@ttsc/win32-arm64 0.33.1 → 0.34.0

package/bin/go/src/net/http/internal/http2/frame.go

@@ -0,0 +1,1905 @@
+// Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package http2
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"io"
+	"log"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"net/http/internal/httpsfv"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/http2/hpack"
+
+	"golang.org/x/net/http/httpguts"
+)
+
+const frameHeaderLen = 9
+
+var padZeros = make([]byte, 255) // zeros for padding
+
+// A FrameType is a registered frame type as defined in
+// https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#rfc.section.11.2 and other future
+// RFCs.
+type FrameType uint8
+
+const (
+	FrameData           FrameType = 0x0
+	FrameHeaders        FrameType = 0x1
+	FramePriority       FrameType = 0x2
+	FrameRSTStream      FrameType = 0x3
+	FrameSettings       FrameType = 0x4
+	FramePushPromise    FrameType = 0x5
+	FramePing           FrameType = 0x6
+	FrameGoAway         FrameType = 0x7
+	FrameWindowUpdate   FrameType = 0x8
+	FrameContinuation   FrameType = 0x9
+	FramePriorityUpdate FrameType = 0x10
+)
+
+var frameNames = [...]string{
+	FrameData:           "DATA",
+	FrameHeaders:        "HEADERS",
+	FramePriority:       "PRIORITY",
+	FrameRSTStream:      "RST_STREAM",
+	FrameSettings:       "SETTINGS",
+	FramePushPromise:    "PUSH_PROMISE",
+	FramePing:           "PING",
+	FrameGoAway:         "GOAWAY",
+	FrameWindowUpdate:   "WINDOW_UPDATE",
+	FrameContinuation:   "CONTINUATION",
+	FramePriorityUpdate: "PRIORITY_UPDATE",
+}
+
+func (t FrameType) String() string {
+	if int(t) < len(frameNames) {
+		return frameNames[t]
+	}
+	return fmt.Sprintf("UNKNOWN_FRAME_TYPE_%d", t)
+}
+
+// Flags is a bitmask of HTTP/2 flags.
+// The meaning of flags varies depending on the frame type.
+type Flags uint8
+
+// Has reports whether f contains all (0 or more) flags in v.
+func (f Flags) Has(v Flags) bool {
+	return (f & v) == v
+}
+
+// Frame-specific FrameHeader flag bits.
+const (
+	// Data Frame
+	FlagDataEndStream Flags = 0x1
+	FlagDataPadded    Flags = 0x8
+
+	// Headers Frame
+	FlagHeadersEndStream  Flags = 0x1
+	FlagHeadersEndHeaders Flags = 0x4
+	FlagHeadersPadded     Flags = 0x8
+	FlagHeadersPriority   Flags = 0x20
+
+	// Settings Frame
+	FlagSettingsAck Flags = 0x1
+
+	// Ping Frame
+	FlagPingAck Flags = 0x1
+
+	// Continuation Frame
+	FlagContinuationEndHeaders Flags = 0x4
+
+	FlagPushPromiseEndHeaders Flags = 0x4
+	FlagPushPromisePadded     Flags = 0x8
+)
+
+var flagName = map[FrameType]map[Flags]string{
+	FrameData: {
+		FlagDataEndStream: "END_STREAM",
+		FlagDataPadded:    "PADDED",
+	},
+	FrameHeaders: {
+		FlagHeadersEndStream:  "END_STREAM",
+		FlagHeadersEndHeaders: "END_HEADERS",
+		FlagHeadersPadded:     "PADDED",
+		FlagHeadersPriority:   "PRIORITY",
+	},
+	FrameSettings: {
+		FlagSettingsAck: "ACK",
+	},
+	FramePing: {
+		FlagPingAck: "ACK",
+	},
+	FrameContinuation: {
+		FlagContinuationEndHeaders: "END_HEADERS",
+	},
+	FramePushPromise: {
+		FlagPushPromiseEndHeaders: "END_HEADERS",
+		FlagPushPromisePadded:     "PADDED",
+	},
+}
+
+// a frameParser parses a frame given its FrameHeader and payload
+// bytes. The length of payload will always equal fh.Length (which
+// might be 0).
+type frameParser func(fc *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), payload []byte) (Frame, error)
+
+var frameParsers = [...]frameParser{
+	FrameData:           parseDataFrame,
+	FrameHeaders:        parseHeadersFrame,
+	FramePriority:       parsePriorityFrame,
+	FrameRSTStream:      parseRSTStreamFrame,
+	FrameSettings:       parseSettingsFrame,
+	FramePushPromise:    parsePushPromise,
+	FramePing:           parsePingFrame,
+	FrameGoAway:         parseGoAwayFrame,
+	FrameWindowUpdate:   parseWindowUpdateFrame,
+	FrameContinuation:   parseContinuationFrame,
+	FramePriorityUpdate: parsePriorityUpdateFrame,
+}
+
+func typeFrameParser(t FrameType) frameParser {
+	if int(t) < len(frameParsers) {
+		if f := frameParsers[t]; f != nil {
+			return f
+		}
+	}
+	return parseUnknownFrame
+}
+
+// A FrameHeader is the 9 byte header of all HTTP/2 frames.
+//
+// See https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#FrameHeader
+type FrameHeader struct {
+	valid bool // caller can access []byte fields in the Frame
+
+	// Type is the 1 byte frame type. There are ten standard frame
+	// types, but extension frame types may be written by WriteRawFrame
+	// and will be returned by ReadFrame (as UnknownFrame).
+	Type FrameType
+
+	// Flags are the 1 byte of 8 potential bit flags per frame.
+	// They are specific to the frame type.
+	Flags Flags
+
+	// Length is the length of the frame, not including the 9 byte header.
+	// The maximum size is one byte less than 16MB (uint24), but only
+	// frames up to 16KB are allowed without peer agreement.
+	Length uint32
+
+	// StreamID is which stream this frame is for. Certain frames
+	// are not stream-specific, in which case this field is 0.
+	StreamID uint32
+}
+
+// Header returns h. It exists so FrameHeaders can be embedded in other
+// specific frame types and implement the Frame interface.
+func (h FrameHeader) Header() FrameHeader { return h }
+
+func (h FrameHeader) String() string {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	buf.WriteString("[FrameHeader ")
+	h.writeDebug(&buf)
+	buf.WriteByte(']')
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+func (h FrameHeader) writeDebug(buf *bytes.Buffer) {
+	buf.WriteString(h.Type.String())
+	if h.Flags != 0 {
+		buf.WriteString(" flags=")
+		set := 0
+		for i := range uint8(8) {
+			if h.Flags&(1<<i) == 0 {
+				continue
+			}
+			set++
+			if set > 1 {
+				buf.WriteByte('|')
+			}
+			name := flagName[h.Type][Flags(1<<i)]
+			if name != "" {
+				buf.WriteString(name)
+			} else {
+				fmt.Fprintf(buf, "0x%x", 1<<i)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if h.StreamID != 0 {
+		fmt.Fprintf(buf, " stream=%d", h.StreamID)
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(buf, " len=%d", h.Length)
+}
+
+func (h *FrameHeader) checkValid() {
+	if !h.valid {
+		panic("Frame accessor called on non-owned Frame")
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *FrameHeader) invalidate() { h.valid = false }
+
+// frame header bytes.
+// Used only by ReadFrameHeader.
+var fhBytes = sync.Pool{
+	New: func() any {
+		buf := make([]byte, frameHeaderLen)
+		return &buf
+	},
+}
+
+func invalidHTTP1LookingFrameHeader() FrameHeader {
+	fh, _ := readFrameHeader(make([]byte, frameHeaderLen), strings.NewReader("HTTP/1.1 "))
+	return fh
+}
+
+// ReadFrameHeader reads 9 bytes from r and returns a FrameHeader.
+// Most users should use Framer.ReadFrame instead.
