@tuan_son.dinh/gsd 2.6.2 → 2.7.0

package/packages/pi-tui/src/keys.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1255 @@
+/**
+ * Keyboard input handling for terminal applications.
+ *
+ * Supports both legacy terminal sequences and Kitty keyboard protocol.
+ * See: https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/keyboard-protocol/
+ * Reference: https://github.com/sst/opentui/blob/7da92b4088aebfe27b9f691c04163a48821e49fd/packages/core/src/lib/parse.keypress.ts
+ *
+ * Symbol keys are also supported, however some ctrl+symbol combos
+ * overlap with ASCII codes, e.g. ctrl+[ = ESC.
+ * See: https://sw.kovidgoyal.net/kitty/keyboard-protocol/#legacy-ctrl-mapping-of-ascii-keys
+ * Those can still be * used for ctrl+shift combos
+ *
+ * API:
+ * - matchesKey(data, keyId) - Check if input matches a key identifier
+ * - parseKey(data) - Parse input and return the key identifier
+ * - Key - Helper object for creating typed key identifiers
+ * - setKittyProtocolActive(active) - Set global Kitty protocol state
+ * - isKittyProtocolActive() - Query global Kitty protocol state
+ */
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Global Kitty Protocol State
+// =============================================================================
+
+let _kittyProtocolActive = false;
+
+/**
+ * Set the global Kitty keyboard protocol state.
+ * Called by ProcessTerminal after detecting protocol support.
+ */
+export function setKittyProtocolActive(active: boolean): void {
+	_kittyProtocolActive = active;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Query whether Kitty keyboard protocol is currently active.
+ */
+export function isKittyProtocolActive(): boolean {
+	return _kittyProtocolActive;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Type-Safe Key Identifiers
+// =============================================================================
+
+type Letter =
+	| "a"
+	| "b"
+	| "c"
+	| "d"
+	| "e"
+	| "f"
+	| "g"
+	| "h"
+	| "i"
+	| "j"
+	| "k"
+	| "l"
+	| "m"
+	| "n"
+	| "o"
+	| "p"
+	| "q"
+	| "r"
+	| "s"
+	| "t"
+	| "u"
+	| "v"
+	| "w"
+	| "x"
+	| "y"
+	| "z";
+
+type Digit = "0" | "1" | "2" | "3" | "4" | "5" | "6" | "7" | "8" | "9";
+
+type SymbolKey =
+	| "`"
+	| "-"
+	| "="
+	| "["
+	| "]"
+	| "\\"
+	| ";"
+	| "'"
+	| ","
+	| "."
+	| "/"
+	| "!"
+	| "@"
+	| "#"
+	| "$"
+	| "%"
+	| "^"
+	| "&"
+	| "*"
+	| "("
+	| ")"
+	| "_"
+	| "+"
+	| "|"
+	| "~"
+	| "{"
+	| "}"
+	| ":"
+	| "<"
+	| ">"
+	| "?";
+
+type SpecialKey =
+	| "escape"
+	| "esc"
+	| "enter"
+	| "return"
+	| "tab"
+	| "space"
+	| "backspace"
+	| "delete"
+	| "insert"
+	| "clear"
+	| "home"
+	| "end"
+	| "pageUp"
+	| "pageDown"
+	| "up"
+	| "down"
+	| "left"
+	| "right"
+	| "f1"
+	| "f2"
+	| "f3"
+	| "f4"
+	| "f5"
+	| "f6"
+	| "f7"
+	| "f8"
+	| "f9"
+	| "f10"
+	| "f11"
+	| "f12";
+
+type BaseKey = Letter | Digit | SymbolKey | SpecialKey;
+
+/**
+ * Union type of all valid key identifiers.
+ * Provides autocomplete and catches typos at compile time.
+ */
+export type KeyId =
+	| BaseKey
+	| `ctrl+${BaseKey}`
+	| `shift+${BaseKey}`
+	| `alt+${BaseKey}`
+	| `ctrl+shift+${BaseKey}`
+	| `shift+ctrl+${BaseKey}`
+	| `ctrl+alt+${BaseKey}`
+	| `alt+ctrl+${BaseKey}`
+	| `shift+alt+${BaseKey}`
+	| `alt+shift+${BaseKey}`
+	| `ctrl+shift+alt+${BaseKey}`
+	| `ctrl+alt+shift+${BaseKey}`
+	| `shift+ctrl+alt+${BaseKey}`
+	| `shift+alt+ctrl+${BaseKey}`
+	| `alt+ctrl+shift+${BaseKey}`
+	| `alt+shift+ctrl+${BaseKey}`;
+
+/**
+ * Helper object for creating typed key identifiers with autocomplete.
