@typeonce/ritmo-browser 0.10.0 → 0.12.0

package/src/Controls.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,800 @@
+/**
+ * One input source merged from several devices, so gameplay reads each
+ * action once whatever the player uses.
+ *
+ * Declare the game's actions once with `Controls.actions({ buttons: [...] })`, bind them
+ * on every device (`Keyboard.actions`, `Gamepad.actions`, `Pointer.actions`,
+ * `Touch.actions`), and merge the devices with the declaration's `merge`.
+ * Merged devices
+ * behave like one device with all their bindings: an action is `held` while
+ * any device holds it, `pressed` when any device pressed it, and `released`
+ * when a device released it and none holds it now. A vector action (movement)
+ * is the longest direction any device reports, so a stick and keys never add
+ * up past length 1 or cancel each other. Device-specific data
+ * (sticks, triggers, touch aim) stays in `devices`, under the names given to
+ * `merge`; `lastUsed` names the device the player used last, for button
+ * prompts.
+ *
+ * Devices the player uses together (keyboard and mouse) go in one
+ * `group(...)`: the group is one entry of the merge, so walking with the
+ * keyboard while aiming with the mouse keeps `lastUsed` on the group, and
+ * `available` follows what the group binds between its devices. Grouped
+ * devices keep their own names in `devices` and `rebind`.
+ *
+ * Every entry binds every action. A device that cannot (a touch layout
+ * without a pause button) is passed as `actions.lacking(device, [...])`,
+ * which names exactly the actions it lacks. Reading a lacking action on that
+ * device does not compile; `available` reports whether the last used device
+ * has each action, and `describe()` lists every gap as a `service-lint`.
+ *
+ * Capture the merged source with `InputCapture.system(...)` and build the
+ * devices inside the `merge(...)` call, so nothing else takes their
+ * snapshots. A game with one device captures that device directly instead.
+ *
+ * A merge is one player on every device. For local multiplayer, where each
+ * device belongs to the player who joined with it, declare
+ * `Controls.players(Actions, { slots, join, leave })` and capture its
+ * `pool(...)` instead.
+ *
+ * @module Controls
+ * @docGroup browser
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const Actions = Controls.actions({ buttons: ["jump", "pause"], vectors: ["move"] })
+ *
+ * const keyBindings = {
+ *   move: Keyboard.vector({ up: ["ArrowUp", "w"], down: ["ArrowDown", "s"], left: ["ArrowLeft", "a"], right: ["ArrowRight", "d"] }),
+ *   jump: [" "],
+ *   pause: ["Escape"]
+ * } as const
+ * const padBindings = {
+ *   move: Gamepad.vector({ stick: "left", up: ["dpadUp"], down: ["dpadDown"], left: ["dpadLeft"], right: ["dpadRight"] }),
+ *   jump: ["south"],
+ *   pause: ["start"]
+ * } as const
+ *
+ * // One function builds the controls, for the browser and for tests.
+ * export const makeControls = (devices: {
+ *   readonly keyboard: Keyboard.Actions<typeof keyBindings>
+ *   readonly gamepad: Gamepad.Actions<typeof padBindings>
+ * }) => Actions.merge(devices)
+ *
+ * const ControlsInput = Descriptor.Service<ReturnType<typeof makeControls>>()("Game/Controls")
+ * const Input = Descriptor.TransientResource<InputCapture.SnapshotOf<typeof ControlsInput>>()("Game/Input")
+ * const CaptureInput = InputCapture.system(Game, { name: "Game/CaptureInput", source: ControlsInput, resource: Input })
+ *
+ * const runtime = Game.Runtime.make({
+ *   services: Game.Runtime.services(Game.Runtime.service(ControlsInput, makeControls({
+ *     keyboard: Keyboard.actions(window, keyBindings),
+ *     gamepad: Gamepad.actions(window, padBindings)
+ *   }))),
+ *   resources: { Input: Actions.idle({ keyboard: Keyboard.idle(keyBindings), gamepad: Gamepad.idle(padBindings) }) }
+ * }).value
+ *
+ * // In a system:
+ * const input = resources.input.get()
+ * walk(input.vectors.move) // length at most 1: keys, d-pad, or stick
+ * if (input.actions.jump.pressed) jump()
+ * const prompt = input.lastUsed === "gamepad" ? "Ⓐ" : "Space"
+ * ```
+ */
+import type * as System from "@typeonce/ritmo/System"
+import * as Debug from "@typeonce/ritmo/Debug"
+
+import type { ActionState } from "./internal/state.ts"
+import { boundKeys, claim, ownersOf } from "./internal/introspect.ts"
+import type { ReportsBoundKeys } from "./internal/introspect.ts"
+import { longer, zero } from "./internal/vectors.ts"
+import type { Vector } from "./internal/vectors.ts"
+
+export type { ActionState, Vector }
+
+/**
+ * The part of a device's snapshot `Controls` merges: every button action's
+ * state, every vector action's direction, and whether the player used the
+ * device in this window.
