@totemsdk/txpow 0.1.0

package/dist/serialization.js

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+/**
+ * serialization.ts — TxPoW envelope serialization.
+ *
+ * Ports serializeTxHeader / serializeTxBody / serializeTxPoW from
+ * packages/totem-extension/src/core/transaction/MinimaTransactionBuilder.ts
+ * into the standalone @totemsdk/txpow package.
+ *
+ * KEY DESIGN DECISIONS
+ * ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ * • serializeTxBody accepts PRE-SERIALIZED transaction bytes and witness bytes.
+ *   Callers use @totemsdk/core's serializeTransaction() + their own witness
+ *   serializer, then pass the byte arrays here. This keeps @totemsdk/txpow
+ *   free of WotsSignatureData / InputScriptInfo / CoinProof dependencies.
+ *
+ * • txnDifficulty defaults to MAX_HASH (all 0xFF) to produce byte-identical
+ *   output to the extension's current MEG-mined path. For locally mined TxPoWs
+ *   the caller MUST pass a value ≤ TX_POW_MIN_DIFFICULTY, otherwise the
+ *   transaction will fail TxPoWChecker.checkTxPoWSimple() at block inclusion.
+ *
+ * • nonce defaults to 0n (the mining loop updates it). timeMilli defaults to
+ *   Date.now() at call time.
+ *
+ * WIRE FORMAT REFERENCE
+ * ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+ * TxHeader.writeDataStream():
+ *   1. mNonce           MiniNumber
+ *   2. mChainID         MiniData   (MAIN_NET = [0x00])
+ *   3. mTimeMilli       MiniNumber
+ *   4. mBlockNumber     MiniNumber (0 for fresh TxPoW)
+ *   5. mBlockDifficulty MiniData   (MAX_HASH for fresh TxPoW)
+ *   6. Super Parents    RLE: 1 byte count + writeHashToStream(parent)
+ *   7. mMMRRoot         writeHashToStream (ZERO_HASH for fresh TxPoW)
+ *   8. mMMRTotal        MiniNumber (0)
+ *   9. mMagic           Magic.writeDataStream()
+ *  10. mCustomHash      writeHashToStream (ZERO_HASH)
+ *  11. mTxBodyHash      writeHashToStream
+ *
+ * TxBody.writeDataStream():
+ *   1. mPRNG            writeHashToStream (32 random bytes)
+ *   2. mTxnDifficulty   MiniData
+ *   3. mTransaction     Transaction.writeDataStream() (pre-serialized)
+ *   4. mWitness         Witness.writeDataStream() (pre-serialized)
+ *   5. mBurnTransaction Transaction.writeDataStream() (empty)
+ *   6. mBurnWitness     Witness.writeDataStream() (empty)
+ *   7. mTxPowIDList     MiniNumber(0)
+ *
+ * TxPoW.writeDataStream():
+ *   TxHeader bytes + MiniByte(0x01=hasBody) + TxBody bytes
+ *
+ * TxPoW ID:
+ *   SHA3-256( TxHeader bytes )  — Java: Crypto.getInstance().hashObject(mHeader)
+ */
+import { sha3_256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha3.js';
+import { writeMiniNumber, writeMiniData, concat, writeHashToStream, } from '@totemsdk/core';
+import { serializeMagic } from './magic.js';
+import { MAX_HASH, ZERO_HASH, CASCADE_LEVELS, MAIN_NET_CHAIN_ID, } from './constants.js';
+/**
+ * Serialize a TxHeader per Minima's TxHeader.writeDataStream().
