@torrent-tv/proxy 2.87.8 → 2.87.9

package/services/encode/args.js

@@ -1,416 +1,416 @@
-/**
- * @file The arithmetic every encoder kind is built from: the output frame rate,
- * the bitrate ladder and its caps, the frame box, and the keyframe arguments.
- *
- * Taken out of `encode/hwaccel.js` so the kind classes beside this file do not have to
- * import the detection and benchmarking that happen to live there. The
- * dependency runs one way — `encode/hwaccel.js` imports this, never the reverse — and
- * everything here is a calculation, with no process, no filesystem and no clock
- * behind it.
- *
- * Moved verbatim on 2026-09-04. Every comment is the reasoning it was written
- * with and every field case it cites is unchanged.
- */
-
-import os from "node:os";
-import { LADDER_HEIGHTS } from "./output/ladder.js";
-
-export const SOFTWARE_PRESET = "ultrafast";
-export const SOFTWARE_CRF = "24";
-// HDR→SDR tone-map chain (software). Converts a BT.2020 PQ/HLG source to BT.709
-// 8-bit SDR so the re-encode is not washed-out/desaturated. Requires the
-// `zscale` (libzimg) and `tonemap` filters — gated by detectTonemapSupport;
-// when unavailable the encode falls back to a plain 8-bit convert (no tonemap).
-// npl=100 targets ~100-nit SDR; hable is a well-behaved tone-mapping operator.
-export const TONEMAP_FILTER_CHAIN =
-  "zscale=t=linear:npl=100,format=gbrpf32le,zscale=p=bt709," +
-  "tonemap=tonemap=hable:desat=0,zscale=t=bt709:m=bt709:r=tv,format=yuv420p";
-// Default output frame rate when the source rate is unknown, and the rate used
-// by the synthetic startup test-encode / preset benchmark. The real encode
-// inherits the source rate (rounded to an integer, capped) — see
-// chooseOutputFps — so 25/30 fps content no longer plays resampled to 24.
-export const TRANSCODE_FPS = 24;
-// Upper bound on the output frame rate: 50/60 fps sources are halved-in-effort
-// by capping to 30, protecting the realtime encode budget on weak hosts.
-export const MAX_OUTPUT_FPS = 30;
-
-/**
- * Choose an INTEGER output frame rate from the (possibly fractional) source
- * rate, for the frame-count-GOP encoders ONLY (software libx264, v4l2m2m).
- * Those place keyframes with `-g = segmentDur × fps` (frame count), so the
- * `fps=` filter value must be an integer that makes seg×fps an exact whole
- * number of frames per segment — otherwise segments drift off the synthetic
- * playlist's uniform grid and seek accuracy degrades over a long file. Film
- * rates (23.976) round to 24, 25 stays 25, 29.97 rounds to 30; the cap clamps
- * high rates (the cap is a SPEED guard for the weak software/v4l2m2m path).
- *
- * Time-based-keyframe encoders (nvenc, vaapi, qsv) do NOT use this — they
- * inherit the exact source rate untouched (their keyframes are forced by
- * output time, so any rate segments correctly).
- *
- * @param {number | null | undefined} sourceFps
- * @param {number} [cap=MAX_OUTPUT_FPS]
- * @returns {number}
- */
-export function chooseOutputFps(sourceFps, cap = MAX_OUTPUT_FPS) {
-  if (!Number.isFinite(sourceFps) || sourceFps <= 0) {
-    return TRANSCODE_FPS;
-  }
-  const rounded = Math.round(sourceFps);
-  if (rounded < 1) {
-    return TRANSCODE_FPS;
-  }
-  return Math.min(cap, rounded);
-}
-// Software x264 on weak ARM hosts is the transcode bottleneck — use all cores.
-export const CPU_THREADS = Math.max(1, os.cpus().length);
-
-// Bitrate caps (constrained CRF). CRF stays the quality driver; -maxrate/
-// -bufsize only bound the peaks. Field evidence (iPhone on cellular,
-// 2026-07-10): uncapped complex scenes produced 4 s segments of ~18 Mbit/s
-// against a 1-6 Mbit/s viewer link — 45 s prebuffer, draining buffer.
-// Nominal H.264 rates per row; multipliers from webtor's production ladder
-// (content-transcoder): maxrate = 1.3x nominal, bufsize = 1.5x. The nominal
-// figures themselves came with no source when they were written (2026-07-10,
-// openspec `adaptive-bitrate`) and stand as an assumption until roadmap item
-// 97, step 14 measures them.
-const NOMINAL_KBPS_BY_ROW = new Map([
-  [1080, 5000],
-  [720, 2800],
-  [480, 1400],
-  [360, 800],
-  [240, 400]
-]);
-// The picture every row is named after: a 16:9 frame of the row's height, as
-// the encode itself would size one (`computeOutputDimensions` from a 16:9
-// source), so the reference is the frame the product makes and not a width
-// written down beside it.
