@triforge/modifier-core 0.1.0

package/dist/modifiers/generate/OceanModifier.js

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+import { BufferGeometry, BufferAttribute } from 'three';
+import { BaseModifier } from '../../core/BaseModifier.js';
+import { noise3 as valueNoise3 } from '../../utils/noise.js';
+/**
+ * Ocean Modifier — Blender "Ocean" modifier equivalent.
+ *
+ * Generates a flat grid displaced by physically-based Gerstner wave simulation
+ * with a Phillips-inspired spectral distribution.
+ * Ignores the input geometry — always generates its own grid.
+ *
+ * Two-pass foam computation:
+ *   Pass 1: evaluate all Gerstner displacements, record height range
+ *   Pass 2: foam = crest fraction × steepness — produces thin streaks at
+ *           wave tips rather than broad blobs from the Jacobian alone.
+ *
+ * Turbulence parameter adds seeded value-noise on top of Gerstner waves,
+ * breaking up the regular periodic pattern at any scale setting.
+ *
+ * Writes a `foam` Float32BufferAttribute. Use OceanAttribute node to read it.
+ */
+export class OceanModifier extends BaseModifier {
+    get name() { return 'Ocean'; }
+    constructor(options = {}) {
+        super();
+        this._waves = [];
+        this._waveHash = NaN;
+        this.parameters = {
+            time: options.time ?? 0.0,
+            scale: options.scale ?? 3.0,
+            choppiness: options.choppiness ?? 1.2,
+            windSpeed: options.windSpeed ?? 30.0,
+            windAngle: options.windAngle ?? 20.0,
+            resolution: options.resolution ?? 32,
+            size: options.size ?? 1.0,
+            depth: options.depth ?? 200.0,
+            foamCoverage: options.foamCoverage ?? 0.2,
+            seed: options.seed ?? 55,
+            damping: options.damping ?? 0.5,
+            waveCount: options.waveCount ?? 24,
+            turbulence: options.turbulence ?? 0.15,
+        };
+    }
+    apply(_geometry) {
+        const res = Math.max(2, Math.min(256, Math.round(this.parameters.resolution)));
+        const size = this.parameters.size;
+        this._ensureWaves();
+        const vCount = res * res;
+        // ── Pass 1: evaluate all displacements, track height range ─────────────
+        const evals = new Array(vCount);
+        let yMin = Infinity;
+        let yMax = -Infinity;
+        for (let zi = 0; zi < res; zi++) {
+            for (let xi = 0; xi < res; xi++) {
+                const vi = zi * res + xi;
+                const u = xi / (res - 1);
+                const v = zi / (res - 1);
+                const r = this._evaluate((u - 0.5) * size, (v - 0.5) * size);
+                evals[vi] = r;
+                if (r.dispY < yMin)
+                    yMin = r.dispY;
+                if (r.dispY > yMax)
+                    yMax = r.dispY;
+            }
+        }
+        // ── Pass 2: fill buffers + compute crest-based foam ─────────────────────
+        const yRange = Math.max(0.001, yMax - yMin);
+        const coverage = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, this.parameters.foamCoverage));
+        const pos = new Float32Array(vCount * 3);
+        const norm = new Float32Array(vCount * 3);
+        const uv = new Float32Array(vCount * 2);
+        const foam = new Float32Array(vCount);
+        for (let zi = 0; zi < res; zi++) {
+            for (let xi = 0; xi < res; xi++) {
+                const vi = zi * res + xi;
+                const r = evals[vi];
+                const u = xi / (res - 1);
+                const v = zi / (res - 1);
+                pos[vi * 3] = r.x;
+                pos[vi * 3 + 1] = r.y;
+                pos[vi * 3 + 2] = r.z;
+                norm[vi * 3] = r.nx;
+                norm[vi * 3 + 1] = r.ny;
+                norm[vi * 3 + 2] = r.nz;
+                uv[vi * 2] = u;
+                uv[vi * 2 + 1] = v;
+                // ── Crest-based foam ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+                const height = (r.dispY - yMin) / yRange;
+                const threshold = 1.0 - coverage;
+                const crestFrac = Math.max(0, (height - threshold) / Math.max(0.001, coverage));
