@umsai/ums-code 0.0.14-v1 → 0.1.4-v2

package/dist/src/utils/sandbox.js

@@ -8,9 +8,13 @@ import os from 'node:os';
 import path from 'node:path';
 import fs from 'node:fs';
 import { readFile } from 'node:fs/promises';
+import { fileURLToPath } from 'node:url';
 import { quote, parse } from 'shell-quote';
 import { USER_SETTINGS_DIR, SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME, } from '../config/settings.js';
-import { promisify } from 'util';
+import { promisify } from 'node:util';
+import { FatalSandboxError } from '@umsai/ums-code-core';
+import { ConsolePatcher } from '../ui/utils/ConsolePatcher.js';
+import { randomBytes } from 'node:crypto';
 const execAsync = promisify(exec);
 function getContainerPath(hostPath) {
     if (os.platform() !== 'win32') {
@@ -53,7 +57,7 @@ const BUILTIN_SEATBELT_PROFILES = [
  * @returns {Promise<boolean>} A promise that resolves to true if the current user's UID/GID should be used, false otherwise.
  */
 async function shouldUseCurrentUserInSandbox() {
-    const envVar = process.env.SANDBOX_SET_UID_GID?.toLowerCase().trim();
+    const envVar = process.env['SANDBOX_SET_UID_GID']?.toLowerCase().trim();
     if (envVar === '1' || envVar === 'true') {
         return true;
     }
@@ -90,19 +94,19 @@ function parseImageName(image) {
     return tag ? `${name}-${tag}` : name;
 }
 function ports() {
-    return (process.env.SANDBOX_PORTS ?? '')
+    return (process.env['SANDBOX_PORTS'] ?? '')
         .split(',')
         .filter((p) => p.trim())
         .map((p) => p.trim());
 }
-function entrypoint(workdir) {
+function entrypoint(workdir, cliArgs) {
     const isWindows = os.platform() === 'win32';
     const containerWorkdir = getContainerPath(workdir);
     const shellCmds = [];
     const pathSeparator = isWindows ? ';' : ':';
     let pathSuffix = '';
-    if (process.env.PATH) {
-        const paths = process.env.PATH.split(pathSeparator);
+    if (process.env['PATH']) {
+        const paths = process.env['PATH'].split(pathSeparator);
         for (const p of paths) {
             const containerPath = getContainerPath(p);
             if (containerPath.toLowerCase().startsWith(containerWorkdir.toLowerCase())) {
@@ -114,8 +118,8 @@ function entrypoint(workdir) {
         shellCmds.push(`export PATH="$PATH${pathSuffix}";`);
     }
     let pythonPathSuffix = '';
-    if (process.env.PYTHONPATH) {
-        const paths = process.env.PYTHONPATH.split(pathSeparator);
+    if (process.env['PYTHONPATH']) {
+        const paths = process.env['PYTHONPATH'].split(pathSeparator);
         for (const p of paths) {
             const containerPath = getContainerPath(p);
             if (containerPath.toLowerCase().startsWith(containerWorkdir.toLowerCase())) {
@@ -131,111 +135,479 @@ function entrypoint(workdir) {
         shellCmds.push(`source ${getContainerPath(projectSandboxBashrc)};`);
     }
     ports().forEach((p) => shellCmds.push(`socat TCP4-LISTEN:${p},bind=$(hostname -i),fork,reuseaddr TCP4:127.0.0.1:${p} 2> /dev/null &`));
-    const cliArgs = process.argv.slice(2).map((arg) => quote([arg]));
-    const cliCmd = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'development'
-        ? process.env.DEBUG
+    const quotedCliArgs = cliArgs.slice(2).map((arg) => quote([arg]));
+    const cliCmd = process.env['NODE_ENV'] === 'development'
+        ? process.env['DEBUG']
             ? 'npm run debug --'
             : 'npm rebuild && npm run start --'
-        : process.env.DEBUG
-            ? `node --inspect-brk=0.0.0.0:${process.env.DEBUG_PORT || '9229'} $(which qwen)`
+        : process.env['DEBUG']
+            ? `node --inspect-brk=0.0.0.0:${process.env['DEBUG_PORT'] || '9229'} $(which qwen)`
             : 'qwen';
-    const args = [...shellCmds, cliCmd, ...cliArgs];
+    const args = [...shellCmds, cliCmd, ...quotedCliArgs];
     return ['bash', '-c', args.join(' ')];
 }
-export async function start_sandbox(config, nodeArgs = [], cliConfig) {
-    if (config.command === 'sandbox-exec') {
-        // disallow BUILD_SANDBOX
-        if (process.env.BUILD_SANDBOX) {
-            console.error('ERROR: cannot BUILD_SANDBOX when using macOS Seatbelt');
-            process.exit(1);
-        }
-        const profile = (process.env.SEATBELT_PROFILE ??= 'permissive-open');
-        let profileFile = new URL(`sandbox-macos-${profile}.sb`, import.meta.url)
-            .pathname;
-        // if profile name is not recognized, then look for file under project settings directory
-        if (!BUILTIN_SEATBELT_PROFILES.includes(profile)) {
-            profileFile = path.join(SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME, `sandbox-macos-${profile}.sb`);
-        }
-        if (!fs.existsSync(profileFile)) {
-            console.error(`ERROR: missing macos seatbelt profile file '${profileFile}'`);
-            process.exit(1);
-        }
-        // Log on STDERR so it doesn't clutter the output on STDOUT
-        console.error(`using macos seatbelt (profile: ${profile}) ...`);
-        // if DEBUG is set, convert to --inspect-brk in NODE_OPTIONS
-        const nodeOptions = [
-            ...(process.env.DEBUG ? ['--inspect-brk'] : []),
-            ...nodeArgs,
-        ].join(' ');
-        const args = [
-            '-D',
-            `TARGET_DIR=${fs.realpathSync(process.cwd())}`,
-            '-D',
-            `TMP_DIR=${fs.realpathSync(os.tmpdir())}`,
-            '-D',
-            `HOME_DIR=${fs.realpathSync(os.homedir())}`,
-            '-D',
-            `CACHE_DIR=${fs.realpathSync(execSync(`getconf DARWIN_USER_CACHE_DIR`).toString().trim())}`,
-        ];
-        // Add included directories from the workspace context
-        // Always add 5 INCLUDE_DIR parameters to ensure .sb files can reference them
-        const MAX_INCLUDE_DIRS = 5;
-        const targetDir = fs.realpathSync(cliConfig?.getTargetDir() || '');
-        const includedDirs = [];
-        if (cliConfig) {
-            const workspaceContext = cliConfig.getWorkspaceContext();
-            const directories = workspaceContext.getDirectories();
-            // Filter out TARGET_DIR
-            for (const dir of directories) {
-                const realDir = fs.realpathSync(dir);
-                if (realDir !== targetDir) {
-                    includedDirs.push(realDir);
+export async function start_sandbox(config, nodeArgs = [], cliConfig, cliArgs = []) {
+    const patcher = new ConsolePatcher({
+        debugMode: cliConfig?.getDebugMode() || !!process.env['DEBUG'],
+        stderr: true,
+    });
+    patcher.patch();
