@transclude/core 0.5.0 → 0.7.0

package/bin/build.js

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url';
 import { build } from 'vite';
 import transclude from '../src/plugin.js';
 import { loadProject } from '../src/project.js';
-import { absoluteFrom, renderRoute, responseOf, urlFor } from '../src/document.js';
+import { renderRoute, urlFor } from '../src/document.js';
+import { prerenderContext, refusePrerender } from '../src/prerender.js';
 import { feed, feedPath } from '../src/feed.js';
 import { includeContext } from '../src/include.js';
 import { nodeLookup } from '../src/lookup.js';
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ import { sitemap } from '../src/sitemap.js';
 import { etagOf, loadAssets, loadStatic } from '../src/static-cache.js';
 import { buildSprite, readLibraries, refuseSpriteClash, spritePath } from '../src/icons.js';
 import { PRECACHE_PATH, precacheDocument, precacheList } from '../src/precache.js';
-import { cookiesOf } from '../src/cookies.js';
+import { speculateSettings, speculationRules } from '../src/speculate.js';
 import { pool } from '../src/pool.js';
 import { precompress } from '../src/compress.js';
 
@@ -147,57 +148,30 @@ async function urlsFor(route) {
 }
 
 /**
- * A prerendered file has no status and no headers. It is a file. So a loader
- * that answered with a Response, or set a status other than 200, is saying this
- * URL is not a page you can write down, and the build says so rather than
- * writing a file that lies about it.
+ * One page, rendered to the markup that gets written.
+ *
+ * What it is allowed to be, and the `ctx` it is given, are both in
+ * `src/prerender.js`, where they can be tested. Nothing imports this file.
  */
 async function render(route, { url, params }) {
-  const response = responseOf();
-  const ctx = {
-    url: `http://localhost${url}`,
+  const ctx = prerenderContext({
+    route,
+    url,
     params,
-    route: { id: route.id, pattern: route.pattern ?? '', path: url },
-    request: null,
-    fragment: null,
-    action: null,
-    response,
-    cookies: cookiesOf(null, response, config.cookieSecret),
-    absolute: absoluteFrom(config.metadataBase, null),
-  };
+    cookieSecret: config.cookieSecret,
+    metadataBase: config.metadataBase,
+  });
 
   const html = await renderRoute(pages[route.id], ctx, {
     clientEntry: assets.get(route.id) ?? null,
     stylesheet,
     csp: config.csp,
     lang: config.lang,
+    speculate: speculateRules,
     include,
   });
 
-  if (html instanceof Response) {
-    throw new Error(`answered with ${html.status} instead of markup, so it cannot be prerendered`);
-  }
-  if (ctx.response.status !== 200) {
-    throw new Error(`answered ${ctx.response.status}, which no file can carry`);
-  }
-  // A file carries no headers either. A Set-Cookie or a Cache-Control written here
-  // would be thrown away, which is worse than being told.
-  const [header] = [...ctx.response.headers.keys()];
-  if (header) {
-    throw new Error(`set a ${header} header, which no file can carry`);
-  }
-  // Reading a cookie is what makes a page personal, and there is no request
-  // here to read one from. Whatever this file says about the reader is what a
-  // reader with no cookies would have seen, and every visitor gets that copy.
-  // A layout or an included route can do this without the page mentioning it,
-  // which is what makes it worth saying out loud.
-  if (ctx.cookies.personal) {
-    throw new Error(
-      `read a cookie, so it is different for each visitor and cannot be one file. ` +
-        `Give it \`export const prerender = false\`, or stop reading the cookie ` +
-        `here or in what it includes`,
-    );
-  }
+  refusePrerender(ctx, html);
   return html;
 }
 
