@ukeyfe/hardware-core 1.1.13

package/src/api/firmware/updateBootloader.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import ByteBuffer from 'bytebuffer';
+import semver from 'semver';
+import { DeviceModelToTypes, Features } from '../../types';
+import { getDeviceType, getDeviceBootloaderVersion, getDeviceFirmwareVersion } from '../../utils';
+import { DataManager } from '../../data-manager';
+import { shouldUpdateBootloaderForClassicAndMini } from './bootloaderHelper';
+
+export function checkNeedUpdateBootForTouch(features: Features) {
+  const deviceType = getDeviceType(features);
+  if (!DeviceModelToTypes.model_touch.includes(deviceType)) return false;
+  const currentVersion = getDeviceFirmwareVersion(features).join('.');
+  const bootloaderVersion = getDeviceBootloaderVersion(features).join('.');
+  const targetBootloaderVersion = DataManager.getBootloaderTargetVersion(features);
+  if (!targetBootloaderVersion) return false;
+
+  return (
+    // support ResourceUpdate version 3.2.0
+    semver.gte(currentVersion, '3.2.0') &&
+    // support update bootloader version 4.1.0
+    semver.gte(currentVersion, '4.1.0') &&
+    // target bootloader version
+    semver.lte(bootloaderVersion, targetBootloaderVersion.join('.'))
+  );
+}
+
+export function checkNeedUpdateBootForClassicAndMini(
+  features: Features,
+  willUpdateFirmware?: string
+) {
+  const deviceType = getDeviceType(features);
+  if (!DeviceModelToTypes.model_mini.includes(deviceType)) return false;
+  if (!willUpdateFirmware) return false;
+  const currentVersion = getDeviceFirmwareVersion(features).join('.');
+  const bootloaderVersion = getDeviceBootloaderVersion(features).join('.');
+  const targetBootloaderVersion = DataManager.getBootloaderTargetVersion(features);
+  if (targetBootloaderVersion && semver.gte(bootloaderVersion, targetBootloaderVersion.join('.'))) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const bootloaderRelatedFirmwareVersion =
+    DataManager.getBootloaderRelatedFirmwareVersion(features);
+  if (!bootloaderRelatedFirmwareVersion) return false;
+
+  return shouldUpdateBootloaderForClassicAndMini({
+    currentVersion,
+    bootloaderVersion,
+    willUpdateFirmware,
+    targetBootloaderVersion,
+    bootloaderRelatedFirmwareVersion,
+  });
+}
+
+const INIT_DATA_CHUNK_SIZE = 16 * 1024;
+export function checkBootloaderLength(data: ArrayBuffer) {
+  const chunk = new Uint8Array(data.slice(0, Math.min(INIT_DATA_CHUNK_SIZE, data.byteLength)));
+  const buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(chunk, undefined, undefined, true);
+  buffer.LE();
+  // byte 'O', 'K', 'T', 'B'
+  buffer.readByte();
+  buffer.readByte();
+  buffer.readByte();
+  buffer.readByte();
+  // g_header_end - g_header
+  const hdrlen = buffer.readUint32();
+  // word 0
+  buffer.readUint32();
+  // codelen
+  const codelen = buffer.readUint32();
+  const bootloaderLength = hdrlen + codelen;
+  return bootloaderLength === data.byteLength;
+}

package/src/api/firmware/uploadFirmware.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+import semver from 'semver';
+import { blake2s } from '@noble/hashes/blake2s';
+import JSZip from 'jszip';
+import { ERRORS, HardwareErrorCode } from '@ukeyfe/hardware-shared';
+import { Success } from '@ukeyfe/hardware-transport';
+import {
+  wait,
+  getDeviceBootloaderVersion,
+  getDeviceType,
+  LoggerNames,
+  getLogger,
+} from '../../utils';
+import {
+  DEVICE,
+  CoreMessage,
+  createUiMessage,
+  UI_REQUEST,
+  IFirmwareUpdateProgressType,
+} from '../../events';
+import { PROTO } from '../../constants';
+import type { Device } from '../../device/Device';
+import type { TypedCall, TypedResponseMessage } from '../../device/DeviceCommands';
+import { DeviceModelToTypes, KnownDevice } from '../../types';
+import { bytesToHex } from '../helpers/hexUtils';