+    try {
+        if (config.command === 'sandbox-exec') {
+            // disallow BUILD_SANDBOX
+            if (process.env['BUILD_SANDBOX']) {
+                throw new FatalSandboxError('Cannot BUILD_SANDBOX when using macOS Seatbelt');
+            }
+            const profile = (process.env['SEATBELT_PROFILE'] ??= 'permissive-open');
+            let profileFile = fileURLToPath(new URL(`sandbox-macos-${profile}.sb`, import.meta.url));
+            // if profile name is not recognized, then look for file under project settings directory
+            if (!BUILTIN_SEATBELT_PROFILES.includes(profile)) {
+                profileFile = path.join(SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME, `sandbox-macos-${profile}.sb`);
+            }
+            if (!fs.existsSync(profileFile)) {
+                throw new FatalSandboxError(`Missing macos seatbelt profile file '${profileFile}'`);
+            }
+            // Log on STDERR so it doesn't clutter the output on STDOUT
+            console.error(`using macos seatbelt (profile: ${profile}) ...`);
+            // if DEBUG is set, convert to --inspect-brk in NODE_OPTIONS
+            const nodeOptions = [
+                ...(process.env['DEBUG'] ? ['--inspect-brk'] : []),
+                ...nodeArgs,
+            ].join(' ');
+            const args = [
+                '-D',
+                `TARGET_DIR=${fs.realpathSync(process.cwd())}`,
+                '-D',
+                `TMP_DIR=${fs.realpathSync(os.tmpdir())}`,
+                '-D',
+                `HOME_DIR=${fs.realpathSync(os.homedir())}`,
+                '-D',
+                `CACHE_DIR=${fs.realpathSync(execSync(`getconf DARWIN_USER_CACHE_DIR`).toString().trim())}`,
+            ];
+            // Add included directories from the workspace context
+            // Always add 5 INCLUDE_DIR parameters to ensure .sb files can reference them
+            const MAX_INCLUDE_DIRS = 5;
+            const targetDir = fs.realpathSync(cliConfig?.getTargetDir() || '');
+            const includedDirs = [];
+            if (cliConfig) {
+                const workspaceContext = cliConfig.getWorkspaceContext();
+                const directories = workspaceContext.getDirectories();
+                // Filter out TARGET_DIR
+                for (const dir of directories) {
+                    const realDir = fs.realpathSync(dir);
+                    if (realDir !== targetDir) {
+                        includedDirs.push(realDir);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            for (let i = 0; i < MAX_INCLUDE_DIRS; i++) {
+                let dirPath = '/dev/null'; // Default to a safe path that won't cause issues
+                if (i < includedDirs.length) {
+                    dirPath = includedDirs[i];
+                }
+                args.push('-D', `INCLUDE_DIR_${i}=${dirPath}`);
+            }
+            const finalArgv = cliArgs;
+            args.push('-f', profileFile, 'sh', '-c', [
+                `SANDBOX=sandbox-exec`,
+                `NODE_OPTIONS="${nodeOptions}"`,
+                ...finalArgv.map((arg) => quote([arg])),
+            ].join(' '));
+            // start and set up proxy if GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND is set
+            const proxyCommand = process.env['GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND'];
+            let proxyProcess = undefined;
+            let sandboxProcess = undefined;
+            const sandboxEnv = { ...process.env };
+            if (proxyCommand) {
+                const proxy = process.env['HTTPS_PROXY'] ||
+                    process.env['https_proxy'] ||
+                    process.env['HTTP_PROXY'] ||
+                    process.env['http_proxy'] ||
+                    'http://localhost:8877';
+                sandboxEnv['HTTPS_PROXY'] = proxy;
+                sandboxEnv['https_proxy'] = proxy; // lower-case can be required, e.g. for curl
+                sandboxEnv['HTTP_PROXY'] = proxy;
+                sandboxEnv['http_proxy'] = proxy;
+                const noProxy = process.env['NO_PROXY'] || process.env['no_proxy'];
+                if (noProxy) {
+                    sandboxEnv['NO_PROXY'] = noProxy;
+                    sandboxEnv['no_proxy'] = noProxy;
+                }
+                proxyProcess = spawn(proxyCommand, {
+                    stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'],
+                    shell: true,
+                    detached: true,
+                });
+                // install handlers to stop proxy on exit/signal
+                const stopProxy = () => {
+                    console.log('stopping proxy ...');
+                    if (proxyProcess?.pid) {
+                        process.kill(-proxyProcess.pid, 'SIGTERM');
+                    }
+                };
+                process.on('exit', stopProxy);
+                process.on('SIGINT', stopProxy);
+                process.on('SIGTERM', stopProxy);
+                // commented out as it disrupts ink rendering
+                // proxyProcess.stdout?.on('data', (data) => {
+                //   console.info(data.toString());
+                // });
+                proxyProcess.stderr?.on('data', (data) => {
+                    console.error(data.toString());
+                });
+                proxyProcess.on('close', (code, signal) => {
+                    if (sandboxProcess?.pid) {
+                        process.kill(-sandboxProcess.pid, 'SIGTERM');
+                    }
+                    throw new FatalSandboxError(`Proxy command '${proxyCommand}' exited with code ${code}, signal ${signal}`);
+                });
+                console.log('waiting for proxy to start ...');
+                await execAsync(`until timeout 0.25 curl -s http://localhost:8877; do sleep 0.25; done`);
+            }
+            // spawn child and let it inherit stdio
+            process.stdin.pause();
+            sandboxProcess = spawn(config.command, args, {
+                stdio: 'inherit',
+            });
+            return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+                sandboxProcess?.on('error', reject);
+                sandboxProcess?.on('close', (code) => {
+                    process.stdin.resume();
+                    resolve(code ?? 1);
+                });
+            });
+        }
+        console.error(`hopping into sandbox (command: ${config.command}) ...`);
+        // determine full path for gemini-cli to distinguish linked vs installed setting