+ */
+export interface DeviceSnapshot<A extends string, V extends string = never> {
+  readonly actions: { readonly [K in A]: ActionState }
+  readonly vectors: { readonly [K in V]: Vector }
+  readonly used: boolean
+}
+
+/** A device `Controls` can merge: `Keyboard.actions`, `Gamepad.actions`, `Pointer.actions`, `Touch.actions`, or their scripted forms. */
+export interface Device<A extends string = string, V extends string = string> extends System.Consumes<"snapshot"> {
+  snapshot(): DeviceSnapshot<A, V>
+  dispose(): void
+}
+
+/**
+ * Devices the player uses together as one (keyboard and mouse), built with
+ * {@link ActionSet.group}. The group is one entry of the merge: it binds
+ * what its devices bind between them, and `lastUsed` and `available` follow
+ * it as a whole. Its devices keep their own names in `devices` and `rebind`.
+ */
+export interface Group<Members> {
+  readonly _tag: "Group"
+  readonly members: Members
+}
+
+/**
+ * Every pad on its own, for a player pool: `Gamepad.pads(...)`. Each pad
+ * joins as its own player. Reading it drains the pads' presses, like every
+ * input source.
+ */
+export interface Pads extends System.Consumes<"snapshot"> {
+  readonly _tag: "Pads"
+  readonly max: number
+  snapshot(): ReadonlyArray<DeviceSnapshot<string, string> & { readonly id: string | null; readonly connected: boolean }>
+  dispose(): void
+}
+
+/** A device passed with the actions it lacks; build it with {@link ActionSet.lacking}. */
+export interface Lacking<D extends Unit | Pads, Missing extends string> {
+  readonly _tag: "Lacking"
+  readonly device: D
+  readonly lacking: ReadonlyArray<Missing>
+}
+
+/** One entry of a merge before `lacking`: a device or a group of devices. */
+type Unit = Device | Group<Readonly<Record<string, Device>>>
+
+type Entry = Unit | Lacking<Unit, string>
+
+/** One entry of a player pool: a device, or every pad, maybe with the actions it lacks. */
+type PoolEntry = Device | Pads | Lacking<Device | Pads, string>
+
+/** The button actions a device, or the devices of a group, bind. */
+type ActionsOf<D> = D extends Group<infer M> ? { [K in keyof M]: ActionsOf<M[K]> }[keyof M]
+  : D extends { readonly _tag: "Pads"; snapshot(): ReadonlyArray<{ readonly actions: infer Actions }> } ? keyof Actions & string
+  : D extends { snapshot(): { readonly actions: infer Actions } } ? keyof Actions & string
+  : never
+
+/** The vector actions a device, or the devices of a group, bind. */
+type VectorsOf<D> = D extends Group<infer M> ? { [K in keyof M]: VectorsOf<M[K]> }[keyof M]
+  : D extends { readonly _tag: "Pads"; snapshot(): ReadonlyArray<{ readonly vectors: infer Vectors }> } ? keyof Vectors & string
+  : D extends { snapshot(): { readonly vectors: infer Vectors } } ? keyof Vectors & string
+  : never
+
+/** Every action a device binds, of either kind. */
+type BoundOf<D> = ActionsOf<D> | VectorsOf<D>
+
+/**
+ * Why a device's bindings do not fit the declared buttons `A` and vectors
+ * `V` (an action of the wrong kind, or one not declared), or `never`.
+ */
+type KindIssue<A extends string, V extends string, Name extends string, D> = [ActionsOf<D> & V] extends [never]
+  ? [VectorsOf<D> & A] extends [never]
+    ? [Exclude<BoundOf<D>, A | V>] extends [never] ? never
+    : `${Name} binds ${Exclude<BoundOf<D>, A | V>}, which is not one of the actions`
+    : `${Name} binds ${VectorsOf<D> & A} as a vector, but it is a button action: bind it to keys or buttons`
+  : `${Name} binds ${ActionsOf<D> & V} as a button, but it is a vector action: bind it with vector(...)`
+
+type DeviceOf<E> = E extends Lacking<infer D, string> ? D : E
+
+type SnapshotOf<D> = D extends { snapshot(): infer S } ? S : never
+
+/** The devices one merge entry contributes, by name: a group's members, or the device under the entry's name. */
+type MembersOf<K, U> = U extends Group<infer M> ? M : { readonly [P in K & string]: U }
+
+/** Every device name of a merge, with groups flattened. */
+type DeviceNames<R> = { [K in keyof R]: keyof MembersOf<K, DeviceOf<R[K]>> }[keyof R] & string
+
+/** The device a merge names `N`, wherever it is. */
+type DeviceNamed<R, N> = {
+  [K in keyof R]: MembersOf<K, DeviceOf<R[K]>> extends infer M ? N extends keyof M ? M[N] : never : never
+}[keyof R]
+
+/** Each device's full snapshot, by device name (group members under their own names). */
+type DevicesOf<R> = { readonly [N in DeviceNames<R>]: SnapshotOf<DeviceNamed<R, N>> }
+
+/** The `rebind` of each merged device that has one, by device name. */
+type RebindOf<R> = {
+  readonly [N in DeviceNames<R> as DeviceNamed<R, N> extends { readonly rebind: unknown } ? N : never]: DeviceNamed<R, N> extends { readonly rebind: infer Rebind } ? Rebind : never
+}
+
+/** The names one entry takes: its own, and its members' for a group. */
+type NamesOf<K, U> = U extends Group<infer M> ? K | keyof M : K
+
+/** A device or group name the merge uses twice. */
+type Repeated<R> = {
+  [K in keyof R]:
+    | (NamesOf<K, DeviceOf<R[K]>> & { [J in Exclude<keyof R, K>]: NamesOf<J, DeviceOf<R[J]>> }[Exclude<keyof R, K>])
+    | (DeviceOf<R[K]> extends Group<infer M> ? K & keyof M : never)
+}[keyof R] & string
+
+/** Rejects a merge that uses a name twice: `devices`, `rebind`, and `lastUsed` need one meaning per name. */
+type UniqueNames<R> = [Repeated<R>] extends [never]
+  ? unknown
+  : `the name ${Repeated<R>} is used twice: give every device and group its own name`
+
+/** A group member when it is a plain device binding only declared actions, otherwise an error naming the fix. */
+type CheckMember<A extends string, V extends string, Name extends string, D> = D extends Lacking<Unit, string>
+  ? "lacking applies to the whole group: pass lacking(group(...), [...])"
