@ttsc/factory 0.15.6 → 0.15.7

package/src/TsPrinter.ts

@@ -1,1174 +1,1585 @@
-import type { ModifierLike, Node, SourceFile, Statement } from "./ast";
-import type { Doc } from "./internal/doc";
-import {
-  concat,
-  group,
-  hardline,
-  ifBreak,
-  indent,
-  join,
-  line,
-  printDocToString,
-  softline,
-} from "./internal/doc";
-import { tokenToString } from "./syntax";
-
-/** Options for {@link TsPrinter}. */
-export interface TsPrinterOptions {
-  /** Maximum line width before groups break. Defaults to `80`. */
-  printWidth?: number;
-  /** Indentation unit. Defaults to two spaces. */
-  indent?: string;
-  /** New line sequence. Defaults to `"\n"` (LineFeed). */
-  newLine?: string;
-}
-
-const escapeString = (text: string, singleQuote?: boolean): string => {
-  const escaped: string = text
-    .replace(/\\/g, "\\\\")
-    .replace(/\n/g, "\\n")
-    .replace(/\r/g, "\\r")
-    .replace(/\t/g, "\\t");
-  return singleQuote === true
-    ? `'${escaped.replace(/'/g, "\\'")}'`
-    : `"${escaped.replace(/"/g, '\\"')}"`;
-};
-
-/**
- * Printer turning {@link factory} produced AST nodes into TypeScript source
- * text.
- *
- * The printer is a width-aware pretty-printer: it builds a Prettier-style
- * document for the {@link Node} discriminated union and lays it out against
- * {@link TsPrinterOptions.printWidth}. Lists (arguments, parameters, generic
- * arguments, array / object members, ...) print on one line when they fit and
- * break onto indented lines — with trailing commas — when they do not. Every
- * `node.kind` narrows to its concrete type, so the walk is fully type-checked;
- * no `typescript` module is involved.
- *
- * @author Jeongho Nam - https://github.com/samchon
- * @example
- *   ```typescript
- *   import factory, { TsPrinter } from "@ttsc/factory";
- *
- *   const printer = new TsPrinter({ printWidth: 80, indent: "  " });
- *   printer.print(factory.createStringLiteral("hello")); // "hello"
- *   ```;
- */
-export class TsPrinter {
-  private readonly printWidth_: number;
-  private readonly indent_: string;
-  private readonly newLine_: string;
-
-  public constructor(options: TsPrinterOptions = {}) {
-    this.printWidth_ = options.printWidth ?? 80;
-    this.indent_ = options.indent ?? "  ";
-    this.newLine_ = options.newLine ?? "\n";
-  }
-
-  /** Print a single node (or a whole {@link SourceFile}) into source text. */
-  public print(node: Node): string {
-    return this.layout(this.emit(node));
-  }
-
-  /** Print multiple nodes, joining them with new lines. */
-  public printNodes(nodes: readonly Node[]): string {
-    return this.layout(
-      join(
-        hardline,
-        nodes.map((n) => this.emit(n)),
-      ),
-    );
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Print an entire source file.
-   *
-   * @param sourceFile A {@link SourceFile}. When omitted, one is composed from
-   *   the given `statements`.
-   * @param statements Statements to compose a source file from when no
-   *   `sourceFile` is provided.
-   */
-  public printFile(
-    sourceFile?: SourceFile,
-    statements: readonly Statement[] = [],
-  ): string {
-    const list: readonly Statement[] = sourceFile
-      ? sourceFile.statements
-      : statements;
-    return (
-      this.layout(
-        join(
-          hardline,
-          list.map((s) => this.emit(s)),
-        ),
-      ) + this.newLine_
-    );
-  }
-
-  /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-  /*  INTERNAL                                                               */
-  /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
-  private layout(doc: Doc): string {
-    return printDocToString(doc, {
-      printWidth: this.printWidth_,
-      indent: this.indent_,
-      newLine: this.newLine_,
-    });
-  }
-
-  /** Comma-separated, width-aware delimited list (`(...)`, `[...]`, `<...>`). */
-  private delim(
-    open: string,
-    items: Doc[],
-    close: string,
-    opts: {
-      space?: boolean;
-      trailingComma?: boolean;
-      forceBreak?: boolean;
-    } = {},
-  ): Doc {
-    if (items.length === 0) return open + close;
-    const ln = opts.space ? line : softline;
-    return group(
-      concat([
-        open,
-        indent(concat([ln, join(concat([",", line]), items)])),
-        opts.trailingComma ? ifBreak(",") : "",
-        ln,
-        close,
-      ]),
-      opts.forceBreak === true,
-    );
-  }
-
-  /** Semicolon-separated member block (`{ a; b }`), e.g. interfaces. */
-  private memberBlock(items: Doc[], forceBreak: boolean): Doc {
-    if (items.length === 0) return "{}";
-    return group(
-      concat([
-        "{",
-        indent(concat([line, join(concat([";", line]), items)])),
-        ifBreak(";"),
-        line,
-        "}",
-      ]),
-      forceBreak,
-    );
-  }
-
-  /** Always-broken statement block (`{ ... }`). */
-  private statementBlock(items: Doc[]): Doc {
-    if (items.length === 0) return "{}";
-    return concat([
-      "{",
-      indent(concat([hardline, join(hardline, items)])),
-      hardline,
-      "}",
-    ]);
-  }
-
-  private typeArguments(args: readonly Node[] | undefined): Doc {
-    return args && args.length
-      ? this.delim(
-          "<",
-          args.map((a) => this.emit(a)),
-          ">",
-          {
-            trailingComma: true,
-          },
-        )
-      : "";
-  }
-
-  private params(params: readonly Node[]): Doc {
-    return this.delim(
-      "(",
-      params.map((p) => this.emit(p)),
-      ")",
-      {
-        trailingComma: true,
-      },
-    );
-  }
-
-  private modifiers(
-    mods: readonly ModifierLike[] | undefined,
-    decoratorsOnNewLine: boolean,
-  ): Doc {
-    if (!mods || mods.length === 0) return "";
-    const decorators = mods.filter((m) => m.kind === "Decorator");
-    const tokens = mods.filter((m) => m.kind !== "Decorator");
-    const parts: Doc[] = [];
-    const gap: Doc = decoratorsOnNewLine ? hardline : " ";
-    if (decorators.length)
-      parts.push(
-        join(
-          gap,
-          decorators.map((d) => this.emit(d)),
-        ),
-        gap,
-      );
-    if (tokens.length)
-      parts.push(
-        join(
-          " ",
-          tokens.map((t) => this.emit(t)),
-        ),
-        " ",
-      );
-    return concat(parts);
-  }
-
-  private heritage(clauses: readonly Node[] | undefined): Doc {
-    return clauses && clauses.length
-      ? concat([
-          " ",
-          join(
-            " ",
-            clauses.map((c) => this.emit(c)),
-          ),
-        ])
-      : "";
-  }
-
-  private optType(type: Node | undefined): Doc {
-    return type ? concat([": ", this.emit(type)]) : "";
-  }
-
-  private optBody(body: Node | undefined): Doc {
-    return body ? concat([" ", this.emit(body)]) : ";";
-  }
-
-  private emit(node: Node): Doc {
-    switch (node.kind) {
-      /* names & tokens */
-      case "Identifier":
-        return node.text;
-      case "PrivateIdentifier":
-        return node.text;
-      case "QualifiedName":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.left), ".", this.emit(node.right)]);
-      case "Token":
-        return tokenToString(node.token);
-      case "Decorator":
-        return concat(["@", this.emit(node.expression)]);
-
-      /* literals */
-      case "StringLiteral":
-        return escapeString(node.text, node.singleQuote);
-      case "NumericLiteral":
-        return node.text;
-      case "BigIntLiteral":
-        return node.text;
-
-      /* expressions */
-      case "ArrayLiteralExpression":
-        return this.delim(
-          "[",
-          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
-          "]",
-          { trailingComma: true, forceBreak: node.multiLine === true },
-        );
-      case "ObjectLiteralExpression":
-        return this.delim(
-          "{",
-          node.properties.map((p) => this.emit(p)),
-          "}",
-          {
-            space: true,
-            trailingComma: true,
-            forceBreak: node.multiLine === true,
-          },
-        );
-      case "PropertyAssignment":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          ": ",
-          this.emit(node.initializer),
-        ]);
-      case "ShorthandPropertyAssignment":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.objectAssignmentInitializer
-            ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.objectAssignmentInitializer)])
-            : "",
-        ]);
-      case "SpreadAssignment":
-        return concat(["...", this.emit(node.expression)]);
-      case "PropertyAccessExpression":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.expression), ".", this.emit(node.name)]);
-      case "ElementAccessExpression":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          "[",
-          this.emit(node.argumentExpression),
-          "]",
-        ]);
-      case "CallExpression":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
-          this.params(node.arguments),
-        ]);
-      case "NewExpression":
-        return concat([
-          "new ",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
-          this.params(node.arguments ?? []),
-        ]);
-      case "ParenthesizedExpression":
-        return concat(["(", this.emit(node.expression), ")"]);
-      case "BinaryExpression":
-        return group(
-          concat([
-            this.emit(node.left),
-            " ",
-            tokenToString(node.operator),
-            indent(concat([line, this.emit(node.right)])),
-          ]),
-        );
-      case "PrefixUnaryExpression":
-        return concat([tokenToString(node.operator), this.emit(node.operand)]);
