffixOrdinalFallback}`] || opt.defaultValue;
+    let resForObjHndl = res;
+    if (handleAsObjectInI18nFormat && !res && hasDefaultValue) {
+      resForObjHndl = defaultValue;
+    }
+    const handleAsObject = shouldHandleAsObject(resForObjHndl);
+    const resType = Object.prototype.toString.apply(resForObjHndl);
+    if (handleAsObjectInI18nFormat && resForObjHndl && handleAsObject && noObject.indexOf(resType) < 0 && !(isString(joinArrays) && Array.isArray(resForObjHndl))) {
+      if (!opt.returnObjects && !this.options.returnObjects) {
         if (!this.options.returnedObjectHandler) {
           this.logger.warn('accessing an object - but returnObjects options is not enabled!');
         }
-        const r = this.options.returnedObjectHandler ? this.options.returnedObjectHandler(resUsedKey, res, {
-          ...options,
+        const r = this.options.returnedObjectHandler ? this.options.returnedObjectHandler(resUsedKey, resForObjHndl, {
+          ...opt,
           ns: namespaces
         }) : `key '${key} (${this.language})' returned an object instead of string.`;
         if (returnDetails) {
           resolved.res = r;
-          resolved.usedParams = this.getUsedParamsDetails(options);
+          resolved.usedParams = this.getUsedParamsDetails(opt);
           return resolved;
         }
         return r;
       }
       if (keySeparator) {
-        const resTypeIsArray = Array.isArray(res);
+        const resTypeIsArray = Array.isArray(resForObjHndl);
         const copy = resTypeIsArray ? [] : {};
         const newKeyToUse = resTypeIsArray ? resExactUsedKey : resUsedKey;
-        for (const m in res) {
-          if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(res, m)) {
+        for (const m in resForObjHndl) {
+          if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(resForObjHndl, m)) {
             const deepKey = `${newKeyToUse}${keySeparator}${m}`;
-            copy[m] = this.translate(deepKey, {
-              ...options,
-              ...{
-                joinArrays: false,
-                ns: namespaces
-              }
-            });
-            if (copy[m] === deepKey) copy[m] = res[m];
+            if (hasDefaultValue && !res) {
+              copy[m] = this.translate(deepKey, {
+                ...opt,
+                defaultValue: shouldHandleAsObject(defaultValue) ? defaultValue[m] : undefined,
+                ...{
+                  joinArrays: false,
+                  ns: namespaces
+                }
+              });
+            } else {
+              copy[m] = this.translate(deepKey, {
+                ...opt,
+                ...{
+                  joinArrays: false,
+                  ns: namespaces
+                }
+              });
+            }
+            if (copy[m] === deepKey) copy[m] = resForObjHndl[m];
           }
         }
         res = copy;
       }
     } else if (handleAsObjectInI18nFormat && isString(joinArrays) && Array.isArray(res)) {
       res = res.join(joinArrays);
-      if (res) res = this.extendTranslation(res, keys, options, lastKey);
+      if (res) res = this.extendTranslation(res, keys, opt, lastKey);
     } else {
       let usedDefault = false;
       let usedKey = false;
-      const needsPluralHandling = options.count !== undefined && !isString(options.count);
-      const hasDefaultValue = Translator.hasDefaultValue(options);
-      const defaultValueSuffix = needsPluralHandling ? this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(lng, options.count, options) : '';
-      const defaultValueSuffixOrdinalFallback = options.ordinal && needsPluralHandling ? this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(lng, options.count, {
-        ordinal: false
-      }) : '';
-      const needsZeroSuffixLookup = needsPluralHandling && !options.ordinal && options.count === 0 && this.pluralResolver.shouldUseIntlApi();
-      const defaultValue = needsZeroSuffixLookup && options[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`] || options[`defaultValue${defaultValueSuffix}`] || options[`defaultValue${defaultValueSuffixOrdinalFallback}`] || options.defaultValue;
       if (!this.isValidLookup(res) && hasDefaultValue) {
         usedDefault = true;
         res = defaultValue;
@@ -621,47 +645,47 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
         usedKey = true;
         res = key;
       }
-      const missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey = options.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey || this.options.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey;
+      const missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey = opt.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey || this.options.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey;
       const resForMissing = missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey && usedKey ? undefined : res;
       const updateMissing = hasDefaultValue && defaultValue !== res && this.options.updateMissing;
       if (usedKey || usedDefault || updateMissing) {
         this.logger.log(updateMissing ? 'updateKey' : 'missingKey', lng, namespace, key, updateMissing ? defaultValue : res);
         if (keySeparator) {
           const fk = this.resolve(key, {
-            ...options,
+            ...opt,
             keySeparator: false
           });
           if (fk && fk.res) this.logger.warn('Seems the loaded translations were in flat JSON format instead of nested. Either set keySeparator: false on init or make sure your translations are published in nested format.');
         }
         let lngs = [];
-        const fallbackLngs = this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng, options.lng || this.language);
+        const fallbackLngs = this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng, opt.lng || this.language);
         if (this.options.saveMissingTo === 'fallback' && fallbackLngs && fallbackLngs[0]) {
           for (let i = 0; i < fallbackLngs.length; i++) {
             lngs.push(fallbackLngs[i]);
           }
         } else if (this.options.saveMissingTo === 'all') {
-          lngs = this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(options.lng || this.language);
+          lngs = this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(opt.lng || this.language);
         } else {
-          lngs.push(options.lng || this.language);
+          lngs.push(opt.lng || this.language);
         }
         const send = (l, k, specificDefaultValue) => {
           const defaultForMissing = hasDefaultValue && specificDefaultValue !== res ? specificDefaultValue : resForMissing;
           if (this.options.missingKeyHandler) {
-            this.options.missingKeyHandler(l, namespace, k, defaultForMissing, updateMissing, options);
-          } else if (this.backendConnector && this.backendConnector.saveMissing) {
-            this.backendConnector.saveMissing(l, namespace, k, defaultForMissing, updateMissing, options);
+            this.options.missingKeyHandler(l, namespace, k, defaultForMissing, updateMissing, opt);
+          } else if (this.backendConnector?.saveMissing) {
+            this.backendConnector.saveMissing(l, namespace, k, defaultForMissing, updateMissing, opt);
           }
           this.emit('missingKey', l, namespace, k, res);
         };
         if (this.options.saveMissing) {
           if (this.options.saveMissingPlurals && needsPluralHandling) {
             lngs.forEach(language => {
-              const suffixes = this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(language, options);
-              if (needsZeroSuffixLookup && options[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`] && suffixes.indexOf(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`) < 0) {
+              const suffixes = this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(language, opt);
+              if (needsZeroSuffixLookup && opt[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`] && suffixes.indexOf(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`) < 0) {
                 suffixes.push(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`);
               }
               suffixes.forEach(suffix => {
-                send([language], key + suffix, options[`defaultValue${suffix}`] || defaultValue);