@@ -240,6 +214,32 @@ if (manifest.error) {
   });
 }
 
+// ---- speculation rules ------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Before the render, because every page carries the block and the pages are
+// about to be rendered. The URLs are already known: `targets` is what will be
+// written and `dynamic` is what will not, and a target that then fails to render
+// fails the build rather than leaving a rule pointing at nothing.
+//
+// Computed once and carried in the manifest, so the server rendering the dynamic
+// routes sends the same block the files carry. Two computations is two answers
+// to what a browser may prerender, and only one of them was ever checked.
+//
+// The split is the whole point. A file has no loader left to run, so
+// prerendering it is free. A server render's loader may read a cookie or count a
+// view, so the browser may fetch that and not run it. The 404 and 500 pages
+// carry a `file` rather than a route URL, which is what keeps them out of both.
+const speculate = speculateSettings(config.speculate);
+const speculateRules = speculate
+  ? speculationRules(
+      {
+        prerendered: targets.filter((entry) => !entry.file).map((entry) => entry.target.url),
+        dynamic: dynamic.map((route) => route.pattern),
+      },
+      speculate,
+    )
+  : null;
+
 const CONCURRENCY = Number(process.env.TRANSCLUDE_BUILD_CONCURRENCY ?? 8);
 
 const outcomes = await pool(targets, CONCURRENCY, async ({ route, target, file, label }) => {
@@ -256,7 +256,6 @@ const outcomes = await pool(targets, CONCURRENCY, async ({ route, target, file,
 
 const failures = outcomes.filter((outcome) => !outcome.ok);
 const prerendered = outcomes.filter((outcome) => outcome.ok).map((outcome) => outcome.url);
-
 // A file, like every other page. The served route answers the same document, but
 // `dist/static` is meant to be servable by a host that runs none of this, and a
 // site with no sitemap there would be missing one only on the host that needs it
@@ -309,6 +308,9 @@ fs.writeFileSync(
       notFound: manifest.notFound ? { id: manifest.notFound.id } : null,
       error: manifest.error ? { id: manifest.error.id } : null,
       stylesheet,
+      // Carried rather than recomputed. The server renders the routes that are
+      // not files, and those pages have to say what the files say.
+      speculate: speculateRules,
     },
     null,
     2,

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@transclude/core",
-  "version": "0.5.0",
+  "version": "0.7.0",
   "description": "An HTML-first server framework. A page is an .html file, the directory tree is the route table, and any fragment of a page is a URL of its own. Runs on Node, Bun, Deno and workerd, and ships no client JavaScript by default.",
   "keywords": [
     "html",

package/skills/transclude/SKILL.md

@@ -225,6 +225,12 @@ on something inside it.
 into the DOM it already rendered and never replaces a child. That is a compile
 error naming `shadow`. Add `export const shadow = true` or keep the list still.
 
+**A dialog does not need a click handler.** `command` and `commandfor` are the
+platform's invoker: `<button command="show-modal" commandfor="prefs">` opens
+`<dialog id="prefs">` with no script. Writing a listener for this is the common
+mistake, and it loses the keyboard and screen reader behavior the attributes
+already carry.
+
 **`setHTMLUnsafe()`, never `innerHTML`.** `innerHTML` does not process nested
 declarative shadow roots, so a child element becomes a dead `<template>`.
 