+ *
+ * Usage:
+ * - Key.escape, Key.enter, Key.tab, etc. for special keys
+ * - Key.backtick, Key.comma, Key.period, etc. for symbol keys
+ * - Key.ctrl("c"), Key.alt("x") for single modifier
+ * - Key.ctrlShift("p"), Key.ctrlAlt("x") for combined modifiers
+ */
+export const Key = {
+	// Special keys
+	escape: "escape" as const,
+	esc: "esc" as const,
+	enter: "enter" as const,
+	return: "return" as const,
+	tab: "tab" as const,
+	space: "space" as const,
+	backspace: "backspace" as const,
+	delete: "delete" as const,
+	insert: "insert" as const,
+	clear: "clear" as const,
+	home: "home" as const,
+	end: "end" as const,
+	pageUp: "pageUp" as const,
+	pageDown: "pageDown" as const,
+	up: "up" as const,
+	down: "down" as const,
+	left: "left" as const,
+	right: "right" as const,
+	f1: "f1" as const,
+	f2: "f2" as const,
+	f3: "f3" as const,
+	f4: "f4" as const,
+	f5: "f5" as const,
+	f6: "f6" as const,
+	f7: "f7" as const,
+	f8: "f8" as const,
+	f9: "f9" as const,
+	f10: "f10" as const,
+	f11: "f11" as const,
+	f12: "f12" as const,
+
+	// Symbol keys
+	backtick: "`" as const,
+	hyphen: "-" as const,
+	equals: "=" as const,
+	leftbracket: "[" as const,
+	rightbracket: "]" as const,
+	backslash: "\\" as const,
+	semicolon: ";" as const,
+	quote: "'" as const,
+	comma: "," as const,
+	period: "." as const,
+	slash: "/" as const,
+	exclamation: "!" as const,
+	at: "@" as const,
+	hash: "#" as const,
+	dollar: "$" as const,
+	percent: "%" as const,
+	caret: "^" as const,
+	ampersand: "&" as const,
+	asterisk: "*" as const,
+	leftparen: "(" as const,
+	rightparen: ")" as const,
+	underscore: "_" as const,
+	plus: "+" as const,
+	pipe: "|" as const,
+	tilde: "~" as const,
+	leftbrace: "{" as const,
+	rightbrace: "}" as const,
+	colon: ":" as const,
+	lessthan: "<" as const,
+	greaterthan: ">" as const,
+	question: "?" as const,
+
+	// Single modifiers
+	ctrl: <K extends BaseKey>(key: K): `ctrl+${K}` => `ctrl+${key}`,
+	shift: <K extends BaseKey>(key: K): `shift+${K}` => `shift+${key}`,
+	alt: <K extends BaseKey>(key: K): `alt+${K}` => `alt+${key}`,
+
+	// Combined modifiers
+	ctrlShift: <K extends BaseKey>(key: K): `ctrl+shift+${K}` => `ctrl+shift+${key}`,
+	shiftCtrl: <K extends BaseKey>(key: K): `shift+ctrl+${K}` => `shift+ctrl+${key}`,
+	ctrlAlt: <K extends BaseKey>(key: K): `ctrl+alt+${K}` => `ctrl+alt+${key}`,
+	altCtrl: <K extends BaseKey>(key: K): `alt+ctrl+${K}` => `alt+ctrl+${key}`,
+	shiftAlt: <K extends BaseKey>(key: K): `shift+alt+${K}` => `shift+alt+${key}`,
+	altShift: <K extends BaseKey>(key: K): `alt+shift+${K}` => `alt+shift+${key}`,
+
+	// Triple modifiers
+	ctrlShiftAlt: <K extends BaseKey>(key: K): `ctrl+shift+alt+${K}` => `ctrl+shift+alt+${key}`,
+} as const;
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Constants
+// =============================================================================
+
+const SYMBOL_KEYS = new Set([
+	"`",
+	"-",
+	"=",
+	"[",
+	"]",
+	"\\",
+	";",
+	"'",
+	",",
+	".",
+	"/",
+	"!",
+	"@",
+	"#",
+	"$",
+	"%",
+	"^",
+	"&",
+	"*",
+	"(",
+	")",
+	"_",
+	"+",
+	"|",
+	"~",
+	"{",
+	"}",
+	":",
+	"<",
+	">",
+	"?",
+]);
+
+const MODIFIERS = {
+	shift: 1,
+	alt: 2,
+	ctrl: 4,
+} as const;
+
+const LOCK_MASK = 64 + 128; // Caps Lock + Num Lock
+
+const CODEPOINTS = {
+	escape: 27,
+	tab: 9,
+	enter: 13,
+	space: 32,
+	backspace: 127,
+	kpEnter: 57414, // Numpad Enter (Kitty protocol)
+} as const;
+
+const ARROW_CODEPOINTS = {
+	up: -1,
+	down: -2,
+	right: -3,
+	left: -4,
+} as const;
+
+const FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS = {
+	delete: -10,
+	insert: -11,
+	pageUp: -12,
+	pageDown: -13,
+	home: -14,
+	end: -15,
+} as const;
+
+const LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES = {
+	up: ["\x1b[A", "\x1bOA"],
+	down: ["\x1b[B", "\x1bOB"],
+	right: ["\x1b[C", "\x1bOC"],
+	left: ["\x1b[D", "\x1bOD"],
+	home: ["\x1b[H", "\x1bOH", "\x1b[1~", "\x1b[7~"],
+	end: ["\x1b[F", "\x1bOF", "\x1b[4~", "\x1b[8~"],
+	insert: ["\x1b[2~"],
+	delete: ["\x1b[3~"],
+	pageUp: ["\x1b[5~", "\x1b[[5~"],
+	pageDown: ["\x1b[6~", "\x1b[[6~"],
+	clear: ["\x1b[E", "\x1bOE"],
+	f1: ["\x1bOP", "\x1b[11~", "\x1b[[A"],
+	f2: ["\x1bOQ", "\x1b[12~", "\x1b[[B"],
+	f3: ["\x1bOR", "\x1b[13~", "\x1b[[C"],
+	f4: ["\x1bOS", "\x1b[14~", "\x1b[[D"],
+	f5: ["\x1b[15~", "\x1b[[E"],
+	f6: ["\x1b[17~"],
+	f7: ["\x1b[18~"],
+	f8: ["\x1b[19~"],
+	f9: ["\x1b[20~"],