-      case "PostfixUnaryExpression":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.operand), tokenToString(node.operator)]);
-      case "ConditionalExpression":
-        return group(
-          concat([
-            this.emit(node.condition),
-            indent(
-              concat([
-                line,
-                "? ",
-                this.emit(node.whenTrue),
-                line,
-                ": ",
-                this.emit(node.whenFalse),
-              ]),
-            ),
-          ]),
-        );
-      case "ArrowFunction":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          this.optType(node.type),
-          " => ",
-          this.emit(node.body),
-        ]);
-      case "FunctionExpression":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          "function",
-          node.asteriskToken ? "*" : "",
-          node.name ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.name)]) : " ",
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          this.optType(node.type),
-          " ",
-          this.emit(node.body),
-        ]);
-      case "AsExpression":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          " as ",
-          this.emit(node.type),
-        ]);
-      case "SatisfiesExpression":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          " satisfies ",
-          this.emit(node.type),
-        ]);
-      case "NonNullExpression":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.expression), "!"]);
-      case "SpreadElement":
-        return concat(["...", this.emit(node.expression)]);
-      case "AwaitExpression":
-        return concat(["await ", this.emit(node.expression)]);
-      case "TypeOfExpression":
-        return concat(["typeof ", this.emit(node.expression)]);
-
-      /* types */
-      case "KeywordTypeNode":
-        return tokenToString(node.keyword);
-      case "TypeReferenceNode":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.typeName),
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
-        ]);
-      case "ArrayTypeNode":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.elementType), "[]"]);
-      case "UnionTypeNode":
-        return this.binaryType(
-          "|",
-          node.types.map((t) => this.emit(t)),
-        );
-      case "IntersectionTypeNode":
-        return this.binaryType(
-          "&",
-          node.types.map((t) => this.emit(t)),
-        );
-      case "LiteralTypeNode":
-        return this.emit(node.literal);
-      case "TypeLiteralNode":
-        return this.memberBlock(
-          node.members.map((m) => this.emit(m)),
-          false,
-        );
-      case "FunctionTypeNode":
-        return concat([
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          " => ",
-          this.emit(node.type),
-        ]);
-      case "TupleTypeNode":
-        return this.delim(
-          "[",
-          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
-          "]",
-          {
-            trailingComma: true,
-          },
-        );
-      case "ParenthesizedTypeNode":
-        return concat(["(", this.emit(node.type), ")"]);
-      case "TypeOperatorNode":
-        return concat([
-          tokenToString(node.operator),
-          " ",
-          this.emit(node.type),
-        ]);
-      case "IndexedAccessTypeNode":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.objectType),
-          "[",
-          this.emit(node.indexType),
-          "]",
-        ]);
-      case "TypeQueryNode":
-        return concat(["typeof ", this.emit(node.exprName)]);
-      case "ExpressionWithTypeArguments":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
-        ]);
-      case "PropertySignature":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.questionToken ? "?" : "",
-          this.optType(node.type),
-        ]);
-      case "IndexSignature":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          "[",
-          join(
-            ", ",
-            node.parameters.map((p) => this.emit(p)),
-          ),
-          "]: ",
-          this.emit(node.type),
-        ]);
-      case "MethodSignature":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.questionToken ? "?" : "",
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          this.optType(node.type),
-        ]);
-      case "TypeParameterDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.constraint
-            ? concat([" extends ", this.emit(node.constraint)])
-            : "",
-          node.default ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.default)]) : "",
-        ]);
-
-      /* support */
-      case "ParameterDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          node.dotDotDotToken ? "..." : "",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.questionToken ? "?" : "",
-          this.optType(node.type),
-          node.initializer ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.initializer)]) : "",
-        ]);
-      case "HeritageClause":
-        return concat([
-          tokenToString(node.token),
-          " ",
-          join(
-            ", ",
-            node.types.map((t) => this.emit(t)),
-          ),
-        ]);
-
-      /* statements */
-      case "VariableStatement":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          this.emit(node.declarationList),
-          ";",
-        ]);
-      case "VariableDeclarationList": {
-        const keyword: string =
-          node.flags === 2 ? "const" : node.flags === 1 ? "let" : "var";
-        return concat([
-          keyword,
-          " ",
-          join(
-            ", ",
-            node.declarations.map((d) => this.emit(d)),
-          ),
-        ]);
-      }
-      case "VariableDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.exclamationToken ? "!" : "",
-          this.optType(node.type),
-          node.initializer ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.initializer)]) : "",
-        ]);
-      case "ExpressionStatement":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.expression), ";"]);
-      case "ReturnStatement":
-        return node.expression
-          ? concat(["return ", this.emit(node.expression), ";"])
-          : "return;";
-      case "ThrowStatement":
-        return concat(["throw ", this.emit(node.expression), ";"]);
-      case "IfStatement":
-        return concat([
-          "if (",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          ") ",
-          this.emit(node.thenStatement),
-          node.elseStatement
-            ? concat([" else ", this.emit(node.elseStatement)])
-            : "",
-        ]);
-      case "Block":
-        return this.statementBlock(node.statements.map((s) => this.emit(s)));
-
-      /* declarations */
-      case "FunctionDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          "function",
-          node.asteriskToken ? "*" : "",
-          " ",
-          node.name ? this.emit(node.name) : "",
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          this.optType(node.type),
-          this.optBody(node.body),
-        ]);
-      case "ClassDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          "class",
-          node.name ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.name)]) : "",
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.heritage(node.heritageClauses),
-          " ",
-          this.statementBlock(node.members.map((m) => this.emit(m))),
-        ]);
-      case "PropertyDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.questionOrExclamationToken
-            ? this.emit(node.questionOrExclamationToken)
-            : "",
-          this.optType(node.type),
-          node.initializer ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.initializer)]) : "",
-          ";",
-        ]);
-      case "MethodDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          node.asteriskToken ? "*" : "",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.questionToken ? "?" : "",
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          this.optType(node.type),
-          this.optBody(node.body),
-        ]);
-      case "ConstructorDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          "constructor",
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          this.optBody(node.body),
-        ]);
-      case "GetAccessorDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          "get ",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          this.optType(node.type),
-          this.optBody(node.body),
-        ]);
-      case "SetAccessorDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          "set ",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          this.optBody(node.body),
-        ]);
-      case "InterfaceDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          "interface ",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.heritage(node.heritageClauses),
-          " ",
-          this.memberBlock(
-            node.members.map((m) => this.emit(m)),
-            true,
-          ),
-        ]);
-      case "TypeAliasDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          "type ",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          " = ",
-          this.emit(node.type),
-          ";",
-        ]);
-      case "EnumDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          "enum ",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          " ",
-          node.members.length === 0
-            ? "{}"
-            : concat([
-                "{",
-                indent(
-                  concat([