+                const smoothCrest = crestFrac * crestFrac * (3 - 2 * crestFrac);
+                const steep = Math.min(1, r.steep * 1.5);
+                foam[vi] = Math.min(1, smoothCrest * Math.sqrt(steep));
+            }
+        }
+        // ── Index buffer (quads → triangles) ────────────────────────────────────
+        const tCount = (res - 1) * (res - 1) * 6;
+        const indices = vCount < 65536
+            ? new Uint16Array(tCount)
+            : new Uint32Array(tCount);
+        let ii = 0;
+        for (let zi = 0; zi < res - 1; zi++) {
+            for (let xi = 0; xi < res - 1; xi++) {
+                const a = zi * res + xi, b = zi * res + xi + 1;
+                const c = (zi + 1) * res + xi, d = (zi + 1) * res + xi + 1;
+                indices[ii++] = a;
+                indices[ii++] = c;
+                indices[ii++] = b;
+                indices[ii++] = b;
+                indices[ii++] = c;
+                indices[ii++] = d;
+            }
+        }
+        const result = new BufferGeometry();
+        result.setAttribute('position', new BufferAttribute(pos, 3));
+        result.setAttribute('normal', new BufferAttribute(norm, 3));
+        result.setAttribute('uv', new BufferAttribute(uv, 2));
+        result.setAttribute('foam', new BufferAttribute(foam, 1));
+        result.setIndex(new BufferAttribute(indices, 1));
+        return result;
+    }
+    // ── Wave cache ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    _ensureWaves() {
+        const h = this.parameters.seed * 1e6
+            + this.parameters.scale * 1e4
+            + this.parameters.windSpeed * 1e2
+            + this.parameters.windAngle * 10
+            + this.parameters.damping * 1e3
+            + this.parameters.depth * 0.1
+            + this.parameters.waveCount
+            + this.parameters.size * 1e2; // size affects quantised wave vectors
+        if (h === this._waveHash)
+            return;
+        this._waveHash = h;
+        this._waves = this._buildWaves();
+    }
+    _buildWaves() {
+        const scale = Math.max(0.01, this.parameters.scale);
+        const V = Math.max(0.1, this.parameters.windSpeed);
+        const windRad = this.parameters.windAngle * Math.PI / 180;
+        const damping = Math.max(0, Math.min(1, this.parameters.damping));
+        const waveCount = Math.max(4, Math.min(64, Math.round(this.parameters.waveCount)));
+        const L = Math.max(0.01, this.parameters.size);
+        const rng = new SeededRandom(Math.round(this.parameters.seed));
+        const TWO_PI_L = (2 * Math.PI) / L; // one grid step in wave-number space
+        const k0 = (2 * Math.PI) / scale;
+        const kMin = k0 / 8;
+        const kMax = k0 * 8;
+        const g_eff = 0.4;
+        const depth_n = Math.max(0.01, this.parameters.depth / scale);
+        const waves = [];
+        const seen = new Set();
+        // Try up to 4× waveCount candidates so deduplication doesn't leave us short.
+        for (let attempt = 0; attempt < waveCount * 4 && waves.length < waveCount; attempt++) {
+            const t = (attempt + 0.5) / waveCount;
+            // Sample continuous spectral range (same log-spaced sweep as before)
+            const k_cont = kMin * Math.pow(kMax / kMin, t % 1.0);
+            // Direction with spread (same formula as before — rng call preserved for seed parity)
+            const swellFactor = Math.max(0, Math.log(k0 / k_cont) / Math.log(8) + 0.5);
+            const baseSpread = Math.PI * (1 - damping * 0.8);
+            const spread = Math.min(Math.PI * 1.8, baseSpread * (1 + swellFactor * 0.5));
+            const angle = windRad + (rng.next() - 0.5) * spread;
+            // ── TILING FIX ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+            // Project the continuous wave vector onto the integer lattice
+            //   k_vec = (2π/L) * (mx, mz)   →   k·dx·L = 2π·mx  (periodic over tile)
+            // This guarantees the Gerstner displacement field repeats exactly with
+            // period L in both X and Z, so adjacent tiles seam perfectly.