+        const gcPath = fs.realpathSync(process.argv[1]);
+        const projectSandboxDockerfile = path.join(SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME, 'sandbox.Dockerfile');
+        const isCustomProjectSandbox = fs.existsSync(projectSandboxDockerfile);
+        const image = config.image;
+        const workdir = path.resolve(process.cwd());
+        const containerWorkdir = getContainerPath(workdir);
+        // if BUILD_SANDBOX is set, then call scripts/build_sandbox.js under gemini-cli repo
+        //
+        // note this can only be done with binary linked from gemini-cli repo
+        if (process.env['BUILD_SANDBOX']) {
+            if (!gcPath.includes('gemini-cli/packages/')) {
+                throw new FatalSandboxError('Cannot build sandbox using installed gemini binary; ' +
+                    'run `npm link ./packages/cli` under gemini-cli repo to switch to linked binary.');
+            }
+            else {
+                console.error('building sandbox ...');
+                const gcRoot = gcPath.split('/packages/')[0];
+                // if project folder has sandbox.Dockerfile under project settings folder, use that
+                let buildArgs = '';
+                const projectSandboxDockerfile = path.join(SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME, 'sandbox.Dockerfile');
+                if (isCustomProjectSandbox) {
+                    console.error(`using ${projectSandboxDockerfile} for sandbox`);
+                    buildArgs += `-f ${path.resolve(projectSandboxDockerfile)} -i ${image}`;
                 }
+                execSync(`cd ${gcRoot} && node scripts/build_sandbox.js -s ${buildArgs}`, {
+                    stdio: 'inherit',
+                    env: {
+                        ...process.env,
+                        GEMINI_SANDBOX: config.command, // in case sandbox is enabled via flags (see config.ts under cli package)
+                    },
+                });
             }
         }
-        for (let i = 0; i < MAX_INCLUDE_DIRS; i++) {
-            let dirPath = '/dev/null'; // Default to a safe path that won't cause issues
-            if (i < includedDirs.length) {
-                dirPath = includedDirs[i];
+        // stop if image is missing
+        if (!(await ensureSandboxImageIsPresent(config.command, image))) {
+            const remedy = image === LOCAL_DEV_SANDBOX_IMAGE_NAME
+                ? 'Try running `npm run build:all` or `npm run build:sandbox` under the gemini-cli repo to build it locally, or check the image name and your network connection.'
+                : 'Please check the image name, your network connection, or notify gemini-cli-dev@google.com if the issue persists.';
+            throw new FatalSandboxError(`Sandbox image '${image}' is missing or could not be pulled. ${remedy}`);
+        }
+        // use interactive mode and auto-remove container on exit
+        // run init binary inside container to forward signals & reap zombies
+        const args = ['run', '-i', '--rm', '--init', '--workdir', containerWorkdir];
+        // add custom flags from SANDBOX_FLAGS
+        if (process.env['SANDBOX_FLAGS']) {
+            const flags = parse(process.env['SANDBOX_FLAGS'], process.env).filter((f) => typeof f === 'string');
+            args.push(...flags);
+        }
+        // add TTY only if stdin is TTY as well, i.e. for piped input don't init TTY in container
+        if (process.stdin.isTTY) {
+            args.push('-t');
+        }
+        // allow access to host.docker.internal
+        args.push('--add-host', 'host.docker.internal:host-gateway');
+        // mount current directory as working directory in sandbox (set via --workdir)
+        args.push('--volume', `${workdir}:${containerWorkdir}`);
+        // mount user settings directory inside container, after creating if missing
+        // note user/home changes inside sandbox and we mount at BOTH paths for consistency
+        const userSettingsDirOnHost = USER_SETTINGS_DIR;
+        const userSettingsDirInSandbox = getContainerPath(`/home/node/${SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME}`);
+        if (!fs.existsSync(userSettingsDirOnHost)) {
+            fs.mkdirSync(userSettingsDirOnHost);
+        }
+        args.push('--volume', `${userSettingsDirOnHost}:${userSettingsDirInSandbox}`);
+        if (userSettingsDirInSandbox !== userSettingsDirOnHost) {
+            args.push('--volume', `${userSettingsDirOnHost}:${getContainerPath(userSettingsDirOnHost)}`);
+        }
+        // mount os.tmpdir() as os.tmpdir() inside container
+        args.push('--volume', `${os.tmpdir()}:${getContainerPath(os.tmpdir())}`);
+        // mount gcloud config directory if it exists
+        const gcloudConfigDir = path.join(os.homedir(), '.config', 'gcloud');
+        if (fs.existsSync(gcloudConfigDir)) {
+            args.push('--volume', `${gcloudConfigDir}:${getContainerPath(gcloudConfigDir)}:ro`);
+        }
+        // mount ADC file if GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS is set
+        if (process.env['GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS']) {
+            const adcFile = process.env['GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS'];
+            if (fs.existsSync(adcFile)) {
+                args.push('--volume', `${adcFile}:${getContainerPath(adcFile)}:ro`);
+                args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS=${getContainerPath(adcFile)}`);
             }
-            args.push('-D', `INCLUDE_DIR_${i}=${dirPath}`);
         }
-        args.push('-f', profileFile, 'sh', '-c', [
-            `SANDBOX=sandbox-exec`,
-            `NODE_OPTIONS="${nodeOptions}"`,
-            ...process.argv.map((arg) => quote([arg])),
-        ].join(' '));
-        // start and set up proxy if GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND is set
-        const proxyCommand = process.env.GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND;
-        let proxyProcess = undefined;
-        let sandboxProcess = undefined;
-        const sandboxEnv = { ...process.env };
+        // mount paths listed in SANDBOX_MOUNTS
+        if (process.env['SANDBOX_MOUNTS']) {
+            for (let mount of process.env['SANDBOX_MOUNTS'].split(',')) {
+                if (mount.trim()) {
+                    // parse mount as from:to:opts
+                    let [from, to, opts] = mount.trim().split(':');
+                    to = to || from; // default to mount at same path inside container
+                    opts = opts || 'ro'; // default to read-only
