@tinkcarlos/skillora 0.2.0

package/.claude/skills/database-migrations/commands/sql-migrations.md

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+---
+description: SQL database migrations with zero-downtime strategies for PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server
+version: "1.0.0"
+tags: [database, sql, migrations, postgresql, mysql, flyway, liquibase, alembic, zero-downtime]
+tool_access: [Read, Write, Edit, Bash, Grep, Glob]
+---
+
+# SQL Database Migration Strategy and Implementation
+
+You are a SQL database migration expert specializing in zero-downtime deployments, data integrity, and production-ready migration strategies for PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQL Server. Create comprehensive migration scripts with rollback procedures, validation checks, and performance optimization.
+
+## Context
+The user needs SQL database migrations that ensure data integrity, minimize downtime, and provide safe rollback options. Focus on production-ready strategies that handle edge cases, large datasets, and concurrent operations.
+
+## Requirements
+$ARGUMENTS
+
+## Instructions
+
+### 1. Zero-Downtime Migration Strategies
+
+**Expand-Contract Pattern**
+
+```sql
+-- Phase 1: EXPAND (backward compatible)
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN email_verified BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE;
+CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY idx_users_email_verified ON users(email_verified);
+
+-- Phase 2: MIGRATE DATA (in batches)
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+    batch_size INT := 10000;
+    rows_updated INT;
+BEGIN
+    LOOP
+        UPDATE users
+        SET email_verified = (email_confirmation_token IS NOT NULL)
+        WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM users
+            WHERE email_verified IS NULL
+            LIMIT batch_size
+        );
+
+        GET DIAGNOSTICS rows_updated = ROW_COUNT;
+        EXIT WHEN rows_updated = 0;
+        COMMIT;
+        PERFORM pg_sleep(0.1);
+    END LOOP;
+END $$;
+
+-- Phase 3: CONTRACT (after code deployment)
+ALTER TABLE users DROP COLUMN email_confirmation_token;
+```
+
+**Blue-Green Schema Migration**
+
+```sql
+-- Step 1: Create new schema version
+CREATE TABLE v2_orders (
+    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
+    customer_id UUID NOT NULL,
+    total_amount DECIMAL(12,2) NOT NULL,
+    status VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
+    metadata JSONB DEFAULT '{}',
+    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+
+    CONSTRAINT fk_v2_orders_customer
+        FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES customers(id),
+    CONSTRAINT chk_v2_orders_amount
+        CHECK (total_amount >= 0)
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_v2_orders_customer ON v2_orders(customer_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_v2_orders_status ON v2_orders(status);
+
+-- Step 2: Dual-write synchronization
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sync_orders_to_v2()
+RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+BEGIN
+    INSERT INTO v2_orders (id, customer_id, total_amount, status)
+    VALUES (NEW.id, NEW.customer_id, NEW.amount, NEW.state)
+    ON CONFLICT (id) DO UPDATE SET
+        total_amount = EXCLUDED.total_amount,
+        status = EXCLUDED.status;
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER sync_orders_trigger
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON orders
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION sync_orders_to_v2();
+
+-- Step 3: Backfill historical data
+DO $$
+DECLARE
+    batch_size INT := 10000;
+    last_id UUID := NULL;
+BEGIN
+    LOOP
+        INSERT INTO v2_orders (id, customer_id, total_amount, status)
+        SELECT id, customer_id, amount, state
+        FROM orders
+        WHERE (last_id IS NULL OR id > last_id)
+        ORDER BY id
+        LIMIT batch_size
+        ON CONFLICT (id) DO NOTHING;
+
+        SELECT id INTO last_id FROM orders
+        WHERE (last_id IS NULL OR id > last_id)
+        ORDER BY id LIMIT 1 OFFSET (batch_size - 1);
+
+        EXIT WHEN last_id IS NULL;
+        COMMIT;
+    END LOOP;
+END $$;
+```
+
+**Online Schema Change**
+
+```sql
+-- PostgreSQL: Add NOT NULL safely
+-- Step 1: Add column as nullable
+ALTER TABLE large_table ADD COLUMN new_field VARCHAR(100);
+
+-- Step 2: Backfill data
+UPDATE large_table
+SET new_field = 'default_value'
+WHERE new_field IS NULL;
+
+-- Step 3: Add constraint (PostgreSQL 12+)
+ALTER TABLE large_table
+    ADD CONSTRAINT chk_new_field_not_null
+    CHECK (new_field IS NOT NULL) NOT VALID;
+
+ALTER TABLE large_table
+    VALIDATE CONSTRAINT chk_new_field_not_null;
+```
+
+### 2. Migration Scripts
+
+**Flyway Migration**
+
+```sql
+-- V001__add_user_preferences.sql
+BEGIN;
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user_preferences (
+    user_id UUID PRIMARY KEY,
+    theme VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'light' NOT NULL,
+    language VARCHAR(10) DEFAULT 'en' NOT NULL,
+    timezone VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT 'UTC' NOT NULL,
+    notifications JSONB DEFAULT '{}' NOT NULL,
