@typeonce/ritmo-browser 0.10.0 → 0.11.0

package/src/Gamepad.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,747 @@
+/**
+ * Gamepad input as caller-named actions, plus the sticks and triggers.
+ *
+ * Games bind actions to buttons once and read one snapshot per update, as
+ * with `Keyboard`. The module owns the plumbing every game rewrites: polling
+ * (the Gamepad API has no button events), press/release edges, a radial dead
+ * zone on the sticks, following the pad that was used last when several are
+ * connected, and releasing everything held when a pad disconnects. It does
+ * not know about the ECS; `InputCapture.system(...)` copies snapshots from a
+ * service into a resource.
+ *
+ * Buttons are named by their place in the browser's standard mapping
+ * (`"south"` is A on Xbox, Cross on PlayStation, B on Nintendo), so bindings
+ * stay the same on every pad. A pad whose `mapping` is not `"standard"` is
+ * read by the same indices, which may not match its labels: let players
+ * remap (`rebind`). The snapshot also reports every `button` by name,
+ * whatever the bindings, for fixed menu navigation and for a settings screen
+ * that waits for the button to bind; `parseRebinding(...)` validates
+ * bindings saved as JSON.
+ *
+ * The Gamepad API has no button events, so the pads are read on every
+ * animation frame and on every `snapshot()`; a tap that starts and ends
+ * between two updates still counts. Browsers expose a pad only after
+ * a button is pressed on it, and only in a secure context (HTTPS or
+ * localhost); elsewhere, or when a permission policy blocks the API, the
+ * live actions read no pad and report `connected: false`.
+ *
+ * `actions(...)` is one player on whichever pad is used. For local
+ * multiplayer, `pads(host, bindings, max)` reads every pad on its own for
+ * `Controls.players(...).pool(...)` (`scriptedPads(...)` in tests).
+ *
+ * @module Gamepad
+ * @docGroup browser
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const pad = Gamepad.actions(window, {
+ *   move: Gamepad.vector({ stick: "left", up: ["dpadUp"], down: ["dpadDown"], left: ["dpadLeft"], right: ["dpadRight"] }),
+ *   attack: ["west"],
+ *   pause: ["start"]
+ * })
+ *
+ * // Once per update:
+ * const snapshot = pad.snapshot()
+ * move(snapshot.vectors.move) // the stick's tilt, or the d-pad's direction
+ * if (snapshot.actions.attack.pressed) attack()
+ *
+ * // In a settings screen, rebinding keeps the action names:
+ * pad.rebind({ move: Gamepad.vector({ stick: "right" }), attack: ["north"], pause: ["start"] })
+ * ```
+ *
+ * For tests, replays, and headless runs, `scripted(...)` plays a timeline of
+ * button presses, releases, and stick moves instead of polling a host, and
+ * `recording(...)` wraps live actions to capture the timeline a session
+ * produced. `parseTimeline(...)` validates a timeline loaded from JSON.
+ */
+import type * as System from "@typeonce/ritmo/System"
+import * as Result from "@typeonce/ritmo/Result"
+
+import type * as BrowserTickSource from "./BrowserTickSource.ts"
+import type { ActionState } from "./Keyboard.ts"
+import * as ButtonsInternal from "./internal/buttons.ts"
+import { buttonTracker, flattenButtons, idleActions, idleButtons, idleVectors, splitActions } from "./internal/buttons.ts"
+import { digital, isVectorBinding, longer } from "./internal/vectors.ts"
+import { anyUsed } from "./internal/used.ts"
+
+/**
+ * The buttons of the browser's standard mapping, in index order: face
+ * buttons by compass position, bumpers and triggers, the two small center
+ * buttons, the stick clicks, the d-pad, and the home button.