+                    mount = `${from}:${to}:${opts}`;
+                    // check that from path is absolute
+                    if (!path.isAbsolute(from)) {
+                        throw new FatalSandboxError(`Path '${from}' listed in SANDBOX_MOUNTS must be absolute`);
+                    }
+                    // check that from path exists on host
+                    if (!fs.existsSync(from)) {
+                        throw new FatalSandboxError(`Missing mount path '${from}' listed in SANDBOX_MOUNTS`);
+                    }
+                    console.error(`SANDBOX_MOUNTS: ${from} -> ${to} (${opts})`);
+                    args.push('--volume', mount);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // expose env-specified ports on the sandbox
+        ports().forEach((p) => args.push('--publish', `${p}:${p}`));
+        // if DEBUG is set, expose debugging port
+        if (process.env['DEBUG']) {
+            const debugPort = process.env['DEBUG_PORT'] || '9229';
+            args.push(`--publish`, `${debugPort}:${debugPort}`);
+        }
+        // copy proxy environment variables, replacing localhost with SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME
+        // copy as both upper-case and lower-case as is required by some utilities
+        // GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND implies HTTPS_PROXY unless HTTP_PROXY is set
+        const proxyCommand = process.env['GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND'];
         if (proxyCommand) {
-            const proxy = process.env.HTTPS_PROXY ||
-                process.env.https_proxy ||
-                process.env.HTTP_PROXY ||
-                process.env.http_proxy ||
+            let proxy = process.env['HTTPS_PROXY'] ||
+                process.env['https_proxy'] ||
+                process.env['HTTP_PROXY'] ||
+                process.env['http_proxy'] ||
                 'http://localhost:8877';
-            sandboxEnv['HTTPS_PROXY'] = proxy;
-            sandboxEnv['https_proxy'] = proxy; // lower-case can be required, e.g. for curl
-            sandboxEnv['HTTP_PROXY'] = proxy;
-            sandboxEnv['http_proxy'] = proxy;
-            const noProxy = process.env.NO_PROXY || process.env.no_proxy;
+            proxy = proxy.replace('localhost', SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME);
+            if (proxy) {
+                args.push('--env', `HTTPS_PROXY=${proxy}`);
+                args.push('--env', `https_proxy=${proxy}`); // lower-case can be required, e.g. for curl
+                args.push('--env', `HTTP_PROXY=${proxy}`);
+                args.push('--env', `http_proxy=${proxy}`);
+            }
+            const noProxy = process.env['NO_PROXY'] || process.env['no_proxy'];
             if (noProxy) {
-                sandboxEnv['NO_PROXY'] = noProxy;
-                sandboxEnv['no_proxy'] = noProxy;
+                args.push('--env', `NO_PROXY=${noProxy}`);
+                args.push('--env', `no_proxy=${noProxy}`);
             }
-            proxyProcess = spawn(proxyCommand, {
+            // if using proxy, switch to internal networking through proxy
+            if (proxy) {
+                execSync(`${config.command} network inspect ${SANDBOX_NETWORK_NAME} || ${config.command} network create --internal ${SANDBOX_NETWORK_NAME}`);
+                args.push('--network', SANDBOX_NETWORK_NAME);
+                // if proxy command is set, create a separate network w/ host access (i.e. non-internal)
+                // we will run proxy in its own container connected to both host network and internal network
+                // this allows proxy to work even on rootless podman on macos with host<->vm<->container isolation
+                if (proxyCommand) {
+                    execSync(`${config.command} network inspect ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME} || ${config.command} network create ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME}`);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // name container after image, plus random suffix to avoid conflicts
+        const imageName = parseImageName(image);
+        const isIntegrationTest = process.env['GEMINI_CLI_INTEGRATION_TEST'] === 'true';
+        let containerName;
+        if (isIntegrationTest) {
+            containerName = `gemini-cli-integration-test-${randomBytes(4).toString('hex')}`;
+            console.log(`ContainerName: ${containerName}`);
+        }
+        else {
+            let index = 0;
+            const containerNameCheck = execSync(`${config.command} ps -a --format "{{.Names}}"`)
+                .toString()
+                .trim();
+            while (containerNameCheck.includes(`${imageName}-${index}`)) {
+                index++;
+            }
+            containerName = `${imageName}-${index}`;
+            console.log(`ContainerName (regular): ${containerName}`);
+        }
+        args.push('--name', containerName, '--hostname', containerName);
+        // copy GEMINI_CLI_TEST_VAR for integration tests
+        if (process.env['GEMINI_CLI_TEST_VAR']) {
+            args.push('--env', `GEMINI_CLI_TEST_VAR=${process.env['GEMINI_CLI_TEST_VAR']}`);
+        }
+        // copy GEMINI_API_KEY(s)
+        if (process.env['GEMINI_API_KEY']) {
+            args.push('--env', `GEMINI_API_KEY=${process.env['GEMINI_API_KEY']}`);
+        }
+        if (process.env['GOOGLE_API_KEY']) {
+            args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_API_KEY=${process.env['GOOGLE_API_KEY']}`);
+        }
+        // copy OPENAI_API_KEY and related env vars for Qwen
+        if (process.env['OPENAI_API_KEY']) {
+            args.push('--env', `OPENAI_API_KEY=${process.env['OPENAI_API_KEY']}`);
+        }
+        // copy TAVILY_API_KEY for web search tool
+        if (process.env['TAVILY_API_KEY']) {
+            args.push('--env', `TAVILY_API_KEY=${process.env['TAVILY_API_KEY']}`);
+        }
+        if (process.env['OPENAI_BASE_URL']) {
+            args.push('--env', `OPENAI_BASE_URL=${process.env['OPENAI_BASE_URL']}`);
+        }
+        if (process.env['OPENAI_MODEL']) {
+            args.push('--env', `OPENAI_MODEL=${process.env['OPENAI_MODEL']}`);
+        }
+        // copy GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI
+        if (process.env['GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI']) {
+            args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI=${process.env['GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI']}`);
+        }