+ *
+ * @param txBodyHash  SHA3-256 of the serialized TxBody (32 bytes)
+ * @param options     Optional nonce and timeMilli overrides
+ */
+export function serializeTxHeader(txBodyHash, options) {
+    const nonce = options?.nonce ?? 0n;
+    const timeMilli = options?.timeMilli ?? BigInt(Date.now());
+    const parts = [];
+    parts.push(writeMiniNumber(nonce));
+    parts.push(writeMiniData(MAIN_NET_CHAIN_ID));
+    parts.push(writeMiniNumber(timeMilli));
+    parts.push(writeMiniNumber(0n));
+    parts.push(writeMiniData(MAX_HASH));
+    parts.push(new Uint8Array([CASCADE_LEVELS]));
+    parts.push(writeHashToStream(ZERO_HASH));
+    parts.push(writeHashToStream(ZERO_HASH));
+    parts.push(writeMiniNumber(0n));
+    parts.push(serializeMagic());
+    parts.push(writeHashToStream(ZERO_HASH));
+    parts.push(writeHashToStream(txBodyHash));
+    return concat(...parts);
+}
+/**
+ * Compute TxPoW ID = SHA3-256(TxHeader bytes).
+ * Matches Java: Crypto.getInstance().hashObject(mHeader) via SHA3Digest(256).
+ */
+export function computeTxPoWId(headerBytes) {
+    return sha3_256(headerBytes);
+}
+/**
+ * Build the empty burn transaction bytes.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to serializeTransaction({ linkHash: new Uint8Array([0x00]),
+ *                                       inputs: [], outputs: [], state: [] })
+ * which produces:
+ *   writeMiniNumber(0n)              inputs count
+ *   writeMiniNumber(0n)              outputs count
+ *   writeMiniNumber(0n)              state count
+ *   writeHashToStream([0x00])        linkHash = ZERO_TXPOWID (1 byte)
+ */
+function buildEmptyBurnTxBytes() {
+    return concat(writeMiniNumber(0n), writeMiniNumber(0n), writeMiniNumber(0n), writeHashToStream(new Uint8Array([0x00])));
+}
+/**
+ * Build the empty burn witness bytes.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to serializeWitness() with no arguments:
+ *   writeMiniNumber(0n)   signature count
+ *   writeMiniNumber(0n)   coinproof count
+ *   writeMiniNumber(0n)   scriptproof count
+ */
+function buildEmptyBurnWitnessBytes() {
+    return concat(writeMiniNumber(0n), writeMiniNumber(0n), writeMiniNumber(0n));
+}
+/**
+ * Serialize a TxBody per Minima's TxBody.writeDataStream().
+ *
+ * @param txBytes       Pre-serialized Transaction bytes (from @totemsdk/core's serializeTransaction)
+ * @param witnessBytes  Pre-serialized Witness bytes (from extension's serializeWitness)
+ * @param options       Optional txnDifficulty override and test PRNG
+ */
+export function serializeTxBody(txBytes, witnessBytes, options) {
+    const txnDifficulty = options?.txnDifficulty ?? MAX_HASH;
+    let prng;
+    if (options?.prng) {
+        prng = options.prng;
+    }
+    else {
+        prng = new Uint8Array(32);
+        if (typeof crypto === 'undefined' || !crypto.getRandomValues) {
+            throw new Error('SECURITY: crypto.getRandomValues unavailable — cannot generate secure random bytes for transaction PRNG');
+        }
+        crypto.getRandomValues(prng);
+    }
+    return concat(writeHashToStream(prng), writeMiniData(txnDifficulty), txBytes, witnessBytes, buildEmptyBurnTxBytes(), buildEmptyBurnWitnessBytes(), writeMiniNumber(0n));
+}
+/**
+ * Serialize a complete TxPoW per Minima's TxPoW.writeDataStream().
+ *
+ * Assembles TxBody from pre-serialized tx+witness bytes, hashes the body to
+ * obtain mTxBodyHash, builds TxHeader with nonce=0, then concatenates:
+ *   TxHeader | 0x01 (hasBody) | TxBody
+ *
+ * The returned bytes have nonce=0. Pass them to mineTxPoW() to find a valid
+ * nonce for local mining, or send as-is when MEG will re-mine.