-const ROW_REFERENCE_SOURCE = Object.freeze({ width: 3840, height: 2160 });
-/**
- * The rate a re-encoded soundtrack is produced at, in kbit/s: stereo AAC,
- * constant. Stated once because two places need the same figure — the ffmpeg
- * arguments that produce it, and the viewer's link that has to carry it.
- */
-export const AUDIO_TRANSCODE_KBPS = 128;
-const CAP_MAXRATE_FACTOR = 1.3;
-const CAP_BUFSIZE_FACTOR = 1.5;
-
-/**
- * The rows of limits, one per height of the ladder, each with the area of the
- * frame it is named after.
- *
- * @type {{ height: number, area: number }[] | null}
- */
-let limitRows = null;
-
-/**
- * @returns {{ height: number, area: number }[]}
- */
-function rows() {
-  if (limitRows === null) {
-    limitRows = LADDER_HEIGHTS.map((height) => {
-      const frame = computeOutputDimensions(
-        ROW_REFERENCE_SOURCE.width,
-        height,
-        ROW_REFERENCE_SOURCE.width,
-        ROW_REFERENCE_SOURCE.height
-      );
-      return { height, area: frame.w * frame.h };
-    });
-  }
-  return limitRows;
-}
-
-/**
- * The row whose frame area is nearest to this one, measured as a ratio rather
- * than a difference (decided with the user 2026-09-24): a rate grows with the
- * number of points multiplicatively, and the rows stand at uneven distances, so
- * the border between two rows is the geometric mean of their areas. On the
- * border itself the row with the larger area wins, so the choice has one answer.
- *
- * Keyed by area and not by height because a height alone names the wrong
- * frame for any picture that is not 16:9: a 2.4:1 film in a 1080 box is
- * encoded at about 1920x800, 1.54 million points, which a height puts in the
- * 720 row (0.92 million) although it is nearer the 1080 row (2.07 million).
- *
- * @param {{ width: number, height: number }} frame
- * @returns {number} The height the row is named after.
- */
-export function limitRowFor({ width, height }) {
-  const area = Number(width) * Number(height);
-  if (!(Number.isFinite(area) && area > 0)) {
-    throw new RangeError(`a limit row is chosen for a frame, not for ${width}x${height}`);
-  }
-  return nearestByArea(rows(), area).height;
-}
-
-/**
- * @param {{ height: number, area: number }[]} candidates
- * @param {number} area
- * @returns {{ height: number, area: number }}
- */
-function nearestByArea(candidates, area) {
-  // The larger area over the smaller: the same order as the distance of the
-  // logarithms, without a logarithm. Taken as log(a / b) the two sides of a
-  // border come out one last digit apart — log(2/3) is not exactly -log(3/2) —
-  // and the tie rule below would never be reached.
-  const ratioTo = (rowArea) => Math.max(area, rowArea) / Math.min(area, rowArea);
-  let best = candidates[0];
-  let bestDistance = ratioTo(best.area);
-  for (const row of candidates.slice(1)) {
-    const distance = ratioTo(row.area);
-    if (distance < bestDistance || (distance === bestDistance && row.area > best.area)) {
-      best = row;
-      bestDistance = distance;
-    }
-  }
-  return best;
-}
-
-/**
- * Nominal kbps for a frame: the nominal of the row its area falls in. A row
- * that has no nominal of its own yet (540, 1440 and 2160 today) takes the one
- * of the nearest row by area that has one, by the same rule, until step 14
- * measures it.
- *
- * @param {{ width: number, height: number }} frame
- * @returns {number}
- */
-export function nominalKbpsFor(frame) {
-  const row = limitRowFor(frame);
-  const own = NOMINAL_KBPS_BY_ROW.get(row);
-  if (own !== undefined) {
-    return own;
-  }
-  const named = rows().filter((candidate) => NOMINAL_KBPS_BY_ROW.has(candidate.height));
-  const rowArea = rows().find((candidate) => candidate.height === row).area;
-  return NOMINAL_KBPS_BY_ROW.get(nearestByArea(named, rowArea).height);
-}
-
-/**
- * The peak this encode may reach, in kbit/s, for a nominal rate.
- *
- * Exported because the same figure answers a second question: whether a rung
- * fits the viewer's measured link. The budget compares the link against what
- * the encode is ALLOWED to peak at rather than against what it happened to
- * produce in the last few segments, so a rung is judged by the bound we impose
- * on it and not by a quiet stretch of the film.