+        // copy GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA
+        if (process.env['GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA']) {
+            args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA=${process.env['GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA']}`);
+        }
+        // copy GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT
+        if (process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT']) {
+            args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT=${process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT']}`);
+        }
+        // copy GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION
+        if (process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION']) {
+            args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION=${process.env['GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION']}`);
+        }
+        // copy GEMINI_MODEL
+        if (process.env['GEMINI_MODEL']) {
+            args.push('--env', `GEMINI_MODEL=${process.env['GEMINI_MODEL']}`);
+        }
+        // copy TERM and COLORTERM to try to maintain terminal setup
+        if (process.env['TERM']) {
+            args.push('--env', `TERM=${process.env['TERM']}`);
+        }
+        if (process.env['COLORTERM']) {
+            args.push('--env', `COLORTERM=${process.env['COLORTERM']}`);
+        }
+        // Pass through IDE mode environment variables
+        for (const envVar of [
+            'QWEN_CODE_IDE_SERVER_PORT',
+            'QWEN_CODE_IDE_WORKSPACE_PATH',
+            'TERM_PROGRAM',
+        ]) {
+            if (process.env[envVar]) {
+                args.push('--env', `${envVar}=${process.env[envVar]}`);
+            }
+        }
+        // copy VIRTUAL_ENV if under working directory
+        // also mount-replace VIRTUAL_ENV directory with <project_settings>/sandbox.venv
+        // sandbox can then set up this new VIRTUAL_ENV directory using sandbox.bashrc (see below)
+        // directory will be empty if not set up, which is still preferable to having host binaries
+        if (process.env['VIRTUAL_ENV']
+            ?.toLowerCase()
+            .startsWith(workdir.toLowerCase())) {
+            const sandboxVenvPath = path.resolve(SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME, 'sandbox.venv');
+            if (!fs.existsSync(sandboxVenvPath)) {
+                fs.mkdirSync(sandboxVenvPath, { recursive: true });
+            }
+            args.push('--volume', `${sandboxVenvPath}:${getContainerPath(process.env['VIRTUAL_ENV'])}`);
+            args.push('--env', `VIRTUAL_ENV=${getContainerPath(process.env['VIRTUAL_ENV'])}`);
+        }
+        // copy additional environment variables from SANDBOX_ENV
+        if (process.env['SANDBOX_ENV']) {
+            for (let env of process.env['SANDBOX_ENV'].split(',')) {
+                if ((env = env.trim())) {
+                    if (env.includes('=')) {
+                        console.error(`SANDBOX_ENV: ${env}`);
+                        args.push('--env', env);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        throw new FatalSandboxError('SANDBOX_ENV must be a comma-separated list of key=value pairs');
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        // copy NODE_OPTIONS
+        const existingNodeOptions = process.env['NODE_OPTIONS'] || '';
+        const allNodeOptions = [
+            ...(existingNodeOptions ? [existingNodeOptions] : []),
+            ...nodeArgs,
+        ].join(' ');
+        if (allNodeOptions.length > 0) {
+            args.push('--env', `NODE_OPTIONS="${allNodeOptions}"`);
+        }
+        // set SANDBOX as container name
+        args.push('--env', `SANDBOX=${containerName}`);
+        // for podman only, use empty --authfile to skip unnecessary auth refresh overhead
+        if (config.command === 'podman') {
+            const emptyAuthFilePath = path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'empty_auth.json');
+            fs.writeFileSync(emptyAuthFilePath, '{}', 'utf-8');
+            args.push('--authfile', emptyAuthFilePath);
+        }
+        // Determine if the current user's UID/GID should be passed to the sandbox.
+        // See shouldUseCurrentUserInSandbox for more details.
+        let userFlag = '';
+        const finalEntrypoint = entrypoint(workdir, cliArgs);
+        if (process.env['GEMINI_CLI_INTEGRATION_TEST'] === 'true') {
+            args.push('--user', 'root');
+            userFlag = '--user root';
+        }
+        else if (await shouldUseCurrentUserInSandbox()) {
+            // For the user-creation logic to work, the container must start as root.
+            // The entrypoint script then handles dropping privileges to the correct user.
+            args.push('--user', 'root');
+            const uid = execSync('id -u').toString().trim();
+            const gid = execSync('id -g').toString().trim();
+            // Instead of passing --user to the main sandbox container, we let it
+            // start as root, then create a user with the host's UID/GID, and
+            // finally switch to that user to run the gemini process. This is
+            // necessary on Linux to ensure the user exists within the
+            // container's /etc/passwd file, which is required by os.userInfo().
+            const username = 'gemini';
+            const homeDir = getContainerPath(os.homedir());
+            const setupUserCommands = [
+                // Use -f with groupadd to avoid errors if the group already exists.
+                `groupadd -f -g ${gid} ${username}`,
+                // Create user only if it doesn't exist. Use -o for non-unique UID.
+                `id -u ${username} &>/dev/null || useradd -o -u ${uid} -g ${gid} -d ${homeDir} -s /bin/bash ${username}`,
+            ].join(' && ');
+            const originalCommand = finalEntrypoint[2];
+            const escapedOriginalCommand = originalCommand.replace(/'/g, "'\\''");
+            // Use `su -p` to preserve the environment.
+            const suCommand = `su -p ${username} -c '${escapedOriginalCommand}'`;
+            // The entrypoint is always `['bash', '-c', '<command>']`, so we modify the command part.
+            finalEntrypoint[2] = `${setupUserCommands} && ${suCommand}`;
+            // We still need userFlag for the simpler proxy container, which does not have this issue.
+            userFlag = `--user ${uid}:${gid}`;
+            // When forcing a UID in the sandbox, $HOME can be reset to '/', so we copy $HOME as well.