+	f10: ["\x1b[21~"],
+	f11: ["\x1b[23~"],
+	f12: ["\x1b[24~"],
+} as const;
+
+const LEGACY_SHIFT_SEQUENCES = {
+	up: ["\x1b[a"],
+	down: ["\x1b[b"],
+	right: ["\x1b[c"],
+	left: ["\x1b[d"],
+	clear: ["\x1b[e"],
+	insert: ["\x1b[2$"],
+	delete: ["\x1b[3$"],
+	pageUp: ["\x1b[5$"],
+	pageDown: ["\x1b[6$"],
+	home: ["\x1b[7$"],
+	end: ["\x1b[8$"],
+} as const;
+
+const LEGACY_CTRL_SEQUENCES = {
+	up: ["\x1bOa"],
+	down: ["\x1bOb"],
+	right: ["\x1bOc"],
+	left: ["\x1bOd"],
+	clear: ["\x1bOe"],
+	insert: ["\x1b[2^"],
+	delete: ["\x1b[3^"],
+	pageUp: ["\x1b[5^"],
+	pageDown: ["\x1b[6^"],
+	home: ["\x1b[7^"],
+	end: ["\x1b[8^"],
+} as const;
+
+const LEGACY_SEQUENCE_KEY_IDS: Record<string, KeyId> = {
+	"\x1bOA": "up",
+	"\x1bOB": "down",
+	"\x1bOC": "right",
+	"\x1bOD": "left",
+	"\x1bOH": "home",
+	"\x1bOF": "end",
+	"\x1b[E": "clear",
+	"\x1bOE": "clear",
+	"\x1bOe": "ctrl+clear",
+	"\x1b[e": "shift+clear",
+	"\x1b[2~": "insert",
+	"\x1b[2$": "shift+insert",
+	"\x1b[2^": "ctrl+insert",
+	"\x1b[3$": "shift+delete",
+	"\x1b[3^": "ctrl+delete",
+	"\x1b[[5~": "pageUp",
+	"\x1b[[6~": "pageDown",
+	"\x1b[a": "shift+up",
+	"\x1b[b": "shift+down",
+	"\x1b[c": "shift+right",
+	"\x1b[d": "shift+left",
+	"\x1bOa": "ctrl+up",
+	"\x1bOb": "ctrl+down",
+	"\x1bOc": "ctrl+right",
+	"\x1bOd": "ctrl+left",
+	"\x1b[5$": "shift+pageUp",
+	"\x1b[6$": "shift+pageDown",
+	"\x1b[7$": "shift+home",
+	"\x1b[8$": "shift+end",
+	"\x1b[5^": "ctrl+pageUp",
+	"\x1b[6^": "ctrl+pageDown",
+	"\x1b[7^": "ctrl+home",
+	"\x1b[8^": "ctrl+end",
+	"\x1bOP": "f1",
+	"\x1bOQ": "f2",
+	"\x1bOR": "f3",
+	"\x1bOS": "f4",
+	"\x1b[11~": "f1",
+	"\x1b[12~": "f2",
+	"\x1b[13~": "f3",
+	"\x1b[14~": "f4",
+	"\x1b[[A": "f1",
+	"\x1b[[B": "f2",
+	"\x1b[[C": "f3",
+	"\x1b[[D": "f4",
+	"\x1b[[E": "f5",
+	"\x1b[15~": "f5",
+	"\x1b[17~": "f6",
+	"\x1b[18~": "f7",
+	"\x1b[19~": "f8",
+	"\x1b[20~": "f9",
+	"\x1b[21~": "f10",
+	"\x1b[23~": "f11",
+	"\x1b[24~": "f12",
+	"\x1bb": "alt+left",
+	"\x1bf": "alt+right",
+	"\x1bp": "alt+up",
+	"\x1bn": "alt+down",
+} as const;
+
+type LegacyModifierKey = keyof typeof LEGACY_SHIFT_SEQUENCES;
+
+const matchesLegacySequence = (data: string, sequences: readonly string[]): boolean => sequences.includes(data);
+
+const matchesLegacyModifierSequence = (data: string, key: LegacyModifierKey, modifier: number): boolean => {
+	if (modifier === MODIFIERS.shift) {
+		return matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_SHIFT_SEQUENCES[key]);
+	}
+	if (modifier === MODIFIERS.ctrl) {
+		return matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_CTRL_SEQUENCES[key]);
+	}
+	return false;
+};
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Kitty Protocol Parsing
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Event types from Kitty keyboard protocol (flag 2)
+ * 1 = key press, 2 = key repeat, 3 = key release
+ */
+export type KeyEventType = "press" | "repeat" | "release";
+
+interface ParsedKittySequence {
+	codepoint: number;
+	shiftedKey?: number; // Shifted version of the key (when shift is pressed)
+	baseLayoutKey?: number; // Key in standard PC-101 layout (for non-Latin layouts)
+	modifier: number;
+	eventType: KeyEventType;
+}
+
+interface ParsedModifyOtherKeysSequence {
+	codepoint: number;
+	modifier: number;
+}
+
+// Store the last parsed event type for isKeyRelease() to query
+let _lastEventType: KeyEventType = "press";
+
+/**
+ * Check if the last parsed key event was a key release.
+ * Only meaningful when Kitty keyboard protocol with flag 2 is active.
+ */
+export function isKeyRelease(data: string): boolean {
+	// Don't treat bracketed paste content as key release, even if it contains
+	// patterns like ":3F" (e.g., bluetooth MAC addresses like "90:62:3F:A5").
+	// Terminal.ts re-wraps paste content with bracketed paste markers before
+	// passing to TUI, so pasted data will always contain \x1b[200~.
+	if (data.includes("\x1b[200~")) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// Quick check: release events with flag 2 contain ":3"
+	// Format: \x1b[<codepoint>;<modifier>:3u
+	if (
+		data.includes(":3u") ||
+		data.includes(":3~") ||
+		data.includes(":3A") ||
+		data.includes(":3B") ||
+		data.includes(":3C") ||
+		data.includes(":3D") ||
+		data.includes(":3H") ||
+		data.includes(":3F")
+	) {
+		return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Check if the last parsed key event was a key repeat.