+                send([language], key + suffix, opt[`defaultValue${suffix}`] || defaultValue);
               });
             });
           } else {
@@ -669,87 +693,80 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
           }
         }
       }
-      res = this.extendTranslation(res, keys, options, resolved, lastKey);
-      if (usedKey && res === key && this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey) res = `${namespace}:${key}`;
+      res = this.extendTranslation(res, keys, opt, resolved, lastKey);
+      if (usedKey && res === key && this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey) {
+        res = `${namespace}${nsSeparator}${key}`;
+      }
       if ((usedKey || usedDefault) && this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler) {
-        if (this.options.compatibilityAPI !== 'v1') {
-          res = this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey ? `${namespace}:${key}` : key, usedDefault ? res : undefined);
-        } else {
-          res = this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(res);
-        }
+        res = this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey ? `${namespace}${nsSeparator}${key}` : key, usedDefault ? res : undefined, opt);
       }
     }
     if (returnDetails) {
       resolved.res = res;
-      resolved.usedParams = this.getUsedParamsDetails(options);
+      resolved.usedParams = this.getUsedParamsDetails(opt);
       return resolved;
     }
     return res;
   }
-  extendTranslation(res, key, options, resolved, lastKey) {
-    var _this = this;
-    if (this.i18nFormat && this.i18nFormat.parse) {
+  extendTranslation(res, key, opt, resolved, lastKey) {
+    if (this.i18nFormat?.parse) {
       res = this.i18nFormat.parse(res, {
         ...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,
-        ...options
-      }, options.lng || this.language || resolved.usedLng, resolved.usedNS, resolved.usedKey, {
+        ...opt
+      }, opt.lng || this.language || resolved.usedLng, resolved.usedNS, resolved.usedKey, {
         resolved
       });
-    } else if (!options.skipInterpolation) {
-      if (options.interpolation) this.interpolator.init({
-        ...options,
+    } else if (!opt.skipInterpolation) {
+      if (opt.interpolation) this.interpolator.init({
+        ...opt,
         ...{
           interpolation: {
             ...this.options.interpolation,
-            ...options.interpolation
+            ...opt.interpolation
           }
         }
       });
-      const skipOnVariables = isString(res) && (options && options.interpolation && options.interpolation.skipOnVariables !== undefined ? options.interpolation.skipOnVariables : this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);
+      const skipOnVariables = isString(res) && (opt?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables !== undefined ? opt.interpolation.skipOnVariables : this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);
       let nestBef;
       if (skipOnVariables) {
         const nb = res.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);
         nestBef = nb && nb.length;
       }
-      let data = options.replace && !isString(options.replace) ? options.replace : options;
+      let data = opt.replace && !isString(opt.replace) ? opt.replace : opt;
       if (this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables) data = {
         ...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,
         ...data
       };
-      res = this.interpolator.interpolate(res, data, options.lng || this.language || resolved.usedLng, options);
+      res = this.interpolator.interpolate(res, data, opt.lng || this.language || resolved.usedLng, opt);
       if (skipOnVariables) {
         const na = res.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);
         const nestAft = na && na.length;
-        if (nestBef < nestAft) options.nest = false;
+        if (nestBef < nestAft) opt.nest = false;
       }
-      if (!options.lng && this.options.compatibilityAPI !== 'v1' && resolved && resolved.res) options.lng = this.language || resolved.usedLng;
-      if (options.nest !== false) res = this.interpolator.nest(res, function () {
-        for (var _len = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len), _key = 0; _key < _len; _key++) {
-          args[_key] = arguments[_key];
-        }
-        if (lastKey && lastKey[0] === args[0] && !options.context) {
-          _this.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${args[0]} in key: ${key[0]}`);
+      if (!opt.lng && resolved && resolved.res) opt.lng = this.language || resolved.usedLng;
+      if (opt.nest !== false) res = this.interpolator.nest(res, (...args) => {
+        if (lastKey?.[0] === args[0] && !opt.context) {
+          this.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${args[0]} in key: ${key[0]}`);
           return null;
         }
-        return _this.translate(...args, key);
-      }, options);
-      if (options.interpolation) this.interpolator.reset();
+        return this.translate(...args, key);
+      }, opt);
+      if (opt.interpolation) this.interpolator.reset();
     }
-    const postProcess = options.postProcess || this.options.postProcess;
+    const postProcess = opt.postProcess || this.options.postProcess;
     const postProcessorNames = isString(postProcess) ? [postProcess] : postProcess;
-    if (res !== undefined && res !== null && postProcessorNames && postProcessorNames.length && options.applyPostProcessor !== false) {
+    if (res != null && postProcessorNames?.length && opt.applyPostProcessor !== false) {
       res = postProcessor.handle(postProcessorNames, res, key, this.options && this.options.postProcessPassResolved ? {
         i18nResolved: {
           ...resolved,
-          usedParams: this.getUsedParamsDetails(options)
+          usedParams: this.getUsedParamsDetails(opt)
         },
-        ...options
-      } : options, this);
+        ...opt
+      } : opt, this);
     }
     return res;
   }
-  resolve(keys) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};
+  resolve(keys, opt = {}) {
     let found;
     let usedKey;
     let exactUsedKey;
@@ -758,19 +775,19 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
     if (isString(keys)) keys = [keys];
     keys.forEach(k => {
       if (this.isValidLookup(found)) return;
-      const extracted = this.extractFromKey(k, options);
+      const extracted = this.extractFromKey(k, opt);
       const key = extracted.key;
       usedKey = key;
       let namespaces = extracted.namespaces;
       if (this.options.fallbackNS) namespaces = namespaces.concat(this.options.fallbackNS);
-      const needsPluralHandling = options.count !== undefined && !isString(options.count);
-      const needsZeroSuffixLookup = needsPluralHandling && !options.ordinal && options.count === 0 && this.pluralResolver.shouldUseIntlApi();
-      const needsContextHandling = options.context !== undefined && (isString(options.context) || typeof options.context === 'number') && options.context !== '';
-      const codes = options.lngs ? options.lngs : this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(options.lng || this.language, options.fallbackLng);
+      const needsPluralHandling = opt.count !== undefined && !isString(opt.count);
+      const needsZeroSuffixLookup = needsPluralHandling && !opt.ordinal && opt.count === 0;
+      const needsContextHandling = opt.context !== undefined && (isString(opt.context) || typeof opt.context === 'number') && opt.context !== '';
+      const codes = opt.lngs ? opt.lngs : this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(opt.lng || this.language, opt.fallbackLng);
       namespaces.forEach(ns => {
         if (this.isValidLookup(found)) return;
         usedNS = ns;
-        if (!checkedLoadedFor[`${codes[0]}-${ns}`] && this.utils && this.utils.hasLoadedNamespace && !this.utils.hasLoadedNamespace(usedNS)) {
+        if (!checkedLoadedFor[`${codes[0]}-${ns}`] && this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace && !this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(usedNS)) {
           checkedLoadedFor[`${codes[0]}-${ns}`] = true;
           this.logger.warn(`key "${usedKey}" for languages "${codes.join(', ')}" won't get resolved as namespace "${usedNS}" was not yet loaded`, 'This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!');