+            const mx = Math.round(k_cont * Math.cos(angle) / TWO_PI_L);
+            const mz = Math.round(k_cont * Math.sin(angle) / TWO_PI_L);
+            if (mx === 0 && mz === 0)
+                continue;
+            // Skip duplicate wave vectors (same direction + frequency)
+            const key = `${mx},${mz}`;
+            if (seen.has(key))
+                continue;
+            seen.add(key);
+            const len = Math.sqrt(mx * mx + mz * mz);
+            const dx = mx / len;
+            const dz = mz / len;
+            const kq = TWO_PI_L * len; // exact quantised wave number
+            // Accept only waves that fall within the spectral range
+            if (kq < kMin * 0.5 || kq > kMax * 2.0)
+                continue;
+            const lnRatio = Math.log(kq / k0);
+            const spectralShape = Math.exp(-lnRatio * lnRatio * 0.4);
+            const baseAmp = spectralShape * scale * 0.08 * Math.pow(V / 30, 1.5);
+            if (baseAmp < 1e-8)
+                continue;
+            const dotWind = dx * Math.cos(windRad) + dz * Math.sin(windRad);
+            const dirW = 0.3 + 0.7 * Math.max(0, dotWind);
+            const omega = Math.sqrt(g_eff * kq * Math.tanh(kq * depth_n));
+            waves.push({ amp: baseAmp * dirW, dx, dz, k: kq, omega, phase: rng.next() * Math.PI * 2 });
+        }
+        return waves;
+    }
+    // ── Tileable noise ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    //
+    // Maps (x0, z0) onto a 4D torus with periods L in both axes, then projects
+    // to two overlapping 3D noise samples that are averaged.
+    //
+    // Why this works:
+    //   cos(2π(x0+L)/L) = cos(2πx0/L + 2π) = cos(2πx0/L)   — x0 and x0+L
+    //   sin(2π(x0+L)/L) = sin(2πx0/L + 2π) = sin(2πx0/L)     map to the
+    //                                                            SAME point
+    // So the noise value is identical at both tile edges — no seam possible.
+    //
+    // Noise frequency: R = L·noiseScale/(2π) keeps the apparent spatial
+    // frequency identical to a flat noiseScale sample over a tile of size L.
+    _tiledNoise(x0, z0, t, L, noiseScale) {
+        const TWO_PI_L = (2 * Math.PI) / L;
+        const R = L * noiseScale / (2 * Math.PI);
+        const cx = R * Math.cos(TWO_PI_L * x0);
+        const sx = R * Math.sin(TWO_PI_L * x0);
+        const cz = R * Math.cos(TWO_PI_L * z0);
+        const sz = R * Math.sin(TWO_PI_L * z0);
+        // Two 3D projections of the (cx,sx,cz,sz) 4D torus, averaged to reduce
+        // the directional bias that any single 3D projection introduces.