-                    hardline,
-                    join(
-                      concat([",", hardline]),
-                      node.members.map((m) => this.emit(m)),
-                    ),
-                    ",",
-                  ]),
-                ),
-                hardline,
-                "}",
-              ]),
-        ]);
-      case "EnumMember":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.initializer ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.initializer)]) : "",
-        ]);
-
-      /* imports & exports */
-      case "ImportDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          "import ",
-          node.importClause
-            ? concat([this.emit(node.importClause), " from "])
-            : "",
-          this.emit(node.moduleSpecifier),
-          ";",
-        ]);
-      case "ImportClause": {
-        const named: Doc[] = [];
-        if (node.name) named.push(this.emit(node.name));
-        if (node.namedBindings) named.push(this.emit(node.namedBindings));
-        return concat([node.isTypeOnly ? "type " : "", join(", ", named)]);
-      }
-      case "NamedImports":
-        return this.delim(
-          "{",
-          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
-          "}",
-          { space: true, trailingComma: true },
-        );
-      case "ImportSpecifier":
-        return concat([
-          node.isTypeOnly ? "type " : "",
-          node.propertyName
-            ? concat([this.emit(node.propertyName), " as "])
-            : "",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-        ]);
-      case "NamespaceImport":
-        return concat(["* as ", this.emit(node.name)]);
-      case "ExportDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          "export ",
-          node.isTypeOnly ? "type " : "",
-          node.exportClause ? this.emit(node.exportClause) : "*",
-          node.moduleSpecifier
-            ? concat([" from ", this.emit(node.moduleSpecifier)])
-            : "",
-          ";",
-        ]);
-      case "NamedExports":
-        return this.delim(
-          "{",
-          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
-          "}",
-          { space: true, trailingComma: true },
-        );
-      case "ExportSpecifier":
-        return concat([
-          node.isTypeOnly ? "type " : "",
-          node.propertyName
-            ? concat([this.emit(node.propertyName), " as "])
-            : "",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-        ]);
-      case "ExportAssignment":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          node.isExportEquals ? "export = " : "export default ",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          ";",
-        ]);
-
-      /* source file */
-      case "SourceFile":
-        return concat([
-          join(
-            hardline,
-            node.statements.map((s) => this.emit(s)),
-          ),
-          hardline,
-        ]);
-
-      /* loops & flow */
-      case "ForStatement":
-        return concat([
-          "for (",
-          node.initializer ? this.emit(node.initializer) : "",
-          "; ",
-          node.condition ? this.emit(node.condition) : "",
-          "; ",
-          node.incrementor ? this.emit(node.incrementor) : "",
-          ") ",
-          this.emit(node.statement),
-        ]);
-      case "ForInStatement":
-        return concat([
-          "for (",
-          this.emit(node.initializer),
-          " in ",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          ") ",
-          this.emit(node.statement),
-        ]);
-      case "ForOfStatement":
-        return concat([
-          "for ",
-          node.awaitModifier ? "await " : "",
-          "(",
-          this.emit(node.initializer),
-          " of ",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          ") ",
-          this.emit(node.statement),
-        ]);
-      case "WhileStatement":
-        return concat([
-          "while (",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          ") ",
-          this.emit(node.statement),
-        ]);
-      case "DoStatement":
-        return concat([
-          "do ",
-          this.emit(node.statement),
-          " while (",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          ");",
-        ]);
-      case "SwitchStatement":
-        return concat([
-          "switch (",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          ") ",
-          this.emit(node.caseBlock),
-        ]);
-      case "CaseBlock":
-        return node.clauses.length === 0
-          ? "{}"
-          : concat([
-              "{",
-              indent(
-                concat([
-                  hardline,
-                  join(
-                    hardline,
-                    node.clauses.map((c) => this.emit(c)),
-                  ),
-                ]),
-              ),
-              hardline,
-              "}",
-            ]);
-      case "CaseClause":
-        return concat([
-          "case ",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          ":",
-          node.statements.length
-            ? indent(
-                concat([
-                  hardline,
-                  join(
-                    hardline,
-                    node.statements.map((s) => this.emit(s)),
-                  ),
-                ]),
-              )
-            : "",
-        ]);
-      case "DefaultClause":
-        return concat([
-          "default:",
-          node.statements.length
-            ? indent(
-                concat([
-                  hardline,
-                  join(
-                    hardline,
-                    node.statements.map((s) => this.emit(s)),
-                  ),
-                ]),
-              )
-            : "",
-        ]);
-      case "BreakStatement":
-        return node.label
-          ? concat(["break ", this.emit(node.label), ";"])
-          : "break;";
-      case "ContinueStatement":
-        return node.label
-          ? concat(["continue ", this.emit(node.label), ";"])
-          : "continue;";
-      case "TryStatement":
-        return concat([
-          "try ",
-          this.emit(node.tryBlock),
-          node.catchClause ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.catchClause)]) : "",
-          node.finallyBlock
-            ? concat([" finally ", this.emit(node.finallyBlock)])
-            : "",
-        ]);
-      case "CatchClause":
-        return node.variableDeclaration
-          ? concat([
-              "catch (",
-              this.emit(node.variableDeclaration),
-              ") ",
-              this.emit(node.block),
-            ])
-          : concat(["catch ", this.emit(node.block)]);
-      case "LabeledStatement":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.label), ": ", this.emit(node.statement)]);
-      case "WithStatement":
-        return concat([
-          "with (",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          ") ",
-          this.emit(node.statement),
-        ]);
-      case "DebuggerStatement":
-        return "debugger;";
-      case "EmptyStatement":
-        return ";";
-
-      /* modules & namespaces */
-      case "ModuleDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          node.name.kind === "StringLiteral" ? "module " : "namespace ",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.body ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.body)]) : ";",
-        ]);
-      case "ModuleBlock":
-        return this.statementBlock(node.statements.map((s) => this.emit(s)));
-      case "ClassStaticBlockDeclaration":
-        return concat(["static ", this.emit(node.body)]);
-      case "ImportEqualsDeclaration":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          "import ",
-          node.isTypeOnly ? "type " : "",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          " = ",
-          this.emit(node.moduleReference),
-          ";",
-        ]);
-      case "ExternalModuleReference":
-        return concat(["require(", this.emit(node.expression), ")"]);
-      case "NamespaceExportDeclaration":
-        return concat(["export as namespace ", this.emit(node.name), ";"]);
-      case "SemicolonClassElement":
-        return ";";
-      case "NamespaceExport":
-        return concat(["* as ", this.emit(node.name)]);
-
-      /* advanced types */
-      case "ThisTypeNode":
-        return "this";
-      case "ConstructorTypeNode":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
-          "new ",
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          " => ",
-          this.emit(node.type),
-        ]);
-      case "TypePredicateNode":
-        return concat([
-          node.assertsModifier ? "asserts " : "",
-          this.emit(node.parameterName),
-          node.type ? concat([" is ", this.emit(node.type)]) : "",
-        ]);
-      case "ConditionalTypeNode":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.checkType),
-          " extends ",
-          this.emit(node.extendsType),
-          " ? ",
-          this.emit(node.trueType),
-          " : ",
-          this.emit(node.falseType),
-        ]);
-      case "InferTypeNode":
-        return concat(["infer ", this.emit(node.typeParameter)]);
-      case "MappedTypeNode": {
-        const ro = node.readonlyToken
-          ? tokenToString(node.readonlyToken.token) === "readonly"
-            ? "readonly "
-            : `${tokenToString(node.readonlyToken.token)}readonly `
-          : "";
-        const q = node.questionToken
-          ? tokenToString(node.questionToken.token) === "?"
-            ? "?"