         }
@@ -778,30 +795,30 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
           if (this.isValidLookup(found)) return;
           usedLng = code;
           const finalKeys = [key];
-          if (this.i18nFormat && this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys) {
-            this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(finalKeys, key, code, ns, options);
+          if (this.i18nFormat?.addLookupKeys) {
+            this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(finalKeys, key, code, ns, opt);
           } else {
             let pluralSuffix;
-            if (needsPluralHandling) pluralSuffix = this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(code, options.count, options);
+            if (needsPluralHandling) pluralSuffix = this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(code, opt.count, opt);
             const zeroSuffix = `${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`;
             const ordinalPrefix = `${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;
             if (needsPluralHandling) {
-              finalKeys.push(key + pluralSuffix);
-              if (options.ordinal && pluralSuffix.indexOf(ordinalPrefix) === 0) {
+              if (opt.ordinal && pluralSuffix.indexOf(ordinalPrefix) === 0) {
                 finalKeys.push(key + pluralSuffix.replace(ordinalPrefix, this.options.pluralSeparator));
               }
+              finalKeys.push(key + pluralSuffix);
               if (needsZeroSuffixLookup) {
                 finalKeys.push(key + zeroSuffix);
               }
             }
             if (needsContextHandling) {
-              const contextKey = `${key}${this.options.contextSeparator}${options.context}`;
+              const contextKey = `${key}${this.options.contextSeparator || '_'}${opt.context}`;
               finalKeys.push(contextKey);
               if (needsPluralHandling) {
-                finalKeys.push(contextKey + pluralSuffix);
-                if (options.ordinal && pluralSuffix.indexOf(ordinalPrefix) === 0) {
+                if (opt.ordinal && pluralSuffix.indexOf(ordinalPrefix) === 0) {
                   finalKeys.push(contextKey + pluralSuffix.replace(ordinalPrefix, this.options.pluralSeparator));
                 }
+                finalKeys.push(contextKey + pluralSuffix);
                 if (needsZeroSuffixLookup) {
                   finalKeys.push(contextKey + zeroSuffix);
                 }
@@ -812,7 +829,7 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
           while (possibleKey = finalKeys.pop()) {
             if (!this.isValidLookup(found)) {
               exactUsedKey = possibleKey;
-              found = this.getResource(code, ns, possibleKey, options);
+              found = this.getResource(code, ns, possibleKey, opt);
             }
           }
         });
@@ -829,13 +846,11 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
   isValidLookup(res) {
     return res !== undefined && !(!this.options.returnNull && res === null) && !(!this.options.returnEmptyString && res === '');
   }
-  getResource(code, ns, key) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 3 && arguments[3] !== undefined ? arguments[3] : {};
-    if (this.i18nFormat && this.i18nFormat.getResource) return this.i18nFormat.getResource(code, ns, key, options);
+  getResource(code, ns, key, options = {}) {
+    if (this.i18nFormat?.getResource) return this.i18nFormat.getResource(code, ns, key, options);
     return this.resourceStore.getResource(code, ns, key, options);
   }
-  getUsedParamsDetails() {
-    let options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};
+  getUsedParamsDetails(options = {}) {
     const optionsKeys = ['defaultValue', 'ordinal', 'context', 'replace', 'lng', 'lngs', 'fallbackLng', 'ns', 'keySeparator', 'nsSeparator', 'returnObjects', 'returnDetails', 'joinArrays', 'postProcess', 'interpolation'];
     const useOptionsReplaceForData = options.replace && !isString(options.replace);
     let data = useOptionsReplaceForData ? options.replace : options;
@@ -869,7 +884,6 @@ class Translator extends EventEmitter {
   }
 }
 
-const capitalize = string => string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1);
 class LanguageUtil {
   constructor(options) {
     this.options = options;
@@ -893,31 +907,18 @@ class LanguageUtil {
   }
   formatLanguageCode(code) {
     if (isString(code) && code.indexOf('-') > -1) {
-      if (typeof Intl !== 'undefined' && typeof Intl.getCanonicalLocales !== 'undefined') {
-        try {
-          let formattedCode = Intl.getCanonicalLocales(code)[0];
-          if (formattedCode && this.options.lowerCaseLng) {
-            formattedCode = formattedCode.toLowerCase();
-          }
-          if (formattedCode) return formattedCode;
-        } catch (e) {}
+      let formattedCode;
+      try {
+        formattedCode = Intl.getCanonicalLocales(code)[0];
+      } catch (e) {}
+      if (formattedCode && this.options.lowerCaseLng) {
+        formattedCode = formattedCode.toLowerCase();
       }
-      const specialCases = ['hans', 'hant', 'latn', 'cyrl', 'cans', 'mong', 'arab'];
-      let p = code.split('-');
+      if (formattedCode) return formattedCode;
       if (this.options.lowerCaseLng) {
-        p = p.map(part => part.toLowerCase());
-      } else if (p.length === 2) {
-        p[0] = p[0].toLowerCase();
-        p[1] = p[1].toUpperCase();
-        if (specialCases.indexOf(p[1].toLowerCase()) > -1) p[1] = capitalize(p[1].toLowerCase());
-      } else if (p.length === 3) {
-        p[0] = p[0].toLowerCase();
-        if (p[1].length === 2) p[1] = p[1].toUpperCase();
-        if (p[0] !== 'sgn' && p[2].length === 2) p[2] = p[2].toUpperCase();
-        if (specialCases.indexOf(p[1].toLowerCase()) > -1) p[1] = capitalize(p[1].toLowerCase());
-        if (specialCases.indexOf(p[2].toLowerCase()) > -1) p[2] = capitalize(p[2].toLowerCase());
+        return code.toLowerCase();
       }
-      return p.join('-');
+      return code;
     }
     return this.options.cleanCode || this.options.lowerCaseLng ? code.toLowerCase() : code;
   }
@@ -938,6 +939,8 @@ class LanguageUtil {
     if (!found && this.options.supportedLngs) {
       codes.forEach(code => {
         if (found) return;
+        const lngScOnly = this.getScriptPartFromCode(code);
+        if (this.isSupportedCode(lngScOnly)) return found = lngScOnly;
         const lngOnly = this.getLanguagePartFromCode(code);
         if (this.isSupportedCode(lngOnly)) return found = lngOnly;
         found = this.options.supportedLngs.find(supportedLng => {
@@ -965,7 +968,7 @@ class LanguageUtil {
     return found || [];
   }
   toResolveHierarchy(code, fallbackCode) {
-    const fallbackCodes = this.getFallbackCodes(fallbackCode || this.options.fallbackLng || [], code);
+    const fallbackCodes = this.getFallbackCodes((fallbackCode === false ? [] : fallbackCode) || this.options.fallbackLng || [], code);
     const codes = [];
     const addCode = c => {
       if (!c) return;
@@ -989,125 +992,6 @@ class LanguageUtil {
   }
 }
 
-let sets = [{
-  lngs: ['ach', 'ak', 'am', 'arn', 'br', 'fil', 'gun', 'ln', 'mfe', 'mg', 'mi', 'oc', 'pt', 'pt-BR', 'tg', 'tl', 'ti', 'tr', 'uz', 'wa'],
-  nr: [1, 2],
-  fc: 1
-}, {
-  lngs: ['af', 'an', 'ast', 'az', 'bg', 'bn', 'ca', 'da', 'de', 'dev', 'el', 'en', 'eo', 'es', 'et', 'eu', 'fi', 'fo', 'fur', 'fy', 'gl', 'gu', 'ha', 'hi', 'hu', 'hy', 'ia', 'it', 'kk', 'kn', 'ku', 'lb', 'mai', 'ml', 'mn', 'mr', 'nah', 'nap', 'nb', 'ne', 'nl', 'nn', 'no', 'nso', 'pa', 'pap', 'pms', 'ps', 'pt-PT', 'rm', 'sco', 'se', 'si', 'so', 'son', 'sq', 'sv', 'sw', 'ta', 'te', 'tk', 'ur', 'yo'],
-  nr: [1, 2],
-  fc: 2
-}, {
-  lngs: ['ay', 'bo', 'cgg', 'fa', 'ht', 'id', 'ja', 'jbo', 'ka', 'km', 'ko', 'ky', 'lo', 'ms', 'sah', 'su', 'th', 'tt', 'ug', 'vi', 'wo', 'zh'],
-  nr: [1],
-  fc: 3
-}, {
-  lngs: ['be', 'bs', 'cnr', 'dz', 'hr', 'ru', 'sr', 'uk'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 5],
-  fc: 4
-}, {
-  lngs: ['ar'],
-  nr: [0, 1, 2, 3, 11, 100],
-  fc: 5
-}, {
-  lngs: ['cs', 'sk'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 5],
-  fc: 6
-}, {
-  lngs: ['csb', 'pl'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 5],
-  fc: 7
-}, {