+        return 0.5 * (valueNoise3(cx + 0.3, sx + 7.1, cz + t * 0.15)
+            + valueNoise3(sx + 3.7, cz + 1.4, sz + t * 0.15));
+    }
+    // ── Per-vertex evaluation ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+    _evaluate(x0, z0) {
+        const t = this.parameters.time;
+        const Q = this.parameters.choppiness * 0.8;
+        const turb = this.parameters.turbulence;
+        let dispX = 0, dispY = 0, dispZ = 0;
+        let Jxx = 0, Jzz = 0, Jxz = 0;
+        let dydx = 0, dydz = 0;
+        for (const w of this._waves) {
+            const phase = w.k * (w.dx * x0 + w.dz * z0) - w.omega * t + w.phase;
+            const sinP = Math.sin(phase);
+            const cosP = Math.cos(phase);
+            dispY += w.amp * sinP;
+            dispX += Q * w.amp * w.dx * cosP;
+            dispZ += Q * w.amp * w.dz * cosP;
+            Jxx += Q * w.k * w.amp * w.dx * w.dx * sinP;
+            Jzz += Q * w.k * w.amp * w.dz * w.dz * sinP;
+            Jxz += Q * w.k * w.amp * w.dx * w.dz * sinP;
+            dydx += w.k * w.amp * w.dx * cosP;
+            dydz += w.k * w.amp * w.dz * cosP;
+        }
+        // ── Turbulence ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        // Y-height perturbation only (no X/Z — those break tiling).
+        // Uses _tiledNoise which maps (x0,z0) to a 4D torus so the function is
+        // exactly periodic with the tile size in both axes → zero seam at any edge.
+        if (turb > 0) {
+            const L = this.parameters.size;
+            const noiseScale = 1.5 / Math.max(0.1, this.parameters.scale);
+            const ns = turb * this.parameters.scale * 0.12;
+            dispY += ns * this._tiledNoise(x0, z0, t, L, noiseScale);
+            const e = 0.02;
+            dydx += ns * (this._tiledNoise(x0 + e, z0, t, L, noiseScale)
+                - this._tiledNoise(x0 - e, z0, t, L, noiseScale)) / (2 * e);
+            dydz += ns * (this._tiledNoise(x0, z0 + e, t, L, noiseScale)
+                - this._tiledNoise(x0, z0 - e, t, L, noiseScale)) / (2 * e);
+        }
+        // Jacobian: 1 = flat, <1 = steepening, <0 = breaking
+        const J = (1 - Jxx) * (1 - Jzz) - Jxz * Jxz;
+        // Steepness: 0 on flat water, 1 where waves are breaking
+        const steep = Math.max(0, 1 - J);
+        // Normal from gradient
+        const nx_ = -dydx, ny_ = 1.0, nz_ = -dydz;
+        const nl = Math.sqrt(nx_ * nx_ + ny_ * ny_ + nz_ * nz_) || 1;
+        return {
+            x: x0 + dispX, y: dispY, z: z0 + dispZ,
+            nx: nx_ / nl, ny: ny_ / nl, nz: nz_ / nl,
+            dispY,
+            steep,
+        };
+    }
+}
+// ── Seeded LCG random ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+class SeededRandom {
+    constructor(seed) { this.s = seed >>> 0; }
+    next() {
+        this.s = (Math.imul(1664525, this.s) + 1013904223) >>> 0;
+        return this.s / 4294967296;
+    }
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=OceanModifier.js.map

package/dist/modifiers/generate/OceanModifier.js.map

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package/dist/modifiers/generate/SolidifyModifier.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import { BufferGeometry } from 'three';
+import { BaseModifier } from '../../core/BaseModifier.js';
+export interface SolidifyModifierOptions {
+    thickness?: number;
+    offset?: number;
+}
+/**
+ * Solidify Modifier — Blender "Solidify" modifier equivalent.
+ * Adds thickness to a surface by extruding it along vertex normals.
+ * Produces a closed shell: original face + offset face + side walls.