+  : D extends Group<unknown> ? "groups do not nest: list every device in one group"
+  : [KindIssue<A, V, Name, D>] extends [never] ? D
+  : KindIssue<A, V, Name, D>
+
+/** Rejects a group of fewer than two devices. */
+type TwoOrMore<M> = [keyof M] extends [never]
+  ? "a group needs at least two devices"
+  : { [K in keyof M]: [Exclude<keyof M, K>] extends [never] ? K : never }[keyof M] extends infer Alone extends string
+    ? [Alone] extends [never] ? unknown : `a group needs at least two devices: pass ${Alone} to merge directly`
+    : unknown
+
+/** The entry when it covers exactly the declared actions, otherwise an error naming the device and the fix. */
+type CheckEntry<A extends string, V extends string, Name extends string, E> = E extends Lacking<infer D, infer Missing>
+  ? [KindIssue<A, V, Name, D>] extends [never]
+    ? [Exclude<A | V, BoundOf<D> | Missing>] extends [never]
+      ? E
+      : `${Name} has no action ${Exclude<A | V, BoundOf<D> | Missing>}: bind it on ${Name}, or list it in its lacking(...)`
+    : KindIssue<A, V, Name, D>
+  : [KindIssue<A, V, Name, E>] extends [never]
+    ? [Exclude<A | V, BoundOf<E>>] extends [never]
+      ? E
+      : `${Name} has no action ${Exclude<A | V, BoundOf<E>>}: bind it on ${Name}, or pass lacking(${Name}, [...]) from the action set`
+    : KindIssue<A, V, Name, E>
+
+/** The actions some merged device binds. */
+type BoundBy<R> = { [K in keyof R]: BoundOf<DeviceOf<R[K]>> }[keyof R]
+
+/** Rejects a merge where no device binds an action. */
+type EveryActionBound<A extends string, R> = [Exclude<A, BoundBy<R>>] extends [never]
+  ? unknown
+  : `no device binds ${Exclude<A, BoundBy<R>>}: bind it on one device, or remove it from Controls.actions`
+
+/**
+ * The merged input. `actions` merges every device; `devices` holds each
+ * device's own snapshot under the name it was merged under.
+ */
+export interface Snapshot<A extends string, V extends string, Devices, Used extends string = keyof Devices & string> {
+  readonly actions: { readonly [K in A]: ActionState }
+  /**
+   * Each vector action (movement) as a direction with length at most 1, `y`
+   * growing down: the longest any device reports, so devices never add up
+   * past 1 or cancel each other.
+   */
+  readonly vectors: { readonly [K in V]: Vector }
+  /**
+   * Whether the last used device binds each action: `false` for the actions
+   * it was merged as lacking, so the game can offer them another way (an
+   * on-screen pause button). Every action is available before any device is
+   * used.
+   */
+  readonly available: { readonly [K in A | V]: boolean }
+  readonly devices: Devices
+  /**
+   * The device (or group) that reported input most recently, or `null`
+   * before any did. When several report input in one window it stays on the
+   * current one if it is among them, otherwise it takes the first in merge
+   * order.
+   */
+  readonly lastUsed: Used | null
+}
+
+/** The merged source, for `InputCapture.system(...)`. */
+export interface Controls<A extends string, V extends string, R> extends System.Consumes<"snapshot"> {
+  /** Takes every device's snapshot, starting a new press window on each, and merges them. */
+  snapshot(): Snapshot<A, V, DevicesOf<R>, keyof R & string>
+  /** Each merged device's `rebind`, for a settings screen; devices without one (touch) are not listed. */
+  readonly rebind: RebindOf<R>
+  /** Disposes every merged device. */
+  dispose(): void
+}
+
+/**
+ * The game's actions, declared once. Every merge, gap, and idle snapshot is
+ * built from it, so action names are checked against one list.
+ */
+export interface ActionSet<A extends string, V extends string = never> {
+  /** The declared button actions, in order, for listing them on a settings screen. */
+  readonly buttons: ReadonlyArray<A>
+  /** The declared vector actions, in order. */
+  readonly vectors: ReadonlyArray<V>
+  /**
+   * Marks the actions `device` cannot report, for {@link merge}. List
+   * exactly the declared actions it does not bind: autocomplete offers them,
+   * and a missing or extra name does not compile.