-  lngs: ['cy'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 3, 8],
-  fc: 8
-}, {
-  lngs: ['fr'],
-  nr: [1, 2],
-  fc: 9
-}, {
-  lngs: ['ga'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 3, 7, 11],
-  fc: 10
-}, {
-  lngs: ['gd'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 3, 20],
-  fc: 11
-}, {
-  lngs: ['is'],
-  nr: [1, 2],
-  fc: 12
-}, {
-  lngs: ['jv'],
-  nr: [0, 1],
-  fc: 13
-}, {
-  lngs: ['kw'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 3, 4],
-  fc: 14
-}, {
-  lngs: ['lt'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 10],
-  fc: 15
-}, {
-  lngs: ['lv'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 0],
-  fc: 16
-}, {
-  lngs: ['mk'],
-  nr: [1, 2],
-  fc: 17
-}, {
-  lngs: ['mnk'],
-  nr: [0, 1, 2],
-  fc: 18
-}, {
-  lngs: ['mt'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 11, 20],
-  fc: 19
-}, {
-  lngs: ['or'],
-  nr: [2, 1],
-  fc: 2
-}, {
-  lngs: ['ro'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 20],
-  fc: 20
-}, {
-  lngs: ['sl'],
-  nr: [5, 1, 2, 3],
-  fc: 21
-}, {
-  lngs: ['he', 'iw'],
-  nr: [1, 2, 20, 21],
-  fc: 22
-}];
-let _rulesPluralsTypes = {
-  1: n => Number(n > 1),
-  2: n => Number(n != 1),
-  3: n => 0,
-  4: n => Number(n % 10 == 1 && n % 100 != 11 ? 0 : n % 10 >= 2 && n % 10 <= 4 && (n % 100 < 10 || n % 100 >= 20) ? 1 : 2),
-  5: n => Number(n == 0 ? 0 : n == 1 ? 1 : n == 2 ? 2 : n % 100 >= 3 && n % 100 <= 10 ? 3 : n % 100 >= 11 ? 4 : 5),
-  6: n => Number(n == 1 ? 0 : n >= 2 && n <= 4 ? 1 : 2),
-  7: n => Number(n == 1 ? 0 : n % 10 >= 2 && n % 10 <= 4 && (n % 100 < 10 || n % 100 >= 20) ? 1 : 2),
-  8: n => Number(n == 1 ? 0 : n == 2 ? 1 : n != 8 && n != 11 ? 2 : 3),
-  9: n => Number(n >= 2),
-  10: n => Number(n == 1 ? 0 : n == 2 ? 1 : n < 7 ? 2 : n < 11 ? 3 : 4),
-  11: n => Number(n == 1 || n == 11 ? 0 : n == 2 || n == 12 ? 1 : n > 2 && n < 20 ? 2 : 3),
-  12: n => Number(n % 10 != 1 || n % 100 == 11),
-  13: n => Number(n !== 0),
-  14: n => Number(n == 1 ? 0 : n == 2 ? 1 : n == 3 ? 2 : 3),
-  15: n => Number(n % 10 == 1 && n % 100 != 11 ? 0 : n % 10 >= 2 && (n % 100 < 10 || n % 100 >= 20) ? 1 : 2),
-  16: n => Number(n % 10 == 1 && n % 100 != 11 ? 0 : n !== 0 ? 1 : 2),
-  17: n => Number(n == 1 || n % 10 == 1 && n % 100 != 11 ? 0 : 1),
-  18: n => Number(n == 0 ? 0 : n == 1 ? 1 : 2),
-  19: n => Number(n == 1 ? 0 : n == 0 || n % 100 > 1 && n % 100 < 11 ? 1 : n % 100 > 10 && n % 100 < 20 ? 2 : 3),
-  20: n => Number(n == 1 ? 0 : n == 0 || n % 100 > 0 && n % 100 < 20 ? 1 : 2),
-  21: n => Number(n % 100 == 1 ? 1 : n % 100 == 2 ? 2 : n % 100 == 3 || n % 100 == 4 ? 3 : 0),
-  22: n => Number(n == 1 ? 0 : n == 2 ? 1 : (n < 0 || n > 10) && n % 10 == 0 ? 2 : 3)
-};
-const nonIntlVersions = ['v1', 'v2', 'v3'];
-const intlVersions = ['v4'];
 const suffixesOrder = {
   zero: 0,
   one: 1,
@@ -1116,129 +1000,74 @@ const suffixesOrder = {
   many: 4,
   other: 5
 };
-const createRules = () => {
-  const rules = {};
-  sets.forEach(set => {
-    set.lngs.forEach(l => {
-      rules[l] = {
-        numbers: set.nr,
-        plurals: _rulesPluralsTypes[set.fc]
-      };
-    });
-  });
-  return rules;
+const dummyRule = {
+  select: count => count === 1 ? 'one' : 'other',
+  resolvedOptions: () => ({
+    pluralCategories: ['one', 'other']
+  })
 };
 class PluralResolver {
-  constructor(languageUtils) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};
+  constructor(languageUtils, options = {}) {
     this.languageUtils = languageUtils;
     this.options = options;
     this.logger = baseLogger.create('pluralResolver');
-    if ((!this.options.compatibilityJSON || intlVersions.includes(this.options.compatibilityJSON)) && (typeof Intl === 'undefined' || !Intl.PluralRules)) {
-      this.options.compatibilityJSON = 'v3';
-      this.logger.error('Your environment seems not to be Intl API compatible, use an Intl.PluralRules polyfill. Will fallback to the compatibilityJSON v3 format handling.');
-    }
-    this.rules = createRules();
     this.pluralRulesCache = {};
   }
-  addRule(lng, obj) {
-    this.rules[lng] = obj;
-  }
   clearCache() {
     this.pluralRulesCache = {};
   }
-  getRule(code) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};
-    if (this.shouldUseIntlApi()) {
-      const cleanedCode = getCleanedCode(code === 'dev' ? 'en' : code);
-      const type = options.ordinal ? 'ordinal' : 'cardinal';
-      const cacheKey = JSON.stringify({
-        cleanedCode,
+  getRule(code, options = {}) {
+    const cleanedCode = getCleanedCode(code === 'dev' ? 'en' : code);
+    const type = options.ordinal ? 'ordinal' : 'cardinal';
+    const cacheKey = JSON.stringify({
+      cleanedCode,
+      type
+    });
+    if (cacheKey in this.pluralRulesCache) {
+      return this.pluralRulesCache[cacheKey];
+    }
+    let rule;
+    try {
+      rule = new Intl.PluralRules(cleanedCode, {
         type
       });
-      if (cacheKey in this.pluralRulesCache) {
-        return this.pluralRulesCache[cacheKey];
+    } catch (err) {
+      if (!Intl) {
+        this.logger.error('No Intl support, please use an Intl polyfill!');
+        return dummyRule;
       }
-      let rule;
-      try {
-        rule = new Intl.PluralRules(cleanedCode, {
-          type
-        });
-      } catch (err) {
-        if (!code.match(/-|_/)) return;
-        const lngPart = this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(code);
-        rule = this.getRule(lngPart, options);
-      }
-      this.pluralRulesCache[cacheKey] = rule;
-      return rule;
+      if (!code.match(/-|_/)) return dummyRule;
+      const lngPart = this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(code);
+      rule = this.getRule(lngPart, options);
     }
-    return this.rules[code] || this.rules[this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(code)];
+    this.pluralRulesCache[cacheKey] = rule;
+    return rule;
   }
-  needsPlural(code) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};
-    const rule = this.getRule(code, options);
-    if (this.shouldUseIntlApi()) {
-      return rule && rule.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length > 1;
-    }
-    return rule && rule.numbers.length > 1;
+  needsPlural(code, options = {}) {
+    let rule = this.getRule(code, options);
+    if (!rule) rule = this.getRule('dev', options);
+    return rule?.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length > 1;
   }
-  getPluralFormsOfKey(code, key) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 2 && arguments[2] !== undefined ? arguments[2] : {};
+  getPluralFormsOfKey(code, key, options = {}) {
     return this.getSuffixes(code, options).map(suffix => `${key}${suffix}`);
   }
-  getSuffixes(code) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};
-    const rule = this.getRule(code, options);
-    if (!rule) {
-      return [];
-    }
-    if (this.shouldUseIntlApi()) {
-      return rule.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort((pluralCategory1, pluralCategory2) => suffixesOrder[pluralCategory1] - suffixesOrder[pluralCategory2]).map(pluralCategory => `${this.options.prepend}${options.ordinal ? `ordinal${this.options.prepend}` : ''}${pluralCategory}`);
-    }
-    return rule.numbers.map(number => this.getSuffix(code, number, options));
+  getSuffixes(code, options = {}) {
+    let rule = this.getRule(code, options);
+    if (!rule) rule = this.getRule('dev', options);
+    if (!rule) return [];
+    return rule.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort((pluralCategory1, pluralCategory2) => suffixesOrder[pluralCategory1] - suffixesOrder[pluralCategory2]).map(pluralCategory => `${this.options.prepend}${options.ordinal ? `ordinal${this.options.prepend}` : ''}${pluralCategory}`);
   }
-  getSuffix(code, count) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 2 && arguments[2] !== undefined ? arguments[2] : {};
+  getSuffix(code, count, options = {}) {
     const rule = this.getRule(code, options);
     if (rule) {
-      if (this.shouldUseIntlApi()) {
-        return `${this.options.prepend}${options.ordinal ? `ordinal${this.options.prepend}` : ''}${rule.select(count)}`;
-      }
-      return this.getSuffixRetroCompatible(rule, count);
+      return `${this.options.prepend}${options.ordinal ? `ordinal${this.options.prepend}` : ''}${rule.select(count)}`;
     }