+    created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+
+    CONSTRAINT fk_user_preferences_user
+        FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
+);
+
+CREATE INDEX idx_user_preferences_language ON user_preferences(language);
+
+-- Seed defaults for existing users
+INSERT INTO user_preferences (user_id)
+SELECT id FROM users
+ON CONFLICT (user_id) DO NOTHING;
+
+COMMIT;
+```
+
+**Alembic Migration (Python)**
+
+```python
+"""add_user_preferences
+
+Revision ID: 001_user_prefs
+"""
+from alembic import op
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from sqlalchemy.dialects import postgresql
+
+def upgrade():
+    op.create_table(
+        'user_preferences',
+        sa.Column('user_id', postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True),
+        sa.Column('theme', sa.VARCHAR(20), nullable=False, server_default='light'),
+        sa.Column('language', sa.VARCHAR(10), nullable=False, server_default='en'),
+        sa.Column('timezone', sa.VARCHAR(50), nullable=False, server_default='UTC'),
+        sa.Column('notifications', postgresql.JSONB, nullable=False,
+                  server_default=sa.text("'{}'::jsonb")),
+        sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(['user_id'], ['users.id'], ondelete='CASCADE')
+    )
+
+    op.create_index('idx_user_preferences_language', 'user_preferences', ['language'])
+
+    op.execute("""
+        INSERT INTO user_preferences (user_id)
+        SELECT id FROM users
+        ON CONFLICT (user_id) DO NOTHING
+    """)
+
+def downgrade():
+    op.drop_table('user_preferences')
+```
+
+### 3. Data Integrity Validation
+
+```python
+def validate_pre_migration(db_connection):
+    checks = []
+
+    # Check 1: NULL values in critical columns
+    null_check = db_connection.execute("""
+        SELECT table_name, COUNT(*) as null_count
+        FROM users WHERE email IS NULL
+    """).fetchall()
+
+    if null_check[0]['null_count'] > 0:
+        checks.append({
+            'check': 'null_values',
+            'status': 'FAILED',
+            'severity': 'CRITICAL',
+            'message': 'NULL values found in required columns'
+        })
+
+    # Check 2: Duplicate values
+    duplicate_check = db_connection.execute("""
+        SELECT email, COUNT(*) as count
+        FROM users
+        GROUP BY email
+        HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
+    """).fetchall()
+
+    if duplicate_check:
+        checks.append({
+            'check': 'duplicates',
+            'status': 'FAILED',
+            'severity': 'CRITICAL',
+            'message': f'{len(duplicate_check)} duplicate emails'
+        })
+
+    return checks
+
+def validate_post_migration(db_connection, migration_spec):
+    validations = []
+
+    # Row count verification
+    for table in migration_spec['affected_tables']:
+        actual_count = db_connection.execute(
+            f"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {table['name']}"
+        ).fetchone()[0]
+
+        validations.append({
+            'check': 'row_count',
+            'table': table['name'],
+            'expected': table['expected_count'],
+            'actual': actual_count,
+            'status': 'PASS' if actual_count == table['expected_count'] else 'FAIL'
+        })
+
+    return validations
+```
+
+### 4. Rollback Procedures
+
+```python
+import psycopg2
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+
+class MigrationRunner:
+    def __init__(self, db_config):
+        self.db_config = db_config
+        self.conn = None
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def migration_transaction(self):
+        try:
+            self.conn = psycopg2.connect(**self.db_config)
+            self.conn.autocommit = False
+
+            cursor = self.conn.cursor()
+            cursor.execute("SAVEPOINT migration_start")
+
+            yield cursor
+
+            self.conn.commit()
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            if self.conn:
+                self.conn.rollback()
+            raise
+        finally:
+            if self.conn:
+                self.conn.close()
+
+    def run_with_validation(self, migration):
+        try:
+            # Pre-migration validation
+            pre_checks = self.validate_pre_migration(migration)
+            if any(c['status'] == 'FAILED' for c in pre_checks):
+                raise MigrationError("Pre-migration validation failed")
+
+            # Create backup
+            self.create_snapshot()
+
+            # Execute migration
+            with self.migration_transaction() as cursor:
+                for statement in migration.forward_sql:
+                    cursor.execute(statement)
+
+                post_checks = self.validate_post_migration(migration, cursor)
+                if any(c['status'] == 'FAIL' for c in post_checks):
+                    raise MigrationError("Post-migration validation failed")
+
+            self.cleanup_snapshot()
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.rollback_from_snapshot()
+            raise
+```
+
+**Rollback Script**
+
+```bash
+#!/bin/bash
+# rollback_migration.sh
+
+set -e
+
+MIGRATION_VERSION=$1
+DATABASE=$2
+