+import { DataManager } from '../../data-manager';
+import { DevicePool } from '../../device/DevicePool';
+
+const NEW_BOOT_UPRATE_FIRMWARE_VERSION = '2.4.5';
+const SESSION_ERROR = 'session not found';
+const FIRMWARE_UPDATE_CONFIRM = 'Firmware install confirmed';
+
+const Log = getLogger(LoggerNames.Method);
+
+const postConfirmationMessage = (device: Device) => {
+  // only if firmware is already installed. fresh device does not require button confirmation
+  if (device.features?.firmware_present) {
+    device.emit(DEVICE.BUTTON, device, { code: 'ButtonRequest_FirmwareUpdate' });
+  }
+};
+
+const postProgressMessage = (
+  device: Device,
+  progress: number,
+  progressType: IFirmwareUpdateProgressType,
+  postMessage: (message: CoreMessage) => void
+) => {
+  postMessage(
+    createUiMessage(UI_REQUEST.FIRMWARE_PROGRESS, {
+      device: device.toMessageObject() as KnownDevice,
+      progress,
+      progressType,
+    })
+  );
+};
+
+const postProcessingMessage = (
+  type: 'firmware' | 'ble' | 'bootloader' | 'resource',
+  postMessage: (message: CoreMessage) => void
+) => {
+  postMessage(
+    createUiMessage(UI_REQUEST.FIRMWARE_PROCESSING, {
+      type,
+    })
+  );
+};
+
+const postProgressTip = (
+  device: Device,
+  message: string,
+  postMessage: (message: CoreMessage) => void
+) => {
+  postMessage(
+    createUiMessage(UI_REQUEST.FIRMWARE_TIP, {
+      device: device.toMessageObject() as KnownDevice,
+      data: {
+        message,
+      },
+    })
+  );
+};
+
+export const waitBleInstall = async (updateType: string) => {
+  if (updateType === 'ble') {
+    // wait for device install
+    await wait(10 * 1000);
+  }
+};
+
+export const uploadFirmware = async (
+  updateType: 'firmware' | 'ble',
+  typedCall: TypedCall,
+  postMessage: (message: CoreMessage) => void,
+  device: Device,
+  {
+    payload,
+    rebootOnSuccess,
+  }: PROTO.FirmwareUpload & {
+    rebootOnSuccess?: boolean;
+  }
+) => {
+  const deviceType = getDeviceType(device.features);
+  if (DeviceModelToTypes.model_mini.includes(deviceType)) {
+    postConfirmationMessage(device);
+    postProgressTip(device, 'ConfirmOnDevice', postMessage);
+    const eraseCommand = updateType === 'firmware' ? 'FirmwareErase' : 'FirmwareErase_ex';
+    const eraseRes = await typedCall(eraseCommand as unknown as any, 'Success', {});
+    if (eraseRes.type !== 'Success') {
+      throw ERRORS.TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.RuntimeError, 'erase firmware error');
+    }
+    postProgressTip(device, 'FirmwareEraseSuccess', postMessage);
+    postProgressMessage(device, 0, 'installingFirmware', postMessage);
+    const { message, type } = await typedCall('FirmwareUpload', 'Success', {
+      payload,
+    });
+    postProgressMessage(device, 100, 'installingFirmware', postMessage);
+
+    await waitBleInstall(updateType);
+    if (type !== 'Success') {
+      throw ERRORS.TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.RuntimeError, 'install firmware error');
+    }
+    return message;
+  }
+
+  if (DeviceModelToTypes.model_touch.includes(deviceType)) {
+    if (device.features) {
+      const bootloaderVersion = getDeviceBootloaderVersion(device.features);
+      if (semver.gte(bootloaderVersion.join('.'), NEW_BOOT_UPRATE_FIRMWARE_VERSION)) {
+        const response = await newTouchUpdateProcess(
+          updateType,
+          postMessage,
+          device,
+          {
+            payload,
+          },
+          rebootOnSuccess
+        );
+        return response.message;
+      }
+    }
+
+    postConfirmationMessage(device);
+    postProgressTip(device, 'ConfirmOnDevice', postMessage);
+    const length = payload.byteLength;
+
+    let response = await typedCall('FirmwareErase', ['FirmwareRequest', 'Success'], { length });
+    postProgressTip(device, 'FirmwareEraseSuccess', postMessage);