     this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${code}`);
-    return '';
-  }
-  getSuffixRetroCompatible(rule, count) {
-    const idx = rule.noAbs ? rule.plurals(count) : rule.plurals(Math.abs(count));
-    let suffix = rule.numbers[idx];
-    if (this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix && rule.numbers.length === 2 && rule.numbers[0] === 1) {
-      if (suffix === 2) {
-        suffix = 'plural';
-      } else if (suffix === 1) {
-        suffix = '';
-      }
-    }
-    const returnSuffix = () => this.options.prepend && suffix.toString() ? this.options.prepend + suffix.toString() : suffix.toString();
-    if (this.options.compatibilityJSON === 'v1') {
-      if (suffix === 1) return '';
-      if (typeof suffix === 'number') return `_plural_${suffix.toString()}`;
-      return returnSuffix();
-    } else if (this.options.compatibilityJSON === 'v2') {
-      return returnSuffix();
-    } else if (this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix && rule.numbers.length === 2 && rule.numbers[0] === 1) {
-      return returnSuffix();
-    }
-    return this.options.prepend && idx.toString() ? this.options.prepend + idx.toString() : idx.toString();
-  }
-  shouldUseIntlApi() {
-    return !nonIntlVersions.includes(this.options.compatibilityJSON);
+    return this.getSuffix('dev', count, options);
   }
 }
 
-const deepFindWithDefaults = function (data, defaultData, key) {
-  let keySeparator = arguments.length > 3 && arguments[3] !== undefined ? arguments[3] : '.';
-  let ignoreJSONStructure = arguments.length > 4 && arguments[4] !== undefined ? arguments[4] : true;
+const deepFindWithDefaults = (data, defaultData, key, keySeparator = '.', ignoreJSONStructure = true) => {
   let path = getPathWithDefaults(data, defaultData, key);
   if (!path && ignoreJSONStructure && isString(key)) {
     path = deepFind(data, key, keySeparator);
@@ -1248,15 +1077,13 @@ const deepFindWithDefaults = function (data, defaultData, key) {
 };
 const regexSafe = val => val.replace(/\$/g, '$$$$');
 class Interpolator {
-  constructor() {
-    let options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};
+  constructor(options = {}) {
     this.logger = baseLogger.create('interpolator');
     this.options = options;
-    this.format = options.interpolation && options.interpolation.format || (value => value);
+    this.format = options?.interpolation?.format || (value => value);
     this.init(options);
   }
-  init() {
-    let options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};
+  init(options = {}) {
     if (!options.interpolation) options.interpolation = {
       escapeValue: true
     };
@@ -1299,7 +1126,7 @@ class Interpolator {
   }
   resetRegExp() {
     const getOrResetRegExp = (existingRegExp, pattern) => {
-      if (existingRegExp && existingRegExp.source === pattern) {
+      if (existingRegExp?.source === pattern) {
         existingRegExp.lastIndex = 0;
         return existingRegExp;
       }
@@ -1307,7 +1134,7 @@ class Interpolator {
     };
     this.regexp = getOrResetRegExp(this.regexp, `${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`);
     this.regexpUnescape = getOrResetRegExp(this.regexpUnescape, `${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`);
-    this.nestingRegexp = getOrResetRegExp(this.nestingRegexp, `${this.nestingPrefix}(.+?)${this.nestingSuffix}`);
+    this.nestingRegexp = getOrResetRegExp(this.nestingRegexp, `${this.nestingPrefix}((?:[^()"']+|"[^"]*"|'[^']*'|\\((?:[^()]|"[^"]*"|'[^']*')*\\))*?)${this.nestingSuffix}`);
   }
   interpolate(str, data, lng, options) {
     let match;
@@ -1333,8 +1160,8 @@ class Interpolator {
       });
     };
     this.resetRegExp();
-    const missingInterpolationHandler = options && options.missingInterpolationHandler || this.options.missingInterpolationHandler;
-    const skipOnVariables = options && options.interpolation && options.interpolation.skipOnVariables !== undefined ? options.interpolation.skipOnVariables : this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;
+    const missingInterpolationHandler = options?.missingInterpolationHandler || this.options.missingInterpolationHandler;
+    const skipOnVariables = options?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables !== undefined ? options.interpolation.skipOnVariables : this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;
     const todos = [{
       regex: this.regexpUnescape,
       safeValue: val => regexSafe(val)
@@ -1379,8 +1206,7 @@ class Interpolator {
     });
     return str;
   }
-  nest(str, fc) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 2 && arguments[2] !== undefined ? arguments[2] : {};
+  nest(str, fc, options = {}) {
     let match;
     let value;
     let clonedOptions;
@@ -1393,7 +1219,7 @@ class Interpolator {
       optionsString = this.interpolate(optionsString, clonedOptions);
       const matchedSingleQuotes = optionsString.match(/'/g);
       const matchedDoubleQuotes = optionsString.match(/"/g);
-      if (matchedSingleQuotes && matchedSingleQuotes.length % 2 === 0 && !matchedDoubleQuotes || matchedDoubleQuotes.length % 2 !== 0) {
+      if ((matchedSingleQuotes?.length ?? 0) % 2 === 0 && !matchedDoubleQuotes || matchedDoubleQuotes.length % 2 !== 0) {
         optionsString = optionsString.replace(/'/g, '"');
       }
       try {
@@ -1417,12 +1243,10 @@ class Interpolator {
       clonedOptions = clonedOptions.replace && !isString(clonedOptions.replace) ? clonedOptions.replace : clonedOptions;
       clonedOptions.applyPostProcessor = false;
       delete clonedOptions.defaultValue;
-      let doReduce = false;
-      if (match[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator) !== -1 && !/{.*}/.test(match[1])) {
-        const r = match[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map(elem => elem.trim());
-        match[1] = r.shift();
-        formatters = r;
-        doReduce = true;
+      const keyEndIndex = /{.*}/.test(match[1]) ? match[1].lastIndexOf('}') + 1 : match[1].indexOf(this.formatSeparator);
+      if (keyEndIndex !== -1) {
+        formatters = match[1].slice(keyEndIndex).split(this.formatSeparator).map(elem => elem.trim()).filter(Boolean);
+        match[1] = match[1].slice(0, keyEndIndex);
       }
       value = fc(handleHasOptions.call(this, match[1].trim(), clonedOptions), clonedOptions);
       if (value && match[0] === str && !isString(value)) return value;
@@ -1431,7 +1255,7 @@ class Interpolator {
         this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${match[1]} for nesting ${str}`);
         value = '';
       }
-      if (doReduce) {
+      if (formatters.length) {
         value = formatters.reduce((v, f) => this.format(v, f, options.lng, {
           ...options,
           interpolationkey: match[1].trim()
@@ -1477,68 +1301,68 @@ const parseFormatStr = formatStr => {
 };
 const createCachedFormatter = fn => {
   const cache = {};
-  return (val, lng, options) => {
-    let optForCache = options;
-    if (options && options.interpolationkey && options.formatParams && options.formatParams[options.interpolationkey] && options[options.interpolationkey]) {
+  return (v, l, o) => {
+    let optForCache = o;
+    if (o && o.interpolationkey && o.formatParams && o.formatParams[o.interpolationkey] && o[o.interpolationkey]) {
       optForCache = {
         ...optForCache,
-        [options.interpolationkey]: undefined
+        [o.interpolationkey]: undefined
       };
     }
-    const key = lng + JSON.stringify(optForCache);
-    let formatter = cache[key];
-    if (!formatter) {
-      formatter = fn(getCleanedCode(lng), options);
-      cache[key] = formatter;
+    const key = l + JSON.stringify(optForCache);
+    let frm = cache[key];
+    if (!frm) {
+      frm = fn(getCleanedCode(l), o);
+      cache[key] = frm;
     }
-    return formatter(val);
+    return frm(v);
   };
 };
+const createNonCachedFormatter = fn => (v, l, o) => fn(getCleanedCode(l), o)(v);
 class Formatter {
-  constructor() {
-    let options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};
+  constructor(options = {}) {
     this.logger = baseLogger.create('formatter');
     this.options = options;
+    this.init(options);
+  }
+  init(services, options = {
+    interpolation: {}
+  }) {
+    this.formatSeparator = options.interpolation.formatSeparator || ',';