+func ReadFrameHeader(r io.Reader) (FrameHeader, error) {
+	bufp := fhBytes.Get().(*[]byte)
+	defer fhBytes.Put(bufp)
+	return readFrameHeader(*bufp, r)
+}
+
+func readFrameHeader(buf []byte, r io.Reader) (FrameHeader, error) {
+	_, err := io.ReadFull(r, buf[:frameHeaderLen])
+	if err != nil {
+		return FrameHeader{}, err
+	}
+	return FrameHeader{
+		Length:   (uint32(buf[0])<<16 | uint32(buf[1])<<8 | uint32(buf[2])),
+		Type:     FrameType(buf[3]),
+		Flags:    Flags(buf[4]),
+		StreamID: binary.BigEndian.Uint32(buf[5:]) & (1<<31 - 1),
+		valid:    true,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// A Frame is the base interface implemented by all frame types.
+// Callers will generally type-assert the specific frame type:
+// *HeadersFrame, *SettingsFrame, *WindowUpdateFrame, etc.
+//
+// Frames are only valid until the next call to Framer.ReadFrame.
+type Frame interface {
+	Header() FrameHeader
+
+	// invalidate is called by Framer.ReadFrame to make this
+	// frame's buffers as being invalid, since the subsequent
+	// frame will reuse them.
+	invalidate()
+}
+
+// A Framer reads and writes Frames.
+type Framer struct {
+	r         io.Reader
+	lastFrame Frame
+	errDetail error
+
+	// countError is a non-nil func that's called on a frame parse
+	// error with some unique error path token. It's initialized
+	// from Transport.CountError or Server.CountError.
+	countError func(errToken string)
+
+	// lastHeaderStream is non-zero if the last frame was an
+	// unfinished HEADERS/CONTINUATION.
+	lastHeaderStream uint32
+	// lastFrameType holds the type of the last frame for verifying frame order.
+	lastFrameType FrameType
+
+	maxReadSize uint32
+	headerBuf   [frameHeaderLen]byte
+
+	// TODO: let getReadBuf be configurable, and use a less memory-pinning
+	// allocator in server.go to minimize memory pinned for many idle conns.
+	// Will probably also need to make frame invalidation have a hook too.
+	getReadBuf func(size uint32) []byte
+	readBuf    []byte // cache for default getReadBuf
+
+	maxWriteSize uint32 // zero means unlimited; TODO: implement
+
+	w    io.Writer
+	wbuf []byte
+
+	// AllowIllegalWrites permits the Framer's Write methods to
+	// write frames that do not conform to the HTTP/2 spec. This
+	// permits using the Framer to test other HTTP/2
+	// implementations' conformance to the spec.
+	// If false, the Write methods will prefer to return an error
+	// rather than comply.
+	AllowIllegalWrites bool
+
+	// AllowIllegalReads permits the Framer's ReadFrame method
+	// to return non-compliant frames or frame orders.
+	// This is for testing and permits using the Framer to test
+	// other HTTP/2 implementations' conformance to the spec.
+	// It is not compatible with ReadMetaHeaders.
+	AllowIllegalReads bool
+
+	// ReadMetaHeaders if non-nil causes ReadFrame to merge
+	// HEADERS and CONTINUATION frames together and return
+	// MetaHeadersFrame instead.
+	ReadMetaHeaders *hpack.Decoder
+
+	// MaxHeaderListSize is the http2 MAX_HEADER_LIST_SIZE.
+	// It's used only if ReadMetaHeaders is set; 0 means a sane default
+	// (currently 16MB)
+	// If the limit is hit, MetaHeadersFrame.Truncated is set true.
+	MaxHeaderListSize uint32
+
+	// MaxHeaderValueCount is the maximum permitted number of
+	// header values.
+	// It's used only if ReadMetaHeaders is set; 0 means no limit.
+	// If the limit is hit, MetaHeadersFrame.Truncated is set true.
+	MaxHeaderValueCount int
+
+	// TODO: track which type of frame & with which flags was sent
+	// last. Then return an error (unless AllowIllegalWrites) if
+	// we're in the middle of a header block and a
+	// non-Continuation or Continuation on a different stream is
+	// attempted to be written.
+
+	logReads, logWrites bool
+
+	debugFramer       *Framer // only use for logging written writes
+	debugFramerBuf    *bytes.Buffer
+	debugReadLoggerf  func(string, ...any)
+	debugWriteLoggerf func(string, ...any)
+
+	frameCache *frameCache // nil if frames aren't reused (default)
+}
+
+func (fr *Framer) maxHeaderListSize() uint32 {
+	if fr.MaxHeaderListSize == 0 {
+		return 16 << 20 // sane default, per docs
+	}
+	return fr.MaxHeaderListSize
+}
+
+func (fr *Framer) maxHeaderValueCount() int {
+	return fr.MaxHeaderValueCount
+}
+
+func (f *Framer) startWrite(ftype FrameType, flags Flags, streamID uint32) {
+	// Write the FrameHeader.
+	f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf[:0],
+		0, // 3 bytes of length, filled in endWrite
+		0,
+		0,
+		byte(ftype),
+		byte(flags),
+		byte(streamID>>24),
+		byte(streamID>>16),
+		byte(streamID>>8),
+		byte(streamID))
+}
+
+func (f *Framer) endWrite() error {
+	// Now that we know the final size, fill in the FrameHeader in
+	// the space previously reserved for it. Abuse append.
+	length := len(f.wbuf) - frameHeaderLen
+	if length >= (1 << 24) {
+		return ErrFrameTooLarge
+	}
+	_ = append(f.wbuf[:0],
+		byte(length>>16),
+		byte(length>>8),
+		byte(length))
+	if f.logWrites {
+		f.logWrite()
+	}
+
+	n, err := f.w.Write(f.wbuf)
+	if err == nil && n != len(f.wbuf) {
+		err = io.ErrShortWrite
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+func (f *Framer) logWrite() {
+	if f.debugFramer == nil {
+		f.debugFramerBuf = new(bytes.Buffer)
+		f.debugFramer = NewFramer(nil, f.debugFramerBuf)
+		f.debugFramer.logReads = false // we log it ourselves, saying "wrote" below
+		// Let us read anything, even if we accidentally wrote it
+		// in the wrong order:
+		f.debugFramer.AllowIllegalReads = true
+	}
+	f.debugFramerBuf.Write(f.wbuf)
+	fr, err := f.debugFramer.ReadFrame()
+	if err != nil {
+		f.debugWriteLoggerf("http2: Framer %p: failed to decode just-written frame", f)
+		return
+	}
+	f.debugWriteLoggerf("http2: Framer %p: wrote %v", f, summarizeFrame(fr))
+}
+
+func (f *Framer) writeByte(v byte)     { f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, v) }
+func (f *Framer) writeBytes(v []byte)  { f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, v...) }
+func (f *Framer) writeUint16(v uint16) { f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, byte(v>>8), byte(v)) }
+func (f *Framer) writeUint32(v uint32) {
+	f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, byte(v>>24), byte(v>>16), byte(v>>8), byte(v))
+}
+
+const (
+	minMaxFrameSize = 1 << 14
+	maxFrameSize    = 1<<24 - 1
+)
+
+// SetReuseFrames allows the Framer to reuse Frames.
+// If called on a Framer, Frames returned by calls to ReadFrame are only
+// valid until the next call to ReadFrame.
+func (fr *Framer) SetReuseFrames() {
+	if fr.frameCache != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	fr.frameCache = &frameCache{}
+}
+
+type frameCache struct {
+	dataFrame DataFrame
+}
+
+func (fc *frameCache) getDataFrame() *DataFrame {
+	if fc == nil {
+		return &DataFrame{}
+	}
+	return &fc.dataFrame
+}
+
+// NewFramer returns a Framer that writes frames to w and reads them from r.
+func NewFramer(w io.Writer, r io.Reader) *Framer {
+	fr := &Framer{
+		w:                 w,
+		r:                 r,
+		countError:        func(string) {},
+		logReads:          logFrameReads,
+		logWrites:         logFrameWrites,
+		debugReadLoggerf:  log.Printf,
+		debugWriteLoggerf: log.Printf,
+	}
+	fr.getReadBuf = func(size uint32) []byte {
+		if cap(fr.readBuf) >= int(size) {
+			return fr.readBuf[:size]
+		}
+		fr.readBuf = make([]byte, size)
+		return fr.readBuf
+	}
+	fr.SetMaxReadFrameSize(maxFrameSize)
+	return fr
+}
+
+// SetMaxReadFrameSize sets the maximum size of a frame
+// that will be read by a subsequent call to ReadFrame.