package/skills/transclude/references/elements.md

@@ -125,6 +125,35 @@ schedules the render, the way an attribute change does for a prop.
 </script>
 ```
 
+## Styling on state
+
+A boolean state field is reflected as a custom state, so CSS can select it. No
+attribute is written and no class is added, which is the point: the document
+still cannot read the state, and a stylesheet still reacts to it.
+
+```html
+<script state>
+  export default {
+    hot: false,
+  };
+</script>
+
+<style>
+  :scope:state(hot) output {
+    color: #b4232c;
+  }
+</style>
+
+<output>${n}</output>
+```
+
+Booleans only. A custom state is a name and not a value, so a number or a string
+has nothing to select on. The state lands with the render rather than with the
+assignment, so `await element.updateComplete` before asserting on it.
+
+Nothing is reflected on the server. A state field starts at the default its
+block declares, so the first paint is that default either way.
+
 ## Behavior
 
 A plain `<script>` block is the element's own code. `host` is the element,
@@ -186,6 +215,31 @@ document.addEventListener(
 The element is then a real form field: it submits, resets and validates with the
 rest of them.
 
+### Saying it is invalid
+
+`host.internals` is the handle the platform hands out, so `setValidity` works the
+way it does on an input. `:invalid` matches, a submit is blocked, and the browser
+shows its own message.
+
+```html
+<script>
+  export const prototype = {
+    updated() {
+      const empty = !this.value;
+      this.internals.setValidity(
+        empty ? { valueMissing: true } : {},
+        empty ? 'Pick at least one tag.' : '',
+        this,
+      );
+    },
+  };
+</script>
+```
+
+Call it whenever the value changes, and pass no arguments to clear it. A field
+that cannot say it is wrong is not really a field, and this is the part most
+custom controls leave out.
+
 ## An icon element
 
 The framework compiles `app/icons/` into one `/icons.svg` and defines no element

package/skills/transclude/references/server.md

@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ Source is JavaScript with JSDoc. Do not convert it to TypeScript.
 | `strict` | `false` | Full TypeScript strictness. |
 | `csrf` | `true` | `false` to turn it off, or an object for `hono/csrf`. |
 | `csp` | `false` | `true`, or `{ directives, reportOnly }`. |
+| `speculate` | `false` | `true` emits speculation rules. See below. |
 | `cookieSecret` | `null` | Signs cookies. |
 | `fragmentParam` | `'fragment'` | The query parameter that asks for a fragment. |
 | `fragmentHeader` | `null` | A request header that may name one. Adds it to `Vary`. |
@@ -106,6 +107,27 @@ Source is JavaScript with JSDoc. Do not convert it to TypeScript.
 | `precache` | `false` | `true` writes `/precache.json`. |
 | `onError` | `null` | `(error, { request, url, method })` per failed request. |
 
+
+### speculate
+
+`true` writes a `<script type="speculationrules">` block into every page, so the
+browser can fetch or render the next document before the reader clicks. No
+JavaScript of the framework's is involved.
+
+The split matters and the build decides it. A URL prerendered to a file has no
+loader left to run, so it goes in `prerender`. Every route the server still
+renders goes in `prefetch` only, because its loader may read a cookie or count a
+view and a prerender would run that for a reader who never clicked. Endpoints are
+in neither.
+
+```js
+speculate: { eagerness: 'moderate', exclude: ['/logout'] }
+```
+
+`eagerness` defaults to `moderate`, which waits for a hover. `exclude` is matched
+against the emitted pattern, so a route `/docs/:path{.+}` is excluded as
+`/docs/*`.
+
 ## The build
 
 ```sh
@@ -132,6 +154,63 @@ something built on Wasm fails there and nowhere else. A prerendered page never
 runs its loader in production, so this stays hidden until something asks for a
 fragment.
 
+### Bindings
+
+`ctx` has no `env`. It carries nothing that names one runtime, and `env` names
+one: the other three fill that slot with something else. A KV namespace, a D1
+database or a secret reaches a loader through the app instead.
+
+`worker.js` belongs to the app and does get `env`. Hold it in a module and
+import that.
+
+```js
+// app/lib/bindings.js — no `node:` imports, this ends up in the worker bundle
+/** @type {Env|null} */
+let current = null;
+
+export const hold = (env) => (current = env);
+
+export const bindings = () => {
+  if (!current) throw new Error('No bindings: this app is running off workerd.');
+  return current;
+};
+```
+
+`worker.js` calls `hold(env)` inside `appFor`, before the `app ??=` line. A
+loader then imports `bindings` and reads `bindings().DB`.
+
+Module scope is safe here because `env` is one object for the life of the
+isolate. Holding a `Request` the same way is not, since two visitors would share
+whichever arrived last.
+
+**A page that reads a binding needs `prerender = false`.** The build runs on
+Node, where nothing calls `hold`, so the build runs that loader and throws.
+
+### ctx.after
+
+`after(work)` takes a promise the reader does not wait for.
+
+```js
+export const prerender = false;
+
+export default async ({ after, url }) => {
+  after(recordView(url));
+  return { notes: await notes.all() };
+};
+```
+
+On workerd this is `waitUntil`, which keeps the isolate up past the response.
+Node, Bun and Deno keep running anyway, so it changes nothing there.
+
+It takes the promise, not a function returning one. A function is refused, since
+wrapping one would resolve to the function and run nothing.
+
+A rejection goes to `onError` with the request that started it. Nothing awaits
+this work, so leaving it would end the process on Node.
+
+Calling it from a prerendered page stops the build: a file has no response to
+outlive. `prerender = false` is the fix, as it is for a binding.
+
 ## Testing
 