+    const cf = options.cacheInBuiltFormats ? createCachedFormatter : createNonCachedFormatter;
     this.formats = {
-      number: createCachedFormatter((lng, opt) => {
+      number: cf((lng, opt) => {
         const formatter = new Intl.NumberFormat(lng, {
           ...opt
         });
         return val => formatter.format(val);
       }),
-      currency: createCachedFormatter((lng, opt) => {
+      currency: cf((lng, opt) => {
         const formatter = new Intl.NumberFormat(lng, {
           ...opt,
           style: 'currency'
         });
         return val => formatter.format(val);
       }),
-      datetime: createCachedFormatter((lng, opt) => {
+      datetime: cf((lng, opt) => {
         const formatter = new Intl.DateTimeFormat(lng, {
           ...opt
         });
         return val => formatter.format(val);
       }),
-      relativetime: createCachedFormatter((lng, opt) => {
+      relativetime: cf((lng, opt) => {
         const formatter = new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(lng, {
           ...opt
         });
         return val => formatter.format(val, opt.range || 'day');
       }),
-      list: createCachedFormatter((lng, opt) => {
+      list: cf((lng, opt) => {
         const formatter = new Intl.ListFormat(lng, {
           ...opt
         });
         return val => formatter.format(val);
       })
     };
-    this.init(options);
-  }
-  init(services) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {
-      interpolation: {}
-    };
-    this.formatSeparator = options.interpolation.formatSeparator || ',';
   }
   add(name, fc) {
     this.formats[name.toLowerCase().trim()] = fc;
@@ -1546,8 +1370,7 @@ class Formatter {
   addCached(name, fc) {
     this.formats[name.toLowerCase().trim()] = createCachedFormatter(fc);
   }
-  format(value, format, lng) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 3 && arguments[3] !== undefined ? arguments[3] : {};
+  format(value, format, lng, options = {}) {
     const formats = format.split(this.formatSeparator);
     if (formats.length > 1 && formats[0].indexOf('(') > 1 && formats[0].indexOf(')') < 0 && formats.find(f => f.indexOf(')') > -1)) {
       const lastIndex = formats.findIndex(f => f.indexOf(')') > -1);
@@ -1561,7 +1384,7 @@ class Formatter {
       if (this.formats[formatName]) {
         let formatted = mem;
         try {
-          const valOptions = options && options.formatParams && options.formatParams[options.interpolationkey] || {};
+          const valOptions = options?.formatParams?.[options.interpolationkey] || {};
           const l = valOptions.locale || valOptions.lng || options.locale || options.lng || lng;
           formatted = this.formats[formatName](mem, l, {
             ...formatOptions,
@@ -1588,8 +1411,7 @@ const removePending = (q, name) => {
   }
 };
 class Connector extends EventEmitter {
-  constructor(backend, store, services) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 3 && arguments[3] !== undefined ? arguments[3] : {};
+  constructor(backend, store, services, options = {}) {
     super();
     this.backend = backend;
     this.store = store;
@@ -1604,9 +1426,7 @@ class Connector extends EventEmitter {
     this.retryTimeout = options.retryTimeout >= 1 ? options.retryTimeout : 350;
     this.state = {};
     this.queue = [];
-    if (this.backend && this.backend.init) {
-      this.backend.init(services, options.backend, options);
-    }
+    this.backend?.init?.(services, options.backend, options);
   }
   queueLoad(languages, namespaces, options, callback) {
     const toLoad = {};
@@ -1685,10 +1505,7 @@ class Connector extends EventEmitter {
     this.emit('loaded', loaded);
     this.queue = this.queue.filter(q => !q.done);
   }
-  read(lng, ns, fcName) {
-    let tried = arguments.length > 3 && arguments[3] !== undefined ? arguments[3] : 0;
-    let wait = arguments.length > 4 && arguments[4] !== undefined ? arguments[4] : this.retryTimeout;
-    let callback = arguments.length > 5 ? arguments[5] : undefined;
+  read(lng, ns, fcName, tried = 0, wait = this.retryTimeout, callback) {
     if (!lng.length) return callback(null, {});
     if (this.readingCalls >= this.maxParallelReads) {
       this.waitingReads.push({
@@ -1732,9 +1549,7 @@ class Connector extends EventEmitter {
     }
     return fc(lng, ns, resolver);
   }
-  prepareLoading(languages, namespaces) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 2 && arguments[2] !== undefined ? arguments[2] : {};
-    let callback = arguments.length > 3 ? arguments[3] : undefined;
+  prepareLoading(languages, namespaces, options = {}, callback) {
     if (!this.backend) {
       this.logger.warn('No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources.');
       return callback && callback();
@@ -1758,8 +1573,7 @@ class Connector extends EventEmitter {
       reload: true
     }, callback);
   }
-  loadOne(name) {
-    let prefix = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : '';
+  loadOne(name, prefix = '') {
     const s = name.split('|');
     const lng = s[0];
     const ns = s[1];
@@ -1769,15 +1583,13 @@ class Connector extends EventEmitter {
       this.loaded(name, err, data);
     });
   }
-  saveMissing(languages, namespace, key, fallbackValue, isUpdate) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 5 && arguments[5] !== undefined ? arguments[5] : {};
-    let clb = arguments.length > 6 && arguments[6] !== undefined ? arguments[6] : () => {};
-    if (this.services.utils && this.services.utils.hasLoadedNamespace && !this.services.utils.hasLoadedNamespace(namespace)) {
+  saveMissing(languages, namespace, key, fallbackValue, isUpdate, options = {}, clb = () => {}) {
+    if (this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace && !this.services?.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(namespace)) {
       this.logger.warn(`did not save key "${key}" as the namespace "${namespace}" was not yet loaded`, 'This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!');
       return;
     }
     if (key === undefined || key === null || key === '') return;
-    if (this.backend && this.backend.create) {
+    if (this.backend?.create) {
       const opts = {
         ...options,
         isUpdate
@@ -1810,7 +1622,7 @@ class Connector extends EventEmitter {
 
 const get = () => ({
   debug: false,
-  initImmediate: true,
+  initAsync: true,
   ns: ['translation'],
   defaultNS: ['translation'],
   fallbackLng: ['dev'],
@@ -1866,15 +1678,17 @@ const get = () => ({
     nestingOptionsSeparator: ',',
     maxReplaces: 1000,
     skipOnVariables: true
-  }
+  },
+  cacheInBuiltFormats: true
 });
 const transformOptions = options => {
   if (isString(options.ns)) options.ns = [options.ns];
   if (isString(options.fallbackLng)) options.fallbackLng = [options.fallbackLng];
   if (isString(options.fallbackNS)) options.fallbackNS = [options.fallbackNS];
-  if (options.supportedLngs && options.supportedLngs.indexOf('cimode') < 0) {
+  if (options.supportedLngs?.indexOf?.('cimode') < 0) {
     options.supportedLngs = options.supportedLngs.concat(['cimode']);
   }
+  if (typeof options.initImmediate === 'boolean') options.initAsync = options.initImmediate;
   return options;
 };
 
@@ -1888,9 +1702,7 @@ const bindMemberFunctions = inst => {
   });
 };
 class I18n extends EventEmitter {
-  constructor() {
-    let options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};
-    let callback = arguments.length > 1 ? arguments[1] : undefined;
+  constructor(options = {}, callback) {
     super();
     this.options = transformOptions(options);
     this.services = {};
@@ -1900,7 +1712,7 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
     };
     bindMemberFunctions(this);
     if (callback && !this.isInitialized && !options.isClone) {
-      if (!this.options.initImmediate) {
+      if (!this.options.initAsync) {
         this.init(options, callback);
         return this;
       }
@@ -1909,16 +1721,13 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
       }, 0);
     }
   }
-  init() {
-    var _this = this;
-    let options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};
-    let callback = arguments.length > 1 ? arguments[1] : undefined;
+  init(options = {}, callback) {
     this.isInitializing = true;