+// It is the caller's responsibility to advertise this
+// limit with a SETTINGS frame.
+func (fr *Framer) SetMaxReadFrameSize(v uint32) {
+	if v > maxFrameSize {
+		v = maxFrameSize
+	}
+	fr.maxReadSize = v
+}
+
+// ErrorDetail returns a more detailed error of the last error
+// returned by Framer.ReadFrame. For instance, if ReadFrame
+// returns a StreamError with code PROTOCOL_ERROR, ErrorDetail
+// will say exactly what was invalid. ErrorDetail is not guaranteed
+// to return a non-nil value and like the rest of the http2 package,
+// its return value is not protected by an API compatibility promise.
+// ErrorDetail is reset after the next call to ReadFrame.
+func (fr *Framer) ErrorDetail() error {
+	return fr.errDetail
+}
+
+// ErrFrameTooLarge is returned from Framer.ReadFrame when the peer
+// sends a frame that is larger than declared with SetMaxReadFrameSize.
+var ErrFrameTooLarge = errors.New("http2: frame too large")
+
+// terminalReadFrameError reports whether err is an unrecoverable
+// error from ReadFrame and no other frames should be read.
+func terminalReadFrameError(err error) bool {
+	if _, ok := err.(StreamError); ok {
+		return false
+	}
+	return err != nil
+}
+
+// ReadFrameHeader reads the header of the next frame.
+// It reads the 9-byte fixed frame header, and does not read any portion of the
+// frame payload. The caller is responsible for consuming the payload, either
+// with ReadFrameForHeader or directly from the Framer's io.Reader.
+//
+// If the frame is larger than previously set with SetMaxReadFrameSize, it
+// returns the frame header and ErrFrameTooLarge.
+//
+// If the returned FrameHeader.StreamID is non-zero, it indicates the stream
+// responsible for the error.
+func (fr *Framer) ReadFrameHeader() (FrameHeader, error) {
+	fr.errDetail = nil
+	fh, err := readFrameHeader(fr.headerBuf[:], fr.r)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fh, err
+	}
+	if fh.Length > fr.maxReadSize {
+		if fh == invalidHTTP1LookingFrameHeader() {
+			return fh, fmt.Errorf("http2: failed reading the frame payload: %w, note that the frame header looked like an HTTP/1.1 header", ErrFrameTooLarge)
+		}
+		return fh, ErrFrameTooLarge
+	}
+	if err := fr.checkFrameOrder(fh); err != nil {
+		return fh, err
+	}
+	return fh, nil
+}
+
+// ReadFrameForHeader reads the payload for the frame with the given FrameHeader.
+//
+// It behaves identically to ReadFrame, other than not checking the maximum
+// frame size.
+func (fr *Framer) ReadFrameForHeader(fh FrameHeader) (Frame, error) {
+	if fr.lastFrame != nil {
+		fr.lastFrame.invalidate()
+	}
+	payload := fr.getReadBuf(fh.Length)
+	if _, err := io.ReadFull(fr.r, payload); err != nil {
+		if fh == invalidHTTP1LookingFrameHeader() {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("http2: failed reading the frame payload: %w, note that the frame header looked like an HTTP/1.1 header", err)
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	f, err := typeFrameParser(fh.Type)(fr.frameCache, fh, fr.countError, payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		if ce, ok := err.(connError); ok {
+			return nil, fr.connError(ce.Code, ce.Reason)
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	fr.lastFrame = f
+	if fr.logReads {
+		fr.debugReadLoggerf("http2: Framer %p: read %v", fr, summarizeFrame(f))
+	}
+	if fh.Type == FrameHeaders && fr.ReadMetaHeaders != nil {
+		return fr.readMetaFrame(f.(*HeadersFrame))
+	}
+	return f, nil
+}
+
+// ReadFrame reads a single frame. The returned Frame is only valid
+// until the next call to ReadFrame or ReadFrameBodyForHeader.
+//
+// If the frame is larger than previously set with SetMaxReadFrameSize, the
+// returned error is ErrFrameTooLarge. Other errors may be of type
+// ConnectionError, StreamError, or anything else from the underlying
+// reader.
+//
+// If ReadFrame returns an error and a non-nil Frame, the Frame's StreamID
+// indicates the stream responsible for the error.
+func (fr *Framer) ReadFrame() (Frame, error) {
+	fh, err := fr.ReadFrameHeader()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return fr.ReadFrameForHeader(fh)
+}
+
+// connError returns ConnectionError(code) but first
+// stashes away a public reason to the caller can optionally relay it
+// to the peer before hanging up on them. This might help others debug
+// their implementations.
+func (fr *Framer) connError(code ErrCode, reason string) error {
+	fr.errDetail = errors.New(reason)
+	return ConnectionError(code)
+}
+
+// checkFrameOrder reports an error if f is an invalid frame to return
+// next from ReadFrame. Mostly it checks whether HEADERS and
+// CONTINUATION frames are contiguous.
+func (fr *Framer) checkFrameOrder(fh FrameHeader) error {
+	lastType := fr.lastFrameType
+	fr.lastFrameType = fh.Type
+	if fr.AllowIllegalReads {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if fr.lastHeaderStream != 0 {
+		if fh.Type != FrameContinuation {
+			return fr.connError(ErrCodeProtocol,
+				fmt.Sprintf("got %s for stream %d; expected CONTINUATION following %s for stream %d",
+					fh.Type, fh.StreamID,
+					lastType, fr.lastHeaderStream))
+		}
+		if fh.StreamID != fr.lastHeaderStream {
+			return fr.connError(ErrCodeProtocol,
+				fmt.Sprintf("got CONTINUATION for stream %d; expected stream %d",
+					fh.StreamID, fr.lastHeaderStream))
+		}
+	} else if fh.Type == FrameContinuation {
+		return fr.connError(ErrCodeProtocol, fmt.Sprintf("unexpected CONTINUATION for stream %d", fh.StreamID))
+	}
+
+	switch fh.Type {
+	case FrameHeaders, FrameContinuation:
+		if fh.Flags.Has(FlagHeadersEndHeaders) {
+			fr.lastHeaderStream = 0
+		} else {
+			fr.lastHeaderStream = fh.StreamID
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// A DataFrame conveys arbitrary, variable-length sequences of octets
+// associated with a stream.
+// See https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#rfc.section.6.1
+type DataFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	data []byte
+}
+
+func (f *DataFrame) StreamEnded() bool {
+	return f.FrameHeader.Flags.Has(FlagDataEndStream)
+}
+
+// Data returns the frame's data octets, not including any padding
+// size byte or padding suffix bytes.
+// The caller must not retain the returned memory past the next
+// call to ReadFrame.
+func (f *DataFrame) Data() []byte {
+	f.checkValid()
+	return f.data
+}
+
+func parseDataFrame(fc *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), payload []byte) (Frame, error) {
+	if fh.StreamID == 0 {
+		// DATA frames MUST be associated with a stream. If a
+		// DATA frame is received whose stream identifier
+		// field is 0x0, the recipient MUST respond with a
+		// connection error (Section 5.4.1) of type
+		// PROTOCOL_ERROR.
+		countError("frame_data_stream_0")
+		return nil, connError{ErrCodeProtocol, "DATA frame with stream ID 0"}
+	}
+	f := fc.getDataFrame()
+	f.FrameHeader = fh
+
+	var padSize byte
+	if fh.Flags.Has(FlagDataPadded) {
+		var err error
+		payload, padSize, err = readByte(payload)
+		if err != nil {
+			countError("frame_data_pad_byte_short")
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if int(padSize) > len(payload) {
+		// If the length of the padding is greater than the
+		// length of the frame payload, the recipient MUST
+		// treat this as a connection error.
+		// Filed: https://github.com/http2/http2-spec/issues/610
+		countError("frame_data_pad_too_big")
+		return nil, connError{ErrCodeProtocol, "pad size larger than data payload"}
+	}
+	f.data = payload[:len(payload)-int(padSize)]
+	return f, nil
+}
+
+var (
+	errStreamID    = errors.New("invalid stream ID")
+	errDepStreamID = errors.New("invalid dependent stream ID")
+	errPadLength   = errors.New("pad length too large")
+	errPadBytes    = errors.New("padding bytes must all be zeros unless AllowIllegalWrites is enabled")
+)
+
+func validStreamIDOrZero(streamID uint32) bool {
+	return streamID&(1<<31) == 0
+}
+
+func validStreamID(streamID uint32) bool {
+	return streamID != 0 && streamID&(1<<31) == 0
+}
+
+// WriteData writes a DATA frame.