 The app is a function from a request to a response.

package/src/after.js

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Work that outlives the response.
+//
+// Every runtime here keeps a promise running after a response, except the one
+// that matters most for this. Node, Bun and Deno are processes, and a promise
+// nobody awaits finishes on its own. workerd is not: the isolate is allowed to
+// stop once the response is sent, and anything still running stops with it.
+// `waitUntil` is how a worker asks to stay up, and it exists nowhere else.
+//
+// So `ctx.after` is a capability rather than a runtime's API. It means the same
+// thing on all four: this work does not have to finish before the reader is
+// served. That is the bar `env` failed, which is why there is no `ctx.env`.
+//
+// No `node:` imports.
+
+/**
+ * The runtime's `ExecutionContext`, or null when it has none.
+ *
+ * Hono's getter throws rather than answering undefined, so the only way to ask
+ * is to try. The `try` covers the getter and nothing else: a `waitUntil` that
+ * throws is a real failure and belongs to the caller.
+ *
+ * @param {object} c a Hono context
+ * @returns {{ waitUntil: (work: Promise<unknown>) => void }|null}
+ */
+export function executionCtxOf(c) {
+  try {
+    return c.executionCtx;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * `ctx.after` for one request.
+ *
+ * The rejection handling is the reason this is not one line at the call site.
+ * Nothing is awaiting this work, so a throw inside it reaches the runtime's
+ * unhandled rejection handler, which on Node ends the process. It goes to the
+ * same place a failed request goes instead, with the request that started it.
+ *
+ * `report` is called with the error alone. Whoever builds this already knows
+ * which request it belongs to.
+ *
+ * @param {object} c a Hono context
+ * @param {(error: unknown) => void} report where a failure goes
+ * @returns {(work: Promise<unknown>) => void}
+ */
+export function afterFor(c, report) {
+  return (work) => {
+    // A function is the mistake worth naming. `after(() => log())` would be
+    // wrapped by `Promise.resolve`, resolve to the function itself, and do
+    // nothing at all, which is the one shape that fails without a symptom.
+    if (typeof work?.then !== 'function') {
+      throw new TypeError(
+        '[transclude] ctx.after takes a promise. Call the work and pass what it ' +
+          'returns, as in `after(log(url))` rather than `after(() => log(url))`.',
+      );
+    }
+
+    const settled = Promise.resolve(work).catch(report);
+
+    // Only workerd has one. Everywhere else the promise is already running and
+    // the process is still there to finish it.
+    const execution = executionCtxOf(c);
+    if (execution) execution.waitUntil(settled);
+  };
+}

package/src/app.js

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import {
 import { pickEncoding } from './negotiate.js';
 import { baseApp, endpointMethods, runEndpoint } from './server.js';
 import { cookiesOf } from './cookies.js';
+import { afterFor } from './after.js';
 
 const IMMUTABLE = 'public, max-age=31536000, immutable';
 const REVALIDATE = 'public, max-age=0, must-revalidate';
@@ -210,6 +211,9 @@ export function createApp({
       cookies: cookiesOf(c.req.raw, response, config.cookieSecret),
       absolute: absoluteFrom(config.metadataBase, c.req.url),
       revalidateTag: cache.revalidateTag,
+      // Reported through `report`, so work that fails after the reader is gone
+      // is not quieter than work that fails in front of them.
+      after: afterFor(c, (error) => report(error, c)),
       ...extra,
     };
   };
@@ -340,6 +344,9 @@ export function createApp({
                 stylesheet: manifest.stylesheet,
                 csp: config.csp,
                 lang: config.lang,
+                // Written by the build and carried here, so a server-rendered
+                // page says the same thing about speculation that a file does.
+                speculate: manifest.speculate ?? null,
                 include,
               })
             : await renderFragment(page, ctx, { region: region || null, include });
@@ -408,6 +415,7 @@ export function createApp({
             stylesheet: manifest.stylesheet,
             csp: config.csp,
             lang: config.lang,
+            speculate: manifest.speculate ?? null,
             include,
           });
 

package/src/compiler/codegen.js

@@ -820,6 +820,8 @@ class Codegen {
    * Date crosses as an ISO string rather than as JSON.
    */
   emitAttrs(el, out, scope, ref = null) {
+    if (this.loops.length) assertUniqueTransitionName(el);
+
     for (const attr of el.attrs) {
       if (DIRECTIVES.has(attr.name)) continue;
 