     if (typeof options === 'function') {
       callback = options;
       options = {};
     }
-    if (!options.defaultNS && options.defaultNS !== false && options.ns) {
+    if (options.defaultNS == null && options.ns) {
       if (isString(options.ns)) {
         options.defaultNS = options.ns;
       } else if (options.ns.indexOf('translation') < 0) {
@@ -1931,18 +1740,19 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
       ...this.options,
       ...transformOptions(options)
     };
-    if (this.options.compatibilityAPI !== 'v1') {
-      this.options.interpolation = {
-        ...defOpts.interpolation,
-        ...this.options.interpolation
-      };
-    }
+    this.options.interpolation = {
+      ...defOpts.interpolation,
+      ...this.options.interpolation
+    };
     if (options.keySeparator !== undefined) {
       this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator = options.keySeparator;
     }
     if (options.nsSeparator !== undefined) {
       this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator = options.nsSeparator;
     }
+    if (typeof this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler !== 'function') {
+      this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler = defOpts.overloadTranslationOptionHandler;
+    }
     const createClassOnDemand = ClassOrObject => {
       if (!ClassOrObject) return null;
       if (typeof ClassOrObject === 'function') return new ClassOrObject();
@@ -1957,7 +1767,7 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
       let formatter;
       if (this.modules.formatter) {
         formatter = this.modules.formatter;
-      } else if (typeof Intl !== 'undefined') {
+      } else {
         formatter = Formatter;
       }
       const lu = new LanguageUtil(this.options);
@@ -1968,12 +1778,15 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
       s.languageUtils = lu;
       s.pluralResolver = new PluralResolver(lu, {
         prepend: this.options.pluralSeparator,
-        compatibilityJSON: this.options.compatibilityJSON,
         simplifyPluralSuffix: this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix
       });
+      const usingLegacyFormatFunction = this.options.interpolation.format && this.options.interpolation.format !== defOpts.interpolation.format;
+      if (usingLegacyFormatFunction) {
+        this.logger.deprecate(`init: you are still using the legacy format function, please use the new approach: https://www.i18next.com/translation-function/formatting`);
+      }
       if (formatter && (!this.options.interpolation.format || this.options.interpolation.format === defOpts.interpolation.format)) {
         s.formatter = createClassOnDemand(formatter);
-        s.formatter.init(s, this.options);
+        if (s.formatter.init) s.formatter.init(s, this.options);
         this.options.interpolation.format = s.formatter.format.bind(s.formatter);
       }
       s.interpolator = new Interpolator(this.options);
@@ -1981,11 +1794,8 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
         hasLoadedNamespace: this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)
       };
       s.backendConnector = new Connector(createClassOnDemand(this.modules.backend), s.resourceStore, s, this.options);
-      s.backendConnector.on('*', function (event) {
-        for (var _len = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len > 1 ? _len - 1 : 0), _key = 1; _key < _len; _key++) {
-          args[_key - 1] = arguments[_key];
-        }
-        _this.emit(event, ...args);
+      s.backendConnector.on('*', (event, ...args) => {
+        this.emit(event, ...args);
       });
       if (this.modules.languageDetector) {
         s.languageDetector = createClassOnDemand(this.modules.languageDetector);
@@ -1996,11 +1806,8 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
         if (s.i18nFormat.init) s.i18nFormat.init(this);
       }
       this.translator = new Translator(this.services, this.options);
-      this.translator.on('*', function (event) {
-        for (var _len2 = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len2 > 1 ? _len2 - 1 : 0), _key2 = 1; _key2 < _len2; _key2++) {
-          args[_key2 - 1] = arguments[_key2];
-        }
-        _this.emit(event, ...args);
+      this.translator.on('*', (event, ...args) => {
+        this.emit(event, ...args);
       });
       this.modules.external.forEach(m => {
         if (m.init) m.init(this);
@@ -2017,15 +1824,13 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
     }
     const storeApi = ['getResource', 'hasResourceBundle', 'getResourceBundle', 'getDataByLanguage'];
     storeApi.forEach(fcName => {
-      this[fcName] = function () {
-        return _this.store[fcName](...arguments);
-      };
+      this[fcName] = (...args) => this.store[fcName](...args);
     });
     const storeApiChained = ['addResource', 'addResources', 'addResourceBundle', 'removeResourceBundle'];
     storeApiChained.forEach(fcName => {
-      this[fcName] = function () {
-        _this.store[fcName](...arguments);
-        return _this;
+      this[fcName] = (...args) => {
+        this.store[fcName](...args);
+        return this;
       };
     });
     const deferred = defer();
@@ -2039,23 +1844,22 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
         deferred.resolve(t);
         callback(err, t);
       };
-      if (this.languages && this.options.compatibilityAPI !== 'v1' && !this.isInitialized) return finish(null, this.t.bind(this));
+      if (this.languages && !this.isInitialized) return finish(null, this.t.bind(this));
       this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng, finish);
     };
-    if (this.options.resources || !this.options.initImmediate) {
+    if (this.options.resources || !this.options.initAsync) {
       load();
     } else {
       setTimeout(load, 0);
     }
     return deferred;
   }
-  loadResources(language) {
-    let callback = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : noop;
+  loadResources(language, callback = noop) {
     let usedCallback = callback;
     const usedLng = isString(language) ? language : this.language;
     if (typeof language === 'function') usedCallback = language;
     if (!this.options.resources || this.options.partialBundledLanguages) {
-      if (usedLng && usedLng.toLowerCase() === 'cimode' && (!this.options.preload || this.options.preload.length === 0)) return usedCallback();
+      if (usedLng?.toLowerCase() === 'cimode' && (!this.options.preload || this.options.preload.length === 0)) return usedCallback();
       const toLoad = [];
       const append = lng => {
         if (!lng) return;
@@ -2072,9 +1876,7 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
       } else {
         append(usedLng);
       }
-      if (this.options.preload) {
-        this.options.preload.forEach(l => append(l));
-      }
+      this.options.preload?.forEach?.(l => append(l));
       this.services.backendConnector.load(toLoad, this.options.ns, e => {
         if (!e && !this.resolvedLanguage && this.language) this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language);
         usedCallback(e);
@@ -2139,9 +1941,12 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
         break;
       }
     }
+    if (!this.resolvedLanguage && this.languages.indexOf(l) < 0 && this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(l)) {
+      this.resolvedLanguage = l;
+      this.languages.unshift(l);
+    }
   }
   changeLanguage(lng, callback) {
-    var _this2 = this;
     this.isLanguageChangingTo = lng;
     const deferred = defer();
     this.emit('languageChanging', lng);
@@ -2153,30 +1958,29 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
     };
     const done = (err, l) => {
       if (l) {
-        setLngProps(l);
-        this.translator.changeLanguage(l);
-        this.isLanguageChangingTo = undefined;
-        this.emit('languageChanged', l);
-        this.logger.log('languageChanged', l);
+        if (this.isLanguageChangingTo === lng) {
+          setLngProps(l);
+          this.translator.changeLanguage(l);
+          this.isLanguageChangingTo = undefined;
+          this.emit('languageChanged', l);
+          this.logger.log('languageChanged', l);
+        }
       } else {
         this.isLanguageChangingTo = undefined;
       }