+ */
+export const buttonNames = [
+  "south",
+  "east",
+  "west",
+  "north",
+  "leftBumper",
+  "rightBumper",
+  "leftTrigger",
+  "rightTrigger",
+  "select",
+  "start",
+  "leftStick",
+  "rightStick",
+  "dpadUp",
+  "dpadDown",
+  "dpadLeft",
+  "dpadRight",
+  "home"
+] as const
+
+/** One button of the standard mapping, see {@link buttonNames}. */
+export type Button = (typeof buttonNames)[number]
+
+/** The buttons of one action: at least one. */
+export type Buttons = readonly [Button, ...Array<Button>]
+
+/** The two sticks a vector action can read. */
+export type StickName = "left" | "right"
+
+/**
+ * A vector action (movement) on the pad, built with {@link vector}: a
+ * stick, buttons for the four directions (the d-pad), or both.
+ */
+export interface VectorBinding {
+  readonly _tag: "Vector"
+  readonly stick?: StickName
+  readonly up?: Buttons
+  readonly down?: Buttons
+  readonly left?: Buttons
+  readonly right?: Buttons
+}
+
+/**
+ * Action name to the buttons that trigger it (at least one), or to a
+ * {@link vector} binding for a direction such as movement.
+ */
+export type Bindings = Readonly<Record<string, Buttons | VectorBinding>>
+
+/** The bound button actions: the names bound to buttons. */
+export type ButtonNames<B> = { [K in keyof B]: B[K] extends VectorBinding ? never : K }[keyof B] & string
+
+/** The bound vector actions: the names bound with {@link vector}. */
+export type VectorNames<B> = { [K in keyof B]: B[K] extends VectorBinding ? K : never }[keyof B] & string
+
+/**
+ * Binds a vector action to a stick, to buttons for its four directions, or
+ * to both. The snapshot's `vectors` reports the longer of the two: the
+ * stick keeps its tilt (after the dead zone), and the buttons give length 1
+ * (a diagonal is not faster).
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const bindings = {
+ *   move: Gamepad.vector({ stick: "left", up: ["dpadUp"], down: ["dpadDown"], left: ["dpadLeft"], right: ["dpadRight"] }),
+ *   jump: ["south"]
+ * } as const
+ * ```
+ */
+export const vector = (
+  binding:
+    | { readonly stick: StickName }
+    | { readonly stick?: StickName; readonly up: Buttons; readonly down: Buttons; readonly left: Buttons; readonly right: Buttons }
+): VectorBinding => ({ _tag: "Vector", ...binding })
+
+/**
+ * New buttons for the same actions, for {@link Actions.rebind}: buttons for
+ * a button action, a {@link vector} for a vector action. Load saved ones
+ * with {@link parseRebinding}.
+ */
+export type Rebinding<B extends Bindings> = { readonly [Action in keyof B]: B[Action] extends VectorBinding ? VectorBinding : Buttons }
+
+/** One button's reading, the subset of the browser's `GamepadButton` the module reads. */
+export interface ButtonReading {
+  readonly pressed: boolean
+  readonly value: number
+}
+
+/** One pad's reading, the subset of the browser's `Gamepad` the module reads. */
+export interface PadReading {
+  readonly id: string
+  readonly index: number
+  readonly connected: boolean
+  readonly mapping: string
+  readonly buttons: ReadonlyArray<ButtonReading>
+  readonly axes: ReadonlyArray<number>
+}
+
+/** Where pads are read from, the subset of the browser's `navigator` the module reads. */
+export interface GamepadNavigator {
+  getGamepads(): ReadonlyArray<PadReading | null>
+}
+
+/**
+ * What live actions need from the window: the pads, and animation frames to
+ * read them on, since the Gamepad API has no button events.
+ */
+export interface GamepadHost extends BrowserTickSource.Host {
+  readonly navigator: GamepadNavigator
+}
+
+/**
+ * A direction and strength, length at most 1, `y` growing down as on
+ * screen: a stick's tilt (dead zone removed, zero at rest, 1 at full tilt)
+ * or a vector action's direction.
+ */
+export interface Vector {
+  readonly x: number
+  readonly y: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * The followed pad's state, with the same core as the other devices'
+ * snapshots (`actions`, `vectors`, and `used`) so `Controls` can merge it.
+ * With no pad everything is idle and `connected` is `false`.