+ * Only meaningful when Kitty keyboard protocol with flag 2 is active.
+ */
+export function isKeyRepeat(data: string): boolean {
+	// Don't treat bracketed paste content as key repeat, even if it contains
+	// patterns like ":2F". See isKeyRelease() for details.
+	if (data.includes("\x1b[200~")) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (
+		data.includes(":2u") ||
+		data.includes(":2~") ||
+		data.includes(":2A") ||
+		data.includes(":2B") ||
+		data.includes(":2C") ||
+		data.includes(":2D") ||
+		data.includes(":2H") ||
+		data.includes(":2F")
+	) {
+		return true;
+	}
+	return false;
+}
+
+function parseEventType(eventTypeStr: string | undefined): KeyEventType {
+	if (!eventTypeStr) return "press";
+	const eventType = parseInt(eventTypeStr, 10);
+	if (eventType === 2) return "repeat";
+	if (eventType === 3) return "release";
+	return "press";
+}
+
+function parseKittySequence(data: string): ParsedKittySequence | null {
+	// CSI u format with alternate keys (flag 4):
+	// \x1b[<codepoint>u
+	// \x1b[<codepoint>;<mod>u
+	// \x1b[<codepoint>;<mod>:<event>u
+	// \x1b[<codepoint>:<shifted>;<mod>u
+	// \x1b[<codepoint>:<shifted>:<base>;<mod>u
+	// \x1b[<codepoint>::<base>;<mod>u (no shifted key, only base)
+	//
+	// With flag 2, event type is appended after modifier colon: 1=press, 2=repeat, 3=release
+	// With flag 4, alternate keys are appended after codepoint with colons
+	const csiUMatch = data.match(/^\x1b\[(\d+)(?::(\d*))?(?::(\d+))?(?:;(\d+))?(?::(\d+))?u$/);
+	if (csiUMatch) {
+		const codepoint = parseInt(csiUMatch[1]!, 10);
+		const shiftedKey = csiUMatch[2] && csiUMatch[2].length > 0 ? parseInt(csiUMatch[2], 10) : undefined;
+		const baseLayoutKey = csiUMatch[3] ? parseInt(csiUMatch[3], 10) : undefined;
+		const modValue = csiUMatch[4] ? parseInt(csiUMatch[4], 10) : 1;
+		const eventType = parseEventType(csiUMatch[5]);
+		_lastEventType = eventType;
+		return { codepoint, shiftedKey, baseLayoutKey, modifier: modValue - 1, eventType };
+	}
+
+	// Arrow keys with modifier: \x1b[1;<mod>A/B/C/D or \x1b[1;<mod>:<event>A/B/C/D
+	const arrowMatch = data.match(/^\x1b\[1;(\d+)(?::(\d+))?([ABCD])$/);
+	if (arrowMatch) {
+		const modValue = parseInt(arrowMatch[1]!, 10);
+		const eventType = parseEventType(arrowMatch[2]);
+		const arrowCodes: Record<string, number> = { A: -1, B: -2, C: -3, D: -4 };
+		_lastEventType = eventType;
+		return { codepoint: arrowCodes[arrowMatch[3]!]!, modifier: modValue - 1, eventType };
+	}
+
+	// Functional keys: \x1b[<num>~ or \x1b[<num>;<mod>~ or \x1b[<num>;<mod>:<event>~
+	const funcMatch = data.match(/^\x1b\[(\d+)(?:;(\d+))?(?::(\d+))?~$/);
+	if (funcMatch) {
+		const keyNum = parseInt(funcMatch[1]!, 10);
+		const modValue = funcMatch[2] ? parseInt(funcMatch[2], 10) : 1;
+		const eventType = parseEventType(funcMatch[3]);
+		const funcCodes: Record<number, number> = {
+			2: FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.insert,
+			3: FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.delete,
+			5: FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.pageUp,
+			6: FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.pageDown,
+			7: FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.home,
+			8: FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.end,
+		};
+		const codepoint = funcCodes[keyNum];
+		if (codepoint !== undefined) {
+			_lastEventType = eventType;
+			return { codepoint, modifier: modValue - 1, eventType };
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Home/End with modifier: \x1b[1;<mod>H/F or \x1b[1;<mod>:<event>H/F
+	const homeEndMatch = data.match(/^\x1b\[1;(\d+)(?::(\d+))?([HF])$/);
+	if (homeEndMatch) {
+		const modValue = parseInt(homeEndMatch[1]!, 10);
+		const eventType = parseEventType(homeEndMatch[2]);
+		const codepoint = homeEndMatch[3] === "H" ? FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.home : FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.end;
+		_lastEventType = eventType;
+		return { codepoint, modifier: modValue - 1, eventType };
+	}
+
+	return null;
+}
+
+function matchesKittySequence(data: string, expectedCodepoint: number, expectedModifier: number): boolean {
+	const parsed = parseKittySequence(data);
+	if (!parsed) return false;
+	const actualMod = parsed.modifier & ~LOCK_MASK;
+	const expectedMod = expectedModifier & ~LOCK_MASK;
+
+	// Check if modifiers match
+	if (actualMod !== expectedMod) return false;
+
+	// Primary match: codepoint matches directly
+	if (parsed.codepoint === expectedCodepoint) return true;
+
+	// Alternate match: use base layout key for non-Latin keyboard layouts.
+	// This allows Ctrl+С (Cyrillic) to match Ctrl+c (Latin) when terminal reports
+	// the base layout key (the key in standard PC-101 layout).
+	//
+	// Only fall back to base layout key when the codepoint is NOT already a
+	// recognized Latin letter (a-z) or symbol (e.g., /, -, [, ;, etc.).