+   */
+  lacking<D extends Unit | Pads, const Missing extends ReadonlyArray<Exclude<A | V, BoundOf<D>>>>(
+    device: D & (
+      [KindIssue<A, V, "This device", D>] extends [never]
+        ? [Exclude<A | V, BoundOf<D>>] extends [never] ? "This device binds every action: pass it to merge without lacking" : unknown
+        : KindIssue<A, V, "This device", D>
+    ),
+    lacking: Missing & ([Exclude<A | V, BoundOf<D> | Missing[number]>] extends [never] ? unknown : `This device also lacks ${Exclude<A | V, BoundOf<D> | Missing[number]>}: bind it, or list it here`)
+  ): Lacking<D, Missing[number]>
+  /**
+   * Groups devices the player uses together (keyboard and mouse), for
+   * {@link merge}: the group binds what its devices bind between them, and
+   * `lastUsed` and `available` follow it as a whole, so walking with the
+   * keyboard while aiming with the mouse is one device in use. A group needs
+   * two or more plain devices, each binding only declared actions; pass the
+   * group to {@link lacking} for the actions none of them binds.
+   */
+  group<const M extends Readonly<Record<string, Entry | Group<unknown>>>>(
+    members: { readonly [K in keyof M]: CheckMember<A, V, K & string, M[K]> } & TwoOrMore<M>
+  ): Group<M>
+  /**
+   * Merges `devices` into one source. Each entry (a device or a
+   * {@link group}) binds every declared action, or is passed through
+   * {@link lacking}; every action is bound by at least one device. Entry
+   * names key `lastUsed`; device names (a group's members under their own)
+   * key `devices` and `rebind`.
+   */
+  merge<const R extends Readonly<Record<string, Entry>>>(
+    devices: { readonly [K in keyof R]: CheckEntry<A, V, K & string, R[K]> } & EveryActionBound<A | V, R> & UniqueNames<R>
+  ): Controls<A, V, R>
+  /**
+   * A merged snapshot with nothing held and no device used yet, for
+   * initializing the input resource: pass each device's idle snapshot
+   * (`Keyboard.idle(...)`, ...) under its device name.
+   */
+  idle<const Devices extends Readonly<Record<string, DeviceSnapshot<string, string>>>>(devices: Devices): Snapshot<A, V, Devices, never>
+}
+
+const idleState: ActionState = { held: false, pressed: false, released: false }
+
+const isLacking = (entry: unknown): entry is Lacking<Unit | Pads, string> => (entry as Partial<Lacking<Unit, string>>)._tag === "Lacking"
+
+const isGroup = (unit: Unit): unit is Group<Readonly<Record<string, Device>>> =>
+  (unit as Partial<Group<unknown>>)._tag === "Group"
+
+/** A merge entry's devices by name: a group's members, or the device under the entry's name. */
+const membersOf = (name: string, unit: Unit): ReadonlyArray<{ readonly name: string; readonly device: Device }> =>
+  isGroup(unit)
+    ? Object.entries(unit.members).map(([member, device]) => ({ name: member, device }))
+    : [{ name, device: unit }]
+
+/** Rejects a name declared both as a button and as a vector. */
+type DistinctKinds<A extends string, V extends string> = [A & V] extends [never]
+  ? unknown
+  : `${A & V} is declared as both a button and a vector action: give it one kind`
+
+/**
+ * Declares the game's actions: `buttons` (pressed and held: jump, pause)
+ * and `vectors` (a direction with length at most 1: move), each bound on
+ * every device. Build the merged source with the returned set's `merge`.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const Actions = Controls.actions({ buttons: ["jump", "pause"], vectors: ["move"] })
+ * ```
+ */
+export const actions = <const Buttons extends readonly [string, ...Array<string>], const Vectors extends ReadonlyArray<string> = readonly []>(
+  names: { readonly buttons: Buttons; readonly vectors?: Vectors } & DistinctKinds<Buttons[number], Vectors[number]>
+): ActionSet<Buttons[number], Vectors[number]> => {
+  type A = Buttons[number]
+  type V = Vectors[number]
+  const list: ReadonlyArray<A> = [...new Set(names.buttons)]
+  const vectorList: ReadonlyArray<V> = [...new Set(names.vectors ?? [])]
+  const everyAvailable = (): Record<string, boolean> => Object.fromEntries([...list, ...vectorList].map((name) => [name, true]))
+  return {
+    buttons: list,
+    vectors: vectorList,
+    lacking: (device, lacking) => ({ _tag: "Lacking", device, lacking }),
+    group: (members) => ({ _tag: "Group", members }) as never,
+    merge(devices) {
+      const entries = Object.entries(devices as Readonly<Record<string, Entry>>).map(([name, entry]) => {
+        const unit = isLacking(entry) ? entry.device : entry
+        return { name, members: membersOf(name, unit), lacking: new Set<string>(isLacking(entry) ? entry.lacking : []) }
+      })
+      const all = entries.flatMap((entry) => entry.members)
+      for (const { device } of all) claim(device, "a Controls merge")
+      let lastUsed: string | null = null
+      const rebind: Record<string, (bindings: never) => void> = {}
+      for (const { name, device } of all) {
+        const candidate = (device as Device & { readonly rebind?: unknown }).rebind
+        if (typeof candidate === "function") rebind[name] = (bindings) => candidate.call(device, bindings)
+      }
+      const controls = {
+        snapshot() {
+          const snapshots: Record<string, DeviceSnapshot<string, string>> = {}
+          for (const { name, device } of all) snapshots[name] = device.snapshot()
+          const used = entries.filter(({ members }) => members.some(({ name }) => snapshots[name]!.used))
+          if (used.length > 0 && !used.some(({ name }) => name === lastUsed)) lastUsed = used[0]!.name
+          const current = entries.find(({ name }) => name === lastUsed)
+          const merged: Record<string, ActionState> = {}
+          const available: Record<string, boolean> = {}
+          for (const action of list) {
+            let held = false
+            let pressed = false
+            let released = false