@@ -1000,6 +1002,45 @@ export function gatherChain(nodes, i) {
  * @param {object} node
  * @returns {object[]} a template's live under `.content`, so walking `childNodes` finds nothing
  */
+/**
+ * A repeated element may not carry a `view-transition-name` written out.
+ *
+ * The name has to be unique in the document. Every copy of a repeated element
+ * would carry the same one, and the browser's answer to that is to run no
+ * transition at all: nothing throws, nothing is logged, the page just stops
+ * animating. That is the whole reason this is a compile error.
+ *
+ * `none` is allowed, because it is the one value that means "not part of a
+ * transition" and is safe to repeat.
+ *
+ * Only the `style` attribute is checked. A name applied through a class is in a
+ * stylesheet this compiler does not read, so this catches the spelling everyone
+ * writes rather than every spelling there is.
+ */
+function assertUniqueTransitionName(el) {
+  const style = el.attrs?.find((a) => a.name === 'style')?.value;
+  if (!style) return;
+
+  const at = style.indexOf('view-transition-name');
+  if (at === -1) return;
+
+  // Just this declaration, so `${}` elsewhere in the attribute does not excuse
+  // a name that is still written out.
+  const end = style.indexOf(';', at);
+  const declaration = end === -1 ? style.slice(at) : style.slice(at, end);
+
+  if (declaration.includes('${')) return;
+  if (/:\s*none\s*$/.test(declaration)) return;
+
+  throw new CompileError(
+    `<${el.tagName}> is repeated and writes out a view-transition-name, so every ` +
+      `copy would carry the same one. A name has to be unique in the document, and ` +
+      `a browser that finds two runs no transition at all rather than saying so. ` +
+      `Derive it from the loop, as in "view-transition-name: card-\${item.id}".`,
+    el,
+  );
+}
+
 export function childrenOf(node) {
   if (node.tagName === 'template' && node.content) return node.content.childNodes ?? [];
   return node.childNodes ?? [];

package/src/document.js

@@ -566,13 +566,14 @@ export function methodsOf(page) {
  *
  * @param {object[]} chain the compiled modules, outermost first
  * @param {object[]} datas one per level, in the same order
- * @param {{ clientEntry?: string|null, stylesheet?: string|null, lang?: string }} [options]
+ * @param {{ clientEntry?: string|null, stylesheet?: string|null, lang?: string,
+ *   speculate?: string|null }} [options]
  * @returns {string} the document, starting at `<!doctype html>`
  */
 export function renderDocument(
   chain,
   datas,
-  { clientEntry, stylesheet, lang = 'en' } = {},
+  { clientEntry, stylesheet, lang = 'en', speculate = null } = {},
 ) {
   // Each level renders to a slot map and hands it to the level above, so a page
   // can fill more than one hole in its layout.
@@ -641,6 +642,7 @@ ${openTag('html', { lang, ...attrsOf(chain, datas, 'renderHtmlAttrs') })}
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 ${defaults}
 ${title}
+${speculate ? `<script type="speculationrules">${speculate}</script>` : ''}
 ${headScripts.join('\n')}
 ${stylesheet ? `<link rel="stylesheet" href="${stylesheet}">` : ''}
 ${head.join('\n')}