+ *
+ * parameters.thickness: extrusion distance
+ * parameters.offset:    -1 (inward) to 1 (outward), 0 = centered
+ */
+export declare class SolidifyModifier extends BaseModifier {
+    get name(): string;
+    parameters: Record<string, number>;
+    constructor(options?: SolidifyModifierOptions);
+    apply(geometry: BufferGeometry): BufferGeometry;
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=SolidifyModifier.d.ts.map

package/dist/modifiers/generate/SolidifyModifier.d.ts.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"version":3,"file":"SolidifyModifier.d.ts","sourceRoot":"","sources":["../../../src/modifiers/generate/SolidifyModifier.ts"],"names":[],"mappings":"AAAA,OAAO,EAAE,cAAc,EAAmB,MAAM,OAAO,CAAA;AACvD,OAAO,EAAE,YAAY,EAAE,MAAM,4BAA4B,CAAA;AAEzD,MAAM,WAAW,uBAAuB;IACtC,SAAS,CAAC,EAAE,MAAM,CAAA;IAClB,MAAM,CAAC,EAAK,MAAM,CAAA;CACnB;AAED;;;;;;;GAOG;AACH,qBAAa,gBAAiB,SAAQ,YAAY;IAChD,IAAI,IAAI,WAAwB;IAEhC,UAAU,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC,MAAM,EAAE,MAAM,CAAC,CAAA;gBAEtB,OAAO,GAAE,uBAA4B;IAQjD,KAAK,CAAC,QAAQ,EAAE,cAAc,GAAG,cAAc;CA+DhD"}

package/dist/modifiers/generate/SolidifyModifier.js

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+import { BufferGeometry, BufferAttribute } from 'three';
+import { BaseModifier } from '../../core/BaseModifier.js';
+/**
+ * Solidify Modifier — Blender "Solidify" modifier equivalent.
+ * Adds thickness to a surface by extruding it along vertex normals.
+ * Produces a closed shell: original face + offset face + side walls.
+ *
+ * parameters.thickness: extrusion distance
+ * parameters.offset:    -1 (inward) to 1 (outward), 0 = centered
+ */
+export class SolidifyModifier extends BaseModifier {
+    get name() { return 'Solidify'; }
+    constructor(options = {}) {
+        super();
+        this.parameters = {
+            thickness: options.thickness ?? 0.1,
+            offset: options.offset ?? -1.0,
+        };
+    }
+    apply(geometry) {
+        const thickness = this.parameters.thickness;
+        const offset = Math.max(-1, Math.min(1, this.parameters.offset));
+        const srcPos = geometry.getAttribute('position');
+        const srcNorm = geometry.getAttribute('normal');
+        const srcUv = geometry.getAttribute('uv');
+        const srcIdx = geometry.getIndex();
+        const vCount = srcPos.count;
+        // outward shift: offset maps [-1,1] → [0,1] fraction of thickness
+        const outerShift = thickness * (1.0 + offset) * 0.5;
+        const innerShift = thickness * (1.0 - offset) * 0.5;
+        const outPos = [];
+        const outNorm = [];
+        const outUv = [];
+        const outIdx = [];
+        // Front face vertices (shifted outward)
+        for (let v = 0; v < vCount; v++) {
+            const nx = srcNorm ? srcNorm.getX(v) : 0;
+            const ny = srcNorm ? srcNorm.getY(v) : 1;
+            const nz = srcNorm ? srcNorm.getZ(v) : 0;
+            outPos.push(srcPos.getX(v) + nx * outerShift, srcPos.getY(v) + ny * outerShift, srcPos.getZ(v) + nz * outerShift);
+            outNorm.push(nx, ny, nz);
+            if (srcUv)
+                outUv.push(srcUv.getX(v), srcUv.getY(v));
+        }
+        // Back face vertices (shifted inward, flipped normal)
+        for (let v = 0; v < vCount; v++) {
+            const nx = srcNorm ? srcNorm.getX(v) : 0;
+            const ny = srcNorm ? srcNorm.getY(v) : 1;
+            const nz = srcNorm ? srcNorm.getZ(v) : 0;
+            outPos.push(srcPos.getX(v) - nx * innerShift, srcPos.getY(v) - ny * innerShift, srcPos.getZ(v) - nz * innerShift);
+            outNorm.push(-nx, -ny, -nz);
+            if (srcUv)
+                outUv.push(srcUv.getX(v), srcUv.getY(v));
+        }
+        const tris = buildTriList(srcIdx, vCount);