-            : `${tokenToString(node.questionToken.token)}?`
-          : "";
-        return concat([
-          "{ ",
-          ro,
-          "[",
-          this.emit(node.typeParameter.name),
-          " in ",
-          node.typeParameter.constraint
-            ? this.emit(node.typeParameter.constraint)
-            : "",
-          node.nameType ? concat([" as ", this.emit(node.nameType)]) : "",
-          "]",
-          q,
-          node.type ? concat([": ", this.emit(node.type)]) : "",
-          " }",
-        ]);
-      }
-      case "TemplateLiteralType":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.head),
-          concat(node.templateSpans.map((s) => this.emit(s))),
-        ]);
-      case "TemplateLiteralTypeSpan":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.type), this.emit(node.literal)]);
-      case "NamedTupleMember":
-        return concat([
-          node.dotDotDotToken ? "..." : "",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.questionToken ? "?" : "",
-          ": ",
-          this.emit(node.type),
-        ]);
-      case "OptionalTypeNode":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.type), "?"]);
-      case "RestTypeNode":
-        return concat(["...", this.emit(node.type)]);
-      case "ImportTypeNode":
-        return concat([
-          node.isTypeOf ? "typeof " : "",
-          "import(",
-          this.emit(node.argument),
-          ")",
-          node.qualifier ? concat([".", this.emit(node.qualifier)]) : "",
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
-        ]);
-      case "CallSignature":
-        return concat([
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          this.optType(node.type),
-        ]);
-      case "ConstructSignature":
-        return concat([
-          "new ",
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.params(node.parameters),
-          this.optType(node.type),
-        ]);
-
-      /* template literals */
-      case "TemplateHead":
-        return concat(["`", node.text, "${"]);
-      case "TemplateMiddle":
-        return concat(["}", node.text, "${"]);
-      case "TemplateTail":
-        return concat(["}", node.text, "`"]);
-      case "NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral":
-        return concat(["`", node.text, "`"]);
-
-      /* template & misc expressions */
-      case "TemplateExpression":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.head),
-          concat(node.templateSpans.map((s) => this.emit(s))),
-        ]);
-      case "TemplateSpan":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.expression), this.emit(node.literal)]);
-      case "TaggedTemplateExpression":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.tag),
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
-          this.emit(node.template),
-        ]);
-      case "YieldExpression":
-        return concat([
-          "yield",
-          node.asteriskToken ? "*" : "",
-          node.expression ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.expression)]) : "",
-        ]);
-      case "DeleteExpression":
-        return concat(["delete ", this.emit(node.expression)]);
-      case "VoidExpression":
-        return concat(["void ", this.emit(node.expression)]);
-      case "RegularExpressionLiteral":
-        return node.text;
-      case "ClassExpression":
-        return concat([
-          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
-          "class",
-          node.name ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.name)]) : "",
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
-          this.heritage(node.heritageClauses),
-          " ",
-          this.statementBlock(node.members.map((m) => this.emit(m))),
-        ]);
-      case "MetaProperty":
-        return concat([
-          tokenToString(node.keywordToken),
-          ".",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-        ]);
-      case "CommaListExpression":
-        return join(
-          ", ",
-          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
-        );
-      case "ComputedPropertyName":
-        return concat(["[", this.emit(node.expression), "]"]);
-      case "OmittedExpression":
-        return "";
-      case "BindingElement":
-        return concat([
-          node.dotDotDotToken ? "..." : "",
-          node.propertyName ? concat([this.emit(node.propertyName), ": "]) : "",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-          node.initializer ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.initializer)]) : "",
-        ]);
-      case "ObjectBindingPattern":
-        return this.delim(
-          "{",
-          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
-          "}",
-          { space: true, trailingComma: true },
-        );
-      case "ArrayBindingPattern":
-        return this.delim(
-          "[",
-          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
-          "]",
-          { trailingComma: true },
-        );
-      case "TypeAssertion":
-        return concat([
-          "<",
-          this.emit(node.type),
-          ">",
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-        ]);
-      case "PropertyAccessChain":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          node.questionDotToken ? "?." : ".",
-          this.emit(node.name),
-        ]);
-      case "ElementAccessChain":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          node.questionDotToken ? "?." : "",
-          "[",
-          this.emit(node.argumentExpression),
-          "]",
-        ]);
-      case "CallChain":
-        return concat([
-          this.emit(node.expression),
-          node.questionDotToken ? "?." : "",
-          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
-          this.params(node.arguments),
-        ]);
-      case "NonNullChain":
-        return concat([this.emit(node.expression), "!"]);
-
-      default:
-        return this.unsupported(node);
-    }
-  }
-
-  /** Width-aware `|` / `&` type list with leading-operator breaks. */
-  private binaryType(operator: string, parts: Doc[]): Doc {
-    if (parts.length === 1) return parts[0]!;
-    return group(
-      indent(
-        concat([
-          ifBreak(concat([line, operator, " "])),
-          join(concat([line, operator, " "]), parts),
-        ]),
-      ),
-    );
-  }
-
-  private unsupported(node: never): never {
-    throw new Error(
-      `@ttsc/factory: TsPrinter cannot print node of kind "${
-        (node as Node).kind
-      }".`,
-    );
-  }
-}
+import type { ModifierLike, Node, SourceFile, Statement } from "./ast";
+import type { SynthesizedComment } from "./comments";
+import {
+  getSyntheticLeadingComments,
+  getSyntheticTrailingComments,
+} from "./comments";
+import type { Doc } from "./internal/doc";
+import {
+  concat,
+  group,
+  hardline,
+  ifBreak,
+  indent,
+  join,
+  line,
+  printDocToString,
+  softline,
+} from "./internal/doc";
+import { NodeFlags, SyntaxKind } from "./syntax";
+
+/** Options for {@link TsPrinter}. */
+export interface TsPrinterOptions {
+  /** Maximum line width before groups break. Defaults to `80`. */
+  printWidth?: number;
+  /** Indentation unit. Defaults to two spaces. */
+  indent?: string;
+  /** New line sequence. Defaults to `"\n"` (LineFeed). */
+  newLine?: string;
+}
+
+const escapeString = (text: string, singleQuote?: boolean): string => {
+  const escaped: string = text
+    .replace(/\\/g, "\\\\")
+    .replace(/\n/g, "\\n")
+    .replace(/\r/g, "\\r")
+    .replace(/\t/g, "\\t");
+  return singleQuote === true
+    ? `'${escaped.replace(/'/g, "\\'")}'`
+    : `"${escaped.replace(/"/g, '\\"')}"`;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Printer turning {@link factory} produced AST nodes into TypeScript source
+ * text.
+ *
+ * The printer is a width-aware pretty-printer: it builds a Prettier-style
+ * document for the {@link Node} discriminated union and lays it out against
+ * {@link TsPrinterOptions.printWidth}. Lists (arguments, parameters, generic
+ * arguments, array / object members, ...) print on one line when they fit and
+ * break onto indented lines — with trailing commas — when they do not. Every
+ * `node.kind` narrows to its concrete type, so the walk is fully type-checked;
+ * no `typescript` module is involved.
+ *
+ * @author Jeongho Nam - https://github.com/samchon
+ * @example
+ *   ```typescript
+ *   import factory, { TsPrinter } from "@ttsc/factory";
+ *
+ *   const printer = new TsPrinter({ printWidth: 80, indent: "  " });
+ *   printer.print(factory.createStringLiteral("hello")); // "hello"
+ *   ```;
+ */
+export class TsPrinter {
+  private readonly printWidth_: number;
+  private readonly indent_: string;
+  private readonly newLine_: string;
+
+  public constructor(options: TsPrinterOptions = {}) {
+    this.printWidth_ = options.printWidth ?? 80;
+    this.indent_ = options.indent ?? "  ";
+    this.newLine_ = options.newLine ?? "\n";
+  }
+
+  /** Print a single node (or a whole {@link SourceFile}) into source text. */
+  public print(node: Node): string {
+    return this.layout(this.emit(node));
+  }
+
+  /** Print multiple nodes, joining them with new lines. */
+  public printNodes(nodes: readonly Node[]): string {
+    return this.layout(
+      join(
+        hardline,
+        nodes.map((n) => this.emit(n)),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Print an entire source file.
+   *
+   * @param sourceFile A {@link SourceFile}. When omitted, one is composed from
+   *   the given `statements`.
+   * @param statements Statements to compose a source file from when no
+   *   `sourceFile` is provided.
+   */
+  public printFile(
+    sourceFile?: SourceFile,
+    statements: readonly Statement[] = [],
+  ): string {
+    const list: readonly Statement[] = sourceFile
+      ? sourceFile.statements
+      : statements;
+    return (
+      this.layout(
+        join(
+          hardline,
+          list.map((s) => this.emit(s)),
+        ),
+      ) + this.newLine_
+    );
+  }
+
+  /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  /*  INTERNAL                                                               */
+  /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+  private layout(doc: Doc): string {
+    return printDocToString(doc, {
+      printWidth: this.printWidth_,
+      indent: this.indent_,
+      newLine: this.newLine_,
+    });
+  }
+
+  /** Comma-separated, width-aware delimited list (`(...)`, `[...]`, `<...>`). */
+  private delim(
+    open: string,
+    items: Doc[],
+    close: string,
+    opts: {
+      space?: boolean;
+      trailingComma?: boolean;
+      forceBreak?: boolean;
+    } = {},
+  ): Doc {
+    if (items.length === 0) return open + close;
+    const ln = opts.space ? line : softline;
+    return group(
+      concat([
+        open,
+        indent(concat([ln, join(concat([",", line]), items)])),
+        opts.trailingComma ? ifBreak(",") : "",
+        ln,
+        close,
+      ]),
+      opts.forceBreak === true,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Semicolon-separated member block (`{ a; b }`), e.g. interfaces.
+   *
+   * A bare {@link import("./ast").Identifier} member acts as a blank-line spacer
+   * (the legacy `createIdentifier("\n")` codegen idiom): it inserts an empty
+   * line between members and carries no `;` terminator, matching the legacy
+   * printer.