+            for (const { name } of all) {
+              const state = (snapshots[name]!.actions as Readonly<Record<string, ActionState | undefined>>)[action]
+              if (state === undefined) continue
+              held ||= state.held
+              pressed ||= state.pressed
+              released ||= state.released
+            }
+            merged[action] = held || pressed || released ? { held, pressed, released: released && !held } : idleState
+            available[action] = current === undefined || !current.lacking.has(action)
+          }
+          const vectors: Record<string, Vector> = {}
+          for (const action of vectorList) {
+            let longest = zero
+            for (const { name } of all) {
+              const vector = (snapshots[name]!.vectors as Readonly<Record<string, Vector | undefined>>)[action]
+              if (vector !== undefined) longest = longer(longest, vector)
+            }
+            vectors[action] = longest
+            available[action] = current === undefined || !current.lacking.has(action)
+          }
+          return { actions: merged, vectors, available, devices: snapshots, lastUsed }
+        },
+        rebind,
+        dispose() {
+          for (const { device } of all) device.dispose()
+        },
+        [Debug.serviceLints]: () => [
+          ...entries.flatMap(({ name, lacking }) =>
+            [...lacking].map((action) => ({
+              severity: "info" as const,
+              message: `${name} lacks ${action}, so while ${name} is the last used device the player cannot ${action}`,
+              fix: `fine if the game offers ${action} another way while ${name} is in use (read available.${action} from the input); otherwise bind ${action} on ${name}`
+            }))),
+          ...all.flatMap(({ name, device }) => sharedLint(name, device))
+        ]
+      }
+      // The checked signature carries the device types; the implementation is the same for every merge.
+      return controls as never
+    },
+    idle: (devices) => ({
+      actions: Object.fromEntries(list.map((name) => [name, idleState])) as Snapshot<A, V, never>["actions"],
+      vectors: Object.fromEntries(vectorList.map((name) => [name, zero])) as Snapshot<A, V, never>["vectors"],
+      available: everyAvailable() as Snapshot<A, V, never>["available"],
+      devices,
+      lastUsed: null
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+/** A device handed to more than one source: each takes its snapshots, so each sees only some presses. */
+const sharedLint = (name: string, device: object): ReadonlyArray<Debug.ServiceLint> =>
+  ownersOf(device).length > 1
+    ? [{
+      severity: "warning",
+      message: `${name} is taken by ${ownersOf(device).join(" and ")}: each takes its snapshots, so a press reaches one of them`,
+      fix: `build ${name} once for each source (each Keyboard.actions(...) call is its own device), or merge it in one place`
+    }]
+    : []
+
+// ── Players ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** A slot's input without the device: what every player snapshot has, joined or not. */
+export interface SlotInput<A extends string, V extends string> {
+  readonly actions: { readonly [K in A]: ActionState }
+  readonly vectors: { readonly [K in V]: Vector }
+  /** Whether the slot's device binds each action: every one while the slot is empty. */
+  readonly available: { readonly [K in A | V]: boolean }
+}
+
+/** A slot nobody holds: its input is idle. */
+export interface EmptySlot<A extends string, V extends string> extends SlotInput<A, V> {
+  readonly joined: false
+  readonly device: null
+  readonly connected: false
+  /** `"left"` in the snapshot right after its player left, otherwise `null`. */
+  readonly event: "left" | null
+  readonly devices: { readonly [K in never]: never }
+}
+
+/** A slot held by a player, by the device they joined with. Check `device` to read that device's own snapshot. */
+export type JoinedSlot<A extends string, V extends string, Devices> = {
+  readonly [D in keyof Devices & string]: SlotInput<A, V> & {
+    readonly joined: true
+    readonly device: D
+    /** `false` while the player's pad is unplugged: the slot is kept, and the same pad coming back returns to it. */
+    readonly connected: boolean
+    /** `"joined"` in the snapshot where the player joined (their input is idle there, so the press that joins does nothing else), otherwise `null`. */
+    readonly event: "joined" | null
+    readonly devices: { readonly [P in D]: Devices[D] }
+  }
+}[keyof Devices & string]
+
+/** One player slot: empty, or held through one of the pool's devices. */
+export type Slot<A extends string, V extends string, Devices> = EmptySlot<A, V> | JoinedSlot<A, V, Devices>
+
+/** Every slot by name, and whether joining is open. */
+export type PlayersSnapshot<A extends string, V extends string, S extends string, Devices> =
+  & { readonly joining: boolean }
+  & { readonly [K in S]: Slot<A, V, Devices> }
+
+/** What one pool entry hands a player: a pad's snapshot for `Gamepad.pads`, the device's otherwise. */
+type UnitSnapshotOf<D> = D extends { readonly _tag: "Pads"; snapshot(): ReadonlyArray<infer S> } ? S : SnapshotOf<D>
+
+type PoolDevicesOf<R> = { readonly [K in keyof R]: UnitSnapshotOf<DeviceOf<R[K]>> }
+
+/** The entry when it fits the actions and binds the join action, otherwise an error naming the fix. */
+type CheckPoolEntry<A extends string, V extends string, J extends string, Name extends string, E> = E extends Lacking<infer _D, infer Missing>
+  ? [Missing & J] extends [never]
+    ? CheckEntry<A, V, Name, E>
+    : `${Name} lacks ${Missing & J}: every pooled device binds ${J}, or no one can join with it`
+  : CheckEntry<A, V, Name, E>
+
+/**
+ * A pooled device to seat a player on: its pool name, or `{ [name]: index }`
+ * for one pad of a `Gamepad.pads` entry (its place in the pad list, from 0).