+        // Front faces (original winding)
+        for (const [a, b, c] of tris)
+            outIdx.push(a, b, c);
+        // Back faces (reversed winding)
+        for (const [a, b, c] of tris)
+            outIdx.push(a + vCount, c + vCount, b + vCount);
+        // Side walls — connect each edge of each triangle
+        for (const [a, b, c] of tris) {
+            const edges = [[a, b], [b, c], [c, a]];
+            for (const [e0, e1] of edges) {
+                outIdx.push(e0, e1, e1 + vCount);
+                outIdx.push(e0, e1 + vCount, e0 + vCount);
+            }
+        }
+        const result = new BufferGeometry();
+        result.setAttribute('position', new BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(outPos), 3));
+        result.setAttribute('normal', new BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(outNorm), 3));
+        if (outUv.length)
+            result.setAttribute('uv', new BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(outUv), 2));
+        result.setIndex(new BufferAttribute(new Uint32Array(outIdx), 1));
+        return result;
+    }
+}
+function buildTriList(idx, vCount) {
+    const tris = [];
+    if (idx) {
+        const ia = idx.array;
+        for (let i = 0; i < ia.length; i += 3)
+            tris.push([ia[i], ia[i + 1], ia[i + 2]]);
+    }
+    else {
+        for (let i = 0; i < vCount; i += 3)
+            tris.push([i, i + 1, i + 2]);
+    }
+    return tris;
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=SolidifyModifier.js.map

package/dist/modifiers/generate/SolidifyModifier.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
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package/dist/modifiers/generate/SubdivisionModifier.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import { BufferGeometry } from 'three';
+import { BaseModifier } from '../../core/BaseModifier.js';
+export interface SubdivisionModifierOptions {
+    levels?: number;
+}
+/**
+ * Subdivision Modifier — Blender "Subdivision Surface" modifier equivalent.
+ * Uses Loop subdivision — the correct algorithm for triangle meshes.
+ *
+ * Loop subdivision repositions BOTH new edge vertices AND existing vertices
+ * using weighted averages of their neighbors, producing smooth organic surfaces
+ * identical in character to Blender's Subdivision Surface modifier.
+ *
+ * New edge vertex:      3/8 * (v1 + v2) + 1/8 * (opposite1 + opposite2)
+ * Updated orig vertex:  (1 - n*β) * v   + β  * sum(neighbors)
+ *   where β = 3/16 for valence 3, else 3/(8n)
+ *
+ * parameters.levels: 1–4 (each level quadruples triangle count and smooths further)
+ */
+export declare class SubdivisionModifier extends BaseModifier {
+    get name(): string;
+    parameters: Record<string, number>;
+    constructor(options?: SubdivisionModifierOptions);
+    apply(geometry: BufferGeometry): BufferGeometry;
+    private _loopSubdivide;
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=SubdivisionModifier.d.ts.map

package/dist/modifiers/generate/SubdivisionModifier.d.ts.map

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package/dist/modifiers/generate/SubdivisionModifier.js

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+import { BufferGeometry, BufferAttribute } from 'three';
+import { BaseModifier } from '../../core/BaseModifier.js';
+/**
+ * Subdivision Modifier — Blender "Subdivision Surface" modifier equivalent.
+ * Uses Loop subdivision — the correct algorithm for triangle meshes.
+ *
+ * Loop subdivision repositions BOTH new edge vertices AND existing vertices
+ * using weighted averages of their neighbors, producing smooth organic surfaces
+ * identical in character to Blender's Subdivision Surface modifier.