+            args.push('--env', `HOME=${os.homedir()}`);
+        }
+        // push container image name
+        args.push(image);
+        // push container entrypoint (including args)
+        args.push(...finalEntrypoint);
+        // start and set up proxy if GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND is set
+        let proxyProcess = undefined;
+        let sandboxProcess = undefined;
+        if (proxyCommand) {
+            // run proxyCommand in its own container
+            const proxyContainerCommand = `${config.command} run --rm --init ${userFlag} --name ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME} --network ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME} -p 8877:8877 -v ${process.cwd()}:${workdir} --workdir ${workdir} ${image} ${proxyCommand}`;
+            proxyProcess = spawn(proxyContainerCommand, {
                 stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'],
                 shell: true,
                 detached: true,
             });
             // install handlers to stop proxy on exit/signal
             const stopProxy = () => {
-                console.log('stopping proxy ...');
-                if (proxyProcess?.pid) {
-                    process.kill(-proxyProcess.pid, 'SIGTERM');
-                }
+                console.log('stopping proxy container ...');
+                execSync(`${config.command} rm -f ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME}`);
             };
             process.on('exit', stopProxy);
             process.on('SIGINT', stopProxy);
@@ -245,373 +617,42 @@ export async function start_sandbox(config, nodeArgs = [], cliConfig) {
             //   console.info(data.toString());
             // });
             proxyProcess.stderr?.on('data', (data) => {
-                console.error(data.toString());
+                console.error(data.toString().trim());
             });
             proxyProcess.on('close', (code, signal) => {
-                console.error(`ERROR: proxy command '${proxyCommand}' exited with code ${code}, signal ${signal}`);
                 if (sandboxProcess?.pid) {
                     process.kill(-sandboxProcess.pid, 'SIGTERM');
                 }
-                process.exit(1);
+                throw new FatalSandboxError(`Proxy container command '${proxyContainerCommand}' exited with code ${code}, signal ${signal}`);
             });
             console.log('waiting for proxy to start ...');
             await execAsync(`until timeout 0.25 curl -s http://localhost:8877; do sleep 0.25; done`);
+            // connect proxy container to sandbox network
+            // (workaround for older versions of docker that don't support multiple --network args)
+            await execAsync(`${config.command} network connect ${SANDBOX_NETWORK_NAME} ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME}`);
         }
         // spawn child and let it inherit stdio
+        process.stdin.pause();
         sandboxProcess = spawn(config.command, args, {
             stdio: 'inherit',
         });
-        await new Promise((resolve) => sandboxProcess?.on('close', resolve));
-        return;
-    }
-    console.error(`hopping into sandbox (command: ${config.command}) ...`);
-    // determine full path for gemini-cli to distinguish linked vs installed setting
-    const gcPath = fs.realpathSync(process.argv[1]);
-    const projectSandboxDockerfile = path.join(SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME, 'sandbox.Dockerfile');
-    const isCustomProjectSandbox = fs.existsSync(projectSandboxDockerfile);
-    const image = config.image;
-    const workdir = path.resolve(process.cwd());
-    const containerWorkdir = getContainerPath(workdir);
-    // if BUILD_SANDBOX is set, then call scripts/build_sandbox.js under gemini-cli repo
-    //
-    // note this can only be done with binary linked from gemini-cli repo
-    if (process.env.BUILD_SANDBOX) {
-        if (!gcPath.includes('gemini-cli/packages/')) {
-            console.error('ERROR: cannot build sandbox using installed gemini binary; ' +
-                'run `npm link ./packages/cli` under gemini-cli repo to switch to linked binary.');
-            process.exit(1);
-        }
-        else {
-            console.error('building sandbox ...');
-            const gcRoot = gcPath.split('/packages/')[0];
-            // if project folder has sandbox.Dockerfile under project settings folder, use that
-            let buildArgs = '';
-            const projectSandboxDockerfile = path.join(SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME, 'sandbox.Dockerfile');
-            if (isCustomProjectSandbox) {
-                console.error(`using ${projectSandboxDockerfile} for sandbox`);
-                buildArgs += `-f ${path.resolve(projectSandboxDockerfile)} -i ${image}`;
-            }
-            execSync(`cd ${gcRoot} && node scripts/build_sandbox.js -s ${buildArgs}`, {
-                stdio: 'inherit',
-                env: {
-                    ...process.env,
-                    GEMINI_SANDBOX: config.command, // in case sandbox is enabled via flags (see config.ts under cli package)
-                },
+        return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+            sandboxProcess.on('error', (err) => {
+                console.error('Sandbox process error:', err);
+                reject(err);
             });
-        }
-    }
-    // stop if image is missing
-    if (!(await ensureSandboxImageIsPresent(config.command, image))) {
-        const remedy = image === LOCAL_DEV_SANDBOX_IMAGE_NAME
-            ? 'Try running `npm run build:all` or `npm run build:sandbox` under the gemini-cli repo to build it locally, or check the image name and your network connection.'
-            : 'Please check the image name, your network connection, or notify gemini-cli-dev@google.com if the issue persists.';
-        console.error(`ERROR: Sandbox image '${image}' is missing or could not be pulled. ${remedy}`);
-        process.exit(1);
-    }
-    // use interactive mode and auto-remove container on exit
-    // run init binary inside container to forward signals & reap zombies
-    const args = ['run', '-i', '--rm', '--init', '--workdir', containerWorkdir];
-    // add custom flags from SANDBOX_FLAGS
-    if (process.env.SANDBOX_FLAGS) {
-        const flags = parse(process.env.SANDBOX_FLAGS, process.env).filter((f) => typeof f === 'string');
-        args.push(...flags);
-    }
-    // add TTY only if stdin is TTY as well, i.e. for piped input don't init TTY in container
-    if (process.stdin.isTTY) {
-        args.push('-t');
-    }
-    // mount current directory as working directory in sandbox (set via --workdir)
-    args.push('--volume', `${workdir}:${containerWorkdir}`);
-    // mount user settings directory inside container, after creating if missing
-    // note user/home changes inside sandbox and we mount at BOTH paths for consistency
-    const userSettingsDirOnHost = USER_SETTINGS_DIR;
-    const userSettingsDirInSandbox = getContainerPath(`/home/node/${SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME}`);
-    if (!fs.existsSync(userSettingsDirOnHost)) {
-        fs.mkdirSync(userSettingsDirOnHost);
-    }
-    args.push('--volume', `${userSettingsDirOnHost}:${userSettingsDirInSandbox}`);
-    if (userSettingsDirInSandbox !== userSettingsDirOnHost) {
-        args.push('--volume', `${userSettingsDirOnHost}:${getContainerPath(userSettingsDirOnHost)}`);
-    }
-    // mount os.tmpdir() as os.tmpdir() inside container
-    args.push('--volume', `${os.tmpdir()}:${getContainerPath(os.tmpdir())}`);
-    // mount gcloud config directory if it exists
-    const gcloudConfigDir = path.join(os.homedir(), '.config', 'gcloud');
-    if (fs.existsSync(gcloudConfigDir)) {
-        args.push('--volume', `${gcloudConfigDir}:${getContainerPath(gcloudConfigDir)}:ro`);
-    }
-    // mount ADC file if GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS is set
-    if (process.env.GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS) {
-        const adcFile = process.env.GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS;
-        if (fs.existsSync(adcFile)) {
-            args.push('--volume', `${adcFile}:${getContainerPath(adcFile)}:ro`);
-            args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS=${getContainerPath(adcFile)}`);
-        }
-    }
-    // mount paths listed in SANDBOX_MOUNTS
-    if (process.env.SANDBOX_MOUNTS) {
-        for (let mount of process.env.SANDBOX_MOUNTS.split(',')) {
-            if (mount.trim()) {
-                // parse mount as from:to:opts
-                let [from, to, opts] = mount.trim().split(':');
-                to = to || from; // default to mount at same path inside container