- *
- * @param {number} nominalKbps
- * @returns {number}
- */
-export function maxrateKbpsFor(nominalKbps) {
-  return Math.round(nominalKbps * CAP_MAXRATE_FACTOR);
-}
-
-/**
- * H.264 levels, Table A-1 of ITU-T H.264: the level name, then MaxMBPS
- * (macroblocks per second), MaxFS (macroblocks per frame), MaxBR (kbit/s) and
- * MaxCPB (kbit). The bit rate and buffer limits are the Baseline/Main figures;
- * the High profile, which libx264 produces for 8-bit 4:2:0, allows 1.25 times
- * both (Table A-2, `cpbBrVclFactor` 1250 against 1000).
- */
-const H264_LEVELS = [
-  ["1", 1485, 99, 64, 175],
-  ["1.1", 3000, 396, 192, 500],
-  ["1.2", 6000, 396, 384, 1000],
-  ["1.3", 11880, 396, 768, 2000],
-  ["2", 11880, 396, 2000, 2000],
-  ["2.1", 19800, 792, 4000, 4000],
-  ["2.2", 20250, 1620, 4000, 4000],
-  ["3", 40500, 1620, 10000, 10000],
-  ["3.1", 108000, 3600, 14000, 14000],
-  ["3.2", 216000, 5120, 20000, 20000],
-  ["4", 245760, 8192, 20000, 25000],
-  ["4.1", 245760, 8192, 50000, 62500],
-  ["4.2", 522240, 8704, 50000, 62500],
-  ["5", 589824, 22080, 135000, 135000],
-  ["5.1", 983040, 36864, 240000, 240000],
-  ["5.2", 2073600, 36864, 240000, 240000],
-  ["6", 4177920, 139264, 240000, 240000],
-  ["6.1", 8355840, 139264, 480000, 480000],
-  ["6.2", 16711680, 139264, 800000, 800000]
-];
-const HIGH_PROFILE_RATE_FACTOR = 1.25;
-
-/**
- * The lowest H.264 level whose limits hold this picture and this rate control,
- * or null when none does.
- *
- * What the DPB needs is not checked here: it depends on the reference count,
- * which the speed setting decides, and at the presets this proxy runs (one or
- * two references) no size it produces reaches that limit. Whether this answer
- * is the level x264 would pick by itself is checked before a release
- * (`stand/segment-compat/level-check.mjs`), which is the check that would catch
- * the DPB, or anything else, deciding differently.
- *
- * @param {{ width: number, height: number, fps: number, maxrateKbps: number, bufsizeKbps: number }} picture
- * @returns {string | null}
- */
-export function h264LevelFor({ width, height, fps, maxrateKbps, bufsizeKbps }) {
-  const frameMbs = Math.ceil(width / 16) * Math.ceil(height / 16);
-  for (const [name, maxMbps, maxFs, maxBr, maxCpb] of H264_LEVELS) {
-    if (
-      frameMbs <= maxFs &&
-      frameMbs * fps <= maxMbps &&
-      maxrateKbps <= maxBr * HIGH_PROFILE_RATE_FACTOR &&
-      bufsizeKbps <= maxCpb * HIGH_PROFILE_RATE_FACTOR
-    ) {
-      return name;
-    }
-  }
-  return null;
-}
-
-/**
- * The rate control of a software encode at this size, and the level it is
- * declared at.
- *
- * THE LEVEL BELONGS TO THE NOMINAL OUTPUT OF THIS SIZE, not to the limit asked
- * for (decided with the user 2026-09-23). A level is a ceiling a decoder must
- * be able to handle, not a description of the stream, so a stream held below
- * the nominal limit is correctly declared at the nominal output's level. What
- * that buys is the whole point: every limit at one size then writes the same
- * header, so moving a viewer between two of them is serving another output's
- * pieces under the address they already play, with nothing asked of the
- * player. Declared by the stream's own limit, a lower limit could land on a
- * lower level, the header would differ, and the move would need a new address.
- *
- * A limit ABOVE the nominal one is refused rather than lowered: it would need a
- * higher level than the one every other output of this size declares, and the
- * request would then be answered with something other than what it asked for.
- *
- * @param {{ width: number, height: number, fps: number, capKbps?: number | null }} params
- *   `capKbps` is the nominal rate asked for; absent, the size's own.
- * @returns {{ maxrateKbps: number, bufsizeKbps: number, level: string | null }}
- */
-export function softwareRateControlFor({ width, height, fps, capKbps = null }) {
-  const nominal = nominalKbpsFor({ width, height });
-  const asked = capKbps === null || capKbps === undefined ? nominal : Number(capKbps);
-  if (!(Number.isFinite(asked) && asked > 0)) {
-    throw new RangeError(`a bitrate limit must be a positive number of kbit/s, not ${capKbps}`);
-  }
-  if (asked > nominal) {
-    throw new RangeError(
-      `a bitrate limit of ${asked}kbps is above the ${nominal}kbps a ${width}x${height} picture is sized for, ` +
-      "and would need a higher level than every other output of this size declares"
-    );
-  }
-  return {
-    maxrateKbps: maxrateKbpsFor(asked),
-    bufsizeKbps: bufsizeKbpsFor(asked),
-    level: h264LevelFor({
-      width,
-      height,
-      fps,
-      maxrateKbps: maxrateKbpsFor(nominal),
-      bufsizeKbps: bufsizeKbpsFor(nominal)
-    })
-  };
-}
-
-/**
- * The buffer an encode may fill, in kbit, for a nominal rate.