+    while (response.type !== 'Success') {
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      const start = response.message.offset!;
+      // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-non-null-assertion
+      const end = response.message.offset! + response.message.length!;
+      const chunk = payload.slice(start, end);
+
+      if (start > 0) {
+        postProgressMessage(
+          device,
+          Math.round((start / length) * 100),
+          'transferData',
+          postMessage
+        );
+      }
+
+      response = await typedCall('FirmwareUpload', ['FirmwareRequest', 'Success'], {
+        payload: chunk,
+      });
+      // @ts-expect-error
+      if (response.type === 'CallMethodError') {
+        throw ERRORS.TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.RuntimeError, 'upload firmware error');
+      }
+    }
+
+    postProgressMessage(device, 100, 'transferData', postMessage);
+
+    await waitBleInstall(updateType);
+    return response.message;
+  }
+
+  throw ERRORS.TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.RuntimeError, 'uploadFirmware: unknown device model');
+};
+
+const newTouchUpdateProcess = async (
+  updateType: 'firmware' | 'ble',
+  postMessage: (message: CoreMessage) => void,
+  device: Device,
+  { payload }: PROTO.FirmwareUpload,
+  rebootOnSuccess = true
+) => {
+  let typedCall = device.getCommands().typedCall.bind(device.getCommands());
+  postProgressTip(device, 'StartTransferData', postMessage);
+  // Write File
+  const filePath = `0:${updateType === 'ble' ? 'ble-' : ''}firmware.bin`;
+  const env = DataManager.getSettings('env');
+  const perPackageSize = DataManager.isBleConnect(env) ? 16 : 128;
+  const chunkSize = 1024 * perPackageSize;
+  const totalChunks = Math.ceil(payload.byteLength / chunkSize);
+  let offset = 0;
+  for (let i = 0; i < totalChunks; i++) {
+    const chunkStart = i * chunkSize;
+    const chunkEnd = Math.min(chunkStart + chunkSize, payload.byteLength);
+    const chunkLength = chunkEnd - chunkStart;
+    const chunk = payload.slice(chunkStart, chunkEnd);
+    const overwrite = i === 0;
+    const progress = Math.round(((i + 1) / totalChunks) * 100);
+    const writeRes = await emmcFileWriteWithRetry(
+      device,
+      filePath,
+      chunkLength,
+      offset,
+      chunk,
+      overwrite,
+      progress
+    );
+    // @ts-expect-error
+    offset += writeRes.message.processed_byte;
+    postProgressMessage(device, progress, 'transferData', postMessage);
+  }
+
+  postConfirmationMessage(device);
+  postProgressTip(device, 'ConfirmOnDevice', postMessage);
+  postProgressTip(device, 'InstallingFirmware', postMessage);
+  typedCall = device.getCommands().typedCall.bind(device.getCommands());
+  // Firmware Update
+  const response = await typedCall('FirmwareUpdateEmmc', 'Success', {
+    path: filePath,
+    reboot_on_success: rebootOnSuccess,
+  });
+
+  if (
+    response.type === 'Success' &&
+    (response as any)?.message?.message === FIRMWARE_UPDATE_CONFIRM
+  ) {
+    const timeout = 2 * 60 * 1000;
+    // eslint-disable-next-line no-constant-condition
+    // Check if timeout exceeded
+    const startTime = Date.now();
+    const isBleReconnect = DataManager.isBleConnect(env);
+    while (Date.now() - startTime < timeout) {
+      try {
+        if (isBleReconnect) {
+          try {
+            await device.deviceConnector?.acquire(device.originalDescriptor.id, null, true);
+            const typedCall = device.getCommands().typedCall.bind(device.getCommands());
+            await Promise.race([
+              typedCall('Initialize', 'Features', {}),
+              new Promise((_, reject) => {
+                setTimeout(() => {
+                  reject(ERRORS.TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.DeviceInitializeFailed));
+                }, 3000);
+              }),