-                opts = opts || 'ro'; // default to read-only
-                mount = `${from}:${to}:${opts}`;
-                // check that from path is absolute
-                if (!path.isAbsolute(from)) {
-                    console.error(`ERROR: path '${from}' listed in SANDBOX_MOUNTS must be absolute`);
-                    process.exit(1);
-                }
-                // check that from path exists on host
-                if (!fs.existsSync(from)) {
-                    console.error(`ERROR: missing mount path '${from}' listed in SANDBOX_MOUNTS`);
-                    process.exit(1);
-                }
-                console.error(`SANDBOX_MOUNTS: ${from} -> ${to} (${opts})`);
-                args.push('--volume', mount);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    // expose env-specified ports on the sandbox
-    ports().forEach((p) => args.push('--publish', `${p}:${p}`));
-    // if DEBUG is set, expose debugging port
-    if (process.env.DEBUG) {
-        const debugPort = process.env.DEBUG_PORT || '9229';
-        args.push(`--publish`, `${debugPort}:${debugPort}`);
-    }
-    // copy proxy environment variables, replacing localhost with SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME
-    // copy as both upper-case and lower-case as is required by some utilities
-    // GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND implies HTTPS_PROXY unless HTTP_PROXY is set
-    const proxyCommand = process.env.GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND;
-    if (proxyCommand) {
-        let proxy = process.env.HTTPS_PROXY ||
-            process.env.https_proxy ||
-            process.env.HTTP_PROXY ||
-            process.env.http_proxy ||
-            'http://localhost:8877';
-        proxy = proxy.replace('localhost', SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME);
-        if (proxy) {
-            args.push('--env', `HTTPS_PROXY=${proxy}`);
-            args.push('--env', `https_proxy=${proxy}`); // lower-case can be required, e.g. for curl
-            args.push('--env', `HTTP_PROXY=${proxy}`);
-            args.push('--env', `http_proxy=${proxy}`);
-        }
-        const noProxy = process.env.NO_PROXY || process.env.no_proxy;
-        if (noProxy) {
-            args.push('--env', `NO_PROXY=${noProxy}`);
-            args.push('--env', `no_proxy=${noProxy}`);
-        }
-        // if using proxy, switch to internal networking through proxy
-        if (proxy) {
-            execSync(`${config.command} network inspect ${SANDBOX_NETWORK_NAME} || ${config.command} network create --internal ${SANDBOX_NETWORK_NAME}`);
-            args.push('--network', SANDBOX_NETWORK_NAME);
-            // if proxy command is set, create a separate network w/ host access (i.e. non-internal)
-            // we will run proxy in its own container connected to both host network and internal network
-            // this allows proxy to work even on rootless podman on macos with host<->vm<->container isolation
-            if (proxyCommand) {
-                execSync(`${config.command} network inspect ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME} || ${config.command} network create ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME}`);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    // name container after image, plus numeric suffix to avoid conflicts
-    const imageName = parseImageName(image);
-    let index = 0;
-    const containerNameCheck = execSync(`${config.command} ps -a --format "{{.Names}}"`)
-        .toString()
-        .trim();
-    while (containerNameCheck.includes(`${imageName}-${index}`)) {
-        index++;
-    }
-    const containerName = `${imageName}-${index}`;
-    args.push('--name', containerName, '--hostname', containerName);
-    // copy GEMINI_API_KEY(s)
-    if (process.env.GEMINI_API_KEY) {
-        args.push('--env', `GEMINI_API_KEY=${process.env.GEMINI_API_KEY}`);
-    }
-    if (process.env.GOOGLE_API_KEY) {
-        args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_API_KEY=${process.env.GOOGLE_API_KEY}`);
-    }
-    // copy OPENAI_API_KEY and related env vars for Qwen
-    if (process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY) {
-        args.push('--env', `OPENAI_API_KEY=${process.env.OPENAI_API_KEY}`);
-    }
-    // copy TAVILY_API_KEY for web search tool
-    if (process.env.TAVILY_API_KEY) {
-        args.push('--env', `TAVILY_API_KEY=${process.env.TAVILY_API_KEY}`);
-    }
-    if (process.env.OPENAI_BASE_URL) {
-        args.push('--env', `OPENAI_BASE_URL=${process.env.OPENAI_BASE_URL}`);
-    }
-    if (process.env.OPENAI_MODEL) {
-        args.push('--env', `OPENAI_MODEL=${process.env.OPENAI_MODEL}`);
-    }
-    // copy GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI
-    if (process.env.GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI) {
-        args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI=${process.env.GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_VERTEXAI}`);
-    }
-    // copy GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA
-    if (process.env.GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA) {
-        args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA=${process.env.GOOGLE_GENAI_USE_GCA}`);
-    }
-    // copy GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT
-    if (process.env.GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT) {
-        args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT=${process.env.GOOGLE_CLOUD_PROJECT}`);
-    }
-    // copy GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION
-    if (process.env.GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION) {
-        args.push('--env', `GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION=${process.env.GOOGLE_CLOUD_LOCATION}`);
-    }
-    // copy GEMINI_MODEL
-    if (process.env.GEMINI_MODEL) {
-        args.push('--env', `GEMINI_MODEL=${process.env.GEMINI_MODEL}`);
-    }
-    // copy TERM and COLORTERM to try to maintain terminal setup
-    if (process.env.TERM) {
-        args.push('--env', `TERM=${process.env.TERM}`);
-    }
-    if (process.env.COLORTERM) {
-        args.push('--env', `COLORTERM=${process.env.COLORTERM}`);
-    }
-    // copy VIRTUAL_ENV if under working directory
-    // also mount-replace VIRTUAL_ENV directory with <project_settings>/sandbox.venv
-    // sandbox can then set up this new VIRTUAL_ENV directory using sandbox.bashrc (see below)
-    // directory will be empty if not set up, which is still preferable to having host binaries
-    if (process.env.VIRTUAL_ENV?.toLowerCase().startsWith(workdir.toLowerCase())) {
-        const sandboxVenvPath = path.resolve(SETTINGS_DIRECTORY_NAME, 'sandbox.venv');
-        if (!fs.existsSync(sandboxVenvPath)) {
-            fs.mkdirSync(sandboxVenvPath, { recursive: true });
-        }
-        args.push('--volume', `${sandboxVenvPath}:${getContainerPath(process.env.VIRTUAL_ENV)}`);
-        args.push('--env', `VIRTUAL_ENV=${getContainerPath(process.env.VIRTUAL_ENV)}`);
-    }
-    // copy additional environment variables from SANDBOX_ENV
-    if (process.env.SANDBOX_ENV) {
-        for (let env of process.env.SANDBOX_ENV.split(',')) {
-            if ((env = env.trim())) {
-                if (env.includes('=')) {
-                    console.error(`SANDBOX_ENV: ${env}`);
-                    args.push('--env', env);
+            sandboxProcess?.on('close', (code, signal) => {
+                process.stdin.resume();
+                if (code !== 0 && code !== null) {
+                    console.log(`Sandbox process exited with code: ${code}, signal: ${signal}`);
                 }
-                else {
-                    console.error('ERROR: SANDBOX_ENV must be a comma-separated list of key=value pairs');
-                    process.exit(1);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-    // copy NODE_OPTIONS
-    const existingNodeOptions = process.env.NODE_OPTIONS || '';
-    const allNodeOptions = [
-        ...(existingNodeOptions ? [existingNodeOptions] : []),
-        ...nodeArgs,
-    ].join(' ');
-    if (allNodeOptions.length > 0) {
-        args.push('--env', `NODE_OPTIONS="${allNodeOptions}"`);
-    }
-    // set SANDBOX as container name
-    args.push('--env', `SANDBOX=${containerName}`);
-    // for podman only, use empty --authfile to skip unnecessary auth refresh overhead
-    if (config.command === 'podman') {
-        const emptyAuthFilePath = path.join(os.tmpdir(), 'empty_auth.json');
-        fs.writeFileSync(emptyAuthFilePath, '{}', 'utf-8');
-        args.push('--authfile', emptyAuthFilePath);
-    }
-    // Determine if the current user's UID/GID should be passed to the sandbox.