- *
- * @param {number} nominalKbps
- * @returns {number}
- */
-export function bufsizeKbpsFor(nominalKbps) {
-  return Math.round(nominalKbps * CAP_BUFSIZE_FACTOR);
-}
-
-/**
- * `-maxrate`/`-bufsize`/`-level` for an encode, exactly as its output states
- * them (constrained CRF: CRF drives quality, these bound the peaks).
- *
- * Nothing is computed here: the figures are part of what the output IS, and
- * its key names them, so the arguments are read off the output rather than
- * worked out again beside it.
- *
- * @param {{ maxrateKbps: number, bufsizeKbps: number, level: string | null } | null} rateControl
- * @returns {string[]}
- */
-export function rateControlArgs(rateControl) {
-  if (!rateControl) {
-    return [];
-  }
-  return [
-    "-maxrate", `${rateControl.maxrateKbps}k`,
-    "-bufsize", `${rateControl.bufsizeKbps}k`,
-    ...(rateControl.level ? ["-level:v", rateControl.level] : [])
-  ];
-}
-
-/**
- * @param {number} targetWidth
- * @param {number} targetHeight
- * @returns {{ w: number, h: number }}
- */
-export function safeDimensions(targetWidth, targetHeight) {
-  const w = Number.isInteger(targetWidth) && targetWidth > 0 ? targetWidth : 1280;
-  const h = Number.isInteger(targetHeight) && targetHeight > 0 ? targetHeight : 720;
-  return { w, h };
-}
-
-/**
- * Force a keyframe on every segment boundary so each HLS segment is
- * independently decodable.
- *
- * Two grids exist. The usual one is even — a keyframe every
- * `segmentDurationSec` — and the encoder is free to place them because it is
- * producing every frame anyway. The other is the SOURCE's own keyframe times,
- * used when this encode has to be interchangeable with a stream that is
- * COPIED: a copy can only be cut where the source already has a keyframe, so a
- * rung meant to splice into it must be cut at exactly those times and nowhere
- * else. Then the times are given outright.
- *
- * @param {number} segmentDurationSec
- * @param {number[] | null} [forcedTimes] - Run-relative seconds, ascending.
- * @returns {string[]}
- */
-export function keyFrameArgs(segmentDurationSec, forcedTimes = null) {
-  if (Array.isArray(forcedTimes) && forcedTimes.length > 0) {
-    return ["-force_key_frames", forcedTimes.join(",")];
-  }
-  return ["-force_key_frames", `expr:gte(t,n_forced*${segmentDurationSec})`];
-}
-
-/**
- * Whether an explicit cut list was supplied.
- *
- * @param {number[] | null | undefined} forcedTimes
- * @returns {boolean}
- */
-export function hasForcedTimes(forcedTimes) {
-  return Array.isArray(forcedTimes) && forcedTimes.length > 0;
-}
-
-/**
- * Compute the actual output resolution ffmpeg will produce: the target box
- * capped to the source (never upscaled), preserving aspect, divisible by 2.
- * Mirrors the `scale='min(w,iw)':'min(h,ih)':force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease`
- * filter built below, which is why it lives beside it: two statements of one
- * rule, and the day they disagree the quality offer prices a picture ffmpeg is
- * not making. Returns `null` when the source size is unknown.
- *
- * @param {number} targetWidth
- * @param {number} targetHeight
- * @param {number | null} sourceWidth
- * @param {number | null} sourceHeight
- * @returns {{ w: number, h: number } | null}
- */
-export function computeOutputDimensions(targetWidth, targetHeight, sourceWidth, sourceHeight) {
-  const sw = Number.isFinite(sourceWidth) && sourceWidth > 0 ? sourceWidth : 0;
-  const sh = Number.isFinite(sourceHeight) && sourceHeight > 0 ? sourceHeight : 0;
-  if (!sw || !sh) {
-    return null;
-  }
-  const tw = Number.isInteger(targetWidth) && targetWidth > 0 ? targetWidth : sw;
-  const th = Number.isInteger(targetHeight) && targetHeight > 0 ? targetHeight : sh;
-  const scale = Math.min(tw / sw, th / sh, 1);
-  let w = Math.round(sw * scale);
-  let h = Math.round(sh * scale);
-  w -= w % 2;
-  h -= h % 2;
-  return { w: Math.max(2, w), h: Math.max(2, h) };
-}
+/**
+ * @file The arithmetic every encoder kind is built from: the output frame rate,
+ * the bitrate ladder and its caps, the frame box, and the keyframe arguments.