+ */
+export type SeatDevice<R> =
+  | { readonly [K in keyof R & string]: DeviceOf<R[K]> extends Pads ? never : K }[keyof R & string]
+  | { readonly [K in keyof R & string]: DeviceOf<R[K]> extends Pads ? { readonly [P in K]: number } : never }[keyof R & string]
+
+/**
+ * Whether {@link Pool.seat} seated the player: `slot-taken` when someone
+ * holds the slot, `device-taken` when another slot holds the device, and
+ * `no-such-pad` when the index is not a place in the pad list.
+ */
+export type SeatResult =
+  | { readonly ok: true }
+  | { readonly ok: false; readonly reason: "slot-taken" | "device-taken" | "no-such-pad" }
+
+/** The pooled input source, for `InputCapture.system(...)`; systems call the rest through a plain service. */
+export interface Pool<A extends string, V extends string, S extends string, R> extends System.Consumes<"snapshot"> {
+  /** Takes every device's snapshot, applies joins, leaves, and reconnects, and reports every slot. */
+  snapshot(): PlayersSnapshot<A, V, S, PoolDevicesOf<R>>
+  /** Opens or closes joining: open on a join screen or for drop-in play, closed during a round. Closed at the start. */
+  setJoining(open: boolean): void
+  /**
+   * Gives `slot` to `device` without a press, joining or not: a player who
+   * is in from the start (call it from a setup system), or one picked on a
+   * menu. The next snapshot reports `event: "joined"`, as a join does. A
+   * pad not plugged in yet holds the slot with `connected: false`.
+   */
+  seat(slot: S, device: SeatDevice<R>): SeatResult
+  /** Frees a slot (a pause menu's "Leave", "Continue without P2"); its device goes back to the pool. */
+  leave(slot: S): void
+  /** Each pooled device's `rebind`, by its pool name (`Gamepad.pads` rebinds every pad). */
+  readonly rebind: {
+    readonly [K in keyof R as DeviceOf<R[K]> extends { readonly rebind: unknown } ? K : never]: DeviceOf<R[K]> extends { readonly rebind: infer Rebind } ? Rebind : never
+  }
+  /** Disposes every pooled device. */
+  dispose(): void
+}
+
+/** The players of a local multiplayer game, declared once. */
+export interface PlayerSet<A extends string, V extends string, S extends string, J extends string> {
+  /** The slots, in join order. */
+  readonly slots: ReadonlyArray<S>
+  /**
+   * Pools `devices`: none belongs to a player until someone presses join on
+   * it. Each binds every action (or is passed through `lacking`), and the
+   * join action always: `Gamepad.pads(...)` lets every pad join on its own,
+   * and two `Keyboard.actions` over different keys are two keyboard players.
+   */
+  pool<const R extends Readonly<Record<string, PoolEntry>>>(
+    devices: { readonly [K in keyof R]: CheckPoolEntry<A, V, J, K & string, R[K]> }
+  ): Pool<A, V, S, R>
+  /**
+   * Every slot empty and joining closed, for initializing the input
+   * resource: pass each device's idle snapshot (`Keyboard.idle(...)`,
+   * `Gamepad.idle(...)` for pads) under its pool name.
+   */
+  idle<const Devices extends Readonly<Record<string, DeviceSnapshot<string, string>>>>(devices: Devices): PlayersSnapshot<A, V, S, Devices>
+}
+
+/** Rejects a slot named like the snapshot's own field. */
+type SlotNames<S extends string> = [S & "joining"] extends [never] ? unknown : "joining is the snapshot's own field: name the slot something else"
+
+/** Rejects a button action named like `join: "any"`, which would read as any button. */
+type NoAnyAction<A extends string> = [A & "any"] extends [never] ? unknown : "an action named any reads as join: \"any\" (any button): rename the action"
+
+/**
+ * Declares the players of a local multiplayer game over `actions`: the
+ * `slots` (the most players at once, in join order), the button action
+ * that joins (`"any"` for any button action but `leave`, or any vector
+ * moved), and the optional one that leaves while joining is open. Build the
+ * input source with the returned set's `pool`. For one player on several
+ * devices, use the action set's `merge` instead.