+   */
+  private memberBlock(members: readonly Node[], forceBreak: boolean): Doc {
+    const inner: Doc[] = [];
+    let first: boolean = true;
+    let blank: boolean = false;
+    for (const member of members) {
+      if (member.kind === "Identifier") {
+        blank = true;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (!first) inner.push(";", line);
+      if (blank) {
+        inner.push(hardline);
+        blank = false;
+      }
+      inner.push(this.emit(member));
+      first = false;
+    }
+    if (inner.length === 0) return "{}";
+    return group(
+      concat([
+        "{",
+        indent(concat([line, concat(inner)])),
+        ifBreak(";"),
+        line,
+        "}",
+      ]),
+      forceBreak,
+    );
+  }
+
+  /** Always-broken statement block (`{ ... }`). */
+  private statementBlock(items: Doc[]): Doc {
+    if (items.length === 0) return "{}";
+    return concat([
+      "{",
+      indent(concat([hardline, join(hardline, items)])),
+      hardline,
+      "}",
+    ]);
+  }
+
+  private typeArguments(args: readonly Node[] | undefined): Doc {
+    // type-argument / type-parameter lists disallow a trailing comma (TS1009)
+    return args && args.length
+      ? this.delim(
+          "<",
+          args.map((a) => this.emit(a)),
+          ">",
+          {
+            trailingComma: false,
+          },
+        )
+      : "";
+  }
+
+  private params(params: readonly Node[]): Doc {
+    return this.delim(
+      "(",
+      params.map((p) => this.emit(p)),
+      ")",
+      {
+        trailingComma: true,
+      },
+    );
+  }
+
+  private modifiers(
+    mods: readonly ModifierLike[] | undefined,
+    decoratorsOnNewLine: boolean,
+  ): Doc {
+    if (!mods || mods.length === 0) return "";
+    const decorators = mods.filter((m) => m.kind === "Decorator");
+    const tokens = mods.filter((m) => m.kind !== "Decorator");
+    const parts: Doc[] = [];
+    const gap: Doc = decoratorsOnNewLine ? hardline : " ";
+    if (decorators.length)
+      parts.push(
+        join(
+          gap,
+          decorators.map((d) => this.emit(d)),
+        ),
+        gap,
+      );
+    if (tokens.length)
+      parts.push(
+        join(
+          " ",
+          tokens.map((t) => this.emit(t)),
+        ),
+        " ",
+      );
+    return concat(parts);
+  }
+
+  private heritage(clauses: readonly Node[] | undefined): Doc {
+    return clauses && clauses.length
+      ? concat([
+          " ",
+          join(
+            " ",
+            clauses.map((c) => this.emit(c)),
+          ),
+        ])
+      : "";
+  }
+
+  private optType(type: Node | undefined): Doc {
+    return type ? concat([": ", this.emit(type)]) : "";
+  }
+
+  private optBody(body: Node | undefined): Doc {
+    return body ? concat([" ", this.emit(body)]) : ";";
+  }
+
+  private emit(node: Node): Doc {
+    const body: Doc = this.emitNode(node);
+    const leading: SynthesizedComment[] | undefined =
+      getSyntheticLeadingComments(node);
+    const trailing: SynthesizedComment[] | undefined =
+      getSyntheticTrailingComments(node);
+    if (
+      (leading === undefined || leading.length === 0) &&
+      (trailing === undefined || trailing.length === 0)
+    )
+      return body;
+    const parts: Doc[] = [];
+    if (leading !== undefined)
+      for (const comment of leading) parts.push(this.leadingComment(comment));
+    parts.push(body);
+    if (trailing !== undefined)
+      for (const comment of trailing) parts.push(this.trailingComment(comment));
+    return concat(parts);
+  }
+
+  /** Render a leading comment followed by its node separator. */
+  private leadingComment(comment: SynthesizedComment): Doc {
+    // a `//` comment must terminate the line; a `/* */` honours its own flag
+    const newLine: boolean =
+      comment.kind === SyntaxKind.SingleLineCommentTrivia ||
+      comment.hasTrailingNewLine === true;
+    return concat([this.commentBody(comment), newLine ? hardline : " "]);
+  }
+
+  /** Render a trailing comment preceded by its node separator. */
+  private trailingComment(comment: SynthesizedComment): Doc {
+    const newLine: boolean =
+      comment.kind === SyntaxKind.SingleLineCommentTrivia ||
+      comment.hasTrailingNewLine === true;
+    return concat([
+      comment.hasLeadingNewLine === true ? hardline : " ",
+      this.commentBody(comment),
+      newLine ? hardline : "",
+    ]);
+  }
+
+  /** Render the delimited comment body, re-flowing embedded line breaks. */
+  private commentBody(comment: SynthesizedComment): Doc {
+    if (comment.kind === SyntaxKind.SingleLineCommentTrivia)
+      return concat(["//", comment.text]);
+    // re-emit embedded newlines as hardlines so each line re-indents in place
+    return concat([
+      "/*",
+      join(hardline, comment.text.replace(/\r\n?/g, "\n").split("\n")),
+      "*/",
+    ]);
+  }
+
+  private emitNode(node: Node): Doc {
+    switch (node.kind) {
+      /* names & tokens */
+      case "Identifier":
+        return node.text;
+      case "PrivateIdentifier":
+        return node.text;
+      case "QualifiedName":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.left), ".", this.emit(node.right)]);
+      case "Token":
+        return node.token;
+      case "Decorator":
+        return concat(["@", this.emit(node.expression)]);
+
+      /* literals */
+      case "StringLiteral":
+        return escapeString(node.text, node.singleQuote);
+      case "NumericLiteral":
+        return node.text;
+      case "BigIntLiteral":
+        return node.text;
+
+      /* expressions */
+      case "ArrayLiteralExpression":
+        return this.delim(
+          "[",
+          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
+          "]",
+          { trailingComma: true, forceBreak: node.multiLine === true },
+        );
+      case "ObjectLiteralExpression":
+        return this.delim(
+          "{",
+          node.properties.map((p) => this.emit(p)),
+          "}",
+          {
+            space: true,
+            trailingComma: true,
+            forceBreak: node.multiLine === true,
+          },
+        );
+      case "PropertyAssignment":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          ": ",
+          this.emit(node.initializer),
+        ]);
+      case "ShorthandPropertyAssignment":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.objectAssignmentInitializer
+            ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.objectAssignmentInitializer)])
+            : "",
+        ]);
+      case "SpreadAssignment":
+        return concat(["...", this.emit(node.expression)]);
+      case "PropertyAccessExpression":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.expression), ".", this.emit(node.name)]);
+      case "ElementAccessExpression":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          "[",
+          this.emit(node.argumentExpression),
+          "]",
+        ]);
+      case "CallExpression":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
+          this.params(node.arguments),
+        ]);
+      case "NewExpression":
+        return concat([
+          "new ",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
+          this.params(node.arguments ?? []),
+        ]);
+      case "ParenthesizedExpression":
+        return concat(["(", this.emit(node.expression), ")"]);
+      case "BinaryExpression":
+        return group(
+          concat([
+            this.emit(node.left),
+            " ",
+            node.operator,
+            indent(concat([line, this.emit(node.right)])),
+          ]),
+        );
+      case "PrefixUnaryExpression":
+        return concat([node.operator, this.emit(node.operand)]);
+      case "PostfixUnaryExpression":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.operand), node.operator]);
+      case "ConditionalExpression":
+        return group(
+          concat([
+            this.emit(node.condition),
+            indent(
+              concat([
+                line,
+                "? ",
+                this.emit(node.whenTrue),
+                line,
+                ": ",
+                this.emit(node.whenFalse),
+              ]),
+            ),
+          ]),
+        );
+      case "ArrowFunction":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          this.optType(node.type),
+          " => ",
+          this.emit(node.body),
+        ]);
+      case "FunctionExpression":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          "function",
+          node.asteriskToken ? "*" : "",
+          node.name ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.name)]) : " ",
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          this.optType(node.type),
+          " ",
+          this.emit(node.body),
+        ]);
+      case "AsExpression":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          " as ",
+          this.emit(node.type),
+        ]);
+      case "SatisfiesExpression":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          " satisfies ",
+          this.emit(node.type),
+        ]);
+      case "NonNullExpression":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.expression), "!"]);
+      case "SpreadElement":
+        return concat(["...", this.emit(node.expression)]);
+      case "AwaitExpression":
+        return concat(["await ", this.emit(node.expression)]);
+      case "TypeOfExpression":
+        return concat(["typeof ", this.emit(node.expression)]);
+
+      /* types */
+      case "KeywordTypeNode":
+        return node.keyword;
+      case "TypeReferenceNode":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.typeName),
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
+        ]);
+      case "ArrayTypeNode":
+        return concat([this.postfixTypeOperand(node.elementType), "[]"]);
+      case "UnionTypeNode":
+        return this.binaryType(
+          "|",
+          node.types.map((t) => this.emit(t)),
+        );
+      case "IntersectionTypeNode":
+        return this.binaryType(
+          "&",
+          node.types.map((t) => this.emit(t)),
+        );
+      case "LiteralTypeNode":
+        return this.emit(node.literal);
+      case "TypeLiteralNode":
+        return this.memberBlock(node.members, false);
+      case "FunctionTypeNode":
+        return concat([
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          " => ",
+          this.emit(node.type),
+        ]);
+      case "TupleTypeNode":
+        return this.delim(
+          "[",
+          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
+          "]",
+          {
+            trailingComma: true,
+          },
+        );
+      case "ParenthesizedTypeNode":
+        return concat(["(", this.emit(node.type), ")"]);
+      case "TypeOperatorNode":
+        return concat([node.operator, " ", this.emit(node.type)]);
+      case "IndexedAccessTypeNode":
+        return concat([
+          this.postfixTypeOperand(node.objectType),
+          "[",
+          this.emit(node.indexType),
+          "]",
+        ]);
+      case "TypeQueryNode":
+        return concat(["typeof ", this.emit(node.exprName)]);
+      case "ExpressionWithTypeArguments":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
+        ]);
+      case "PropertySignature":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.questionToken ? "?" : "",
+          this.optType(node.type),
+        ]);
+      case "IndexSignature":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          "[",
+          join(
+            ", ",
+            node.parameters.map((p) => this.emit(p)),
+          ),
+          "]: ",
+          this.emit(node.type),
+        ]);
+      case "MethodSignature":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.questionToken ? "?" : "",
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          this.optType(node.type),
+        ]);
+      case "TypeParameterDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.constraint