+            ]);
+          } catch (e) {
+            // ignore error because of device is not connected
+            Log.log('catch Bluetooth error when device is restarting: ', e);
+          }
+        } else {
+          const deviceDiff = await device.deviceConnector?.enumerate();
+          const devicesDescriptor = deviceDiff?.descriptors ?? [];
+          const { deviceList } = await DevicePool.getDevices(
+            devicesDescriptor,
+            device.originalDescriptor.id
+          );
+          if (deviceList.length === 1) {
+            device.updateFromCache(deviceList[0]);
+            await device.acquire();
+            device.commands.disposed = false;
+            device.getCommands().mainId = device.mainId ?? '';
+          }
+        }
+        const typedCall = device.getCommands().typedCall.bind(device.getCommands());
+        await typedCall('GetFeatures', 'Features', {});
+        DevicePool.resetState();
+        break;
+      } catch (error) {
+        console.error('Device reconnect failed: ', error);
+        Log.error('Device reconnect failed:', error);
+        await wait(1000);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return response;
+};
+
+const emmcFileWriteWithRetry = async (
+  device: Device,
+  filePath: string,
+  chunkLength: number,
+  offset: number,
+  chunk: ArrayBuffer,
+  overwrite: boolean,
+  progress: number
+) => {
+  const writeFunc = async () => {
+    const typedCall = device.getCommands().typedCall.bind(device.getCommands());
+    // @ts-expect-error
+    const writeRes = await typedCall('EmmcFileWrite', 'EmmcFile', {
+      file: {
+        path: filePath,
+        len: chunkLength,
+        offset,
+        data: chunk,
+      },
+      overwrite,
+      append: offset !== 0,
+      ui_percentage: progress,
+    });
+    if (writeRes.type !== 'EmmcFile') {
+      // @ts-expect-error
+      if (writeRes.type === 'CallMethodError') {
+        if (((writeRes as any).message.error ?? '').indexOf(SESSION_ERROR) > -1) {
+          throw ERRORS.TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.RuntimeError, SESSION_ERROR);
+        }
+      }
+      throw ERRORS.TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.EmmcFileWriteFirmwareError, 'transfer data error');
+    }
+    return writeRes;
+  };
+
+  let retryCount = 10;
+  while (retryCount > 0) {
+    try {
+      const result = await writeFunc();
+      return result;
+    } catch (error) {
+      Log.error(`emmcWrite error: `, error);
+      retryCount--;
+      if (retryCount === 0) {
+        throw ERRORS.TypedError(
+          HardwareErrorCode.EmmcFileWriteFirmwareError,
+          'transfer data error'
+        );
+      }
+      const env = DataManager.getSettings('env');
+      if (DataManager.isBleConnect(env)) {
+        await wait(3000);
+        await device.deviceConnector?.acquire(device.originalDescriptor.id, null, true);
+        await device.initialize();
+      } else if (
+        error?.message?.indexOf(SESSION_ERROR) > -1 ||
+        error?.response?.data?.indexOf(SESSION_ERROR) > -1
+      ) {
+        const deviceDiff = await device.deviceConnector?.enumerate();
+        const devicesDescriptor = deviceDiff?.descriptors ?? [];
+        const { deviceList } = await DevicePool.getDevices(devicesDescriptor, undefined);
+        if (deviceList.length === 1 && deviceList[0]?.features?.bootloader_mode) {
+          device.updateFromCache(deviceList[0]);
+          await device.acquire();
+          device.getCommands().mainId = device.mainId ?? '';
+        }
+      }
+      await wait(3000);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+const INIT_DATA_CHUNK_SIZE = 16 * 1024;
+
+const processResourceRequest = async (
+  typedCall: TypedCall,
+  res: TypedResponseMessage<'ResourceRequest'> | TypedResponseMessage<'Success'>,
+  data: ArrayBuffer