+ *
+ * Pressing join on a device nobody holds gives it the first free slot; that
+ * snapshot reports `event: "joined"` with the player's input idle, so the
+ * press does nothing else. A slot keeps its name when another empties. A
+ * pad that disconnects keeps its slot (`connected: false`) and returns to
+ * it when it comes back (two pads of one model share an id, so they are
+ * told apart by their place in the pad list: each returns to the slot
+ * holding that place). Leaving by button works only while joining is
+ * open; otherwise `leave` is an ordinary action (a pause menu), and
+ * `pool.leave(slot)` frees the slot. `pool.seat(slot, device)` puts a
+ * player in without a press: one who is in from the start.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const Players = Controls.players(Actions, { slots: ["p1", "p2"], join: "join", leave: "back" })
+ * const makePlayers = (devices: {
+ *   readonly left: Keyboard.Actions<typeof leftKeys>
+ *   readonly right: Keyboard.Actions<typeof rightKeys>
+ *   readonly pads: Gamepad.Pads<typeof padBindings>
+ * }) => Players.pool(devices)
+ *
+ * // In a system:
+ * const input = resources.input.get()
+ * if (input.p2.event === "joined") spawnSecondPlayer()
+ * const move = input.p2.vectors.move
+ * ```
+ */
+export const players = <
+  A extends string,
+  V extends string,
+  const S extends readonly [string, ...Array<string>],
+  const J extends A | "any",
+  const L extends A = never
+>(
+  actions: ActionSet<A, V> & NoAnyAction<A>,
+  options: { readonly slots: S & SlotNames<S[number]>; readonly join: J; readonly leave?: L }
+): PlayerSet<A, V, S[number], Exclude<J, "any">> => {
+  type Snap = DeviceSnapshot<string, string>
+  const slots: ReadonlyArray<S[number]> = [...new Set(options.slots as S)]
+  const buttons = actions.buttons as ReadonlyArray<string>
+  const vectors = actions.vectors as ReadonlyArray<string>
+  const join = options.join as string
+  const leaveAction = options.leave as string | undefined
+  const idleInput = (): SlotInput<string, string> => ({
+    actions: Object.fromEntries(buttons.map((name) => [name, idleState])),
+    vectors: Object.fromEntries(vectors.map((name) => [name, zero])),
+    available: Object.fromEntries([...buttons, ...vectors].map((name) => [name, true]))
+  })
+  const empty = (event: "left" | null) => ({ ...idleInput(), joined: false, device: null, connected: false, event, devices: {} })
+  return {
+    slots,
+    idle: () => ({ joining: false, ...Object.fromEntries(slots.map((slot) => [slot, empty(null)])) }) as never,
+    pool(devices) {
+      const entries = Object.entries(devices as Readonly<Record<string, PoolEntry>>).map(([name, entry]) => {
+        const unit = isLacking(entry) ? entry.device : entry
+        claim(unit, "a player pool")
+        return { name, unit, lacking: new Set<string>(isLacking(entry) ? entry.lacking : []) }
+      })
+      const isPads = (unit: Device | Pads | Unit): unit is Pads => (unit as Partial<Pads>)._tag === "Pads"
+      /** Who holds each slot: the pool entry, the pad's place in its list, and the pad's id to find it again. */
+      const held = new Map<string, { readonly device: string; key: string; id: string | null }>()
+      const events = new Map<string, "joined" | "left">()
+      let joining = false
+      let everOpened = false
+      let everSeated = false
+      const wantsJoin = (snapshot: Snap): boolean => {
+        const pressed = (name: string) => (snapshot.actions as Readonly<Record<string, ActionState | undefined>>)[name]?.pressed === true
+        if (join !== "any") return pressed(join)
+        return buttons.some((name) => name !== leaveAction && pressed(name)) ||
+          Object.values(snapshot.vectors as Readonly<Record<string, Vector>>).some((vector) => vector.x !== 0 || vector.y !== 0)
+      }
+      const rebind: Record<string, (bindings: never) => void> = {}
+      for (const { name, unit } of entries) {
+        const candidate = (unit as { readonly rebind?: unknown }).rebind
+        if (typeof candidate === "function") rebind[name] = (bindings) => candidate.call(unit, bindings)
+      }
+      const pool = {
+        snapshot() {
+          const units: Array<{ readonly key: string; readonly device: string; readonly id: string | null; readonly connected: boolean; readonly snapshot: Snap }> = []
+          for (const { name, unit } of entries) {
+            if (isPads(unit)) unit.snapshot().forEach((snapshot, index) => units.push({ key: `${name}#${index}`, device: name, id: snapshot.id, connected: snapshot.connected, snapshot }))
+            else units.push({ key: name, device: name, id: null, connected: true, snapshot: (unit as Device).snapshot() })
+          }
+          const byKey = new Map(units.map((unit) => [unit.key, unit]))
+          // A pad seated before it was plugged in is known by its id from the first snapshot it shows up in.
+          for (const holder of held.values()) {
+            const unit = byKey.get(holder.key)
+            if (holder.id === null && unit?.connected === true) holder.id = unit.id
+          }
+          const taken = new Set([...held.values()].map((holder) => holder.key))
+          // A pad that comes back (here or at another index) returns to the slot it holds.
+          for (const holder of held.values()) {
+            if (holder.id === null || byKey.get(holder.key)?.connected === true) continue
+            const back = units.find((unit) => unit.device === holder.device && unit.id === holder.id && unit.connected && !taken.has(unit.key))
+            if (back === undefined) continue
+            taken.delete(holder.key)
+            holder.key = back.key
+            taken.add(back.key)
+          }
+          if (joining && leaveAction !== undefined) {
+            for (const [slot, holder] of held) {
+              // A slot seated since the last snapshot reports its join first; its input is idle there.