+            ? concat([" extends ", this.emit(node.constraint)])
+            : "",
+          node.default ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.default)]) : "",
+        ]);
+
+      /* support */
+      case "ParameterDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          node.dotDotDotToken ? "..." : "",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.questionToken ? "?" : "",
+          this.optType(node.type),
+          node.initializer ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.initializer)]) : "",
+        ]);
+      case "HeritageClause":
+        return concat([
+          node.token,
+          " ",
+          join(
+            ", ",
+            node.types.map((t) => this.emit(t)),
+          ),
+        ]);
+
+      /* statements */
+      case "VariableStatement":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          this.emit(node.declarationList),
+          ";",
+        ]);
+      case "VariableDeclarationList": {
+        const keyword: string =
+          node.flags === NodeFlags.Const
+            ? "const"
+            : node.flags === NodeFlags.Let
+              ? "let"
+              : "var";
+        return concat([
+          keyword,
+          " ",
+          join(
+            ", ",
+            node.declarations.map((d) => this.emit(d)),
+          ),
+        ]);
+      }
+      case "VariableDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.exclamationToken ? "!" : "",
+          this.optType(node.type),
+          node.initializer ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.initializer)]) : "",
+        ]);
+      case "ExpressionStatement":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.expression), ";"]);
+      case "ReturnStatement":
+        return node.expression
+          ? concat(["return ", this.emit(node.expression), ";"])
+          : "return;";
+      case "ThrowStatement":
+        return concat(["throw ", this.emit(node.expression), ";"]);
+      case "IfStatement":
+        return concat([
+          "if (",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          ") ",
+          this.emit(node.thenStatement),
+          node.elseStatement
+            ? concat([" else ", this.emit(node.elseStatement)])
+            : "",
+        ]);
+      case "Block":
+        return this.statementBlock(node.statements.map((s) => this.emit(s)));
+
+      /* declarations */
+      case "FunctionDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          "function",
+          node.asteriskToken ? "*" : "",
+          " ",
+          node.name ? this.emit(node.name) : "",
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          this.optType(node.type),
+          this.optBody(node.body),
+        ]);
+      case "ClassDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          "class",
+          node.name ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.name)]) : "",
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.heritage(node.heritageClauses),
+          " ",
+          this.statementBlock(node.members.map((m) => this.emit(m))),
+        ]);
+      case "PropertyDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.questionOrExclamationToken
+            ? this.emit(node.questionOrExclamationToken)
+            : "",
+          this.optType(node.type),
+          node.initializer ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.initializer)]) : "",
+          ";",
+        ]);
+      case "MethodDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          node.asteriskToken ? "*" : "",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.questionToken ? "?" : "",
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          this.optType(node.type),
+          this.optBody(node.body),
+        ]);
+      case "ConstructorDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          "constructor",
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          this.optBody(node.body),
+        ]);
+      case "GetAccessorDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          "get ",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          this.optType(node.type),
+          this.optBody(node.body),
+        ]);
+      case "SetAccessorDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          "set ",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          this.optBody(node.body),
+        ]);
+      case "InterfaceDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          "interface ",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.heritage(node.heritageClauses),
+          " ",
+          this.memberBlock(node.members, true),
+        ]);
+      case "TypeAliasDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          "type ",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          " = ",
+          this.emit(node.type),
+          ";",
+        ]);
+      case "EnumDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          "enum ",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          " ",
+          node.members.length === 0
+            ? "{}"
+            : concat([
+                "{",
+                indent(
+                  concat([
+                    hardline,
+                    join(
+                      concat([",", hardline]),
+                      node.members.map((m) => this.emit(m)),
+                    ),
+                    ",",
+                  ]),
+                ),
+                hardline,
+                "}",
+              ]),
+        ]);
+      case "EnumMember":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.initializer ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.initializer)]) : "",
+        ]);
+
+      /* imports & exports */
+      case "ImportDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          "import ",
+          node.importClause
+            ? concat([this.emit(node.importClause), " from "])
+            : "",
+          this.emit(node.moduleSpecifier),
+          ";",
+        ]);
+      case "ImportClause": {
+        const named: Doc[] = [];
+        if (node.name) named.push(this.emit(node.name));
+        if (node.namedBindings) named.push(this.emit(node.namedBindings));
+        return concat([node.isTypeOnly ? "type " : "", join(", ", named)]);
+      }
+      case "NamedImports":
+        return this.delim(
+          "{",
+          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
+          "}",
+          { space: true, trailingComma: true },
+        );
+      case "ImportSpecifier":
+        return concat([
+          node.isTypeOnly ? "type " : "",
+          node.propertyName
+            ? concat([this.emit(node.propertyName), " as "])
+            : "",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+        ]);
+      case "NamespaceImport":
+        return concat(["* as ", this.emit(node.name)]);
+      case "ExportDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          "export ",
+          node.isTypeOnly ? "type " : "",
+          node.exportClause ? this.emit(node.exportClause) : "*",
+          node.moduleSpecifier
+            ? concat([" from ", this.emit(node.moduleSpecifier)])
+            : "",
+          ";",
+        ]);
+      case "NamedExports":
+        return this.delim(
+          "{",
+          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
+          "}",
+          { space: true, trailingComma: true },
+        );
+      case "ExportSpecifier":
+        return concat([
+          node.isTypeOnly ? "type " : "",
+          node.propertyName
+            ? concat([this.emit(node.propertyName), " as "])
+            : "",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+        ]);
+      case "ExportAssignment":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          node.isExportEquals ? "export = " : "export default ",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          ";",
+        ]);
+
+      /* source file */
+      case "SourceFile":
+        return concat([
+          join(
+            hardline,
+            node.statements.map((s) => this.emit(s)),
+          ),
+          hardline,
+        ]);
+
+      /* loops & flow */
+      case "ForStatement":
+        return concat([
+          "for (",
+          node.initializer ? this.emit(node.initializer) : "",
+          "; ",
+          node.condition ? this.emit(node.condition) : "",
+          "; ",
+          node.incrementor ? this.emit(node.incrementor) : "",
+          ") ",
+          this.emit(node.statement),
+        ]);
+      case "ForInStatement":
+        return concat([
+          "for (",
+          this.emit(node.initializer),
+          " in ",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          ") ",
+          this.emit(node.statement),
+        ]);
+      case "ForOfStatement":
+        return concat([
+          "for ",
+          node.awaitModifier ? "await " : "",
+          "(",
+          this.emit(node.initializer),
+          " of ",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          ") ",
+          this.emit(node.statement),
+        ]);
+      case "WhileStatement":
+        return concat([
+          "while (",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          ") ",
+          this.emit(node.statement),
+        ]);
+      case "DoStatement":
+        return concat([
+          "do ",
+          this.emit(node.statement),
+          " while (",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          ");",
+        ]);
+      case "SwitchStatement":
+        return concat([
+          "switch (",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          ") ",
+          this.emit(node.caseBlock),
+        ]);
+      case "CaseBlock":
+        return node.clauses.length === 0
+          ? "{}"
+          : concat([
+              "{",
+              indent(
+                concat([
+                  hardline,
+                  join(
+                    hardline,
+                    node.clauses.map((c) => this.emit(c)),
+                  ),
+                ]),
+              ),
+              hardline,
+              "}",
+            ]);
+      case "CaseClause":
+        return concat([
+          "case ",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          ":",
+          node.statements.length
+            ? indent(
+                concat([
+                  hardline,
+                  join(
+                    hardline,
+                    node.statements.map((s) => this.emit(s)),
+                  ),
+                ]),
+              )
+            : "",
+        ]);
+      case "DefaultClause":
+        return concat([
+          "default:",
+          node.statements.length
+            ? indent(
+                concat([
+                  hardline,
+                  join(
+                    hardline,
+                    node.statements.map((s) => this.emit(s)),
+                  ),
+                ]),
+              )
+            : "",
+        ]);
+      case "BreakStatement":
+        return node.label
+          ? concat(["break ", this.emit(node.label), ";"])
+          : "break;";
+      case "ContinueStatement":
+        return node.label
+          ? concat(["continue ", this.emit(node.label), ";"])
+          : "continue;";
+      case "TryStatement":
+        return concat([
+          "try ",
+          this.emit(node.tryBlock),
+          node.catchClause ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.catchClause)]) : "",
+          node.finallyBlock
+            ? concat([" finally ", this.emit(node.finallyBlock)])
+            : "",
+        ]);
+      case "CatchClause":
+        return node.variableDeclaration
+          ? concat([
+              "catch (",
+              this.emit(node.variableDeclaration),
+              ") ",
+              this.emit(node.block),
+            ])
+          : concat(["catch ", this.emit(node.block)]);