-      deferred.resolve(function () {
-        return _this2.t(...arguments);
-      });
-      if (callback) callback(err, function () {
-        return _this2.t(...arguments);
-      });
+      deferred.resolve((...args) => this.t(...args));
+      if (callback) callback(err, (...args) => this.t(...args));
     };
     const setLng = lngs => {
       if (!lng && !lngs && this.services.languageDetector) lngs = [];
-      const l = isString(lngs) ? lngs : this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(lngs);
+      const fl = isString(lngs) ? lngs : lngs && lngs[0];
+      const l = this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(fl) ? fl : this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(isString(lngs) ? [lngs] : lngs);
       if (l) {
         if (!this.language) {
           setLngProps(l);
         }
         if (!this.translator.language) this.translator.changeLanguage(l);
-        if (this.services.languageDetector && this.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage) this.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage(l);
+        this.services.languageDetector?.cacheUserLanguage?.(l);
       }
       this.loadResources(l, err => {
         done(err, l);
@@ -2196,31 +2000,37 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
     return deferred;
   }
   getFixedT(lng, ns, keyPrefix) {
-    var _this3 = this;
-    const fixedT = function (key, opts) {
-      let options;
+    const fixedT = (key, opts, ...rest) => {
+      let o;
       if (typeof opts !== 'object') {
-        for (var _len3 = arguments.length, rest = new Array(_len3 > 2 ? _len3 - 2 : 0), _key3 = 2; _key3 < _len3; _key3++) {
-          rest[_key3 - 2] = arguments[_key3];
-        }
-        options = _this3.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([key, opts].concat(rest));
+        o = this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([key, opts].concat(rest));
       } else {
-        options = {
+        o = {
           ...opts
         };
       }
-      options.lng = options.lng || fixedT.lng;
-      options.lngs = options.lngs || fixedT.lngs;
-      options.ns = options.ns || fixedT.ns;
-      if (options.keyPrefix !== '') options.keyPrefix = options.keyPrefix || keyPrefix || fixedT.keyPrefix;
-      const keySeparator = _this3.options.keySeparator || '.';
+      o.lng = o.lng || fixedT.lng;
+      o.lngs = o.lngs || fixedT.lngs;
+      o.ns = o.ns || fixedT.ns;
+      if (o.keyPrefix !== '') o.keyPrefix = o.keyPrefix || keyPrefix || fixedT.keyPrefix;
+      const keySeparator = this.options.keySeparator || '.';
       let resultKey;
-      if (options.keyPrefix && Array.isArray(key)) {
-        resultKey = key.map(k => `${options.keyPrefix}${keySeparator}${k}`);
+      if (o.keyPrefix && Array.isArray(key)) {
+        resultKey = key.map(k => {
+          if (typeof k === 'function') k = keysFromSelector(k, {
+            ...this.options,
+            ...opts
+          });
+          return `${o.keyPrefix}${keySeparator}${k}`;
+        });
       } else {
-        resultKey = options.keyPrefix ? `${options.keyPrefix}${keySeparator}${key}` : key;
+        if (typeof key === 'function') key = keysFromSelector(key, {
+          ...this.options,
+          ...opts
+        });
+        resultKey = o.keyPrefix ? `${o.keyPrefix}${keySeparator}${key}` : key;
       }
-      return _this3.t(resultKey, options);
+      return this.t(resultKey, o);
     };
     if (isString(lng)) {
       fixedT.lng = lng;
@@ -2231,17 +2041,16 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
     fixedT.keyPrefix = keyPrefix;
     return fixedT;
   }
-  t() {
-    return this.translator && this.translator.translate(...arguments);
+  t(...args) {
+    return this.translator?.translate(...args);
   }
-  exists() {
-    return this.translator && this.translator.exists(...arguments);
+  exists(...args) {
+    return this.translator?.exists(...args);
   }
   setDefaultNamespace(ns) {
     this.options.defaultNS = ns;
   }
-  hasLoadedNamespace(ns) {
-    let options = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : {};
+  hasLoadedNamespace(ns, options = {}) {
     if (!this.isInitialized) {
       this.logger.warn('hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not initialized', this.languages);
       return false;
@@ -2300,20 +2109,26 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
     return deferred;
   }
   dir(lng) {
-    if (!lng) lng = this.resolvedLanguage || (this.languages && this.languages.length > 0 ? this.languages[0] : this.language);
+    if (!lng) lng = this.resolvedLanguage || (this.languages?.length > 0 ? this.languages[0] : this.language);
     if (!lng) return 'rtl';
+    try {
+      const l = new Intl.Locale(lng);
+      if (l && l.getTextInfo) {
+        const ti = l.getTextInfo();
+        if (ti && ti.direction) return ti.direction;
+      }
+    } catch (e) {}
     const rtlLngs = ['ar', 'shu', 'sqr', 'ssh', 'xaa', 'yhd', 'yud', 'aao', 'abh', 'abv', 'acm', 'acq', 'acw', 'acx', 'acy', 'adf', 'ads', 'aeb', 'aec', 'afb', 'ajp', 'apc', 'apd', 'arb', 'arq', 'ars', 'ary', 'arz', 'auz', 'avl', 'ayh', 'ayl', 'ayn', 'ayp', 'bbz', 'pga', 'he', 'iw', 'ps', 'pbt', 'pbu', 'pst', 'prp', 'prd', 'ug', 'ur', 'ydd', 'yds', 'yih', 'ji', 'yi', 'hbo', 'men', 'xmn', 'fa', 'jpr', 'peo', 'pes', 'prs', 'dv', 'sam', 'ckb'];
-    const languageUtils = this.services && this.services.languageUtils || new LanguageUtil(get());
+    const languageUtils = this.services?.languageUtils || new LanguageUtil(get());
+    if (lng.toLowerCase().indexOf('-latn') > 1) return 'ltr';
     return rtlLngs.indexOf(languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(lng)) > -1 || lng.toLowerCase().indexOf('-arab') > 1 ? 'rtl' : 'ltr';
   }
-  static createInstance() {
-    let options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};
-    let callback = arguments.length > 1 ? arguments[1] : undefined;
-    return new I18n(options, callback);
+  static createInstance(options = {}, callback) {
+    const instance = new I18n(options, callback);
+    instance.createInstance = I18n.createInstance;
+    return instance;
   }
-  cloneInstance() {
-    let options = arguments.length > 0 && arguments[0] !== undefined ? arguments[0] : {};
-    let callback = arguments.length > 1 && arguments[1] !== undefined ? arguments[1] : noop;
+  cloneInstance(options = {}, callback = noop) {
     const forkResourceStore = options.forkResourceStore;
     if (forkResourceStore) delete options.forkResourceStore;
     const mergedOptions = {
@@ -2338,14 +2153,36 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
       hasLoadedNamespace: clone.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(clone)
     };
     if (forkResourceStore) {
-      clone.store = new ResourceStore(this.store.data, mergedOptions);
+      const clonedData = Object.keys(this.store.data).reduce((prev, l) => {
+        prev[l] = {
+          ...this.store.data[l]
+        };
+        prev[l] = Object.keys(prev[l]).reduce((acc, n) => {
+          acc[n] = {
+            ...prev[l][n]
+          };
+          return acc;
+        }, prev[l]);
+        return prev;
+      }, {});
+      clone.store = new ResourceStore(clonedData, mergedOptions);
       clone.services.resourceStore = clone.store;
     }
+    if (options.interpolation) {
+      const defOpts = get();
+      const mergedInterpolation = {
+        ...defOpts.interpolation,
+        ...this.options.interpolation,
+        ...options.interpolation
+      };
+      const mergedForInterpolator = {
+        ...mergedOptions,
+        interpolation: mergedInterpolation
+      };
+      clone.services.interpolator = new Interpolator(mergedForInterpolator);
+    }
     clone.translator = new Translator(clone.services, mergedOptions);
-    clone.translator.on('*', function (event) {
-      for (var _len4 = arguments.length, args = new Array(_len4 > 1 ? _len4 - 1 : 0), _key4 = 1; _key4 < _len4; _key4++) {
-        args[_key4 - 1] = arguments[_key4];
-      }
+    clone.translator.on('*', (event, ...args) => {
       clone.emit(event, ...args);
     });
     clone.init(mergedOptions, callback);
@@ -2366,7 +2203,6 @@ class I18n extends EventEmitter {
   }
 }
 const instance = I18n.createInstance();
-instance.createInstance = I18n.createInstance;
 
 const auth$5 = {
 	email: {