+              if (events.get(slot) === "joined") continue
+              const unit = byKey.get(holder.key)
+              const pressed = (unit?.snapshot.actions as Readonly<Record<string, ActionState | undefined>> | undefined)?.[leaveAction]?.pressed
+              if (unit?.connected === true && pressed === true) {
+                held.delete(slot)
+                taken.delete(holder.key)
+                events.set(slot, "left")
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          if (joining) {
+            for (const unit of units) {
+              if (taken.has(unit.key) || !unit.connected || !wantsJoin(unit.snapshot)) continue
+              const free = slots.find((slot) => !held.has(slot))
+              if (free === undefined) break
+              held.set(free, { device: unit.device, key: unit.key, id: unit.id })
+              taken.add(unit.key)
+              events.set(free, "joined")
+            }
+          }
+          const result: Record<string, unknown> = { joining }
+          for (const slot of slots) {
+            const holder = held.get(slot)
+            const event = events.get(slot) ?? null
+            if (holder === undefined) {
+              result[slot] = empty(event === "left" ? "left" : null)
+              continue
+            }
+            const unit = byKey.get(holder.key)
+            const lacking = entries.find(({ name }) => name === holder.device)?.lacking ?? new Set<string>()
+            const input = idleInput()
+            // The snapshot that joins is idle, so the join press does nothing else.
+            if (unit !== undefined && event !== "joined") {
+              const actionsNow = unit.snapshot.actions as Readonly<Record<string, ActionState | undefined>>
+              const vectorsNow = unit.snapshot.vectors as Readonly<Record<string, Vector | undefined>>
+              for (const name of buttons) (input.actions as Record<string, ActionState>)[name] = actionsNow[name] ?? idleState
+              for (const name of vectors) (input.vectors as Record<string, Vector>)[name] = vectorsNow[name] ?? zero
+            }
+            for (const name of [...buttons, ...vectors]) (input.available as Record<string, boolean>)[name] = !lacking.has(name)
+            result[slot] = {
+              ...input,
+              joined: true,
+              device: holder.device,
+              connected: unit?.connected ?? false,
+              event: event === "joined" ? "joined" : null,
+              devices: unit === undefined ? {} : { [holder.device]: unit.snapshot }
+            }
+          }
+          events.clear()
+          return result
+        },
+        setJoining(open: boolean) {
+          joining = open
+          if (open) everOpened = true
+        },
+        seat(slot: string, device: string | Readonly<Record<string, number>>): SeatResult {
+          const [name, index] = typeof device === "string" ? [device, null] : Object.entries(device)[0] ?? ["", 0]
+          const unit = entries.find((entry) => entry.name === name)?.unit
+          if (unit === undefined || (index !== null && !(isPads(unit) && Number.isInteger(index) && index >= 0 && index < unit.max))) {
+            return { ok: false, reason: "no-such-pad" }
+          }
+          const key = index === null ? name : `${name}#${index}`
+          if (held.has(slot)) return { ok: false, reason: "slot-taken" }
+          if ([...held.values()].some((holder) => holder.key === key)) return { ok: false, reason: "device-taken" }
+          held.set(slot, { device: name, key, id: null })
+          events.set(slot, "joined")
+          everSeated = true
+          return { ok: true }
+        },
+        leave(slot: string) {
+          if (!held.delete(slot)) return
+          events.set(slot, "left")
+        },
+        rebind,
+        dispose() {
+          for (const { unit } of entries) unit.dispose()
+        },
+        [Debug.serviceLints]: (): ReadonlyArray<Debug.ServiceLint> => {
+          const keyed = entries.flatMap(({ name, unit }) => {
+            const keys = (unit as ReportsBoundKeys)[boundKeys]?.()
+            return keys === undefined ? [] : [{ name, keys: new Set(keys) }]
+          })
+          const shared = keyed.flatMap((first, index) => keyed.slice(index + 1).flatMap((second) =>
+            [...first.keys].filter((key) => second.keys.has(key)).map((key) => ({
+              severity: "warning" as const,
+              message: `${first.name} and ${second.name} both bind ${key}: one key press reaches two players`,
+              fix: `bind ${key} on one of them only, so each player has their own keys`
+            }))))
+          return [
+            ...shared,
+            ...entries.flatMap(({ name, unit }) => sharedLint(name, unit)),
+            ...entries.flatMap(({ name, lacking }) => [...lacking].map((action) => ({
+              severity: "info" as const,
+              message: `${name} lacks ${action}, so a player on ${name} cannot ${action}`,
+              fix: `fine if the game offers ${action} another way (read available.${action} from the player's input); otherwise bind ${action} on ${name}`
+            }))),
+            ...(everOpened || everSeated ? [] : [{
+              severity: "info" as const,
+              message: "joining was never opened in this session, so nobody could join",
+              fix: "call setJoining(true) from a system (on the join screen, or once at setup for drop-in play)"
+            }])
+          ]
+        }
+      }
+      // The checked signature carries the device types; the implementation is the same for every pool.
+      return pool as never
+    }
+  }
+}