+ *
+ * Taken out of `encode/hwaccel.js` so the kind classes beside this file do not have to
+ * import the detection and benchmarking that happen to live there. The
+ * dependency runs one way — `encode/hwaccel.js` imports this, never the reverse — and
+ * everything here is a calculation, with no process, no filesystem and no clock
+ * behind it.
+ *
+ * Moved verbatim on 2026-09-04. Every comment is the reasoning it was written
+ * with and every field case it cites is unchanged.
+ */
+
+import os from "node:os";
+import { LADDER_HEIGHTS } from "./output/ladder.js";
+
+export const SOFTWARE_PRESET = "ultrafast";
+export const SOFTWARE_CRF = "24";
+// HDR→SDR tone-map chain (software). Converts a BT.2020 PQ/HLG source to BT.709
+// 8-bit SDR so the re-encode is not washed-out/desaturated. Requires the
+// `zscale` (libzimg) and `tonemap` filters — gated by detectTonemapSupport;
+// when unavailable the encode falls back to a plain 8-bit convert (no tonemap).
+// npl=100 targets ~100-nit SDR; hable is a well-behaved tone-mapping operator.
+export const TONEMAP_FILTER_CHAIN =
+  "zscale=t=linear:npl=100,format=gbrpf32le,zscale=p=bt709," +
+  "tonemap=tonemap=hable:desat=0,zscale=t=bt709:m=bt709:r=tv,format=yuv420p";
+// Default output frame rate when the source rate is unknown, and the rate used
+// by the synthetic startup test-encode / preset benchmark. The real encode
+// inherits the source rate (rounded to an integer, capped) — see
+// chooseOutputFps — so 25/30 fps content no longer plays resampled to 24.
+export const TRANSCODE_FPS = 24;
+// Upper bound on the output frame rate: 50/60 fps sources are halved-in-effort
+// by capping to 30, protecting the realtime encode budget on weak hosts.
+export const MAX_OUTPUT_FPS = 30;
+
+/**
+ * Choose an INTEGER output frame rate from the (possibly fractional) source
+ * rate, for the frame-count-GOP encoders ONLY (software libx264, v4l2m2m).
+ * Those place keyframes with `-g = segmentDur × fps` (frame count), so the
+ * `fps=` filter value must be an integer that makes seg×fps an exact whole
+ * number of frames per segment — otherwise segments drift off the synthetic
+ * playlist's uniform grid and seek accuracy degrades over a long file. Film
+ * rates (23.976) round to 24, 25 stays 25, 29.97 rounds to 30; the cap clamps
+ * high rates (the cap is a SPEED guard for the weak software/v4l2m2m path).
+ *
+ * Time-based-keyframe encoders (nvenc, vaapi, qsv) do NOT use this — they
+ * inherit the exact source rate untouched (their keyframes are forced by
+ * output time, so any rate segments correctly).
+ *
+ * @param {number | null | undefined} sourceFps
+ * @param {number} [cap=MAX_OUTPUT_FPS]
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function chooseOutputFps(sourceFps, cap = MAX_OUTPUT_FPS) {
+  if (!Number.isFinite(sourceFps) || sourceFps <= 0) {
+    return TRANSCODE_FPS;
+  }
+  const rounded = Math.round(sourceFps);
+  if (rounded < 1) {
+    return TRANSCODE_FPS;
+  }
+  return Math.min(cap, rounded);
+}
+// Software x264 on weak ARM hosts is the transcode bottleneck — use all cores.
+export const CPU_THREADS = Math.max(1, os.cpus().length);
+
+// Bitrate caps (constrained CRF). CRF stays the quality driver; -maxrate/
+// -bufsize only bound the peaks. Field evidence (iPhone on cellular,
+// 2026-07-10): uncapped complex scenes produced 4 s segments of ~18 Mbit/s
+// against a 1-6 Mbit/s viewer link — 45 s prebuffer, draining buffer.
+// Nominal H.264 rates per row; multipliers from webtor's production ladder
+// (content-transcoder): maxrate = 1.3x nominal, bufsize = 1.5x. The nominal
+// figures themselves came with no source when they were written (2026-07-10,
+// openspec `adaptive-bitrate`) and stand as an assumption until roadmap item
+// 97, step 14 measures them.
+const NOMINAL_KBPS_BY_ROW = new Map([
+  [1080, 5000],
+  [720, 2800],
+  [480, 1400],
+  [360, 800],
+  [240, 400]
+]);
+// The picture every row is named after: a 16:9 frame of the row's height, as
+// the encode itself would size one (`computeOutputDimensions` from a 16:9
+// source), so the reference is the frame the product makes and not a width
+// written down beside it.