+ */
+export interface Snapshot<B extends Bindings> {
+  /** Every bound button action's state. */
+  readonly actions: { readonly [Action in ButtonNames<B>]: ActionState }
+  /** Each vector action's direction, length at most 1, `y` growing down. */
+  readonly vectors: { readonly [Action in VectorNames<B>]: Vector }
+  /** Every button's state by name, whatever the bindings. */
+  readonly buttons: { readonly [Name in Button]: ActionState }
+  /** The left stick's tilt, whatever the bindings. */
+  readonly left: Vector
+  /** The right stick's tilt, whatever the bindings. */
+  readonly right: Vector
+  /** How far the left trigger is pulled, 0 to 1. */
+  readonly leftTrigger: number
+  /** How far the right trigger is pulled, 0 to 1. */
+  readonly rightTrigger: number
+  /**
+   * Some button was pressed in this window or is held, or a stick is past
+   * the dead zone: the player is using the pad.
+   */
+  readonly used: boolean
+  /** Whether a pad is being followed. */
+  readonly connected: boolean
+  /** The followed pad's `id` (it names the maker, for button labels), or `null`. */
+  readonly id: string | null
+}
+
+/**
+ * Rejects actions a rebinding names that the bindings do not have, so
+ * {@link Actions.rebind} takes exactly the actions it was made with.
+ */
+export type OnlyActionsOf<R, B extends Bindings> = {
+  readonly [Name in Exclude<keyof R, keyof B>]: `${Name & string} is not an action of these bindings`
+}
+
+/**
+ * A pad bound to actions, built with {@link actions} (live), {@link scripted},
+ * or {@link recording}. Capture it with `InputCapture.system(...)`, or merge
+ * it with `Controls`.
+ */
+export interface Actions<B extends Bindings> extends System.Consumes<"snapshot"> {
+  /** Returns the input state and starts a new press/release window. */
+  snapshot(): Snapshot<B>
+  /**
+   * Binds the same actions to new buttons, from the next snapshot, for a
+   * settings screen where players remap controls (capture the button to bind
+   * from the snapshot's `buttons`). An action held only through buttons it
+   * lost reports `released`. A button held across the rebind holds a newly
+   * bound action only once it is pressed again, so an action never turns
+   * held without a press. It takes exactly the actions the source was made
+   * with.
+   */
+  rebind<const R extends Rebinding<B>>(bindings: R & OnlyActionsOf<R, B>): void
+  /** Stops reading pads and cancels the animation frame. */
+  dispose(): void
+}
+
+/** Options for {@link actions} and {@link pads}. */
+export interface ActionsOptions {
+  /** Fraction of a stick's tilt that reads as zero. Defaults to 0.15. */
+  readonly deadZone?: number
+  /** How far a trigger is pulled before it counts as held. Defaults to 0.5. */
+  readonly triggerThreshold?: number
+}
+
+const zero: Vector = { x: 0, y: 0 }
+
+
+/**
+ * A snapshot with nothing held and no pad, for initializing an input
+ * resource before the first capture.
+ */
+export const idle = <const B extends Bindings>(bindings: B): Snapshot<B> => {
+  return { actions: idleActions(bindings), vectors: idleVectors(bindings) as Snapshot<B>["vectors"], buttons: idleButtons(buttonNames), left: zero, right: zero, leftTrigger: 0, rightTrigger: 0, used: false, connected: false, id: null }
+}
+
+const sameVector = (a: Vector, b: Vector): boolean => a.x === b.x && a.y === b.y
+
+/** Removes the dead zone and rescales, so the stick goes from zero to full tilt smoothly. */
+const stick = (x: number, y: number, deadZone: number): Vector => {
+  const length = Math.sqrt(x * x + y * y)
+  if (length <= deadZone) return zero
+  const scaled = Math.min(1, (length - deadZone) / (1 - deadZone))
+  return { x: (x / length) * scaled, y: (y / length) * scaled }
+}
+
+/** The button tracker with the pad's analog state, shared by live and scripted actions. */
+const tracker = <B extends Bindings>(initial: B) => {
+  // Vector actions are tracked as their four directions, next to the button actions.