+ *
+ * @param txBytes       Pre-serialized Transaction bytes
+ * @param witnessBytes  Pre-serialized Witness bytes
+ * @param options       Optional txnDifficulty, nonce, timeMilli, prng
+ */
+export function serializeTxPoW(txBytes, witnessBytes, options) {
+    const txBody = serializeTxBody(txBytes, witnessBytes, options);
+    const txBodyHash = sha3_256(txBody);
+    return concat(serializeTxHeader(txBodyHash, options), new Uint8Array([0x01]), txBody);
+}

package/dist/verify.d.ts

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+/**
+ * verify.ts — TxPoW proof-of-work verification.
+ *
+ * verifyProofOfWork checks that a given txpowId beats the difficulty target
+ * without re-mining. Used by relay nodes to reject under-work submissions.
+ */
+export interface VerifyResult {
+    valid: boolean;
+    txpowId: string;
+    difficulty: string;
+    reason?: string;
+}
+/**
+ * Verify that a TxPoW ID beats the stated difficulty target.
+ *
+ * valid = txpowId < mTxnDifficulty (big-endian 256-bit comparison)
+ *
+ * @param txpowId        The 32-byte TxPoW ID (SHA3-256 of the header).
+ * @param mTxnDifficulty The 32-byte difficulty target from the TxBody.
+ */
+export declare function verifyProofOfWork(txpowId: Uint8Array, mTxnDifficulty: Uint8Array): VerifyResult;

package/dist/verify.js

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+/**
+ * verify.ts — TxPoW proof-of-work verification.
+ *
+ * verifyProofOfWork checks that a given txpowId beats the difficulty target
+ * without re-mining. Used by relay nodes to reject under-work submissions.
+ */
+import { isLessThan } from './mine.js';
+function toHex(bytes) {
+    return '0x' + Array.from(bytes).map(b => b.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
+}
+/**
+ * Verify that a TxPoW ID beats the stated difficulty target.
+ *
+ * valid = txpowId < mTxnDifficulty (big-endian 256-bit comparison)
+ *
+ * @param txpowId        The 32-byte TxPoW ID (SHA3-256 of the header).
+ * @param mTxnDifficulty The 32-byte difficulty target from the TxBody.
+ */
+export function verifyProofOfWork(txpowId, mTxnDifficulty) {
+    if (txpowId.length !== 32) {
+        return {
+            valid: false,
+            txpowId: toHex(txpowId),
+            difficulty: toHex(mTxnDifficulty),
+            reason: `txpowId must be 32 bytes, got ${txpowId.length}`,
+        };
+    }
+    if (mTxnDifficulty.length !== 32) {
+        return {
+            valid: false,
+            txpowId: toHex(txpowId),
+            difficulty: toHex(mTxnDifficulty),
+            reason: `mTxnDifficulty must be 32 bytes, got ${mTxnDifficulty.length}`,
+        };
+    }
+    const valid = isLessThan(txpowId, mTxnDifficulty);
+    return {
+        valid,
+        txpowId: toHex(txpowId),
+        difficulty: toHex(mTxnDifficulty),
+        reason: valid ? undefined : 'txpowId ≥ mTxnDifficulty',
+    };
+}

package/package.json

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+{
+  "name": "@totemsdk/txpow",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "description": "TxPoW envelope serialization and proof-of-work mining for the Minima protocol",
+  "type": "module",
+  "main": "dist/index.js",
+  "types": "dist/index.d.ts",
+  "exports": {
+    ".": {
+      "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+      "import": "./dist/index.js"
+    }
+  },
+  "scripts": {
+    "build": "tsc",
+    "clean": "rm -rf dist",
+    "test": "jest --passWithNoTests"
+  },
+  "files": [
+    "dist",
+    "src"
+  ],
+  "dependencies": {
+    "@totemsdk/core": "^1.0.5"
+  },
+  "peerDependencies": {
+    "@noble/hashes": ">=1.3.0"
+  },
+  "peerDependenciesMeta": {
+    "@noble/hashes": {
+      "optional": false
+    }
+  },
+  "devDependencies": {
+    "@noble/hashes": "^1.3.0",
+    "@types/jest": "^29.0.0",
+    "@types/node": "^20.0.0",
+    "jest": "^29.0.0",
+    "ts-jest": "^29.0.0",
+    "typescript": "^5.0.0"
+  },
+  "engines": {
+    "node": ">=16.0.0"
+  },
+  "publishConfig": {
+    "access": "public"
+  },
+  "license": "MIT"
+}

package/src/__tests__/serialization.test.ts

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+/**
+ * Parity tests for @totemsdk/txpow serialization.