+	// When the codepoint is a recognized key, it is authoritative regardless
+	// of physical key position. This prevents remapped layouts (Dvorak, Colemak,
+	// xremap, etc.) from causing false matches: both letters and symbols move
+	// to different physical positions, so Ctrl+K could falsely match Ctrl+V
+	// (letter remapping) and Ctrl+/ could falsely match Ctrl+[ (symbol remapping)
+	// if the base layout key were always considered.
+	if (parsed.baseLayoutKey !== undefined && parsed.baseLayoutKey === expectedCodepoint) {
+		const cp = parsed.codepoint;
+		const isLatinLetter = cp >= 97 && cp <= 122; // a-z
+		const isKnownSymbol = SYMBOL_KEYS.has(String.fromCharCode(cp));
+		if (!isLatinLetter && !isKnownSymbol) return true;
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+function parseModifyOtherKeysSequence(data: string): ParsedModifyOtherKeysSequence | null {
+	const match = data.match(/^\x1b\[27;(\d+);(\d+)~$/);
+	if (!match) return null;
+	const modValue = parseInt(match[1]!, 10);
+	const codepoint = parseInt(match[2]!, 10);
+	return { codepoint, modifier: modValue - 1 };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Match xterm modifyOtherKeys format: CSI 27 ; modifiers ; keycode ~
+ * This is used by terminals when Kitty protocol is not enabled.
+ * Modifier values are 1-indexed: 2=shift, 3=alt, 5=ctrl, etc.
+ */
+function matchesModifyOtherKeys(data: string, expectedKeycode: number, expectedModifier: number): boolean {
+	const parsed = parseModifyOtherKeysSequence(data);
+	if (!parsed) return false;
+	return parsed.codepoint === expectedKeycode && parsed.modifier === expectedModifier;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Generic Key Matching
+// =============================================================================
+
+/**
+ * Get the control character for a key.
+ * Uses the universal formula: code & 0x1f (mask to lower 5 bits)
+ *
+ * Works for:
+ * - Letters a-z → 1-26
+ * - Symbols [\]_ → 27, 28, 29, 31
+ * - Also maps - to same as _ (same physical key on US keyboards)
+ */
+function rawCtrlChar(key: string): string | null {
+	const char = key.toLowerCase();
+	const code = char.charCodeAt(0);
+	if ((code >= 97 && code <= 122) || char === "[" || char === "\\" || char === "]" || char === "_") {
+		return String.fromCharCode(code & 0x1f);
+	}
+	// Handle - as _ (same physical key on US keyboards)
+	if (char === "-") {
+		return String.fromCharCode(31); // Same as Ctrl+_
+	}
+	return null;
+}
+
+function isDigitKey(key: string): boolean {
+	return key >= "0" && key <= "9";
+}
+
+function matchesPrintableModifyOtherKeys(data: string, expectedKeycode: number, expectedModifier: number): boolean {
+	if (expectedModifier === 0) return false;
+	return matchesModifyOtherKeys(data, expectedKeycode, expectedModifier);
+}
+
+function formatKeyNameWithModifiers(keyName: string, modifier: number): string | undefined {
+	const mods: string[] = [];
+	const effectiveMod = modifier & ~LOCK_MASK;
+	const supportedModifierMask = MODIFIERS.shift | MODIFIERS.ctrl | MODIFIERS.alt;
+	if ((effectiveMod & ~supportedModifierMask) !== 0) return undefined;
+	if (effectiveMod & MODIFIERS.shift) mods.push("shift");
+	if (effectiveMod & MODIFIERS.ctrl) mods.push("ctrl");
+	if (effectiveMod & MODIFIERS.alt) mods.push("alt");
+	return mods.length > 0 ? `${mods.join("+")}+${keyName}` : keyName;
+}
+
+function parseKeyId(keyId: string): { key: string; ctrl: boolean; shift: boolean; alt: boolean } | null {
+	const parts = keyId.toLowerCase().split("+");
+	const key = parts[parts.length - 1];
+	if (!key) return null;
+	return {
+		key,
+		ctrl: parts.includes("ctrl"),
+		shift: parts.includes("shift"),
+		alt: parts.includes("alt"),
+	};
+}
+
+/**
+ * Match input data against a key identifier string.
+ *
+ * Supported key identifiers:
+ * - Single keys: "escape", "tab", "enter", "backspace", "delete", "home", "end", "space"
+ * - Arrow keys: "up", "down", "left", "right"
+ * - Ctrl combinations: "ctrl+c", "ctrl+z", etc.