+  let bindings: Bindings = initial
+  const buttons = buttonTracker(buttonNames, flattenButtons<Button>(initial))
+  return {
+    held: buttons.held,
+    down: buttons.down,
+    up: buttons.up,
+    upAll: buttons.upAll,
+    rebind(next: Rebinding<B>) {
+      bindings = next
+      buttons.rebind(flattenButtons<Button>(next))
+    },
+    snapshot(analog: Omit<Snapshot<B>, "actions" | "vectors" | "buttons" | "used">): Snapshot<B> {
+      const taken = buttons.take()
+      // The actions are fixed at creation; a rebind only changes how each is bound.
+      const { actions, held } = splitActions(initial, taken.actions)
+      const vectors: Record<string, Vector> = {}
+      for (const [name, entry] of Object.entries(initial)) {
+        if (!isVectorBinding(entry)) continue
+        const binding = bindings[name] as VectorBinding
+        const pad = digital(held(name, "up"), held(name, "down"), held(name, "left"), held(name, "right"))
+        vectors[name] = binding.stick === undefined ? pad : longer(analog[binding.stick], pad)
+      }
+      const used = anyUsed(taken.buttons) || !sameVector(analog.left, zero) || !sameVector(analog.right, zero)
+      return { actions, vectors, buttons: taken.buttons, ...analog, used } as Snapshot<B>
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Whether a pad is being touched: a button down or a stick past the dead zone. */
+const inUse = (pad: PadReading, deadZone: number, triggerThreshold: number): boolean =>
+  pad.buttons.some((button, index) => isDown(button, index, triggerThreshold)) ||
+  // Only the sticks' axes: some pads report their triggers as extra axes resting at -1.
+  pad.axes.slice(0, 4).some((axis) => Math.abs(axis) > deadZone)
+
+const triggerIndices = new Set([6, 7])
+
+const isDown = (button: ButtonReading, index: number, triggerThreshold: number): boolean =>
+  triggerIndices.has(index) ? button.value >= triggerThreshold : button.pressed
+
+/** Reads the pads, treating a host that throws (a blocked permission policy) as having none. */
+const readPads = (host: GamepadHost): ReadonlyArray<PadReading | null> => {
+  try {
+    return host.navigator.getGamepads()
+  } catch {
+    return []
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Starts reading pads from `host`, usually `window`, on every animation
+ * frame until `dispose()`. With several pads connected it follows the one
+ * used last; switching pads, or the followed pad disconnecting, releases
+ * everything it held. Use {@link pads} to give each pad its own player.
+ */
+export const actions = <const B extends Bindings>(host: GamepadHost, bindings: B, options: ActionsOptions = {}): Actions<B> => {
+  const deadZone = options.deadZone ?? 0.15
+  const triggerThreshold = options.triggerThreshold ?? 0.5
+  const state = tracker(bindings)
+  let followed: number | null = null
+  let disposed = false
+  let reading: PadReading | null = null
+  let frame = 0
+
+  const poll = (): void => {
+    if (disposed) return
+    const pads = readPads(host).filter((pad): pad is PadReading => pad !== null && pad.connected)
+    const current = pads.find((pad) => pad.index === followed)
+    // Keep the followed pad while it is in use; otherwise switch to another one being used, or keep the first there is.
+    const used = current !== undefined && inUse(current, deadZone, triggerThreshold)
+      ? current
+      : pads.find((pad) => pad.index !== followed && inUse(pad, deadZone, triggerThreshold))
+    const next = used ?? current ?? pads[0]
+    if (next?.index !== followed) state.upAll()
+    followed = next?.index ?? null
+    reading = next ?? null
+    if (next === undefined) return
+    readButtons(state, next, triggerThreshold)
+  }
+
+  const onFrame = (): void => {
+    if (disposed) return
+    poll()
+    frame = host.requestAnimationFrame(onFrame)
+  }
+  frame = host.requestAnimationFrame(onFrame)
+
+  return {
+    snapshot() {
+      poll()
+      const pad = reading
+      if (pad === null) return state.snapshot({ ...resting, connected: false, id: null })
+      return state.snapshot({ ...analogOf(pad, deadZone), connected: true, id: pad.id })
+    },
+    rebind: state.rebind,
+    dispose() {
+      if (disposed) return
+      disposed = true
+      host.cancelAnimationFrame(frame)
+      reading = null
+      state.upAll()
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Every pad connected to the browser, each one on its own: what
+ * `Controls.players(...).pool(...)` hands to the player who joins with it.