+ *
+ * These tests verify byte-exact output against known reference vectors derived
+ * from the extension's private serializeTxHeader / serializeTxBody / serializeTxPoW
+ * and from TxHeaderTests_1768991294482.java.
+ *
+ * GATE: serializeTxPoW output must be byte-identical to the extension's functions
+ * for the same inputs before the extension's private copies are deleted (Task #130).
+ */
+
+import { sha3_256 } from '@noble/hashes/sha3';
+import {
+  serializeTxHeader,
+  serializeTxBody,
+  serializeTxPoW,
+  computeTxPoWId,
+  TX_POW_MIN_DIFFICULTY,
+  MAX_HASH,
+  ZERO_HASH,
+  CASCADE_LEVELS,
+  serializeMagic,
+} from '../index.js';
+import { writeMiniNumber, writeMiniData, writeHashToStream, concat } from '@totemsdk/core';
+
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Helpers
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+function bytesToHex(b: Uint8Array): string {
+  return Array.from(b).map(x => x.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
+}
+
+function hexToBytes(hex: string): Uint8Array {
+  const h = hex.startsWith('0x') ? hex.slice(2) : hex;
+  const out = new Uint8Array(h.length / 2);
+  for (let i = 0; i < h.length; i += 2) out[i / 2] = parseInt(h.slice(i, i + 2), 16);
+  return out;
+}
+
+// Known 32-byte body hash (all 0xAB for determinism)
+const MOCK_BODY_HASH = new Uint8Array(32).fill(0xab);
+
+// Deterministic PRNG for test reproducibility
+const MOCK_PRNG = new Uint8Array(32).fill(0xcd);
+
+// Empty pre-serialized transaction and witness (smallest valid inputs)
+const EMPTY_TX_BYTES = concat(
+  writeMiniNumber(0n),
+  writeMiniNumber(0n),
+  writeMiniNumber(0n),
+  writeHashToStream(new Uint8Array([0x00]))
+);
+const EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES = concat(
+  writeMiniNumber(0n),
+  writeMiniNumber(0n),
+  writeMiniNumber(0n)
+);
+
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// TX_POW_MIN_DIFFICULTY constant
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('TX_POW_MIN_DIFFICULTY', () => {
+  it('is 32 bytes', () => {
+    expect(TX_POW_MIN_DIFFICULTY.length).toBe(32);
+  });
+
+  it('is less than MAX_HASH (big-endian 256-bit compare)', () => {
+    for (let i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+      if (TX_POW_MIN_DIFFICULTY[i] < MAX_HASH[i]) return;
+      if (TX_POW_MIN_DIFFICULTY[i] > MAX_HASH[i]) throw new Error('TX_POW_MIN_DIFFICULTY > MAX_HASH');
+    }
+    throw new Error('TX_POW_MIN_DIFFICULTY === MAX_HASH');
+  });
+
+  it('equals floor((2^256 - 1) / 1_000_000)', () => {
+    const expected = ((2n ** 256n) - 1n) / 1_000_000n;
+    let hex = expected.toString(16);
+    if (hex.length % 2 !== 0) hex = '0' + hex;
+    while (hex.length < 64) hex = '00' + hex;
+    expect(bytesToHex(TX_POW_MIN_DIFFICULTY)).toBe(hex);
+  });
+});
+
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// computeTxPoWId
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('computeTxPoWId', () => {
+  it('returns SHA3-256 of the provided bytes', () => {
+    const input = new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]);
+    const result = computeTxPoWId(input);
+    const expected = sha3_256(input);
+    expect(result).toEqual(expected);
+  });
+
+  it('returns 32 bytes', () => {
+    const result = computeTxPoWId(MOCK_BODY_HASH);
+    expect(result.length).toBe(32);
+  });
+});
+
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// serializeMagic
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('serializeMagic', () => {
+  it('produces a non-empty byte array', () => {
+    const magic = serializeMagic();