-    // See shouldUseCurrentUserInSandbox for more details.
-    let userFlag = '';
-    const finalEntrypoint = entrypoint(workdir);
-    if (process.env.GEMINI_CLI_INTEGRATION_TEST === 'true') {
-        args.push('--user', 'root');
-        userFlag = '--user root';
-    }
-    else if (await shouldUseCurrentUserInSandbox()) {
-        // For the user-creation logic to work, the container must start as root.
-        // The entrypoint script then handles dropping privileges to the correct user.
-        args.push('--user', 'root');
-        const uid = execSync('id -u').toString().trim();
-        const gid = execSync('id -g').toString().trim();
-        // Instead of passing --user to the main sandbox container, we let it
-        // start as root, then create a user with the host's UID/GID, and
-        // finally switch to that user to run the gemini process. This is
-        // necessary on Linux to ensure the user exists within the
-        // container's /etc/passwd file, which is required by os.userInfo().
-        const username = 'gemini';
-        const homeDir = getContainerPath(os.homedir());
-        const setupUserCommands = [
-            // Use -f with groupadd to avoid errors if the group already exists.
-            `groupadd -f -g ${gid} ${username}`,
-            // Create user only if it doesn't exist. Use -o for non-unique UID.
-            `id -u ${username} &>/dev/null || useradd -o -u ${uid} -g ${gid} -d ${homeDir} -s /bin/bash ${username}`,
-        ].join(' && ');
-        const originalCommand = finalEntrypoint[2];
-        const escapedOriginalCommand = originalCommand.replace(/'/g, "'\\''");
-        // Use `su -p` to preserve the environment.
-        const suCommand = `su -p ${username} -c '${escapedOriginalCommand}'`;
-        // The entrypoint is always `['bash', '-c', '<command>']`, so we modify the command part.
-        finalEntrypoint[2] = `${setupUserCommands} && ${suCommand}`;
-        // We still need userFlag for the simpler proxy container, which does not have this issue.
-        userFlag = `--user ${uid}:${gid}`;
-        // When forcing a UID in the sandbox, $HOME can be reset to '/', so we copy $HOME as well.
-        args.push('--env', `HOME=${os.homedir()}`);
-    }
-    // push container image name
-    args.push(image);
-    // push container entrypoint (including args)
-    args.push(...finalEntrypoint);
-    // start and set up proxy if GEMINI_SANDBOX_PROXY_COMMAND is set
-    let proxyProcess = undefined;
-    let sandboxProcess = undefined;
-    if (proxyCommand) {
-        // run proxyCommand in its own container
-        const proxyContainerCommand = `${config.command} run --rm --init ${userFlag} --name ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME} --network ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME} -p 8877:8877 -v ${process.cwd()}:${workdir} --workdir ${workdir} ${image} ${proxyCommand}`;
-        proxyProcess = spawn(proxyContainerCommand, {
-            stdio: ['ignore', 'pipe', 'pipe'],
-            shell: true,
-            detached: true,
-        });
-        // install handlers to stop proxy on exit/signal
-        const stopProxy = () => {
-            console.log('stopping proxy container ...');
-            execSync(`${config.command} rm -f ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME}`);
-        };
-        process.on('exit', stopProxy);
-        process.on('SIGINT', stopProxy);
-        process.on('SIGTERM', stopProxy);
-        // commented out as it disrupts ink rendering
-        // proxyProcess.stdout?.on('data', (data) => {
-        //   console.info(data.toString());
-        // });
-        proxyProcess.stderr?.on('data', (data) => {
-            console.error(data.toString().trim());
-        });
-        proxyProcess.on('close', (code, signal) => {
-            console.error(`ERROR: proxy container command '${proxyContainerCommand}' exited with code ${code}, signal ${signal}`);
-            if (sandboxProcess?.pid) {
-                process.kill(-sandboxProcess.pid, 'SIGTERM');
-            }
-            process.exit(1);
+                resolve(code ?? 1);
+            });
         });
-        console.log('waiting for proxy to start ...');
-        await execAsync(`until timeout 0.25 curl -s http://localhost:8877; do sleep 0.25; done`);
-        // connect proxy container to sandbox network
-        // (workaround for older versions of docker that don't support multiple --network args)
-        await execAsync(`${config.command} network connect ${SANDBOX_NETWORK_NAME} ${SANDBOX_PROXY_NAME}`);
     }
-    // spawn child and let it inherit stdio
-    sandboxProcess = spawn(config.command, args, {
-        stdio: 'inherit',
-    });
-    sandboxProcess.on('error', (err) => {
-        console.error('Sandbox process error:', err);
-    });
-    await new Promise((resolve) => {
-        sandboxProcess?.on('close', (code, signal) => {
-            if (code !== 0) {
-                console.log(`Sandbox process exited with code: ${code}, signal: ${signal}`);
-            }
-            resolve();
-        });
-    });
+    finally {
+        patcher.cleanup();
+    }
 }
 // Helper functions to ensure sandbox image is present
 async function imageExists(sandbox, image) {