+ * Use {@link actions} for one player, which follows whichever pad is used.
+ */
+export interface Pads<B extends Bindings> extends System.Consumes<"snapshot"> {
+  readonly _tag: "Pads"
+  /** The most pads read at once: their places in the list run from 0 to `max - 1`. */
+  readonly max: number
+  /**
+   * One snapshot per pad seen so far, in the order they appeared, and
+   * starts a new press/release window on each. An unplugged pad stays in
+   * the list with `connected: false` and its last `id`, so a player keeps
+   * it until it comes back.
+   */
+  snapshot(): ReadonlyArray<Snapshot<B>>
+  /** Binds the same actions to new buttons on every pad, as {@link Actions.rebind}. */
+  rebind<const R extends Rebinding<B>>(bindings: R & OnlyActionsOf<R, B>): void
+  /** Stops reading pads and cancels the animation frame. */
+  dispose(): void
+}
+
+/** Presses and releases `state`'s buttons as `pad` reads now. */
+const readButtons = (state: ReturnType<typeof tracker>, pad: PadReading, triggerThreshold: number): void => {
+  for (let index = 0; index < buttonNames.length; index++) {
+    const button = pad.buttons[index]
+    const name = buttonNames[index]!
+    if (button !== undefined && isDown(button, index, triggerThreshold)) state.down(name)
+    else state.up(name)
+  }
+}
+
+/** A pad's sticks (dead zone removed) and triggers. */
+const analogOf = (pad: PadReading, deadZone: number) => {
+  const axis = (index: number) => pad.axes[index] ?? 0
+  const trigger = (index: number) => Math.min(1, Math.max(0, pad.buttons[index]?.value ?? 0))
+  return {
+    left: stick(axis(0), axis(1), deadZone),
+    right: stick(axis(2), axis(3), deadZone),
+    leftTrigger: trigger(6),
+    rightTrigger: trigger(7)
+  }
+}
+
+const resting = { left: zero, right: zero, leftTrigger: 0, rightTrigger: 0 }
+
+/**
+ * Starts reading every pad on `host`, usually `window`, up to `max` of
+ * them, each with its own presses and sticks; pads beyond `max` are
+ * ignored. A pad keeps its place in the list while unplugged; one that comes
+ * back at the same browser index continues it, and a different pad at that
+ * index takes the place over with nothing held.
+ */
+export const pads = <const B extends Bindings>(host: GamepadHost, bindings: B, max: number, options: ActionsOptions = {}): Pads<B> => {
+  const deadZone = options.deadZone ?? 0.15
+  const triggerThreshold = options.triggerThreshold ?? 0.5
+  const seen: Array<{ readonly index: number; readonly state: ReturnType<typeof tracker<B>>; id: string | null; reading: PadReading | null }> = []
+  let disposed = false
+  let frame = 0
+
+  const poll = (): void => {
+    if (disposed) return
+    const connected = readPads(host).filter((pad): pad is PadReading => pad !== null && pad.connected)
+    for (const pad of connected) {
+      if (seen.length < max && !seen.some((entry) => entry.index === pad.index)) {
+        seen.push({ index: pad.index, state: tracker(bindings), id: pad.id, reading: null })
+      }
+    }
+    for (const entry of seen) {
+      const pad = connected.find((reading) => reading.index === entry.index)
+      // Unplugged, or another pad took the index: everything it held is released.