+    expect(magic.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+  });
+
+  it('contains expected MiniNumber values for maxTxPoWSize=65536', () => {
+    const magic = serializeMagic();
+    const hex = bytesToHex(magic);
+    // writeMiniNumber(65536n): scale=0 [00], len=3 [03], bytes=[01,00,00]
+    // so "000301 0000" — confirm first 6 bytes contain expected value
+    expect(hex.startsWith('000301')).toBe(true);
+  });
+
+  it('is deterministic', () => {
+    expect(serializeMagic()).toEqual(serializeMagic());
+  });
+});
+
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// serializeTxHeader
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('serializeTxHeader', () => {
+  const FIXED_TIME = 1700000000000n;
+  const FIXED_NONCE = 0n;
+
+  it('is deterministic for fixed nonce + timeMilli', () => {
+    const h1 = serializeTxHeader(MOCK_BODY_HASH, { nonce: FIXED_NONCE, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+    const h2 = serializeTxHeader(MOCK_BODY_HASH, { nonce: FIXED_NONCE, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+    expect(h1).toEqual(h2);
+  });
+
+  it('starts with nonce=0 MiniNumber [00 01 00]', () => {
+    const h = serializeTxHeader(MOCK_BODY_HASH, { nonce: 0n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+    expect(Array.from(h.slice(0, 3))).toEqual([0x00, 0x01, 0x00]);
+  });
+
+  it('starts with nonce=1 MiniNumber [00 01 01] for nonce=1', () => {
+    const h = serializeTxHeader(MOCK_BODY_HASH, { nonce: 1n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+    expect(Array.from(h.slice(0, 3))).toEqual([0x00, 0x01, 0x01]);
+  });
+
+  it('encodes nonce=128 with 4 bytes (MiniNumber boundary)', () => {
+    const h = serializeTxHeader(MOCK_BODY_HASH, { nonce: 128n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+    // writeMiniNumber(128n): scale=0 [00], len=2 [02], bytes=[00,80]
+    expect(Array.from(h.slice(0, 4))).toEqual([0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x80]);
+  });
+
+  it('encodes nonce=32768 with 5 bytes (MiniNumber boundary)', () => {
+    const h = serializeTxHeader(MOCK_BODY_HASH, { nonce: 32768n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+    // writeMiniNumber(32768n): scale=0 [00], len=3 [03], bytes=[00,80,00]
+    expect(Array.from(h.slice(0, 5))).toEqual([0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00]);
+  });
+
+  it('includes CASCADE_LEVELS=32 as single byte in super-parents section', () => {
+    const h = serializeTxHeader(MOCK_BODY_HASH, { nonce: 0n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+    const hex = bytesToHex(h);
+    // After nonce[3] + chainID[5] + timeMilli[?] + blockNum[3] + blockDiff[36] = starts with 00 01 00
+    // We check that the byte 0x20 (=32=CASCADE_LEVELS) appears exactly once in isolation
+    expect(h).toContain(CASCADE_LEVELS);
+    const idx = h.indexOf(CASCADE_LEVELS);
+    expect(idx).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+    expect(hex).toContain('20'); // 0x20 = 32
+  });
+
+  it('ends with the txBodyHash via writeHashToStream (last 36 bytes = 4-byte len + 32 bytes)', () => {
+    const h = serializeTxHeader(MOCK_BODY_HASH, { nonce: 0n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+    const tail = h.slice(h.length - 36);
+    // writeHashToStream produces: 00 00 00 20 + 32 bytes
+    expect(Array.from(tail.slice(0, 4))).toEqual([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20]);
+    expect(tail.slice(4)).toEqual(MOCK_BODY_HASH);
+  });
+
+  it('changes when nonce changes (mining loop property)', () => {