+const ROW_REFERENCE_SOURCE = Object.freeze({ width: 3840, height: 2160 });
+/**
+ * The rate a re-encoded soundtrack is produced at, in kbit/s: stereo AAC,
+ * constant. Stated once because two places need the same figure — the ffmpeg
+ * arguments that produce it, and the viewer's link that has to carry it.
+ */
+export const AUDIO_TRANSCODE_KBPS = 128;
+const CAP_MAXRATE_FACTOR = 1.3;
+const CAP_BUFSIZE_FACTOR = 1.5;
+
+/**
+ * The rows of limits, one per height of the ladder, each with the area of the
+ * frame it is named after.
+ *
+ * @type {{ height: number, area: number }[] | null}
+ */
+let limitRows = null;
+
+/**
+ * @returns {{ height: number, area: number }[]}
+ */
+function rows() {
+  if (limitRows === null) {
+    limitRows = LADDER_HEIGHTS.map((height) => {
+      const frame = computeOutputDimensions(
+        ROW_REFERENCE_SOURCE.width,
+        height,
+        ROW_REFERENCE_SOURCE.width,
+        ROW_REFERENCE_SOURCE.height
+      );
+      return { height, area: frame.w * frame.h };
+    });
+  }
+  return limitRows;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The row whose frame area is nearest to this one, measured as a ratio rather
+ * than a difference (decided with the user 2026-09-24): a rate grows with the
+ * number of points multiplicatively, and the rows stand at uneven distances, so
+ * the border between two rows is the geometric mean of their areas. On the
+ * border itself the row with the larger area wins, so the choice has one answer.
+ *
+ * Keyed by area and not by height because a height alone names the wrong
+ * frame for any picture that is not 16:9: a 2.4:1 film in a 1080 box is
+ * encoded at about 1920x800, 1.54 million points, which a height puts in the
+ * 720 row (0.92 million) although it is nearer the 1080 row (2.07 million).
+ *
+ * @param {{ width: number, height: number }} frame
+ * @returns {number} The height the row is named after.
+ */
+export function limitRowFor({ width, height }) {
+  const area = Number(width) * Number(height);
+  if (!(Number.isFinite(area) && area > 0)) {
+    throw new RangeError(`a limit row is chosen for a frame, not for ${width}x${height}`);
+  }
+  return nearestByArea(rows(), area).height;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {{ height: number, area: number }[]} candidates
+ * @param {number} area
+ * @returns {{ height: number, area: number }}
+ */
+function nearestByArea(candidates, area) {
+  // The larger area over the smaller: the same order as the distance of the
+  // logarithms, without a logarithm. Taken as log(a / b) the two sides of a
+  // border come out one last digit apart — log(2/3) is not exactly -log(3/2) —
+  // and the tie rule below would never be reached.
+  const ratioTo = (rowArea) => Math.max(area, rowArea) / Math.min(area, rowArea);
+  let best = candidates[0];
+  let bestDistance = ratioTo(best.area);
+  for (const row of candidates.slice(1)) {
+    const distance = ratioTo(row.area);
+    if (distance < bestDistance || (distance === bestDistance && row.area > best.area)) {
+      best = row;
+      bestDistance = distance;
+    }
+  }
+  return best;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Nominal kbps for a frame: the nominal of the row its area falls in. A row
+ * that has no nominal of its own yet (540, 1440 and 2160 today) takes the one
+ * of the nearest row by area that has one, by the same rule, until step 14
+ * measures it.
+ *
+ * @param {{ width: number, height: number }} frame
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function nominalKbpsFor(frame) {
+  const row = limitRowFor(frame);
+  const own = NOMINAL_KBPS_BY_ROW.get(row);
+  if (own !== undefined) {
+    return own;
+  }
+  const named = rows().filter((candidate) => NOMINAL_KBPS_BY_ROW.has(candidate.height));
+  const rowArea = rows().find((candidate) => candidate.height === row).area;
+  return NOMINAL_KBPS_BY_ROW.get(nearestByArea(named, rowArea).height);
+}
+
+/**
+ * The peak this encode may reach, in kbit/s, for a nominal rate.
+ *
+ * Exported because the same figure answers a second question: whether a rung
+ * fits the viewer's measured link. The budget compares the link against what
+ * the encode is ALLOWED to peak at rather than against what it happened to
+ * produce in the last few segments, so a rung is judged by the bound we impose
+ * on it and not by a quiet stretch of the film.
+ *
+ * @param {number} nominalKbps
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function maxrateKbpsFor(nominalKbps) {
+  return Math.round(nominalKbps * CAP_MAXRATE_FACTOR);
+}
+
+/**
+ * H.264 levels, Table A-1 of ITU-T H.264: the level name, then MaxMBPS
+ * (macroblocks per second), MaxFS (macroblocks per frame), MaxBR (kbit/s) and
+ * MaxCPB (kbit). The bit rate and buffer limits are the Baseline/Main figures;
+ * the High profile, which libx264 produces for 8-bit 4:2:0, allows 1.25 times
+ * both (Table A-2, `cpbBrVclFactor` 1250 against 1000).