+ *
+ * New edge vertex:      3/8 * (v1 + v2) + 1/8 * (opposite1 + opposite2)
+ * Updated orig vertex:  (1 - n*β) * v   + β  * sum(neighbors)
+ *   where β = 3/16 for valence 3, else 3/(8n)
+ *
+ * parameters.levels: 1–4 (each level quadruples triangle count and smooths further)
+ */
+export class SubdivisionModifier extends BaseModifier {
+    get name() { return 'Subdivision'; }
+    constructor(options = {}) {
+        super();
+        this.parameters = { levels: Math.round(options.levels ?? 1) };
+    }
+    apply(geometry) {
+        let geo = geometry;
+        const levels = Math.max(0, Math.min(4, Math.round(this.parameters.levels)));
+        for (let i = 0; i < levels; i++)
+            geo = this._loopSubdivide(geo);
+        return geo;
+    }
+    _loopSubdivide(geometry) {
+        const pos = geometry.getAttribute('position');
+        const uv = geometry.getAttribute('uv');
+        const idx = geometry.getIndex();
+        const vCount = pos.count;
+        // Build flat triangle list
+        const tris = [];
+        if (idx) {
+            const ia = idx.array;
+            for (let i = 0; i < ia.length; i += 3)
+                tris.push([ia[i], ia[i + 1], ia[i + 2]]);
+        }
+        else {
+            for (let i = 0; i < vCount; i += 3)
+                tris.push([i, i + 1, i + 2]);
+        }
+        // ── Build adjacency ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        // For each edge, store the two triangle-opposite vertices
+        const edgeOpposites = new Map();
+        // For each vertex, store its ring of neighbors
+        const vertNeighbors = Array.from({ length: vCount }, () => new Set());
+        for (const [a, b, c] of tris) {
+            vertNeighbors[a].add(b);
+            vertNeighbors[a].add(c);
+            vertNeighbors[b].add(a);
+            vertNeighbors[b].add(c);
+            vertNeighbors[c].add(a);
+            vertNeighbors[c].add(b);
+            for (const [e0, e1, opp] of [[a, b, c], [b, c, a], [c, a, b]]) {
+                const key = e0 < e1 ? `${e0}_${e1}` : `${e1}_${e0}`;
+                if (!edgeOpposites.has(key))
+                    edgeOpposites.set(key, []);
+                edgeOpposites.get(key).push(opp);
+            }
+        }
+        // ── New edge midpoint vertices (Loop formula) ──────────────────────────────
+        // Interior edge: 3/8*(v1+v2) + 1/8*(opp1+opp2)
+        // Boundary edge: 1/2*(v1+v2)
+        const edgeMidIndex = new Map();
+        const outPos = [];
+        const outUv = [];
+        const getP = (i) => [pos.getX(i), pos.getY(i), pos.getZ(i)];
+        const getU = (i) => uv ? [uv.getX(i), uv.getY(i)] : [0, 0];
+        const addVert = (p, u) => {
+            const i = outPos.length / 3;
+            outPos.push(p[0], p[1], p[2]);
+            outUv.push(u[0], u[1]);
+            return i;
+        };
+        // Compute new edge vertices
+        for (const [key, opps] of edgeOpposites.entries()) {
+            const [ai, bi] = key.split('_').map(Number);
+            const pa = getP(ai), pb = getP(bi);
+            const ua = getU(ai), ub = getU(bi);
+            let np, nu;
+            if (opps.length === 2) {
+                // Interior edge
+                const po1 = getP(opps[0]), po2 = getP(opps[1]);
+                const uo1 = getU(opps[0]), uo2 = getU(opps[1]);
+                np = [
+                    0.375 * (pa[0] + pb[0]) + 0.125 * (po1[0] + po2[0]),
+                    0.375 * (pa[1] + pb[1]) + 0.125 * (po1[1] + po2[1]),
+                    0.375 * (pa[2] + pb[2]) + 0.125 * (po1[2] + po2[2]),
+                ];
+                nu = [
+                    0.375 * (ua[0] + ub[0]) + 0.125 * (uo1[0] + uo2[0]),
+                    0.375 * (ua[1] + ub[1]) + 0.125 * (uo1[1] + uo2[1]),
+                ];
+            }
+            else {