+//
+// It will perform exactly one Write to the underlying Writer.
+// It is the caller's responsibility not to violate the maximum frame size
+// and to not call other Write methods concurrently.
+func (f *Framer) WriteData(streamID uint32, endStream bool, data []byte) error {
+	return f.WriteDataPadded(streamID, endStream, data, nil)
+}
+
+// WriteDataPadded writes a DATA frame with optional padding.
+//
+// If pad is nil, the padding bit is not sent.
+// The length of pad must not exceed 255 bytes.
+// The bytes of pad must all be zero, unless f.AllowIllegalWrites is set.
+//
+// It will perform exactly one Write to the underlying Writer.
+// It is the caller's responsibility not to violate the maximum frame size
+// and to not call other Write methods concurrently.
+func (f *Framer) WriteDataPadded(streamID uint32, endStream bool, data, pad []byte) error {
+	if err := f.startWriteDataPadded(streamID, endStream, data, pad); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// startWriteDataPadded is WriteDataPadded, but only writes the frame to the Framer's internal buffer.
+// The caller should call endWrite to flush the frame to the underlying writer.
+func (f *Framer) startWriteDataPadded(streamID uint32, endStream bool, data, pad []byte) error {
+	if !validStreamID(streamID) && !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+		return errStreamID
+	}
+	if len(pad) > 0 {
+		if len(pad) > 255 {
+			return errPadLength
+		}
+		if !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+			for _, b := range pad {
+				if b != 0 {
+					// "Padding octets MUST be set to zero when sending."
+					return errPadBytes
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	var flags Flags
+	if endStream {
+		flags |= FlagDataEndStream
+	}
+	if pad != nil {
+		flags |= FlagDataPadded
+	}
+	f.startWrite(FrameData, flags, streamID)
+	if pad != nil {
+		f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, byte(len(pad)))
+	}
+	f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, data...)
+	f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, pad...)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// A SettingsFrame conveys configuration parameters that affect how
+// endpoints communicate, such as preferences and constraints on peer
+// behavior.
+//
+// See https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#SETTINGS
+type SettingsFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	p []byte
+}
+
+func parseSettingsFrame(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), p []byte) (Frame, error) {
+	if fh.Flags.Has(FlagSettingsAck) && fh.Length > 0 {
+		// When this (ACK 0x1) bit is set, the payload of the
+		// SETTINGS frame MUST be empty. Receipt of a
+		// SETTINGS frame with the ACK flag set and a length
+		// field value other than 0 MUST be treated as a
+		// connection error (Section 5.4.1) of type
+		// FRAME_SIZE_ERROR.
+		countError("frame_settings_ack_with_length")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeFrameSize)
+	}
+	if fh.StreamID != 0 {
+		// SETTINGS frames always apply to a connection,
+		// never a single stream. The stream identifier for a
+		// SETTINGS frame MUST be zero (0x0).  If an endpoint
+		// receives a SETTINGS frame whose stream identifier
+		// field is anything other than 0x0, the endpoint MUST
+		// respond with a connection error (Section 5.4.1) of
+		// type PROTOCOL_ERROR.
+		countError("frame_settings_has_stream")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeProtocol)
+	}
+	if len(p)%6 != 0 {
+		countError("frame_settings_mod_6")
+		// Expecting even number of 6 byte settings.
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeFrameSize)
+	}
+	f := &SettingsFrame{FrameHeader: fh, p: p}
+	if v, ok := f.Value(SettingInitialWindowSize); ok && v > (1<<31)-1 {
+		countError("frame_settings_window_size_too_big")
+		// Values above the maximum flow control window size of 2^31 - 1 MUST
+		// be treated as a connection error (Section 5.4.1) of type
+		// FLOW_CONTROL_ERROR.
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeFlowControl)
+	}
+	return f, nil
+}
+
+func (f *SettingsFrame) IsAck() bool {
+	return f.FrameHeader.Flags.Has(FlagSettingsAck)
+}
+
+func (f *SettingsFrame) Value(id SettingID) (v uint32, ok bool) {
+	f.checkValid()
+	for i := 0; i < f.NumSettings(); i++ {
+		if s := f.Setting(i); s.ID == id {
+			return s.Val, true
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, false
+}
+
+// Setting returns the setting from the frame at the given 0-based index.
+// The index must be >= 0 and less than f.NumSettings().
+func (f *SettingsFrame) Setting(i int) Setting {
+	buf := f.p
+	return Setting{
+		ID:  SettingID(binary.BigEndian.Uint16(buf[i*6 : i*6+2])),
+		Val: binary.BigEndian.Uint32(buf[i*6+2 : i*6+6]),
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *SettingsFrame) NumSettings() int { return len(f.p) / 6 }
+
+// HasDuplicates reports whether f contains any duplicate setting IDs.
+func (f *SettingsFrame) HasDuplicates() bool {
+	num := f.NumSettings()
+	if num == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	// If it's small enough (the common case), just do the n^2
+	// thing and avoid a map allocation.
+	if num < 10 {
+		for i := range num {
+			idi := f.Setting(i).ID
+			for j := i + 1; j < num; j++ {
+				idj := f.Setting(j).ID
+				if idi == idj {
+					return true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return false
+	}
+	seen := map[SettingID]bool{}
+	for i := range num {
+		id := f.Setting(i).ID
+		if seen[id] {
+			return true
+		}
+		seen[id] = true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// ForeachSetting runs fn for each setting.
+// It stops and returns the first error.
+func (f *SettingsFrame) ForeachSetting(fn func(Setting) error) error {
+	f.checkValid()
+	for i := 0; i < f.NumSettings(); i++ {
+		if err := fn(f.Setting(i)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// WriteSettings writes a SETTINGS frame with zero or more settings
+// specified and the ACK bit not set.
+//
+// It will perform exactly one Write to the underlying Writer.
+// It is the caller's responsibility to not call other Write methods concurrently.
+func (f *Framer) WriteSettings(settings ...Setting) error {
+	f.startWrite(FrameSettings, 0, 0)
+	for _, s := range settings {
+		f.writeUint16(uint16(s.ID))
+		f.writeUint32(s.Val)
+	}
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// WriteSettingsAck writes an empty SETTINGS frame with the ACK bit set.
+//
+// It will perform exactly one Write to the underlying Writer.
+// It is the caller's responsibility to not call other Write methods concurrently.
+func (f *Framer) WriteSettingsAck() error {
+	f.startWrite(FrameSettings, FlagSettingsAck, 0)
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// A PingFrame is a mechanism for measuring a minimal round trip time
+// from the sender, as well as determining whether an idle connection
+// is still functional.
+// See https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#rfc.section.6.7
+type PingFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	Data [8]byte
+}
+
+func (f *PingFrame) IsAck() bool { return f.Flags.Has(FlagPingAck) }
+
+func parsePingFrame(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), payload []byte) (Frame, error) {
+	if len(payload) != 8 {
+		countError("frame_ping_length")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeFrameSize)
+	}
+	if fh.StreamID != 0 {
+		countError("frame_ping_has_stream")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeProtocol)
+	}
+	f := &PingFrame{FrameHeader: fh}
+	copy(f.Data[:], payload)
+	return f, nil
+}
+
+func (f *Framer) WritePing(ack bool, data [8]byte) error {
+	var flags Flags
+	if ack {
+		flags = FlagPingAck
+	}
+	f.startWrite(FramePing, flags, 0)
+	f.writeBytes(data[:])
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// A GoAwayFrame informs the remote peer to stop creating streams on this connection.
+// See https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#rfc.section.6.8
+type GoAwayFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	LastStreamID uint32
+	ErrCode      ErrCode
+	debugData    []byte
+}
+
+// DebugData returns any debug data in the GOAWAY frame. Its contents
+// are not defined.
+// The caller must not retain the returned memory past the next
+// call to ReadFrame.