+      if (pad === undefined || pad.id !== entry.id) {
+        if (entry.reading !== null) entry.state.upAll()
+        entry.reading = null
+        if (pad === undefined) continue
+        entry.id = pad.id
+      }
+      entry.reading = pad
+      readButtons(entry.state, pad, triggerThreshold)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const onFrame = (): void => {
+    if (disposed) return
+    poll()
+    frame = host.requestAnimationFrame(onFrame)
+  }
+  frame = host.requestAnimationFrame(onFrame)
+
+  return {
+    _tag: "Pads",
+    max,
+    snapshot() {
+      poll()
+      return seen.map((entry) => entry.state.snapshot(entry.reading === null
+        ? { ...resting, connected: false, id: entry.id }
+        : { ...analogOf(entry.reading, deadZone), connected: true, id: entry.id }))
+    },
+    rebind(next) {
+      for (const entry of seen) entry.state.rebind(next as Rebinding<B>)
+      // Pads that appear later start with the new bindings too.
+      bindings = next as unknown as B
+    },
+    dispose() {
+      if (disposed) return
+      disposed = true
+      host.cancelAnimationFrame(frame)
+      for (const entry of seen) entry.state.upAll()
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Pads driven by timelines instead of a host, one timeline per pad (as
+ * {@link scripted}), each with the id `scripted <n>` (from `scripted 1`)
+ * and `max` the number of timelines: for tests of games where every player
+ * has a pad.
+ */
+export const scriptedPads = <const B extends Bindings>(bindings: B, timelines: ReadonlyArray<Timeline>): Pads<B> => {
+  const each = timelines.map((timeline) => scripted(bindings, timeline))
+  return {
+    _tag: "Pads",
+    max: each.length,
+    snapshot: () => each.map((pad, index) => ({ ...pad.snapshot(), id: `scripted ${index + 1}` })),
+    rebind(next) {
+      for (const pad of each) pad.rebind(next as never)
+    },
+    dispose() {}
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Input changes applied just before one snapshot: the buttons, then the
+ * sticks and triggers, which keep their value until set again, then
+ * `connected`. `frame` is the snapshot's index, counting from 0 at the first
+ * `snapshot()` call. A button in both `press` and `release` changed twice
+ * within the frame: a tap shorter than a frame when it was up, a release and
+ * a new press when it was held.
+ */
+export interface TimelineEntry {
+  readonly frame: number
+  /**
+   * Connects or disconnects the pad from this frame on. The first entry
+   * connects it unless it says otherwise. A disconnect releases every held
+   * button and zeroes the sticks and triggers, as with a live pad.
+   */
+  readonly connected?: boolean
+  readonly press?: ReadonlyArray<Button>
+  readonly release?: ReadonlyArray<Button>
+  readonly left?: Vector
+  readonly right?: Vector
+  readonly leftTrigger?: number
+  readonly rightTrigger?: number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Input changes by snapshot index. Plain data, so it round-trips through
+ * JSON; load it back with `parseTimeline`. It names buttons, not actions, so
+ * a replay follows the bindings as live play does.
+ */
+export type Timeline = ReadonlyArray<TimelineEntry>
+
+/** Actions driven by a timeline instead of a host. */
+export interface Scripted<B extends Bindings> extends Actions<B> {
+  /** Number of snapshots taken so far, which is the next frame index. */
+  readonly frames: () => number
+}
+
+/**
+ * Plays `timeline`: before the snapshot at index `frame`, every entry for
+ * that frame is applied. A pad counts as connected (with the id
+ * `"scripted"`) from the first entry on, until an entry says
+ * `connected: false`; `scripted(bindings, [])` is a pad that never connects.
+ * Buttons stay held from their press until their release; pressing a held
+ * button is not a new press.
+ */
+export const scripted = <const B extends Bindings>(bindings: B, timeline: Timeline): Scripted<B> => {
+  const state = tracker(bindings)
+  const byFrame = new Map<number, Array<TimelineEntry>>()
+  for (const entry of timeline) {
+    const entries = byFrame.get(entry.frame)
+    if (entries) entries.push(entry)
+    else byFrame.set(entry.frame, [entry])
+  }
+  const first = timeline.reduce((earliest, entry) => Math.min(earliest, entry.frame), Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY)
+  const resting = { left: zero, right: zero, leftTrigger: 0, rightTrigger: 0 }
+  let analog = resting
+  let connected = false
+  let frame = 0
+  return {
+    snapshot() {
+      for (const entry of byFrame.get(frame) ?? []) {
+        const releases = new Set(entry.release ?? [])
+        for (const button of entry.press ?? []) {
+          if (state.held.has(button) && releases.has(button)) {
+            // Released and pressed again within the frame.