+                // Boundary edge
+                np = [0.5 * (pa[0] + pb[0]), 0.5 * (pa[1] + pb[1]), 0.5 * (pa[2] + pb[2])];
+                nu = [0.5 * (ua[0] + ub[0]), 0.5 * (ua[1] + ub[1])];
+            }
+            edgeMidIndex.set(key, addVert(np, nu));
+        }
+        // ── Updated original vertices (Loop formula) ───────────────────────────────
+        // Interior vertex: (1 - n*β)*v + β*sum(neighbors)
+        // Boundary vertex: 3/4*v + 1/8*(neighbor1 + neighbor2)  (only 2 boundary neighbors)
+        const origNewIndex = new Array(vCount);
+        for (let v = 0; v < vCount; v++) {
+            const neighbors = Array.from(vertNeighbors[v]);
+            const n = neighbors.length;
+            const pv = getP(v);
+            const uv_ = getU(v);
+            // Determine if boundary vertex (has any boundary edge = edge with only 1 opposite)
+            let isBoundary = false;
+            const boundaryNeighbors = [];
+            for (const nb of neighbors) {
+                const key = v < nb ? `${v}_${nb}` : `${nb}_${v}`;
+                if ((edgeOpposites.get(key)?.length ?? 0) === 1) {
+                    isBoundary = true;
+                    boundaryNeighbors.push(nb);
+                }
+            }
+            let np, nu;
+            if (isBoundary && boundaryNeighbors.length >= 2) {
+                // Boundary rule: 3/4*v + 1/8*(bn1 + bn2)
+                const pn1 = getP(boundaryNeighbors[0]), pn2 = getP(boundaryNeighbors[1]);
+                const un1 = getU(boundaryNeighbors[0]), un2 = getU(boundaryNeighbors[1]);
+                np = [
+                    0.75 * pv[0] + 0.125 * (pn1[0] + pn2[0]),
+                    0.75 * pv[1] + 0.125 * (pn1[1] + pn2[1]),
+                    0.75 * pv[2] + 0.125 * (pn1[2] + pn2[2]),
+                ];
+                nu = [
+                    0.75 * uv_[0] + 0.125 * (un1[0] + un2[0]),
+                    0.75 * uv_[1] + 0.125 * (un1[1] + un2[1]),
+                ];
+            }
+            else {
+                // Interior rule
+                const beta = n === 3 ? 3 / 16 : 3 / (8 * n);
+                const w = 1 - n * beta;
+                let sx = 0, sy = 0, sz = 0, su = 0, sv = 0;
+                for (const nb of neighbors) {
+                    const pnb = getP(nb), unb = getU(nb);
+                    sx += pnb[0];
+                    sy += pnb[1];
+                    sz += pnb[2];
+                    su += unb[0];
+                    sv += unb[1];
+                }
+                np = [w * pv[0] + beta * sx, w * pv[1] + beta * sy, w * pv[2] + beta * sz];
+                nu = [w * uv_[0] + beta * su, w * uv_[1] + beta * sv];
+            }
+            origNewIndex[v] = addVert(np, nu);
+        }
+        // ── Build new index ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+        const outIdx = [];
+        const getMid = (a, b) => {
+            const key = a < b ? `${a}_${b}` : `${b}_${a}`;
+            return edgeMidIndex.get(key);
+        };
+        for (const [a, b, c] of tris) {
+            const oa = origNewIndex[a], ob = origNewIndex[b], oc = origNewIndex[c];
+            const ab = getMid(a, b), bc = getMid(b, c), ca = getMid(c, a);
+            outIdx.push(oa, ab, ca);
+            outIdx.push(ab, ob, bc);
+            outIdx.push(ca, bc, oc);
+            outIdx.push(ab, bc, ca);
+        }
+        const result = new BufferGeometry();
+        result.setAttribute('position', new BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(outPos), 3));
+        if (uv)
+            result.setAttribute('uv', new BufferAttribute(new Float32Array(outUv), 2));
+        result.setIndex(new BufferAttribute(new Uint32Array(outIdx), 1));
+        result.computeVertexNormals();
+        return result;
+    }
+}
+//# sourceMappingURL=SubdivisionModifier.js.map