+ */
+const H264_LEVELS = [
+  ["1", 1485, 99, 64, 175],
+  ["1.1", 3000, 396, 192, 500],
+  ["1.2", 6000, 396, 384, 1000],
+  ["1.3", 11880, 396, 768, 2000],
+  ["2", 11880, 396, 2000, 2000],
+  ["2.1", 19800, 792, 4000, 4000],
+  ["2.2", 20250, 1620, 4000, 4000],
+  ["3", 40500, 1620, 10000, 10000],
+  ["3.1", 108000, 3600, 14000, 14000],
+  ["3.2", 216000, 5120, 20000, 20000],
+  ["4", 245760, 8192, 20000, 25000],
+  ["4.1", 245760, 8192, 50000, 62500],
+  ["4.2", 522240, 8704, 50000, 62500],
+  ["5", 589824, 22080, 135000, 135000],
+  ["5.1", 983040, 36864, 240000, 240000],
+  ["5.2", 2073600, 36864, 240000, 240000],
+  ["6", 4177920, 139264, 240000, 240000],
+  ["6.1", 8355840, 139264, 480000, 480000],
+  ["6.2", 16711680, 139264, 800000, 800000]
+];
+const HIGH_PROFILE_RATE_FACTOR = 1.25;
+
+/**
+ * The lowest H.264 level whose limits hold this picture and this rate control,
+ * or null when none does.
+ *
+ * What the DPB needs is not checked here: it depends on the reference count,
+ * which the speed setting decides, and at the presets this proxy runs (one or
+ * two references) no size it produces reaches that limit. Whether this answer
+ * is the level x264 would pick by itself is checked before a release
+ * (`stand/segment-compat/level-check.mjs`), which is the check that would catch
+ * the DPB, or anything else, deciding differently.
+ *
+ * @param {{ width: number, height: number, fps: number, maxrateKbps: number, bufsizeKbps: number }} picture
+ * @returns {string | null}
+ */
+export function h264LevelFor({ width, height, fps, maxrateKbps, bufsizeKbps }) {
+  const frameMbs = Math.ceil(width / 16) * Math.ceil(height / 16);
+  for (const [name, maxMbps, maxFs, maxBr, maxCpb] of H264_LEVELS) {
+    if (
+      frameMbs <= maxFs &&
+      frameMbs * fps <= maxMbps &&
+      maxrateKbps <= maxBr * HIGH_PROFILE_RATE_FACTOR &&
+      bufsizeKbps <= maxCpb * HIGH_PROFILE_RATE_FACTOR
+    ) {
+      return name;
+    }
+  }
+  return null;
+}
+
+/**
+ * The rate control of a software encode at this size, and the level it is
+ * declared at.
+ *
+ * THE LEVEL BELONGS TO THE NOMINAL OUTPUT OF THIS SIZE, not to the limit asked
+ * for (decided with the user 2026-09-23). A level is a ceiling a decoder must
+ * be able to handle, not a description of the stream, so a stream held below
+ * the nominal limit is correctly declared at the nominal output's level. What
+ * that buys is the whole point: every limit at one size then writes the same
+ * header, so moving a viewer between two of them is serving another output's
+ * pieces under the address they already play, with nothing asked of the
+ * player. Declared by the stream's own limit, a lower limit could land on a
+ * lower level, the header would differ, and the move would need a new address.
+ *
+ * A limit ABOVE the nominal one is refused rather than lowered: it would need a
+ * higher level than the one every other output of this size declares, and the
+ * request would then be answered with something other than what it asked for.
+ *
+ * @param {{ width: number, height: number, fps: number, capKbps?: number | null }} params
+ *   `capKbps` is the nominal rate asked for; absent, the size's own.
+ * @returns {{ maxrateKbps: number, bufsizeKbps: number, level: string | null }}
+ */
+export function softwareRateControlFor({ width, height, fps, capKbps = null }) {
+  const nominal = nominalKbpsFor({ width, height });
+  const asked = capKbps === null || capKbps === undefined ? nominal : Number(capKbps);
+  if (!(Number.isFinite(asked) && asked > 0)) {
+    throw new RangeError(`a bitrate limit must be a positive number of kbit/s, not ${capKbps}`);
+  }
+  if (asked > nominal) {
+    throw new RangeError(
+      `a bitrate limit of ${asked}kbps is above the ${nominal}kbps a ${width}x${height} picture is sized for, ` +
+      "and would need a higher level than every other output of this size declares"
+    );
+  }
+  return {
+    maxrateKbps: maxrateKbpsFor(asked),
+    bufsizeKbps: bufsizeKbpsFor(asked),
+    level: h264LevelFor({
+      width,
+      height,
+      fps,
+      maxrateKbps: maxrateKbpsFor(nominal),
+      bufsizeKbps: bufsizeKbpsFor(nominal)
+    })
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The buffer an encode may fill, in kbit, for a nominal rate.