+ * - Shift combinations: "shift+tab", "shift+enter"
+ * - Alt combinations: "alt+enter", "alt+backspace"
+ * - Combined modifiers: "shift+ctrl+p", "ctrl+alt+x"
+ *
+ * Use the Key helper for autocomplete: Key.ctrl("c"), Key.escape, Key.ctrlShift("p")
+ *
+ * @param data - Raw input data from terminal
+ * @param keyId - Key identifier (e.g., "ctrl+c", "escape", Key.ctrl("c"))
+ */
+export function matchesKey(data: string, keyId: KeyId): boolean {
+	const parsed = parseKeyId(keyId);
+	if (!parsed) return false;
+
+	const { key, ctrl, shift, alt } = parsed;
+	let modifier = 0;
+	if (shift) modifier |= MODIFIERS.shift;
+	if (alt) modifier |= MODIFIERS.alt;
+	if (ctrl) modifier |= MODIFIERS.ctrl;
+
+	switch (key) {
+		case "escape":
+		case "esc":
+			if (modifier !== 0) return false;
+			return data === "\x1b" || matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.escape, 0);
+
+		case "space":
+			if (!_kittyProtocolActive) {
+				if (ctrl && !alt && !shift && data === "\x00") {
+					return true;
+				}
+				if (alt && !ctrl && !shift && data === "\x1b ") {
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return data === " " || matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.space, 0);
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.space, modifier);
+
+		case "tab":
+			if (shift && !ctrl && !alt) {
+				return data === "\x1b[Z" || matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.tab, MODIFIERS.shift);
+			}
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return data === "\t" || matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.tab, 0);
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.tab, modifier);
+
+		case "enter":
+		case "return":
+			if (shift && !ctrl && !alt) {
+				// CSI u sequences (standard Kitty protocol)
+				if (
+					matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.enter, MODIFIERS.shift) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.kpEnter, MODIFIERS.shift)
+				) {
+					return true;
+				}
+				// xterm modifyOtherKeys format (fallback when Kitty protocol not enabled)
+				if (matchesModifyOtherKeys(data, CODEPOINTS.enter, MODIFIERS.shift)) {
+					return true;
+				}
+				// When Kitty protocol is active, legacy sequences are custom terminal mappings
+				// \x1b\r = Kitty's "map shift+enter send_text all \e\r"
+				// \n = Ghostty's "keybind = shift+enter=text:\n"
+				if (_kittyProtocolActive) {
+					return data === "\x1b\r" || data === "\n";
+				}
+				return false;
+			}
+			if (alt && !ctrl && !shift) {
+				// CSI u sequences (standard Kitty protocol)
+				if (
+					matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.enter, MODIFIERS.alt) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.kpEnter, MODIFIERS.alt)
+				) {
+					return true;
+				}
+				// xterm modifyOtherKeys format (fallback when Kitty protocol not enabled)
+				if (matchesModifyOtherKeys(data, CODEPOINTS.enter, MODIFIERS.alt)) {
+					return true;
+				}
+				// \x1b\r is alt+enter only in legacy mode (no Kitty protocol)
+				// When Kitty protocol is active, alt+enter comes as CSI u sequence
+				if (!_kittyProtocolActive) {
+					return data === "\x1b\r";
+				}
+				return false;
+			}
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					data === "\r" ||
+					(!_kittyProtocolActive && data === "\n") ||
+					data === "\x1bOM" || // SS3 M (numpad enter in some terminals)
+					matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.enter, 0) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.kpEnter, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			return (
+				matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.enter, modifier) ||
+				matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.kpEnter, modifier) ||
+				matchesModifyOtherKeys(data, CODEPOINTS.enter, modifier)
+			);
+
+		case "backspace":
+			if (alt && !ctrl && !shift) {
+				if (data === "\x1b\x7f" || data === "\x1b\b") {
+					return true;
+				}
+				return matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.backspace, MODIFIERS.alt);
+			}
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return data === "\x7f" || data === "\x08" || matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.backspace, 0);
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, CODEPOINTS.backspace, modifier);
+
+		case "insert":
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.insert) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.insert, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			if (matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "insert", modifier)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.insert, modifier);
+
+		case "delete":
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.delete) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.delete, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			if (matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "delete", modifier)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.delete, modifier);
+
+		case "clear":
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.clear);
+			}
+			return matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "clear", modifier);
+
+		case "home":
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.home) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.home, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			if (matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "home", modifier)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.home, modifier);
+
+		case "end":
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.end) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.end, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			if (matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "end", modifier)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.end, modifier);
+
+		case "pageup":
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.pageUp) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.pageUp, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			if (matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "pageUp", modifier)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.pageUp, modifier);
+
+		case "pagedown":
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.pageDown) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.pageDown, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			if (matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "pageDown", modifier)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.pageDown, modifier);
+
+		case "up":
+			if (alt && !ctrl && !shift) {