+func (f *GoAwayFrame) DebugData() []byte {
+	f.checkValid()
+	return f.debugData
+}
+
+func parseGoAwayFrame(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), p []byte) (Frame, error) {
+	if fh.StreamID != 0 {
+		countError("frame_goaway_has_stream")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeProtocol)
+	}
+	if len(p) < 8 {
+		countError("frame_goaway_short")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeFrameSize)
+	}
+	return &GoAwayFrame{
+		FrameHeader:  fh,
+		LastStreamID: binary.BigEndian.Uint32(p[:4]) & (1<<31 - 1),
+		ErrCode:      ErrCode(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(p[4:8])),
+		debugData:    p[8:],
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (f *Framer) WriteGoAway(maxStreamID uint32, code ErrCode, debugData []byte) error {
+	f.startWrite(FrameGoAway, 0, 0)
+	f.writeUint32(maxStreamID & (1<<31 - 1))
+	f.writeUint32(uint32(code))
+	f.writeBytes(debugData)
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// An UnknownFrame is the frame type returned when the frame type is unknown
+// or no specific frame type parser exists.
+type UnknownFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	p []byte
+}
+
+// Payload returns the frame's payload (after the header).  It is not
+// valid to call this method after a subsequent call to
+// Framer.ReadFrame, nor is it valid to retain the returned slice.
+// The memory is owned by the Framer and is invalidated when the next
+// frame is read.
+func (f *UnknownFrame) Payload() []byte {
+	f.checkValid()
+	return f.p
+}
+
+func parseUnknownFrame(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), p []byte) (Frame, error) {
+	return &UnknownFrame{fh, p}, nil
+}
+
+// A WindowUpdateFrame is used to implement flow control.
+// See https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#rfc.section.6.9
+type WindowUpdateFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	Increment uint32 // never read with high bit set
+}
+
+func parseWindowUpdateFrame(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), p []byte) (Frame, error) {
+	if len(p) != 4 {
+		countError("frame_windowupdate_bad_len")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeFrameSize)
+	}
+	inc := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(p[:4]) & 0x7fffffff // mask off high reserved bit
+	if inc == 0 {
+		// A receiver MUST treat the receipt of a
+		// WINDOW_UPDATE frame with an flow control window
+		// increment of 0 as a stream error (Section 5.4.2) of
+		// type PROTOCOL_ERROR; errors on the connection flow
+		// control window MUST be treated as a connection
+		// error (Section 5.4.1).
+		if fh.StreamID == 0 {
+			countError("frame_windowupdate_zero_inc_conn")
+			return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeProtocol)
+		}
+		countError("frame_windowupdate_zero_inc_stream")
+		return nil, streamError(fh.StreamID, ErrCodeProtocol)
+	}
+	return &WindowUpdateFrame{
+		FrameHeader: fh,
+		Increment:   inc,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// WriteWindowUpdate writes a WINDOW_UPDATE frame.
+// The increment value must be between 1 and 2,147,483,647, inclusive.
+// If the Stream ID is zero, the window update applies to the
+// connection as a whole.
+func (f *Framer) WriteWindowUpdate(streamID, incr uint32) error {
+	// "The legal range for the increment to the flow control window is 1 to 2^31-1 (2,147,483,647) octets."
+	if (incr < 1 || incr > 2147483647) && !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+		return errors.New("illegal window increment value")
+	}
+	f.startWrite(FrameWindowUpdate, 0, streamID)
+	f.writeUint32(incr)
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// A HeadersFrame is used to open a stream and additionally carries a
+// header block fragment.
+type HeadersFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+
+	// Priority is set if FlagHeadersPriority is set in the FrameHeader.
+	Priority PriorityParam
+
+	headerFragBuf []byte // not owned
+}
+
+func (f *HeadersFrame) HeaderBlockFragment() []byte {
+	f.checkValid()
+	return f.headerFragBuf
+}
+
+func (f *HeadersFrame) HeadersEnded() bool {
+	return f.FrameHeader.Flags.Has(FlagHeadersEndHeaders)
+}
+
+func (f *HeadersFrame) StreamEnded() bool {
+	return f.FrameHeader.Flags.Has(FlagHeadersEndStream)
+}
+
+func (f *HeadersFrame) HasPriority() bool {
+	return f.FrameHeader.Flags.Has(FlagHeadersPriority)
+}
+
+func parseHeadersFrame(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), p []byte) (_ Frame, err error) {
+	hf := &HeadersFrame{
+		FrameHeader: fh,
+	}
+	if fh.StreamID == 0 {
+		// HEADERS frames MUST be associated with a stream. If a HEADERS frame
+		// is received whose stream identifier field is 0x0, the recipient MUST
+		// respond with a connection error (Section 5.4.1) of type
+		// PROTOCOL_ERROR.
+		countError("frame_headers_zero_stream")
+		return nil, connError{ErrCodeProtocol, "HEADERS frame with stream ID 0"}
+	}
+	var padLength uint8
+	if fh.Flags.Has(FlagHeadersPadded) {
+		if p, padLength, err = readByte(p); err != nil {
+			countError("frame_headers_pad_short")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	if fh.Flags.Has(FlagHeadersPriority) {
+		var v uint32
+		p, v, err = readUint32(p)
+		if err != nil {
+			countError("frame_headers_prio_short")
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		hf.Priority.StreamDep = v & 0x7fffffff
+		hf.Priority.Exclusive = (v != hf.Priority.StreamDep) // high bit was set
+		p, hf.Priority.Weight, err = readByte(p)
+		if err != nil {
+			countError("frame_headers_prio_weight_short")
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	if len(p)-int(padLength) < 0 {
+		countError("frame_headers_pad_too_big")
+		return nil, streamError(fh.StreamID, ErrCodeProtocol)
+	}
+	hf.headerFragBuf = p[:len(p)-int(padLength)]
+	return hf, nil
+}
+
+// HeadersFrameParam are the parameters for writing a HEADERS frame.
+type HeadersFrameParam struct {
+	// StreamID is the required Stream ID to initiate.
+	StreamID uint32
+	// BlockFragment is part (or all) of a Header Block.
+	BlockFragment []byte
+
+	// EndStream indicates that the header block is the last that
+	// the endpoint will send for the identified stream. Setting
+	// this flag causes the stream to enter one of "half closed"
+	// states.
+	EndStream bool
+
+	// EndHeaders indicates that this frame contains an entire
+	// header block and is not followed by any
+	// CONTINUATION frames.
+	EndHeaders bool
+
+	// PadLength is the optional number of bytes of zeros to add
+	// to this frame.
+	PadLength uint8
+
+	// Priority, if non-zero, includes stream priority information
+	// in the HEADER frame.
+	Priority PriorityParam
+}
+
+// WriteHeaders writes a single HEADERS frame.
+//
+// This is a low-level header writing method. Encoding headers and
+// splitting them into any necessary CONTINUATION frames is handled
+// elsewhere.
+//
+// It will perform exactly one Write to the underlying Writer.
+// It is the caller's responsibility to not call other Write methods concurrently.
+func (f *Framer) WriteHeaders(p HeadersFrameParam) error {
+	if !validStreamID(p.StreamID) && !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+		return errStreamID
+	}
+	var flags Flags
+	if p.PadLength != 0 {
+		flags |= FlagHeadersPadded
+	}
+	if p.EndStream {
+		flags |= FlagHeadersEndStream
+	}
+	if p.EndHeaders {
+		flags |= FlagHeadersEndHeaders
+	}
+	if !p.Priority.IsZero() {
+		flags |= FlagHeadersPriority
+	}
+	f.startWrite(FrameHeaders, flags, p.StreamID)
+	if p.PadLength != 0 {
+		f.writeByte(p.PadLength)
+	}
+	if !p.Priority.IsZero() {
+		v := p.Priority.StreamDep
+		if !validStreamIDOrZero(v) && !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+			return errDepStreamID
+		}
+		if p.Priority.Exclusive {
+			v |= 1 << 31
+		}
+		f.writeUint32(v)
+		f.writeByte(p.Priority.Weight)
+	}
+	f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, p.BlockFragment...)
+	f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, padZeros[:p.PadLength]...)
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// A PriorityFrame specifies the sender-advised priority of a stream.
+// See https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#rfc.section.6.3
+type PriorityFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	PriorityParam
+}
+
+// defaultRFC9218Priority determines what priority we should use as the default
+// value.