+ *
+ * @param {number} nominalKbps
+ * @returns {number}
+ */
+export function bufsizeKbpsFor(nominalKbps) {
+  return Math.round(nominalKbps * CAP_BUFSIZE_FACTOR);
+}
+
+/**
+ * `-maxrate`/`-bufsize`/`-level` for an encode, exactly as its output states
+ * them (constrained CRF: CRF drives quality, these bound the peaks).
+ *
+ * Nothing is computed here: the figures are part of what the output IS, and
+ * its key names them, so the arguments are read off the output rather than
+ * worked out again beside it.
+ *
+ * @param {{ maxrateKbps: number, bufsizeKbps: number, level: string | null } | null} rateControl
+ * @returns {string[]}
+ */
+export function rateControlArgs(rateControl) {
+  if (!rateControl) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  return [
+    "-maxrate", `${rateControl.maxrateKbps}k`,
+    "-bufsize", `${rateControl.bufsizeKbps}k`,
+    ...(rateControl.level ? ["-level:v", rateControl.level] : [])
+  ];
+}
+
+/**
+ * @param {number} targetWidth
+ * @param {number} targetHeight
+ * @returns {{ w: number, h: number }}
+ */
+export function safeDimensions(targetWidth, targetHeight) {
+  const w = Number.isInteger(targetWidth) && targetWidth > 0 ? targetWidth : 1280;
+  const h = Number.isInteger(targetHeight) && targetHeight > 0 ? targetHeight : 720;
+  return { w, h };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Force a keyframe on every segment boundary so each HLS segment is
+ * independently decodable.
+ *
+ * Two grids exist. The usual one is even — a keyframe every
+ * `segmentDurationSec` — and the encoder is free to place them because it is
+ * producing every frame anyway. The other is the SOURCE's own keyframe times,
+ * used when this encode has to be interchangeable with a stream that is
+ * COPIED: a copy can only be cut where the source already has a keyframe, so a
+ * rung meant to splice into it must be cut at exactly those times and nowhere
+ * else. Then the times are given outright.
+ *
+ * @param {number} segmentDurationSec
+ * @param {number[] | null} [forcedTimes] - Run-relative seconds, ascending.
+ * @returns {string[]}
+ */
+export function keyFrameArgs(segmentDurationSec, forcedTimes = null) {
+  if (Array.isArray(forcedTimes) && forcedTimes.length > 0) {
+    return ["-force_key_frames", forcedTimes.join(",")];
+  }
+  return ["-force_key_frames", `expr:gte(t,n_forced*${segmentDurationSec})`];
+}
+
+/**
+ * Whether an explicit cut list was supplied.
+ *
+ * @param {number[] | null | undefined} forcedTimes
+ * @returns {boolean}
+ */
+export function hasForcedTimes(forcedTimes) {
+  return Array.isArray(forcedTimes) && forcedTimes.length > 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Compute the actual output resolution ffmpeg will produce: the target box
+ * capped to the source (never upscaled), preserving aspect, divisible by 2.
+ * Mirrors the `scale='min(w,iw)':'min(h,ih)':force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease`
+ * filter built below, which is why it lives beside it: two statements of one
+ * rule, and the day they disagree the quality offer prices a picture ffmpeg is
+ * not making. Returns `null` when the source size is unknown.
+ *
+ * @param {number} targetWidth
+ * @param {number} targetHeight
+ * @param {number | null} sourceWidth
+ * @param {number | null} sourceHeight
+ * @returns {{ w: number, h: number } | null}
+ */
+export function computeOutputDimensions(targetWidth, targetHeight, sourceWidth, sourceHeight) {
+  const sw = Number.isFinite(sourceWidth) && sourceWidth > 0 ? sourceWidth : 0;
+  const sh = Number.isFinite(sourceHeight) && sourceHeight > 0 ? sourceHeight : 0;
+  if (!sw || !sh) {
+    return null;
+  }
+  const tw = Number.isInteger(targetWidth) && targetWidth > 0 ? targetWidth : sw;
+  const th = Number.isInteger(targetHeight) && targetHeight > 0 ? targetHeight : sh;
+  const scale = Math.min(tw / sw, th / sh, 1);
+  let w = Math.round(sw * scale);
+  let h = Math.round(sh * scale);
+  w -= w % 2;
+  h -= h % 2;
+  return { w: Math.max(2, w), h: Math.max(2, h) };
+}