package/src/prerender.js

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+// What a page is allowed to be, if it is going to be a file.
+//
+// A prerendered page is written once and served to everyone. It has no status,
+// no headers and no reader. So a loader that answers with a `Response`, sets a
+// status, writes a header or reads a cookie is saying this URL is not a page you
+// can write down, and the build says so rather than writing a file that lies
+// about it.
+//
+// Split out of `bin/build.js` so the refusals can be tested. Nothing imports
+// that file: it is a script that runs a build the moment it is loaded, so every
+// message here used to be checked by hand or not at all.
+//
+// No `node:` imports, though nothing needs that of this file yet. It is here
+// because the three modules it calls have the same rule.
+
+import { absoluteFrom, responseOf } from './document.js';
+import { cookiesOf } from './cookies.js';
+
+/**
+ * The `ctx` a loader is handed while the build renders it to a file.
+ *
+ * `revalidateTag` and `after` are refusals rather than absences. Left off the
+ * object they are `undefined`, and a loader calling one fails with `x is not a
+ * function`, which names neither what the page did nor how to stop. Both stay in
+ * the generated type either way, because the checker cannot know which pages
+ * become files.
+ *
+ * @param {object} options
+ * @param {{ id: string, pattern?: string }} options.route
+ * @param {string} options.url the path being written
+ * @param {Record<string, string>} options.params
+ * @param {string|null} [options.cookieSecret]
+ * @param {string} [options.metadataBase]
+ * @returns {object} the same shape a request gets, minus what a file cannot have
+ */
+export function prerenderContext({ route, url, params, cookieSecret = null, metadataBase }) {
+  const response = responseOf();
+
+  return {
+    url: `http://localhost${url}`,
+    params,
+    route: { id: route.id, pattern: route.pattern ?? '', path: url },
+    // Null here and at no other time, which is how a shared layout can skip the
+    // part that needs a visitor.
+    request: null,
+    fragment: null,
+    action: null,
+    response,
+    cookies: cookiesOf(null, response, cookieSecret),
+    absolute: absoluteFrom(metadataBase, null),
+
+    revalidateTag: () => {
+      throw new Error(
+        `called \`ctx.revalidateTag\`, and a build holds no rendered pages to drop. ` +
+          `Give it \`export const prerender = false\`, or move the call to the action ` +
+          `or endpoint that changes the data`,
+      );
+    },
+
+    after: () => {
+      throw new Error(
+        `called \`ctx.after\`, and a file has no response for that work to outlive. ` +
+          `Give it \`export const prerender = false\`, or start the work from an ` +
+          `endpoint or an action instead`,
+      );
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Throws unless what was rendered can be written to a file.
+ *
+ * Called after the render rather than during it, because three of the four are
+ * things a loader does on the way past and only the finished `ctx` knows about.
+ * Every message continues a sentence whose subject is the page, since that is
+ * what the build prints above it.
+ *
+ * @param {object} ctx the context the render was given
+ * @param {string|Response} html what the render answered
+ * @throws when this URL cannot be one file
+ */
+export function refusePrerender(ctx, html) {
+  if (html instanceof Response) {
+    throw new Error(`answered with ${html.status} instead of markup, so it cannot be prerendered`);
+  }
+
+  if (ctx.response.status !== 200) {
+    throw new Error(`answered ${ctx.response.status}, which no file can carry`);
+  }
+
+  // A file carries no headers either. A Set-Cookie or a Cache-Control written
+  // here would be thrown away, which is worse than being told.
+  const [header] = [...ctx.response.headers.keys()];
+  if (header) {
+    throw new Error(`set a ${header} header, which no file can carry`);
+  }
+
+  // Reading a cookie is what makes a page personal, and there is no request here
+  // to read one from. Whatever this file says about the reader is what a reader
+  // with no cookies would have seen, and every visitor gets that copy. A layout
+  // or an included route can do this without the page mentioning it, which is
+  // what makes it worth saying out loud.
+  if (ctx.cookies.personal) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `read a cookie, so it is different for each visitor and cannot be one file. ` +
+        `Give it \`export const prerender = false\`, or stop reading the cookie ` +
+        `here or in what it includes`,
+    );
+  }
+}

package/src/project.js

@@ -96,6 +96,7 @@ const DEFAULTS = {
   strict: false,
   csrf: true,
   csp: false,
+  speculate: false,
 };
 
 /**

package/src/runtime/index.js

@@ -986,7 +986,10 @@ export function defineLight(def, init) {
 
     constructor() {
       super();
-      if (def.formAssociated) this.#internals = this.attachInternals();
+      // Also when a boolean state can be reflected. Narrow on purpose: internals
+      // is attached for the thing that needs it and not for every element that
+      // happens to hold a number.
+      if (def.formAssociated || hasCustomStates(def)) this.#internals = this.attachInternals();
     }
 
     get internals() {
@@ -1059,6 +1062,9 @@ export function defineLight(def, init) {
 
     #data(raw) {
       this.#was = { ...stateOf(this, def.stateDefs) };
+      // The one place both classes work out current state, so the one place a
+      // custom state can be kept true without a third copy of the rule.
+      reflectStates(this.#internals, def.stateDefs, this.#was);
       return { ...this.#was, ...def.coerce(raw) };
     }
 