+//
+// According to RFC 9218, by default, streams should be given an urgency of 3
+// and should be non-incremental. However, making streams non-incremental by
+// default would be a huge change to our historical behavior where we would
+// round-robin writes across streams. When streams are non-incremental, we
+// would process streams of the same urgency one-by-one to completion instead.
+//
+// To avoid such a sudden change which might break some HTTP/2 users, this
+// function allows the caller to specify whether they can actually use the
+// default value as specified in RFC 9218. If not, this function will return a
+// priority value where streams are incremental by default instead: effectively
+// a round-robin between stream of the same urgency.
+//
+// As an example, a server might not be able to use the RFC 9218 default value
+// when it's not sure that the client it is serving is aware of RFC 9218.
+func defaultRFC9218Priority(canUseDefault bool) PriorityParam {
+	if canUseDefault {
+		return PriorityParam{
+			urgency:     3,
+			incremental: 0,
+		}
+	}
+	return PriorityParam{
+		urgency:     3,
+		incremental: 1,
+	}
+}
+
+// Note that HTTP/2 has had two different prioritization schemes, and
+// PriorityParam struct below is a superset of both schemes. The exported
+// symbols are from RFC 7540 and the non-exported ones are from RFC 9218.
+
+// PriorityParam are the stream prioritization parameters.
+type PriorityParam struct {
+	// StreamDep is a 31-bit stream identifier for the
+	// stream that this stream depends on. Zero means no
+	// dependency.
+	StreamDep uint32
+
+	// Exclusive is whether the dependency is exclusive.
+	Exclusive bool
+
+	// Weight is the stream's zero-indexed weight. It should be
+	// set together with StreamDep, or neither should be set. Per
+	// the spec, "Add one to the value to obtain a weight between
+	// 1 and 256."
+	Weight uint8
+
+	// "The urgency (u) parameter value is Integer (see Section 3.3.1 of
+	// [STRUCTURED-FIELDS]), between 0 and 7 inclusive, in descending order of
+	// priority. The default is 3."
+	urgency uint8
+
+	// "The incremental (i) parameter value is Boolean (see Section 3.3.6 of
+	// [STRUCTURED-FIELDS]). It indicates if an HTTP response can be processed
+	// incrementally, i.e., provide some meaningful output as chunks of the
+	// response arrive."
+	//
+	// We use uint8 (i.e. 0 is false, 1 is true) instead of bool so we can
+	// avoid unnecessary type conversions and because either type takes 1 byte.
+	incremental uint8
+}
+
+func (p PriorityParam) IsZero() bool {
+	return p == PriorityParam{}
+}
+
+func parsePriorityFrame(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), payload []byte) (Frame, error) {
+	if fh.StreamID == 0 {
+		countError("frame_priority_zero_stream")
+		return nil, connError{ErrCodeProtocol, "PRIORITY frame with stream ID 0"}
+	}
+	if len(payload) != 5 {
+		countError("frame_priority_bad_length")
+		return nil, connError{ErrCodeFrameSize, fmt.Sprintf("PRIORITY frame payload size was %d; want 5", len(payload))}
+	}
+	v := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(payload[:4])
+	streamID := v & 0x7fffffff // mask off high bit
+	return &PriorityFrame{
+		FrameHeader: fh,
+		PriorityParam: PriorityParam{
+			Weight:    payload[4],
+			StreamDep: streamID,
+			Exclusive: streamID != v, // was high bit set?
+		},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// WritePriority writes a PRIORITY frame.
+//
+// It will perform exactly one Write to the underlying Writer.
+// It is the caller's responsibility to not call other Write methods concurrently.
+func (f *Framer) WritePriority(streamID uint32, p PriorityParam) error {
+	if !validStreamID(streamID) && !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+		return errStreamID
+	}
+	if !validStreamIDOrZero(p.StreamDep) {
+		return errDepStreamID
+	}
+	f.startWrite(FramePriority, 0, streamID)
+	v := p.StreamDep
+	if p.Exclusive {
+		v |= 1 << 31
+	}
+	f.writeUint32(v)
+	f.writeByte(p.Weight)
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// PriorityUpdateFrame is a PRIORITY_UPDATE frame as described in
+// https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9218.html#name-the-priority_update-frame.
+type PriorityUpdateFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	Priority            string
+	PrioritizedStreamID uint32
+}
+
+func parseRFC9218Priority(s string, canUseDefault bool) (p PriorityParam, ok bool) {
+	p = defaultRFC9218Priority(canUseDefault)
+	ok = httpsfv.ParseDictionary(s, func(key, val, _ string) {
+		switch key {
+		case "u":
+			if u, ok := httpsfv.ParseInteger(val); ok && u >= 0 && u <= 7 {
+				p.urgency = uint8(u)
+			}
+		case "i":
+			if i, ok := httpsfv.ParseBoolean(val); ok {
+				if i {
+					p.incremental = 1
+				} else {
+					p.incremental = 0
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	})
+	if !ok {
+		return defaultRFC9218Priority(canUseDefault), ok
+	}
+	return p, true
+}
+
+func parsePriorityUpdateFrame(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), payload []byte) (Frame, error) {
+	if fh.StreamID != 0 {
+		countError("frame_priority_update_non_zero_stream")
+		return nil, connError{ErrCodeProtocol, "PRIORITY_UPDATE frame with non-zero stream ID"}
+	}
+	if len(payload) < 4 {
+		countError("frame_priority_update_bad_length")
+		return nil, connError{ErrCodeFrameSize, fmt.Sprintf("PRIORITY_UPDATE frame payload size was %d; want at least 4", len(payload))}
+	}
+	v := binary.BigEndian.Uint32(payload[:4])
+	streamID := v & 0x7fffffff // mask off high bit
+	if streamID == 0 {
+		countError("frame_priority_update_prioritizing_zero_stream")
+		return nil, connError{ErrCodeProtocol, "PRIORITY_UPDATE frame with prioritized stream ID of zero"}
+	}
+	return &PriorityUpdateFrame{
+		FrameHeader:         fh,
+		PrioritizedStreamID: streamID,
+		Priority:            string(payload[4:]),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// WritePriorityUpdate writes a PRIORITY_UPDATE frame.
+//
+// It will perform exactly one Write to the underlying Writer.
+// It is the caller's responsibility to not call other Write methods concurrently.
+func (f *Framer) WritePriorityUpdate(streamID uint32, priority string) error {
+	if !validStreamID(streamID) && !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+		return errStreamID
+	}
+	f.startWrite(FramePriorityUpdate, 0, 0)
+	f.writeUint32(streamID)
+	f.writeBytes([]byte(priority))
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// A RSTStreamFrame allows for abnormal termination of a stream.
+// See https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#rfc.section.6.4
+type RSTStreamFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	ErrCode ErrCode
+}
+
+func parseRSTStreamFrame(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), p []byte) (Frame, error) {
+	if len(p) != 4 {
+		countError("frame_rststream_bad_len")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeFrameSize)
+	}
+	if fh.StreamID == 0 {
+		countError("frame_rststream_zero_stream")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeProtocol)
+	}
+	return &RSTStreamFrame{fh, ErrCode(binary.BigEndian.Uint32(p[:4]))}, nil
+}
+
+// WriteRSTStream writes a RST_STREAM frame.
+//
+// It will perform exactly one Write to the underlying Writer.
+// It is the caller's responsibility to not call other Write methods concurrently.
+func (f *Framer) WriteRSTStream(streamID uint32, code ErrCode) error {
+	if !validStreamID(streamID) && !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+		return errStreamID
+	}
+	f.startWrite(FrameRSTStream, 0, streamID)
+	f.writeUint32(uint32(code))
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// A ContinuationFrame is used to continue a sequence of header block fragments.
+// See https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#rfc.section.6.10
+type ContinuationFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	headerFragBuf []byte
+}
+
+func parseContinuationFrame(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), p []byte) (Frame, error) {
+	if fh.StreamID == 0 {
+		countError("frame_continuation_zero_stream")
+		return nil, connError{ErrCodeProtocol, "CONTINUATION frame with stream ID 0"}
+	}
+	return &ContinuationFrame{fh, p}, nil
+}
+
+func (f *ContinuationFrame) HeaderBlockFragment() []byte {
+	f.checkValid()
+	return f.headerFragBuf
+}
+
+func (f *ContinuationFrame) HeadersEnded() bool {
+	return f.FrameHeader.Flags.Has(FlagContinuationEndHeaders)
+}
+
+// WriteContinuation writes a CONTINUATION frame.