+            releases.delete(button)
+            state.up(button)
+          }
+          state.down(button)
+        }
+        for (const button of releases) state.up(button)
+        analog = {
+          left: entry.left ?? analog.left,
+          right: entry.right ?? analog.right,
+          leftTrigger: entry.leftTrigger ?? analog.leftTrigger,
+          rightTrigger: entry.rightTrigger ?? analog.rightTrigger
+        }
+        connected = entry.connected ?? (frame === first ? true : connected)
+        if (!connected) {
+          state.upAll()
+          analog = resting
+        }
+      }
+      frame += 1
+      return state.snapshot({ ...analog, connected, id: connected ? "scripted" : null })
+    },
+    rebind: state.rebind,
+    dispose() {},
+    frames: () => frame
+  }
+}
+
+/** Live actions that also record the timeline they produce. */
+export interface Recording<B extends Bindings> extends Actions<B> {
+  /** The recorded timeline; `scripted(bindings, timeline)` replays it exactly. */
+  readonly timeline: () => Timeline
+}
+
+/**
+ * Wraps `actions` and records, for every snapshot, the buttons pressed and
+ * released since the previous one and the sticks and triggers that moved.
+ */
+export const recording = <B extends Bindings>(actions: Actions<B>): Recording<B> => {
+  const entries: Array<TimelineEntry> = []
+  let previous: Omit<Snapshot<B>, "actions" | "vectors" | "id" | "used"> = { buttons: idleButtons(buttonNames), left: zero, right: zero, leftTrigger: 0, rightTrigger: 0, connected: false }
+  let frame = 0
+  return {
+    snapshot() {
+      const snapshot = actions.snapshot()
+      const press = buttonNames.filter((name) => snapshot.buttons[name].pressed)
+      // A press of a button held at the previous snapshot means it was released in between.
+      const release = buttonNames.filter((name) => snapshot.buttons[name].released || (snapshot.buttons[name].pressed && previous.buttons[name].held))
+      const entry: Record<string, unknown> = {
+        ...(press.length > 0 ? { press } : {}),
+        ...(release.length > 0 ? { release } : {}),
+        ...(sameVector(snapshot.left, previous.left) ? {} : { left: snapshot.left }),
+        ...(sameVector(snapshot.right, previous.right) ? {} : { right: snapshot.right }),
+        ...(snapshot.leftTrigger === previous.leftTrigger ? {} : { leftTrigger: snapshot.leftTrigger }),
+        ...(snapshot.rightTrigger === previous.rightTrigger ? {} : { rightTrigger: snapshot.rightTrigger }),
+        // The first entry connects the pad by itself; later changes are written out.
+        ...(snapshot.connected === previous.connected || entries.length === 0 ? {} : { connected: snapshot.connected })
+      }
+      // The first entry also marks when a pad appeared, so a replay connects on the same frame.
+      if (Object.keys(entry).length > 0 || (entries.length === 0 && snapshot.connected)) entries.push({ frame, ...entry })
+      previous = snapshot
+      frame += 1
+      return snapshot
+    },
+    rebind: (bindings) => actions.rebind(bindings),
+    dispose: () => actions.dispose(),
+    timeline: () => [...entries]
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Why loaded data is not a timeline. `path` points at the offending value,
+ * for example `[3].press[0]`.
+ */
+export interface InvalidTimeline {
+  readonly _tag: "InvalidTimeline"
+  readonly path: string
+  readonly message: string
+}
+
+const buttonSet: ReadonlySet<string> = new Set(buttonNames)
+
+/** Whether `name` is a button of the standard mapping, for validating stored bindings. */
+export const isButton = (name: unknown): name is Button => typeof name === "string" && buttonSet.has(name)
+
+/**
+ * Validates untrusted data, such as a parsed JSON file, as a timeline: an
+ * array of entries with a non-negative integer `frame`, optional
+ * `press`/`release` arrays of button names, optional `left`/`right` vectors
+ * of length at most 1, optional triggers from 0 to 1, and an optional
+ * boolean `connected`.