+      case "LabeledStatement":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.label), ": ", this.emit(node.statement)]);
+      case "WithStatement":
+        return concat([
+          "with (",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          ") ",
+          this.emit(node.statement),
+        ]);
+      case "DebuggerStatement":
+        return "debugger;";
+      case "EmptyStatement":
+        return ";";
+
+      /* modules & namespaces */
+      case "ModuleDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          node.name.kind === "StringLiteral" ? "module " : "namespace ",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.body ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.body)]) : ";",
+        ]);
+      case "ModuleBlock":
+        return this.statementBlock(node.statements.map((s) => this.emit(s)));
+      case "ClassStaticBlockDeclaration":
+        return concat(["static ", this.emit(node.body)]);
+      case "ImportEqualsDeclaration":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          "import ",
+          node.isTypeOnly ? "type " : "",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          " = ",
+          this.emit(node.moduleReference),
+          ";",
+        ]);
+      case "ExternalModuleReference":
+        return concat(["require(", this.emit(node.expression), ")"]);
+      case "NamespaceExportDeclaration":
+        return concat(["export as namespace ", this.emit(node.name), ";"]);
+      case "SemicolonClassElement":
+        return ";";
+      case "NamespaceExport":
+        return concat(["* as ", this.emit(node.name)]);
+
+      /* advanced types */
+      case "ThisTypeNode":
+        return "this";
+      case "ConstructorTypeNode":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, false),
+          "new ",
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          " => ",
+          this.emit(node.type),
+        ]);
+      case "TypePredicateNode":
+        return concat([
+          node.assertsModifier ? "asserts " : "",
+          this.emit(node.parameterName),
+          node.type ? concat([" is ", this.emit(node.type)]) : "",
+        ]);
+      case "ConditionalTypeNode":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.checkType),
+          " extends ",
+          this.emit(node.extendsType),
+          " ? ",
+          this.emit(node.trueType),
+          " : ",
+          this.emit(node.falseType),
+        ]);
+      case "InferTypeNode":
+        return concat(["infer ", this.emit(node.typeParameter)]);
+      case "MappedTypeNode": {
+        const ro = node.readonlyToken
+          ? node.readonlyToken.token === "readonly"
+            ? "readonly "
+            : `${node.readonlyToken.token}readonly `
+          : "";
+        const q = node.questionToken
+          ? node.questionToken.token === "?"
+            ? "?"
+            : `${node.questionToken.token}?`
+          : "";
+        return concat([
+          "{ ",
+          ro,
+          "[",
+          this.emit(node.typeParameter.name),
+          " in ",
+          node.typeParameter.constraint
+            ? this.emit(node.typeParameter.constraint)
+            : "",
+          node.nameType ? concat([" as ", this.emit(node.nameType)]) : "",
+          "]",
+          q,
+          node.type ? concat([": ", this.emit(node.type)]) : "",
+          " }",
+        ]);
+      }
+      case "TemplateLiteralType":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.head),
+          concat(node.templateSpans.map((s) => this.emit(s))),
+        ]);
+      case "TemplateLiteralTypeSpan":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.type), this.emit(node.literal)]);
+      case "NamedTupleMember":
+        return concat([
+          node.dotDotDotToken ? "..." : "",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.questionToken ? "?" : "",
+          ": ",
+          this.emit(node.type),
+        ]);
+      case "OptionalTypeNode":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.type), "?"]);
+      case "RestTypeNode":
+        return concat(["...", this.emit(node.type)]);
+      case "ImportTypeNode":
+        return concat([
+          node.isTypeOf ? "typeof " : "",
+          "import(",
+          this.emit(node.argument),
+          ")",
+          node.qualifier ? concat([".", this.emit(node.qualifier)]) : "",
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
+        ]);
+      case "CallSignature":
+        return concat([
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          this.optType(node.type),
+        ]);
+      case "ConstructSignature":
+        return concat([
+          "new ",
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.params(node.parameters),
+          this.optType(node.type),
+        ]);
+
+      /* template literals */
+      case "TemplateHead":
+        return concat(["`", node.text, "${"]);
+      case "TemplateMiddle":
+        return concat(["}", node.text, "${"]);
+      case "TemplateTail":
+        return concat(["}", node.text, "`"]);
+      case "NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral":
+        return concat(["`", node.text, "`"]);
+
+      /* template & misc expressions */
+      case "TemplateExpression":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.head),
+          concat(node.templateSpans.map((s) => this.emit(s))),
+        ]);
+      case "TemplateSpan":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.expression), this.emit(node.literal)]);
+      case "TaggedTemplateExpression":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.tag),
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
+          this.emit(node.template),
+        ]);
+      case "YieldExpression":
+        return concat([
+          "yield",
+          node.asteriskToken ? "*" : "",
+          node.expression ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.expression)]) : "",
+        ]);
+      case "DeleteExpression":
+        return concat(["delete ", this.emit(node.expression)]);
+      case "VoidExpression":
+        return concat(["void ", this.emit(node.expression)]);
+      case "RegularExpressionLiteral":
+        return node.text;
+      case "ClassExpression":
+        return concat([
+          this.modifiers(node.modifiers, true),
+          "class",
+          node.name ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.name)]) : "",
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeParameters),
+          this.heritage(node.heritageClauses),
+          " ",
+          this.statementBlock(node.members.map((m) => this.emit(m))),
+        ]);
+      case "MetaProperty":
+        return concat([node.keywordToken, ".", this.emit(node.name)]);
+      case "CommaListExpression":
+        return join(
+          ", ",
+          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
+        );
+      case "ComputedPropertyName":
+        return concat(["[", this.emit(node.expression), "]"]);
+      case "OmittedExpression":
+        return "";
+      case "BindingElement":
+        return concat([
+          node.dotDotDotToken ? "..." : "",
+          node.propertyName ? concat([this.emit(node.propertyName), ": "]) : "",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+          node.initializer ? concat([" = ", this.emit(node.initializer)]) : "",
+        ]);
+      case "ObjectBindingPattern":
+        return this.delim(
+          "{",
+          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
+          "}",
+          { space: true, trailingComma: true },
+        );
+      case "ArrayBindingPattern":
+        return this.delim(
+          "[",
+          node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
+          "]",
+          { trailingComma: true },
+        );
+      case "TypeAssertion":
+        return concat([
+          "<",
+          this.emit(node.type),
+          ">",
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+        ]);
+      case "PropertyAccessChain":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          node.questionDotToken ? "?." : ".",
+          this.emit(node.name),
+        ]);
+      case "ElementAccessChain":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          node.questionDotToken ? "?." : "",
+          "[",
+          this.emit(node.argumentExpression),
+          "]",
+        ]);
+      case "CallChain":
+        return concat([
+          this.emit(node.expression),
+          node.questionDotToken ? "?." : "",
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
+          this.params(node.arguments),
+        ]);
+      case "NonNullChain":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.expression), "!"]);
+
+      /* jsx */
+      case "JsxElement":
+        return group(
+          concat([
+            this.emit(node.openingElement),
+            indent(
+              concat(
+                node.children.map((c) => concat([softline, this.emit(c)])),
+              ),
+            ),
+            softline,
+            this.emit(node.closingElement),
+          ]),
+        );
+      case "JsxSelfClosingElement":
+        return concat([
+          "<",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
+          this.emit(node.attributes),
+          " />",
+        ]);
+      case "JsxOpeningElement":
+        return concat([
+          "<",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          this.typeArguments(node.typeArguments),
+          this.emit(node.attributes),
+          ">",
+        ]);
+      case "JsxClosingElement":
+        return concat(["</", this.emit(node.tagName), ">"]);
+      case "JsxFragment":
+        return group(
+          concat([
+            this.emit(node.openingFragment),
+            indent(
+              concat(
+                node.children.map((c) => concat([softline, this.emit(c)])),
+              ),
+            ),
+            softline,
+            this.emit(node.closingFragment),
+          ]),
+        );
+      case "JsxOpeningFragment":
+        return "<>";
+      case "JsxClosingFragment":
+        return "</>";
+      case "JsxText":
+        return node.text;
+      case "JsxAttribute":
+        return node.initializer === undefined
+          ? this.emit(node.name)
+          : concat([this.emit(node.name), "=", this.emit(node.initializer)]);
+      case "JsxAttributes":
+        return node.properties.length === 0
+          ? ""
+          : concat(node.properties.map((p) => concat([" ", this.emit(p)])));
+      case "JsxSpreadAttribute":
+        return concat(["{...", this.emit(node.expression), "}"]);
+      case "JsxExpression":
+        return concat([
+          "{",
+          node.dotDotDotToken ? "..." : "",
+          node.expression ? this.emit(node.expression) : "",
+          "}",
+        ]);
+      case "JsxNamespacedName":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.namespace), ":", this.emit(node.name)]);
+
+      /* synthetic / emit-internal */
+      case "Bundle":
+        return join(
+          hardline,
+          node.sourceFiles.map((s) => this.emit(s)),
+        );
+      case "PartiallyEmittedExpression":
+        return this.emit(node.expression);
+      case "ImportAttribute":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.name), ": ", this.emit(node.value)]);
+      case "ImportAttributes":
+        return node.elements.length === 0
+          ? concat([node.token, " {}"])
+          : concat([
+              node.token,
+              " { ",
+              join(
+                ", ",
+                node.elements.map((e) => this.emit(e)),
+              ),
+              " }",
+            ]);
+      case "NotEmittedStatement":
+      case "NotEmittedTypeElement":
+        return "";
+
+      /* jsdoc — types */
+      case "JSDocAllType":
+        return "*";
+      case "JSDocUnknownType":
+        return "?";
+      case "JSDocNonNullableType":
+        return node.postfix
+          ? concat([this.emit(node.type), "!"])