+//
+// It will perform exactly one Write to the underlying Writer.
+// It is the caller's responsibility to not call other Write methods concurrently.
+func (f *Framer) WriteContinuation(streamID uint32, endHeaders bool, headerBlockFragment []byte) error {
+	if !validStreamID(streamID) && !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+		return errStreamID
+	}
+	var flags Flags
+	if endHeaders {
+		flags |= FlagContinuationEndHeaders
+	}
+	f.startWrite(FrameContinuation, flags, streamID)
+	f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, headerBlockFragment...)
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// A PushPromiseFrame is used to initiate a server stream.
+// See https://httpwg.org/specs/rfc7540.html#rfc.section.6.6
+type PushPromiseFrame struct {
+	FrameHeader
+	PromiseID     uint32
+	headerFragBuf []byte // not owned
+}
+
+func (f *PushPromiseFrame) HeaderBlockFragment() []byte {
+	f.checkValid()
+	return f.headerFragBuf
+}
+
+func (f *PushPromiseFrame) HeadersEnded() bool {
+	return f.FrameHeader.Flags.Has(FlagPushPromiseEndHeaders)
+}
+
+func parsePushPromise(_ *frameCache, fh FrameHeader, countError func(string), p []byte) (_ Frame, err error) {
+	pp := &PushPromiseFrame{
+		FrameHeader: fh,
+	}
+	if pp.StreamID == 0 {
+		// PUSH_PROMISE frames MUST be associated with an existing,
+		// peer-initiated stream. The stream identifier of a
+		// PUSH_PROMISE frame indicates the stream it is associated
+		// with. If the stream identifier field specifies the value
+		// 0x0, a recipient MUST respond with a connection error
+		// (Section 5.4.1) of type PROTOCOL_ERROR.
+		countError("frame_pushpromise_zero_stream")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeProtocol)
+	}
+	// The PUSH_PROMISE frame includes optional padding.
+	// Padding fields and flags are identical to those defined for DATA frames
+	var padLength uint8
+	if fh.Flags.Has(FlagPushPromisePadded) {
+		if p, padLength, err = readByte(p); err != nil {
+			countError("frame_pushpromise_pad_short")
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	p, pp.PromiseID, err = readUint32(p)
+	if err != nil {
+		countError("frame_pushpromise_promiseid_short")
+		return
+	}
+	pp.PromiseID = pp.PromiseID & (1<<31 - 1)
+
+	if int(padLength) > len(p) {
+		// like the DATA frame, error out if padding is longer than the body.
+		countError("frame_pushpromise_pad_too_big")
+		return nil, ConnectionError(ErrCodeProtocol)
+	}
+	pp.headerFragBuf = p[:len(p)-int(padLength)]
+	return pp, nil
+}
+
+// PushPromiseParam are the parameters for writing a PUSH_PROMISE frame.
+type PushPromiseParam struct {
+	// StreamID is the required Stream ID to initiate.
+	StreamID uint32
+
+	// PromiseID is the required Stream ID which this
+	// Push Promises
+	PromiseID uint32
+
+	// BlockFragment is part (or all) of a Header Block.
+	BlockFragment []byte
+
+	// EndHeaders indicates that this frame contains an entire
+	// header block and is not followed by any
+	// CONTINUATION frames.
+	EndHeaders bool
+
+	// PadLength is the optional number of bytes of zeros to add
+	// to this frame.
+	PadLength uint8
+}
+
+// WritePushPromise writes a single PushPromise Frame.
+//
+// As with Header Frames, This is the low level call for writing
+// individual frames. Continuation frames are handled elsewhere.
+//
+// It will perform exactly one Write to the underlying Writer.
+// It is the caller's responsibility to not call other Write methods concurrently.
+func (f *Framer) WritePushPromise(p PushPromiseParam) error {
+	if !validStreamID(p.StreamID) && !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+		return errStreamID
+	}
+	var flags Flags
+	if p.PadLength != 0 {
+		flags |= FlagPushPromisePadded
+	}
+	if p.EndHeaders {
+		flags |= FlagPushPromiseEndHeaders
+	}
+	f.startWrite(FramePushPromise, flags, p.StreamID)
+	if p.PadLength != 0 {
+		f.writeByte(p.PadLength)
+	}
+	if !validStreamID(p.PromiseID) && !f.AllowIllegalWrites {
+		return errStreamID
+	}
+	f.writeUint32(p.PromiseID)
+	f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, p.BlockFragment...)
+	f.wbuf = append(f.wbuf, padZeros[:p.PadLength]...)
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+// WriteRawFrame writes a raw frame. This can be used to write
+// extension frames unknown to this package.
+func (f *Framer) WriteRawFrame(t FrameType, flags Flags, streamID uint32, payload []byte) error {
+	f.startWrite(t, flags, streamID)
+	f.writeBytes(payload)
+	return f.endWrite()
+}
+
+func readByte(p []byte) (remain []byte, b byte, err error) {
+	if len(p) == 0 {
+		return nil, 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return p[1:], p[0], nil
+}
+
+func readUint32(p []byte) (remain []byte, v uint32, err error) {
+	if len(p) < 4 {
+		return nil, 0, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return p[4:], binary.BigEndian.Uint32(p[:4]), nil
+}
+
+type streamEnder interface {
+	StreamEnded() bool
+}
+
+type headersEnder interface {
+	HeadersEnded() bool
+}
+
+type headersOrContinuation interface {
+	headersEnder
+	HeaderBlockFragment() []byte
+}
+
+// A MetaHeadersFrame is the representation of one HEADERS frame and
+// zero or more contiguous CONTINUATION frames and the decoding of
+// their HPACK-encoded contents.
+//
+// This type of frame does not appear on the wire and is only returned
+// by the Framer when Framer.ReadMetaHeaders is set.
+type MetaHeadersFrame struct {
+	*HeadersFrame
+
+	// Fields are the fields contained in the HEADERS and
+	// CONTINUATION frames. The underlying slice is owned by the
+	// Framer and must not be retained after the next call to
+	// ReadFrame.
+	//
+	// Fields are guaranteed to be in the correct http2 order and
+	// not have unknown pseudo header fields or invalid header
+	// field names or values. Required pseudo header fields may be
+	// missing, however. Use the MetaHeadersFrame.Pseudo accessor
+	// method access pseudo headers.
+	Fields []hpack.HeaderField
+
+	// Truncated is whether the max header list size limit was hit
+	// and Fields is incomplete. The hpack decoder state is still
+	// valid, however.
+	Truncated bool
+}
+
+// PseudoValue returns the given pseudo header field's value.
+// The provided pseudo field should not contain the leading colon.
+func (mh *MetaHeadersFrame) PseudoValue(pseudo string) string {
+	for _, hf := range mh.Fields {
+		if !hf.IsPseudo() {
+			return ""
+		}
+		if hf.Name[1:] == pseudo {
+			return hf.Value
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// RegularFields returns the regular (non-pseudo) header fields of mh.
+// The caller does not own the returned slice.
+func (mh *MetaHeadersFrame) RegularFields() []hpack.HeaderField {
+	for i, hf := range mh.Fields {
+		if !hf.IsPseudo() {
+			return mh.Fields[i:]
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// PseudoFields returns the pseudo header fields of mh.
+// The caller does not own the returned slice.
+func (mh *MetaHeadersFrame) PseudoFields() []hpack.HeaderField {
+	for i, hf := range mh.Fields {
+		if !hf.IsPseudo() {
+			return mh.Fields[:i]
+		}
+	}
+	return mh.Fields
+}
+
+func (mh *MetaHeadersFrame) rfc9218Priority(priorityAware bool) (p PriorityParam, priorityAwareAfter, hasIntermediary bool) {
+	var s string
+	for _, field := range mh.Fields {
+		if field.Name == "priority" {
+			s = field.Value
+			priorityAware = true
+		}
+		if slices.Contains([]string{"via", "forwarded", "x-forwarded-for"}, field.Name) {
+			hasIntermediary = true
+		}
+	}
+	// No need to check for ok. parseRFC9218Priority will return a default
+	// value if there is no priority field or if the field cannot be parsed.