+ */
+export const parseTimeline = (data: unknown): Result.Result<Timeline, InvalidTimeline> => {
+  const invalid = (path: string, message: string) => Result.failure<InvalidTimeline>({ _tag: "InvalidTimeline", path, message })
+  if (!Array.isArray(data)) return invalid("", "expected an array of entries")
+  const entries: Array<TimelineEntry> = []
+  for (let index = 0; index < data.length; index++) {
+    const entry: unknown = data[index]
+    const path = `[${index}]`
+    if (typeof entry !== "object" || entry === null) return invalid(path, "expected an object")
+    const fields = entry as Readonly<Record<string, unknown>>
+    const frame = fields["frame"]
+    if (typeof frame !== "number" || !Number.isInteger(frame) || frame < 0) return invalid(`${path}.frame`, "expected a non-negative integer")
+    const parsed: Record<string, unknown> = { frame }
+    for (const field of ["press", "release"] as const) {
+      const value = fields[field]
+      if (value === undefined) continue
+      if (!Array.isArray(value)) return invalid(`${path}.${field}`, "expected an array of button names")
+      for (let offset = 0; offset < value.length; offset++) {
+        if (!isButton(value[offset])) return invalid(`${path}.${field}[${offset}]`, `expected one of ${buttonNames.join(", ")}`)
+      }
+      parsed[field] = [...value]
+    }
+    for (const field of ["left", "right"] as const) {
+      const value = fields[field]
+      if (value === undefined) continue
+      const { x, y } = (typeof value === "object" && value !== null ? value : {}) as { readonly x?: unknown; readonly y?: unknown }
+      if (typeof x !== "number" || typeof y !== "number" || !Number.isFinite(x) || !Number.isFinite(y) || x * x + y * y > 1 + 1e-9) {
+        return invalid(`${path}.${field}`, "expected { x, y } of length at most 1")
+      }
+      parsed[field] = { x, y }
+    }
+    for (const field of ["leftTrigger", "rightTrigger"] as const) {
+      const value = fields[field]
+      if (value === undefined) continue
+      if (typeof value !== "number" || !(value >= 0 && value <= 1)) return invalid(`${path}.${field}`, "expected a number from 0 to 1")
+      parsed[field] = value
+    }
+    const connected = fields["connected"]
+    if (connected !== undefined) {
+      if (typeof connected !== "boolean") return invalid(`${path}.connected`, "expected a boolean")
+      parsed["connected"] = connected
+    }
+    entries.push(parsed as unknown as TimelineEntry)
+  }
+  return Result.success(entries)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Why loaded data is not a rebinding for the bindings. `path` points at the
+ * offending value, for example `attack[1]`.
+ */
+export type InvalidRebinding = ButtonsInternal.InvalidRebinding
+
+/**
+ * Validates untrusted data, such as saved settings parsed from JSON, as new
+ * buttons for `bindings`: an object with exactly the same action names, each
+ * mapped to a non-empty array of button names (for a vector action, an
+ * object with an optional `stick` and buttons for all four directions or
+ * none, as `Gamepad.vector` saves). Pass the result to
+ * {@link Actions.rebind}; on failure, keep the defaults.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```ts
+ * const saved = Gamepad.parseRebinding(bindings, JSON.parse(stored))
+ * if (saved.ok) pad.rebind(saved.value)
+ * ```
+ */
+export const parseRebinding = <const B extends Bindings>(
+  bindings: B,
+  data: unknown
+): Result.Result<Rebinding<B>, InvalidRebinding> =>
+  // The checked names and buttons are exactly `Rebinding<B>`.
+  ButtonsInternal.parseButtonRebinding(buttonNames, bindings, data, ["left", "right"]) as Result.Result<Rebinding<B>, InvalidRebinding>