+): Promise<Success> => {
+  if (res.type === 'Success') {
+    return res.message;
+  }
+
+  const { offset, data_length } = res.message;
+
+  if (offset === undefined) {
+    throw new Error('offset is undefined');
+  }
+
+  const payload = new Uint8Array(
+    data.slice(offset, Math.min(offset + data_length, data.byteLength))
+  );
+  const digest = blake2s(payload);
+
+  const resourceAckParams = {
+    data_chunk: bytesToHex(payload),
+    hash: bytesToHex(digest),
+  };
+
+  const response = await typedCall('ResourceAck', ['ResourceRequest', 'Success'], {
+    ...resourceAckParams,
+  });
+  return processResourceRequest(typedCall, response, data);
+};
+
+// Fixed size
+export const updateResource = async (
+  typedCall: TypedCall,
+  fileName: string,
+  data: ArrayBuffer,
+  onConfirmAfter?: () => void
+) => {
+  const chunk = new Uint8Array(data.slice(0, Math.min(INIT_DATA_CHUNK_SIZE, data.byteLength)));
+  const digest = blake2s(chunk);
+
+  const res = await typedCall('ResourceUpdate', ['ResourceRequest', 'Success'], {
+    file_name: fileName,
+    data_length: data.byteLength,
+    initial_data_chunk: bytesToHex(chunk),
+    hash: bytesToHex(digest),
+  });
+
+  onConfirmAfter?.();
+  return processResourceRequest(typedCall, res, data);
+};
+
+export const updateResources = async (
+  typedCall: TypedCall,
+  postMessage: (message: CoreMessage) => void,
+  device: Device,
+  source: ArrayBuffer
+) => {
+  postProgressTip(device, 'UpdateSysResource', postMessage);
+
+  const zipData = await JSZip.loadAsync(source);
+  const files = Object.entries(zipData.files);
+
+  let progress = 0;
+  const stepProgress = 100 / files.length;
+
+  for (const [fileName, file] of files) {
+    const name = fileName.split('/').pop();
+    if (!file.dir && fileName.indexOf('__MACOSX') === -1 && name) {
+      const data = await file.async('arraybuffer');
+      await updateResource(typedCall, name, data);
+    }
+
+    progress += stepProgress;
+    postProgressMessage(device, Math.floor(progress), 'installingFirmware', postMessage);
+  }
+
+  postProgressMessage(device, 100, 'installingFirmware', postMessage);
+  postProgressTip(device, 'UpdateSysResourceSuccess', postMessage);
+  return true;
+};
+
+export const updateBootloader = async (
+  typedCall: TypedCall,
+  postMessage: (message: CoreMessage) => void,
+  device: Device,
+  source: ArrayBuffer
+) => {
+  postProgressTip(device, 'UpdateBootloader', postMessage);
+  postProgressMessage(device, Math.floor(0), 'installingFirmware', postMessage);
+  await updateResource(typedCall, 'bootloader.bin', source, () => {
+    postProcessingMessage('resource', postMessage);
+  });
+  postProgressMessage(device, Math.floor(100), 'installingFirmware', postMessage);
+  postProgressTip(device, 'UpdateBootloaderSuccess', postMessage);
+  return true;
+};

package/src/api/helpers/batchGetPublickeys.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import { EcdsaPublicKeys, Path } from '@ukeyfe/hardware-transport';
+
+import { TypedError, HardwareErrorCode } from '@ukeyfe/hardware-shared';
+import { Device } from '../../device/Device';
+import { supportBatchPublicKey } from '../../utils/deviceFeaturesUtils';
+import { isEqualBip44CoinType } from './pathUtils';
+import { splitArray } from '../../utils/arrayUtils';
+import { getDeviceType } from '../../utils';
+import { DeviceModelToTypes } from '../../types';
+
+export async function batchGetPublickeys(
+  device: Device,
+  paths: Path[],
+  ecdsaCurveName: string,
+  coinType: number,
+  options?: {
+    includeNode?: boolean;
+    ignoreCoinType?: boolean;
+  }
+) {
+  const existsPathNotValid = paths.find(p => p.address_n.length < 3);
+  if (existsPathNotValid) {
+    throw TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.ForbiddenKeyPath, 'Path length must be greater than 3');
+  }
+