+	p, _ = parseRFC9218Priority(s, priorityAware && !hasIntermediary)
+	return p, priorityAware, hasIntermediary
+}
+
+func (mh *MetaHeadersFrame) checkPseudos() error {
+	var isRequest, isResponse bool
+	pf := mh.PseudoFields()
+	for i, hf := range pf {
+		switch hf.Name {
+		case ":method", ":path", ":scheme", ":authority", ":protocol":
+			isRequest = true
+		case ":status":
+			isResponse = true
+		default:
+			return pseudoHeaderError(hf.Name)
+		}
+		// Check for duplicates.
+		// This would be a bad algorithm, but N is 5.
+		// And this doesn't allocate.
+		for _, hf2 := range pf[:i] {
+			if hf.Name == hf2.Name {
+				return duplicatePseudoHeaderError(hf.Name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if isRequest && isResponse {
+		return errMixPseudoHeaderTypes
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (fr *Framer) maxHeaderStringLen() int {
+	v := int(fr.maxHeaderListSize())
+	if v < 0 {
+		// If maxHeaderListSize overflows an int, use no limit (0).
+		return 0
+	}
+	return v
+}
+
+// readMetaFrame returns 0 or more CONTINUATION frames from fr and
+// merge them into the provided hf and returns a MetaHeadersFrame
+// with the decoded hpack values.
+func (fr *Framer) readMetaFrame(hf *HeadersFrame) (Frame, error) {
+	if fr.AllowIllegalReads {
+		return nil, errors.New("illegal use of AllowIllegalReads with ReadMetaHeaders")
+	}
+	mh := &MetaHeadersFrame{
+		HeadersFrame: hf,
+	}
+	type headerBudget struct {
+		remainSize uint32
+		count      int
+	}
+	headers := headerBudget{remainSize: fr.maxHeaderListSize()}
+	trailers := headerBudget{remainSize: fr.maxHeaderListSize()}
+	var sawRegular bool
+
+	var invalid error // pseudo header field errors
+	hdec := fr.ReadMetaHeaders
+	hdec.SetEmitEnabled(true)
+	hdec.SetMaxStringLength(fr.maxHeaderStringLen())
+	hdec.SetEmitFunc(func(hf hpack.HeaderField) {
+		if VerboseLogs && fr.logReads {
+			fr.debugReadLoggerf("http2: decoded hpack field %+v", hf)
+		}
+		if !httpguts.ValidHeaderFieldValue(hf.Value) {
+			// Don't include the value in the error, because it may be sensitive.
+			invalid = headerFieldValueError(hf.Name)
+		}
+		isPseudo := strings.HasPrefix(hf.Name, ":")
+		if isPseudo {
+			if sawRegular {
+				invalid = errPseudoAfterRegular
+			}
+		} else {
+			sawRegular = true
+			if !validWireHeaderFieldName(hf.Name) {
+				invalid = headerFieldNameError(hf.Name)
+			}
+		}
+
+		if invalid != nil {
+			hdec.SetEmitEnabled(false)
+			return
+		}
+
+		var budget *headerBudget
+		var size uint32
+		if hf.Name == "trailer" {
+			budget = &trailers
+			fieldCount := strings.Count(hf.Value, ",") + 1
+			budget.count += fieldCount
+			// Rather than actually constructing hpack.HeaderField for each
+			// trailer field and cumulatively adding its Size, just do the math
+			// manually to avoid unnecessary work. This does make it so
+			// whitespaces after comma are counted against the budget, but that
+			// should be innocuous.
+			size = uint32(len(hf.Value)-fieldCount+1) + uint32(fieldCount)*hpack.HeaderField{}.Size()
+		} else {
+			budget = &headers
+			budget.count++
+			size = hf.Size()
+		}
+		if countLimit := fr.maxHeaderValueCount(); (countLimit > 0 && budget.count > countLimit) || size > budget.remainSize {
+			hdec.SetEmitEnabled(false)
+			mh.Truncated = true
+			headers.remainSize = 0
+			trailers.remainSize = 0
+			return
+		}
+		budget.remainSize -= size
+
+		mh.Fields = append(mh.Fields, hf)
+	})
+	// Lose reference to MetaHeadersFrame:
+	defer hdec.SetEmitFunc(func(hf hpack.HeaderField) {})
+
+	var hc headersOrContinuation = hf
+	for {
+		frag := hc.HeaderBlockFragment()
+
+		// Avoid parsing large amounts of headers that we will then discard.
+		// If the sender exceeds the max header list size by too much,
+		// skip parsing the fragment and close the connection.
+		//
+		// "Too much" is either any CONTINUATION frame after we've already
+		// exceeded the max header list size (if so, both budgets are 0), or a
+		// frame whose encoded size is more than twice the remaining header
+		// list bytes we're willing to accept.
+		if int64(len(frag)) > 2*int64(headers.remainSize+trailers.remainSize) {
+			if VerboseLogs {
+				log.Printf("http2: header list too large")
+			}
+			// It would be nice to send a RST_STREAM before sending the GOAWAY,
+			// but the structure of the server's frame writer makes this difficult.
+			return mh, ConnectionError(ErrCodeProtocol)
+		}
+
+		// Also close the connection after any CONTINUATION frame following an
+		// invalid header, since we stop tracking the size of the headers after
+		// an invalid one.
+		if invalid != nil {
+			if VerboseLogs {
+				log.Printf("http2: invalid header: %v", invalid)
+			}
+			// It would be nice to send a RST_STREAM before sending the GOAWAY,
+			// but the structure of the server's frame writer makes this difficult.
+			return mh, ConnectionError(ErrCodeProtocol)
+		}
+
+		if _, err := hdec.Write(frag); err != nil {
+			return mh, ConnectionError(ErrCodeCompression)
+		}
+
+		if hc.HeadersEnded() {
+			break
+		}
+		if f, err := fr.ReadFrame(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		} else {
+			hc = f.(*ContinuationFrame) // guaranteed by checkFrameOrder
+		}
+	}
+
+	mh.HeadersFrame.headerFragBuf = nil
+	mh.HeadersFrame.invalidate()
+
+	if err := hdec.Close(); err != nil {
+		return mh, ConnectionError(ErrCodeCompression)
+	}
+	if invalid != nil {
+		fr.errDetail = invalid
+		if VerboseLogs {
+			log.Printf("http2: invalid header: %v", invalid)
+		}
+		return nil, StreamError{mh.StreamID, ErrCodeProtocol, invalid}
+	}
+	if err := mh.checkPseudos(); err != nil {
+		fr.errDetail = err
+		if VerboseLogs {
+			log.Printf("http2: invalid pseudo headers: %v", err)
+		}
+		return nil, StreamError{mh.StreamID, ErrCodeProtocol, err}
+	}
+	return mh, nil
+}
+
+func summarizeFrame(f Frame) string {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	f.Header().writeDebug(&buf)
+	switch f := f.(type) {
+	case *SettingsFrame:
+		n := 0
+		f.ForeachSetting(func(s Setting) error {
+			n++
+			if n == 1 {
+				buf.WriteString(", settings:")
+			}
+			fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " %v=%v,", s.ID, s.Val)
+			return nil
+		})
+		if n > 0 {
+			buf.Truncate(buf.Len() - 1) // remove trailing comma
+		}
+	case *DataFrame:
+		data := f.Data()
+		const max = 256
+		if len(data) > max {
+			data = data[:max]
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " data=%q", data)
+		if len(f.Data()) > max {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " (%d bytes omitted)", len(f.Data())-max)
+		}
+	case *WindowUpdateFrame:
+		if f.StreamID == 0 {
+			buf.WriteString(" (conn)")
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " incr=%v", f.Increment)
+	case *PingFrame:
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " ping=%q", f.Data[:])
+	case *GoAwayFrame:
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " LastStreamID=%v ErrCode=%v Debug=%q",
+			f.LastStreamID, f.ErrCode, f.debugData)
+	case *RSTStreamFrame:
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " ErrCode=%v", f.ErrCode)
+	}
+	return buf.String()
+}