+				return data === "\x1bp" || matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.up, MODIFIERS.alt);
+			}
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.up) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.up, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			if (matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "up", modifier)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.up, modifier);
+
+		case "down":
+			if (alt && !ctrl && !shift) {
+				return data === "\x1bn" || matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.down, MODIFIERS.alt);
+			}
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.down) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.down, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			if (matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "down", modifier)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.down, modifier);
+
+		case "left":
+			if (alt && !ctrl && !shift) {
+				return (
+					data === "\x1b[1;3D" ||
+					(!_kittyProtocolActive && data === "\x1bB") ||
+					data === "\x1bb" ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.left, MODIFIERS.alt)
+				);
+			}
+			if (ctrl && !alt && !shift) {
+				return (
+					data === "\x1b[1;5D" ||
+					matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "left", MODIFIERS.ctrl) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.left, MODIFIERS.ctrl)
+				);
+			}
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.left) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.left, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			if (matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "left", modifier)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.left, modifier);
+
+		case "right":
+			if (alt && !ctrl && !shift) {
+				return (
+					data === "\x1b[1;3C" ||
+					(!_kittyProtocolActive && data === "\x1bF") ||
+					data === "\x1bf" ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.right, MODIFIERS.alt)
+				);
+			}
+			if (ctrl && !alt && !shift) {
+				return (
+					data === "\x1b[1;5C" ||
+					matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "right", MODIFIERS.ctrl) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.right, MODIFIERS.ctrl)
+				);
+			}
+			if (modifier === 0) {
+				return (
+					matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES.right) ||
+					matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.right, 0)
+				);
+			}
+			if (matchesLegacyModifierSequence(data, "right", modifier)) {
+				return true;
+			}
+			return matchesKittySequence(data, ARROW_CODEPOINTS.right, modifier);
+
+		case "f1":
+		case "f2":
+		case "f3":
+		case "f4":
+		case "f5":
+		case "f6":
+		case "f7":
+		case "f8":
+		case "f9":
+		case "f10":
+		case "f11":
+		case "f12": {
+			if (modifier !== 0) {
+				return false;
+			}
+			const functionKey = key as keyof typeof LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES;
+			return matchesLegacySequence(data, LEGACY_KEY_SEQUENCES[functionKey]);
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Handle single letter/digit keys and symbols
+	if (key.length === 1 && ((key >= "a" && key <= "z") || isDigitKey(key) || SYMBOL_KEYS.has(key))) {
+		const codepoint = key.charCodeAt(0);
+		const rawCtrl = rawCtrlChar(key);
+		const isLetter = key >= "a" && key <= "z";
+		const isDigit = isDigitKey(key);
+
+		if (ctrl && alt && !shift && !_kittyProtocolActive && rawCtrl) {
+			// Legacy: ctrl+alt+key is ESC followed by the control character
+			return data === `\x1b${rawCtrl}`;
+		}
+
+		if (alt && !ctrl && !shift && !_kittyProtocolActive && (isLetter || isDigit)) {
+			// Legacy: alt+letter/digit is ESC followed by the key
+			if (data === `\x1b${key}`) return true;
+		}
+
+		if (ctrl && !shift && !alt) {
+			// Legacy: ctrl+key sends the control character
+			if (rawCtrl && data === rawCtrl) return true;
+			return (
+				matchesKittySequence(data, codepoint, MODIFIERS.ctrl) ||
+				matchesPrintableModifyOtherKeys(data, codepoint, MODIFIERS.ctrl)
+			);
+		}
+
+		if (ctrl && shift && !alt) {
+			return (
+				matchesKittySequence(data, codepoint, MODIFIERS.shift + MODIFIERS.ctrl) ||
+				matchesPrintableModifyOtherKeys(data, codepoint, MODIFIERS.shift + MODIFIERS.ctrl)
+			);
+		}
+
+		if (shift && !ctrl && !alt) {
+			// Legacy: shift+letter produces uppercase
+			if (isLetter && data === key.toUpperCase()) return true;
+			return (
+				matchesKittySequence(data, codepoint, MODIFIERS.shift) ||
+				matchesPrintableModifyOtherKeys(data, codepoint, MODIFIERS.shift)
+			);
+		}
+
+		if (modifier !== 0) {
+			return (
+				matchesKittySequence(data, codepoint, modifier) ||
+				matchesPrintableModifyOtherKeys(data, codepoint, modifier)
+			);
+		}
+
+		// Check both raw char and Kitty sequence (needed for release events)
+		return data === key || matchesKittySequence(data, codepoint, 0);
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse input data and return the key identifier if recognized.
+ *
+ * @param data - Raw input data from terminal
+ * @returns Key identifier string (e.g., "ctrl+c") or undefined
+ */
+function formatParsedKey(codepoint: number, modifier: number, baseLayoutKey?: number): string | undefined {
+	// Use base layout key only when codepoint is not a recognized Latin
+	// letter (a-z), digit (0-9), or symbol (/, -, [, ;, etc.). For those,
+	// the codepoint is authoritative regardless of physical key position.
+	// This prevents remapped layouts (Dvorak, Colemak, xremap, etc.) from
+	// reporting the wrong key name based on the QWERTY physical position.
+	const isLatinLetter = codepoint >= 97 && codepoint <= 122; // a-z
+	const isDigit = codepoint >= 48 && codepoint <= 57; // 0-9
+	const isKnownSymbol = SYMBOL_KEYS.has(String.fromCharCode(codepoint));
+	const effectiveCodepoint = isLatinLetter || isDigit || isKnownSymbol ? codepoint : (baseLayoutKey ?? codepoint);
+
+	let keyName: string | undefined;
+	if (effectiveCodepoint === CODEPOINTS.escape) keyName = "escape";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === CODEPOINTS.tab) keyName = "tab";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === CODEPOINTS.enter || effectiveCodepoint === CODEPOINTS.kpEnter) keyName = "enter";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === CODEPOINTS.space) keyName = "space";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === CODEPOINTS.backspace) keyName = "backspace";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.delete) keyName = "delete";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.insert) keyName = "insert";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.home) keyName = "home";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.end) keyName = "end";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.pageUp) keyName = "pageUp";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === FUNCTIONAL_CODEPOINTS.pageDown) keyName = "pageDown";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === ARROW_CODEPOINTS.up) keyName = "up";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === ARROW_CODEPOINTS.down) keyName = "down";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === ARROW_CODEPOINTS.left) keyName = "left";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint === ARROW_CODEPOINTS.right) keyName = "right";