@@ -1088,6 +1094,41 @@ function hasMembers(def) {
   return Object.keys(def.members ?? {}).length > 0;
 }
 
+/**
+ * A boolean state field, as a custom state CSS can select.
+ *
+ * `:state(open)` rather than an attribute, which is the whole reason state is
+ * not in the document: the page has no business reading it, and CSS still has
+ * to be able to react to it. Booleans only, because a custom state is a name
+ * and not a value.
+ *
+ * Nothing is reflected on the server. A state field always starts at its
+ * declared default, so the first paint is the default either way and there was
+ * never anything for the markup to say.
+ */
+function reflectStates(internals, defs, state) {
+  if (!internals?.states) return;
+
+  for (const name of Object.keys(defs ?? {})) {
+    const value = state[name];
+    if (typeof value !== 'boolean') continue;
+
+    if (value) internals.states.add(name);
+    else internals.states.delete(name);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether any state field is declared a boolean.
+ *
+ * The declared default decides, at define time. A custom state is a name and
+ * not a value, so a number or a string has nothing to reflect, and an element
+ * holding only those is left without internals it would never use.
+ */
+function hasCustomStates(def) {
+  return Object.values(def.stateDefs ?? {}).some((value) => typeof value === 'boolean');
+}
+
 /** State counts as behavior: its accessors are the only way to change it. */
 function hasState(def) {
   return Object.keys(def.stateDefs ?? {}).length > 0;
@@ -1202,7 +1243,10 @@ export function defineComponent(def, init) {
       super();
       // In the constructor, which is where it belongs and where it can only
       // happen once. For a server-rendered element that is upgrade time.
-      if (def.formAssociated) this.#internals = this.attachInternals();
+      // Also when a boolean state can be reflected. Narrow on purpose: internals
+      // is attached for the thing that needs it and not for every element that
+      // happens to hold a number.
+      if (def.formAssociated || hasCustomStates(def)) this.#internals = this.attachInternals();
     }
 
     /** What this element would submit, if it is a control. */
@@ -1308,6 +1352,9 @@ export function defineComponent(def, init) {
      *  be hidden by one. The compiler rejects that clash anyway. */
     #data(raw) {
       this.#was = { ...stateOf(this, def.stateDefs) };
+      // The one place both classes work out current state, so the one place a
+      // custom state can be kept true without a third copy of the rule.
+      reflectStates(this.#internals, def.stateDefs, this.#was);
       return { ...this.#was, ...def.coerce(raw) };
     }
 