+    const h0 = serializeTxHeader(MOCK_BODY_HASH, { nonce: 0n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+    const h1 = serializeTxHeader(MOCK_BODY_HASH, { nonce: 1n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+    expect(h0).not.toEqual(h1);
+  });
+});
+
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// serializeTxBody
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('serializeTxBody', () => {
+  it('is deterministic when prng is provided', () => {
+    const b1 = serializeTxBody(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, { prng: MOCK_PRNG });
+    const b2 = serializeTxBody(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, { prng: MOCK_PRNG });
+    expect(b1).toEqual(b2);
+  });
+
+  it('starts with writeHashToStream(prng): [00 00 00 20] + 32 prng bytes', () => {
+    const body = serializeTxBody(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, { prng: MOCK_PRNG });
+    expect(Array.from(body.slice(0, 4))).toEqual([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20]);
+    expect(body.slice(4, 36)).toEqual(MOCK_PRNG);
+  });
+
+  it('uses MAX_HASH as default txnDifficulty (36 bytes after PRNG)', () => {
+    const body = serializeTxBody(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, { prng: MOCK_PRNG });
+    // After PRNG (36 bytes): writeMiniData(MAX_HASH) = [00 00 00 20] + 32×FF
+    const diffStart = 36;
+    expect(Array.from(body.slice(diffStart, diffStart + 4))).toEqual([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x20]);
+    expect(Array.from(body.slice(diffStart + 4, diffStart + 36))).toEqual(Array(32).fill(0xff));
+  });
+
+  it('uses provided txnDifficulty correctly', () => {
+    const customDiff = new Uint8Array(32).fill(0x11);
+    const body = serializeTxBody(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, {
+      prng: MOCK_PRNG,
+      txnDifficulty: customDiff,
+    });
+    const diffStart = 36;
+    expect(Array.from(body.slice(diffStart + 4, diffStart + 36))).toEqual(Array(32).fill(0x11));
+  });
+
+  it('includes the pre-serialized txBytes verbatim', () => {
+    const mockTx = new Uint8Array([0xde, 0xad, 0xbe, 0xef]);
+    const body = serializeTxBody(mockTx, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, { prng: MOCK_PRNG });
+    const bodyHex = bytesToHex(body);
+    expect(bodyHex).toContain('deadbeef');
+  });
+
+  it('includes the pre-serialized witnessBytes verbatim', () => {
+    const mockWitness = new Uint8Array([0xca, 0xfe, 0xba, 0xbe]);
+    const body = serializeTxBody(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, mockWitness, { prng: MOCK_PRNG });
+    const bodyHex = bytesToHex(body);
+    expect(bodyHex).toContain('cafebabe');
+  });
+
+  it('ends with MiniNumber(0) for empty txpowid list', () => {
+    const body = serializeTxBody(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, { prng: MOCK_PRNG });
+    // Last 3 bytes: writeMiniNumber(0n) = [00, 01, 00]
+    expect(Array.from(body.slice(body.length - 3))).toEqual([0x00, 0x01, 0x00]);
+  });
+});
+
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// serializeTxPoW — structure tests
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('serializeTxPoW', () => {
+  it('byte at header.length is 0x01 (hasBody flag)', () => {
+    const FIXED_TIME = 1700000000000n;
+    const body = serializeTxBody(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, { prng: MOCK_PRNG });
+    const bodyHash = sha3_256(body);
+    const header = serializeTxHeader(bodyHash, { nonce: 0n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+