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint >= 48 && effectiveCodepoint <= 57) keyName = String.fromCharCode(effectiveCodepoint);
+	else if (effectiveCodepoint >= 97 && effectiveCodepoint <= 122) keyName = String.fromCharCode(effectiveCodepoint);
+	else if (SYMBOL_KEYS.has(String.fromCharCode(effectiveCodepoint))) keyName = String.fromCharCode(effectiveCodepoint);
+
+	if (!keyName) return undefined;
+	return formatKeyNameWithModifiers(keyName, modifier);
+}
+
+export function parseKey(data: string): string | undefined {
+	const kitty = parseKittySequence(data);
+	if (kitty) {
+		return formatParsedKey(kitty.codepoint, kitty.modifier, kitty.baseLayoutKey);
+	}
+
+	const modifyOtherKeys = parseModifyOtherKeysSequence(data);
+	if (modifyOtherKeys) {
+		return formatParsedKey(modifyOtherKeys.codepoint, modifyOtherKeys.modifier);
+	}
+
+	// Mode-aware legacy sequences
+	// When Kitty protocol is active, ambiguous sequences are interpreted as custom terminal mappings:
+	// - \x1b\r = shift+enter (Kitty mapping), not alt+enter
+	// - \n = shift+enter (Ghostty mapping)
+	if (_kittyProtocolActive) {
+		if (data === "\x1b\r" || data === "\n") return "shift+enter";
+	}
+
+	const legacySequenceKeyId = LEGACY_SEQUENCE_KEY_IDS[data];
+	if (legacySequenceKeyId) return legacySequenceKeyId;
+
+	// Legacy sequences (used when Kitty protocol is not active, or for unambiguous sequences)
+	if (data === "\x1b") return "escape";
+	if (data === "\x1c") return "ctrl+\\";
+	if (data === "\x1d") return "ctrl+]";
+	if (data === "\x1f") return "ctrl+-";
+	if (data === "\x1b\x1b") return "ctrl+alt+[";
+	if (data === "\x1b\x1c") return "ctrl+alt+\\";
+	if (data === "\x1b\x1d") return "ctrl+alt+]";
+	if (data === "\x1b\x1f") return "ctrl+alt+-";
+	if (data === "\t") return "tab";
+	if (data === "\r" || (!_kittyProtocolActive && data === "\n") || data === "\x1bOM") return "enter";
+	if (data === "\x00") return "ctrl+space";
+	if (data === " ") return "space";
+	if (data === "\x7f" || data === "\x08") return "backspace";
+	if (data === "\x1b[Z") return "shift+tab";
+	if (!_kittyProtocolActive && data === "\x1b\r") return "alt+enter";
+	if (!_kittyProtocolActive && data === "\x1b ") return "alt+space";
+	if (data === "\x1b\x7f" || data === "\x1b\b") return "alt+backspace";
+	if (!_kittyProtocolActive && data === "\x1bB") return "alt+left";
+	if (!_kittyProtocolActive && data === "\x1bF") return "alt+right";
+	if (!_kittyProtocolActive && data.length === 2 && data[0] === "\x1b") {
+		const code = data.charCodeAt(1);
+		if (code >= 1 && code <= 26) {
+			return `ctrl+alt+${String.fromCharCode(code + 96)}`;
+		}
+		// Legacy alt+letter/digit (ESC followed by the key)
+		if ((code >= 97 && code <= 122) || (code >= 48 && code <= 57)) {
+			return `alt+${String.fromCharCode(code)}`;
+		}
+	}
+	if (data === "\x1b[A") return "up";
+	if (data === "\x1b[B") return "down";
+	if (data === "\x1b[C") return "right";
+	if (data === "\x1b[D") return "left";
+	if (data === "\x1b[H" || data === "\x1bOH") return "home";
+	if (data === "\x1b[F" || data === "\x1bOF") return "end";
+	if (data === "\x1b[3~") return "delete";
+	if (data === "\x1b[5~") return "pageUp";
+	if (data === "\x1b[6~") return "pageDown";
+
+	// Raw Ctrl+letter
+	if (data.length === 1) {
+		const code = data.charCodeAt(0);
+		if (code >= 1 && code <= 26) {
+			return `ctrl+${String.fromCharCode(code + 96)}`;
+		}
+		if (code >= 32 && code <= 126) {
+			return data;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return undefined;
+}
+
+// =============================================================================
+// Kitty CSI-u Printable Decoding
+// =============================================================================
+
+const KITTY_CSI_U_REGEX = /^\x1b\[(\d+)(?::(\d*))?(?::(\d+))?(?:;(\d+))?(?::(\d+))?u$/;
+const KITTY_PRINTABLE_ALLOWED_MODIFIERS = MODIFIERS.shift | LOCK_MASK;
+
+/**
+ * Decode a Kitty CSI-u sequence into a printable character, if applicable.
+ *
+ * When Kitty keyboard protocol flag 1 (disambiguate) is active, terminals send
+ * CSI-u sequences for all keys, including plain printable characters. This
+ * function extracts the printable character from such sequences.
+ *
+ * Only accepts plain or Shift-modified keys. Rejects Ctrl, Alt, and unsupported
+ * modifier combinations (those are handled by keybinding matching instead).
+ * Prefers the shifted keycode when Shift is held and a shifted key is reported.
+ *
+ * @param data - Raw input data from terminal
+ * @returns The printable character, or undefined if not a printable CSI-u sequence
+ */
+export function decodeKittyPrintable(data: string): string | undefined {
+	const match = data.match(KITTY_CSI_U_REGEX);
+	if (!match) return undefined;
+
+	// CSI-u groups: <codepoint>[:<shifted>[:<base>]];<mod>[:<event>]u
+	const codepoint = Number.parseInt(match[1] ?? "", 10);
+	if (!Number.isFinite(codepoint)) return undefined;
+
+	const shiftedKey = match[2] && match[2].length > 0 ? Number.parseInt(match[2], 10) : undefined;
+	const modValue = match[4] ? Number.parseInt(match[4], 10) : 1;
+	// Modifiers are 1-indexed in CSI-u; normalize to our bitmask.
+	const modifier = Number.isFinite(modValue) ? modValue - 1 : 0;
+
+	// Only accept printable CSI-u input for plain or Shift-modified text keys.
+	// Reject unsupported modifier bits (e.g. Super/Meta) to avoid inserting
+	// characters from modifier-only terminal events.
+	if ((modifier & ~KITTY_PRINTABLE_ALLOWED_MODIFIERS) !== 0) return undefined;
+	if (modifier & (MODIFIERS.alt | MODIFIERS.ctrl)) return undefined;
+
+	// Prefer the shifted keycode when Shift is held.
+	let effectiveCodepoint = codepoint;
+	if (modifier & MODIFIERS.shift && typeof shiftedKey === "number") {
+		effectiveCodepoint = shiftedKey;
+	}
+	// Drop control characters or invalid codepoints.
+	if (!Number.isFinite(effectiveCodepoint) || effectiveCodepoint < 32) return undefined;
+
+	try {
+		return String.fromCodePoint(effectiveCodepoint);
+	} catch {
+		return undefined;
+	}
+}