+          : concat(["!", this.emit(node.type)]);
+      case "JSDocNullableType":
+        return node.postfix
+          ? concat([this.emit(node.type), "?"])
+          : concat(["?", this.emit(node.type)]);
+      case "JSDocOptionalType":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.type), "="]);
+      case "JSDocVariadicType":
+        return concat(["...", this.emit(node.type)]);
+      case "JSDocNamepathType":
+        return this.emit(node.type);
+      case "JSDocFunctionType":
+        return concat([
+          "function(",
+          join(
+            ", ",
+            node.parameters.map((p) => this.emit(p)),
+          ),
+          ")",
+          node.type ? concat([": ", this.emit(node.type)]) : "",
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocTypeExpression":
+        return concat(["{", this.emit(node.type), "}"]);
+      case "JSDocNameReference":
+        return this.emit(node.name);
+      case "JSDocMemberName":
+        return concat([this.emit(node.left), "#", this.emit(node.right)]);
+      case "JSDocLink":
+        return concat([
+          "{@link ",
+          node.name ? this.emit(node.name) : "",
+          node.text,
+          "}",
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocLinkCode":
+        return concat([
+          "{@linkcode ",
+          node.name ? this.emit(node.name) : "",
+          node.text,
+          "}",
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocLinkPlain":
+        return concat([
+          "{@linkplain ",
+          node.name ? this.emit(node.name) : "",
+          node.text,
+          "}",
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocText":
+        return node.text;
+      case "JSDocTypeLiteral":
+        return concat([
+          join(
+            hardline,
+            (node.jsDocPropertyTags ?? []).map((t) => this.emit(t)),
+          ),
+          node.isArrayType ? "[]" : "",
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocSignature":
+        return join(
+          hardline,
+          [
+            ...(node.typeParameters ?? []),
+            ...node.parameters,
+            ...(node.type ? [node.type] : []),
+          ].map((t) => this.emit(t)),
+        );
+      case "JSDoc": {
+        const body: Doc =
+          node.comment === undefined
+            ? ""
+            : typeof node.comment === "string"
+              ? node.comment
+              : concat(node.comment.map((c) => this.emit(c)));
+        const lines: Doc[] = [concat([" * ", body])];
+        for (const tag of node.tags ?? [])
+          lines.push(concat([" * ", this.emit(tag)]));
+        return concat([
+          "/**",
+          hardline,
+          join(hardline, lines),
+          hardline,
+          " */",
+        ]);
+      }
+
+      /* jsdoc — tags */
+      case "JSDocTypeTag":
+      case "JSDocThisTag":
+      case "JSDocEnumTag":
+      case "JSDocSatisfiesTag":
+        return concat([
+          "@",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          " ",
+          this.emit(node.typeExpression),
+          this.jsDocComment(node.comment),
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocReturnTag":
+      case "JSDocThrowsTag":
+        return concat([
+          "@",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          node.typeExpression
+            ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.typeExpression)])
+            : "",
+          this.jsDocComment(node.comment),
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocAuthorTag":
+      case "JSDocClassTag":
+      case "JSDocPublicTag":
+      case "JSDocPrivateTag":
+      case "JSDocProtectedTag":
+      case "JSDocReadonlyTag":
+      case "JSDocOverrideTag":
+      case "JSDocDeprecatedTag":
+      case "JSDocUnknownTag":
+        return concat([
+          "@",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          this.jsDocComment(node.comment),
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocAugmentsTag":
+      case "JSDocImplementsTag":
+        return concat([
+          "@",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          " {",
+          this.emit(node.class),
+          "}",
+          this.jsDocComment(node.comment),
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocParameterTag":
+      case "JSDocPropertyTag": {
+        const name: Doc = node.isBracketed
+          ? concat(["[", this.emit(node.name), "]"])
+          : this.emit(node.name);
+        const type: Doc | undefined = node.typeExpression
+          ? this.emit(node.typeExpression)
+          : undefined;
+        const main: Doc = node.isNameFirst
+          ? concat([name, type ? concat([" ", type]) : ""])
+          : concat([type ? concat([type, " "]) : "", name]);
+        return concat([
+          "@",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          " ",
+          main,
+          this.jsDocComment(node.comment),
+        ]);
+      }
+      case "JSDocSeeTag":
+        return concat([
+          "@",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          node.name ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.name)]) : "",
+          this.jsDocComment(node.comment),
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocOverloadTag":
+      case "JSDocCallbackTag": {
+        const full: Doc =
+          node.kind === "JSDocCallbackTag" && node.fullName
+            ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.fullName)])
+            : "";
+        return concat([
+          "@",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          full,
+          hardline,
+          this.emit(node.typeExpression),
+          this.jsDocComment(node.comment),
+        ]);
+      }
+      case "JSDocImportTag":
+        return concat([
+          "@",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          " ",
+          node.importClause
+            ? concat([this.emit(node.importClause), " from "])
+            : "",
+          this.emit(node.moduleSpecifier),
+          this.jsDocComment(node.comment),
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocTemplateTag":
+        return concat([
+          "@",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          node.constraint ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.constraint)]) : "",
+          " ",
+          join(
+            ", ",
+            node.typeParameters.map((t) => this.emit(t)),
+          ),
+          this.jsDocComment(node.comment),
+        ]);
+      case "JSDocTypedefTag":
+        return concat([
+          "@",
+          this.emit(node.tagName),
+          node.typeExpression
+            ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.typeExpression)])
+            : "",
+          node.fullName ? concat([" ", this.emit(node.fullName)]) : "",
+          this.jsDocComment(node.comment),
+        ]);
+
+      default:
+        return this.unsupported(node);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Emit a type in the operand position of a postfix type (`T[]`, `T[K]`),
+   * parenthesizing the lower-precedence type forms that would otherwise
+   * re-associate — matching the legacy printer's parenthesizer rules.
+   */
+  private postfixTypeOperand(type: Node): Doc {
+    const parenthesize: boolean =
+      type.kind === "UnionTypeNode" ||
+      type.kind === "IntersectionTypeNode" ||
+      type.kind === "FunctionTypeNode" ||
+      type.kind === "ConstructorTypeNode" ||
+      type.kind === "ConditionalTypeNode" ||
+      type.kind === "InferTypeNode" ||
+      type.kind === "TypeOperatorNode";
+    return parenthesize ? concat(["(", this.emit(type), ")"]) : this.emit(type);
+  }
+
+  /** Render a JSDoc tag's trailing comment, prefixed with a space when present. */
+  private jsDocComment(comment: string | readonly Node[] | undefined): Doc {
+    if (comment === undefined) return "";
+    if (typeof comment === "string")
+      return comment.length ? concat([" ", comment]) : "";
+    return comment.length
+      ? concat([" ", concat(comment.map((c) => this.emit(c)))])
+      : "";
+  }
+
+  /** Width-aware `|` / `&` type list with leading-operator breaks. */
+  private binaryType(operator: string, parts: Doc[]): Doc {
+    if (parts.length === 1) return parts[0]!;
+    return group(
+      indent(
+        concat([
+          ifBreak(concat([line, operator, " "])),
+          join(concat([line, operator, " "]), parts),
+        ]),
+      ),
+    );
+  }
+
+  private unsupported(node: never): never {
+    throw new Error(
+      `@ttsc/factory: TsPrinter cannot print node of kind "${
+        (node as Node).kind
+      }".`,
+    );
+  }
+}