package/src/speculate.js

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// What the browser may fetch, or run, before the reader clicks.
+//
+// This framework ships no client router: every link is a document request. That
+// is the whole bet, and the cost of it is one round trip per navigation.
+// Speculation rules are the platform's answer, and they cost no JavaScript of
+// ours: a JSON block in the head, and the browser decides.
+//
+// The part worth writing down is what must *not* be speculated. A prerender
+// runs the page. A route this build wrote to a file has no loader left to run,
+// so prerendering it is free and safe. Everything else is a server render whose
+// loader may read a cookie, count a view or hand out a one-time token, and
+// prerendering that for a reader who never clicked is wrong rather than slow.
+// The build knows which is which. A hand-written rules block does not.
+//
+// No `node:` imports. The build calls this with the lists it already holds.
+
+/** What the spec allows, so a typo is caught here rather than ignored by Chrome. */
+const EAGERNESS = new Set(['immediate', 'eager', 'moderate', 'conservative']);
+
+/**
+ * A route pattern as something `href_matches` understands.
+ *
+ * Hono writes `/docs/:path{.+}` and `/people/:name`. Both become `*`: the regex
+ * half is Hono's own spelling and means nothing to a URL pattern, and a rule
+ * that matches too little is a missed prefetch while one that matches too much
+ * speculates a URL that 404s.
+ *
+ * @param {string} pattern
+ * @returns {string}
+ */
+export function hrefPattern(pattern) {
+  return pattern.replace(/:[A-Za-z0-9_]+(\{[^}]*\})?/g, '*');
+}
+
+/** `{ href_matches }` for each, or null when there is nothing to match. */
+function where(patterns) {
+  if (!patterns.length) return null;
+  return { or: patterns.map((pattern) => ({ href_matches: pattern })) };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The `<script type="speculationrules">` body for a site, or null.
+ *
+ * Two lists, because they are two different promises. `prerendered` is every URL
+ * written to a file, and the browser may run those. `dynamic` is every route the
+ * server still renders, and the browser may only fetch those: the response is
+ * the same document a click would have got, and no page script runs early.
+ *
+ * Endpoints are in neither. A `.js` route answers with whatever it builds, and
+ * speculating one spends a request on something no navigation will reuse.
+ *
+ * @param {object} site
+ * @param {string[]} [site.prerendered] URLs written to a file
+ * @param {string[]} [site.dynamic] route patterns the server renders
+ * @param {object} [options]
+ * @param {string[]} [options.exclude] patterns to leave out of both
+ * @param {string} [options.eagerness] how soon the browser may act
+ * @returns {string|null} JSON, or null when nothing is speculated
+ * @throws when `eagerness` is not one the spec names
+ */
+export function speculationRules({ prerendered = [], dynamic = [] }, options = {}) {
+  const { exclude = [], eagerness = 'moderate' } = options;
+
+  if (!EAGERNESS.has(eagerness)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `[transclude] speculate.eagerness is ${JSON.stringify(eagerness)}. ` +
+        `It is one of ${[...EAGERNESS].join(', ')}.`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  const excluded = new Set(exclude);
+  const keep = (pattern) => !excluded.has(pattern);
+
+  // Sorted and deduplicated, so two builds of one site produce the same bytes
+  // and the CSP hash of this block does not change for no reason.
+  const clean = (list) => [...new Set(list)].filter(keep).sort();
+
+  const rules = {};
+  // A prerendered URL is already a URL. A route is a pattern, and `exclude` is
+  // matched against what comes out, so what an author writes is what they read
+  // in the emitted rules.
+  const run = where(clean(prerendered));
+  const fetchOnly = where(clean(dynamic.map(hrefPattern)));
+
+  if (run) rules.prerender = [{ where: run, eagerness }];
+  if (fetchOnly) rules.prefetch = [{ where: fetchOnly, eagerness }];
+
+  return run || fetchOnly ? JSON.stringify(rules) : null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * `speculate` as `{ exclude, eagerness }`, or null for off.
+ *
+ * Off by default, like every other thing here that changes what a browser is
+ * told to do. `true` is the defaults.
+ *
+ * @param {boolean|object} [setting]
+ * @returns {object|null}
+ */
+export function speculateSettings(setting) {
+  if (!setting) return null;
+  return setting === true ? {} : setting;
+}

package/src/typecheck.js

@@ -289,7 +289,8 @@ export function createChecker({
     `route: { id: string; pattern: string; path: string }; ` +
     `request: Request; fragment: string | null; ` +
     `response: { status: number; headers: Headers }; cookies: __Cookies; ` +
-    `absolute: (path: string) => string; revalidateTag: (tag: string) => void }`;
+    `absolute: (path: string) => string; revalidateTag: (tag: string) => void; ` +
+    `after: (work: Promise<unknown>) => void }`;
 
   const contextLiteral = (params, layoutType) =>
     `{ url: string; params: { ${params.map((name) => `${name}: string`).join('; ')} }; ` +
@@ -297,7 +298,8 @@ export function createChecker({
     `layout: ${layoutType}; request: Request | null; fragment: string | null; ` +
     `action: unknown; response: { status: number; headers: Headers }; ` +
     `cookies: __Cookies; htmlAttrs: Record<string, string | boolean | null>; ` +
-    `absolute: (path: string) => string; revalidateTag: (tag: string) => void }`;
+    `absolute: (path: string) => string; revalidateTag: (tag: string) => void; ` +
+    `after: (work: Promise<unknown>) => void }`;
 
   /**
    * Builds every shim in dependency order: components depend on nothing, a