+  const supportsBatchPublicKey = supportBatchPublicKey(device.features, options);
+  if (!supportsBatchPublicKey) {
+    throw TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.DeviceNotSupportMethod);
+  }
+
+  const existsPathNotEqualCoinType = paths.find(p => !isEqualBip44CoinType(p.address_n, coinType));
+  if (options?.ignoreCoinType === false && existsPathNotEqualCoinType) {
+    throw TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.ForbiddenKeyPath);
+  }
+
+  let batchSize = 10;
+  const deviceType = getDeviceType(device.features);
+  if (DeviceModelToTypes.model_mini.includes(deviceType)) {
+    batchSize = 10;
+  } else if (DeviceModelToTypes.model_touch.includes(deviceType)) {
+    batchSize = 20;
+  }
+
+  const result: EcdsaPublicKeys = {
+    public_keys: [],
+    hd_nodes: [],
+  };
+  const splitPaths = splitArray(paths, batchSize);
+  for (const paths of splitPaths) {
+    const res = await device.commands.typedCall('BatchGetPublickeys', 'EcdsaPublicKeys', {
+      paths,
+      ecdsa_curve_name: ecdsaCurveName,
+      include_node: options?.includeNode ?? false,
+    });
+    if (res.type !== 'EcdsaPublicKeys') {
+      throw TypedError(HardwareErrorCode.DeviceNotSupportMethod, 'BatchGetPublickeys failed');
+    } else {
+      result.root_fingerprint = res.message.root_fingerprint;
+      result.public_keys.push(...res.message.public_keys);
+      result.hd_nodes.push(...res.message.hd_nodes);
+    }
+  }
+  if (result.hd_nodes.length !== paths.length && options?.includeNode) {
+    throw TypedError(
+      HardwareErrorCode.CallMethodError,
+      'BatchGetPublickeys failed, hd_nodes length not match'
+    );
+  }
+  if (result.public_keys.length !== paths.length && !options?.includeNode) {
+    throw TypedError(
+      HardwareErrorCode.CallMethodError,
+      'BatchGetPublickeys failed, public_keys length not match'
+    );
+  }
+  return result;
+}

package/src/api/helpers/bigNumberUtils.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+import BigNumber from 'bignumber.js';
+import { ERRORS, HardwareErrorCode } from '@ukeyfe/hardware-shared';
+
+/**
+ * Converts a number to a two's complement representation.
+ *
+ * E.g. -128 would be 0x80 in two's complement, while 127 would be 0x7F.
+ *
+ * BigNumber.js has no built-in function, unlike https://www.npmjs.com/package/bn.js
+ */
+export const twosComplement = (number: BigNumber, bytes: number): BigNumber => {
+  if (bytes < 1 || bytes > 32) {
+    throw ERRORS.TypedError('Runtime', 'Int byte size must be between 1 and 32 (8 and 256 bits)');
+  }
+  // Determine value range
+  const minValue = new BigNumber(2).exponentiatedBy(bytes * 8 - 1).negated();
+  const maxValue = minValue.negated().minus(1);
+
+  const bigNumber = new BigNumber(number);
+
+  if (bigNumber.isGreaterThan(maxValue) || bigNumber.isLessThan(minValue)) {
+    throw ERRORS.TypedError(
+      HardwareErrorCode.RuntimeError,
+      `Overflow when trying to convert number ${number.toString()} into ${bytes} bytes`
+    );
+  }
+
+  if (bigNumber.isPositive()) {
+    return bigNumber;
+  }
+  return bigNumber.minus(minValue).minus(minValue);
+};
+
+export const intToHex = (
+  number: number | BigNumber | string,
+  bytes: number,
+  signed: boolean
+): string => {
+  let bigNumber = new BigNumber(number);
+  if (signed) {
+    bigNumber = twosComplement(bigNumber, bytes);
+  }
+  if (bigNumber.isNegative()) {
+    throw ERRORS.TypedError(
+      HardwareErrorCode.RuntimeError,
+      `Cannot convert negative number to unsigned interger: ${number.toString()}`
+    );
+  }
+  const hex = bigNumber.toString(16);
+  const hexChars = bytes * 2;
+  if (hex.length > hexChars) {
+    throw ERRORS.TypedError(
+      HardwareErrorCode.RuntimeError,
+      `Overflow when trying to convert number ${number.toString()} into ${bytes} bytes`
+    );
+  }
+  return hex.padStart(bytes * 2, '0');
+};