+# Verify current version
+CURRENT_VERSION=$(psql -d $DATABASE -t -c \
+    "SELECT version FROM schema_migrations ORDER BY applied_at DESC LIMIT 1" | xargs)
+
+if [ "$CURRENT_VERSION" != "$MIGRATION_VERSION" ]; then
+    echo "❌ Version mismatch"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Create backup
+BACKUP_FILE="pre_rollback_${MIGRATION_VERSION}_$(date +%Y%m%d_%H%M%S).sql"
+pg_dump -d $DATABASE -f "$BACKUP_FILE"
+
+# Execute rollback
+if [ -f "migrations/${MIGRATION_VERSION}.down.sql" ]; then
+    psql -d $DATABASE -f "migrations/${MIGRATION_VERSION}.down.sql"
+    psql -d $DATABASE -c "DELETE FROM schema_migrations WHERE version = '$MIGRATION_VERSION';"
+    echo "✅ Rollback complete"
+else
+    echo "❌ Rollback file not found"
+    exit 1
+fi
+```
+
+### 5. Performance Optimization
+
+**Batch Processing**
+
+```python
+class BatchMigrator:
+    def __init__(self, db_connection, batch_size=10000):
+        self.db = db_connection
+        self.batch_size = batch_size
+
+    def migrate_large_table(self, source_query, target_query, cursor_column='id'):
+        last_cursor = None
+        batch_number = 0
+
+        while True:
+            batch_number += 1
+
+            if last_cursor is None:
+                batch_query = f"{source_query} ORDER BY {cursor_column} LIMIT {self.batch_size}"
+                params = []
+            else:
+                batch_query = f"{source_query} AND {cursor_column} > %s ORDER BY {cursor_column} LIMIT {self.batch_size}"
+                params = [last_cursor]
+
+            rows = self.db.execute(batch_query, params).fetchall()
+            if not rows:
+                break
+
+            for row in rows:
+                self.db.execute(target_query, row)
+
+            last_cursor = rows[-1][cursor_column]
+            self.db.commit()
+
+            print(f"Batch {batch_number}: {len(rows)} rows")
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+```
+
+**Parallel Migration**
+
+```python
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+
+class ParallelMigrator:
+    def __init__(self, db_config, num_workers=4):
+        self.db_config = db_config
+        self.num_workers = num_workers
+
+    def migrate_partition(self, partition_spec):
+        table_name, start_id, end_id = partition_spec
+
+        conn = psycopg2.connect(**self.db_config)
+        cursor = conn.cursor()
+
+        cursor.execute(f"""
+            INSERT INTO v2_{table_name} (columns...)
+            SELECT columns...
+            FROM {table_name}
+            WHERE id >= %s AND id < %s
+        """, [start_id, end_id])
+
+        conn.commit()
+        cursor.close()
+        conn.close()
+
+    def migrate_table_parallel(self, table_name, partition_size=100000):
+        # Get table bounds
+        conn = psycopg2.connect(**self.db_config)
+        cursor = conn.cursor()
+
+        cursor.execute(f"SELECT MIN(id), MAX(id) FROM {table_name}")
+        min_id, max_id = cursor.fetchone()
+
+        # Create partitions
+        partitions = []
+        current_id = min_id
+        while current_id <= max_id:
+            partitions.append((table_name, current_id, current_id + partition_size))
+            current_id += partition_size
+
+        # Execute in parallel
+        with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=self.num_workers) as executor:
+            results = list(executor.map(self.migrate_partition, partitions))
+
+        conn.close()
+```
+
+### 6. Index Management
+
+```sql
+-- Drop indexes before bulk insert, recreate after
+CREATE TEMP TABLE migration_indexes AS
+SELECT indexname, indexdef
+FROM pg_indexes
+WHERE tablename = 'large_table'
+  AND indexname NOT LIKE '%pkey%';
+
+-- Drop indexes
+DO $$
+DECLARE idx_record RECORD;
+BEGIN
+    FOR idx_record IN SELECT indexname FROM migration_indexes
+    LOOP
+        EXECUTE format('DROP INDEX IF EXISTS %I', idx_record.indexname);
+    END LOOP;
+END $$;
+
+-- Perform bulk operation
+INSERT INTO large_table SELECT * FROM source_table;
+
+-- Recreate indexes CONCURRENTLY
+DO $$
+DECLARE idx_record RECORD;
+BEGIN
+    FOR idx_record IN SELECT indexdef FROM migration_indexes
+    LOOP
+        EXECUTE regexp_replace(idx_record.indexdef, 'CREATE INDEX', 'CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY');
+    END LOOP;
+END $$;
+```
+
+## Output Format
+
+1. **Migration Analysis Report**: Detailed breakdown of changes
+2. **Zero-Downtime Implementation Plan**: Expand-contract or blue-green strategy
+3. **Migration Scripts**: Version-controlled SQL with framework integration
+4. **Validation Suite**: Pre and post-migration checks
+5. **Rollback Procedures**: Automated and manual rollback scripts
+6. **Performance Optimization**: Batch processing, parallel execution
+7. **Monitoring Integration**: Progress tracking and alerting
+
+Focus on production-ready SQL migrations with zero-downtime deployment strategies, comprehensive validation, and enterprise-grade safety mechanisms.
+
+## Related Plugins
+
+- **nosql-migrations**: Migration strategies for MongoDB, DynamoDB, Cassandra
+- **migration-observability**: Real-time monitoring and alerting
+- **migration-integration**: CI/CD integration and automated testing