+    const txpow = serializeTxPoW(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, {
+      nonce: 0n,
+      timeMilli: FIXED_TIME,
+      prng: MOCK_PRNG,
+    });
+
+    expect(txpow[header.length]).toBe(0x01);
+  });
+
+  it('header prefix matches standalone serializeTxHeader output', () => {
+    const FIXED_TIME = 1700000000000n;
+    const body = serializeTxBody(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, { prng: MOCK_PRNG });
+    const bodyHash = sha3_256(body);
+    const expectedHeader = serializeTxHeader(bodyHash, { nonce: 0n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+
+    const txpow = serializeTxPoW(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, {
+      nonce: 0n,
+      timeMilli: FIXED_TIME,
+      prng: MOCK_PRNG,
+    });
+
+    expect(txpow.slice(0, expectedHeader.length)).toEqual(expectedHeader);
+  });
+
+  it('txpowId derived from first headerLen bytes matches computeTxPoWId', () => {
+    const FIXED_TIME = 1700000000000n;
+    const body = serializeTxBody(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, { prng: MOCK_PRNG });
+    const bodyHash = sha3_256(body);
+    const header = serializeTxHeader(bodyHash, { nonce: 0n, timeMilli: FIXED_TIME });
+
+    const txpow = serializeTxPoW(EMPTY_TX_BYTES, EMPTY_WITNESS_BYTES, {
+      nonce: 0n,
+      timeMilli: FIXED_TIME,
+      prng: MOCK_PRNG,
+    });
+
+    const idFromTxPoW = computeTxPoWId(txpow.slice(0, header.length));
+    const idFromHeader = computeTxPoWId(header);
+    expect(idFromTxPoW).toEqual(idFromHeader);
+  });
+});
+
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Nonce MiniNumber encoding boundaries
+// ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('nonce MiniNumber encoding boundaries', () => {
+  const BODY_HASH = new Uint8Array(32).fill(0x77);
+  const TIME = 1700000000000n;
+
+  it('nonce=0 encodes as 3 bytes [00 01 00]', () => {
+    const n = writeMiniNumber(0n);
+    expect(n.length).toBe(3);
+    expect(Array.from(n)).toEqual([0x00, 0x01, 0x00]);
+  });
+
+  it('nonce=127 encodes as 3 bytes (still 1-byte unscaled)', () => {
+    const n = writeMiniNumber(127n);
+    expect(n.length).toBe(3);
+    expect(Array.from(n)).toEqual([0x00, 0x01, 0x7f]);
+  });
+
+  it('nonce=128 encodes as 4 bytes (2-byte unscaled: leading zero + 0x80)', () => {
+    const n = writeMiniNumber(128n);
+    expect(n.length).toBe(4);
+    expect(Array.from(n)).toEqual([0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x80]);
+  });
+
+  it('nonce=32767 encodes as 4 bytes', () => {
+    const n = writeMiniNumber(32767n);
+    expect(n.length).toBe(4);
+    expect(Array.from(n)).toEqual([0x00, 0x02, 0x7f, 0xff]);
+  });
+
+  it('nonce=32768 encodes as 5 bytes (3-byte unscaled: leading zero + 0x80 0x00)', () => {
+    const n = writeMiniNumber(32768n);
+    expect(n.length).toBe(5);
+    expect(Array.from(n)).toEqual([0x00, 0x03, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00]);
+  });
+
+  it('header byte length changes at nonce 128 boundary', () => {
+    const h127 = serializeTxHeader(BODY_HASH, { nonce: 127n, timeMilli: TIME });
+    const h128 = serializeTxHeader(BODY_HASH, { nonce: 128n, timeMilli: TIME });
+    expect(h128.length).toBe(h127.length + 1);
+  });
+
+  it('header byte length changes at nonce 32768 boundary', () => {
+    const h32767 = serializeTxHeader(BODY_HASH, { nonce: 32767n, timeMilli: TIME });
+    const h32768 = serializeTxHeader(BODY_HASH, { nonce: 32768n, timeMilli: TIME });
+    expect(h32768.length).toBe(h32767.length + 1);
+  });
+});