@timber-js/app 0.2.0-alpha.10 → 0.2.0-alpha.101

package/src/server/early-hints-sender.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
  */
 
 import { earlyHintsSenderAls } from './als-registry.js';
+import { swallow } from './logger.js';
 
 /** Function that sends Link header values as a 103 Early Hints response. */
 export type EarlyHintsSenderFn = (links: string[]) => void;
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@ export function sendEarlyHints103(links: string[]): void {
   if (!sender) return;
   try {
     sender(links);
-  } catch {
-    // Sending 103 is best-effort — failure never blocks the request.
+  } catch (err) {
+    swallow(err, 'early hints 103 send failed');
   }
 }

package/src/server/early-hints.ts

@@ -58,15 +58,31 @@ export interface EarlyHint {
 /**
  * Format a single EarlyHint as a Link header value.
  *
+ * Attribute order: `as` before `rel` to match Cloudflare CDN's cached
+ * Early Hints format. Cloudflare caches Link headers from 200 responses
+ * and re-emits them as 103 Early Hints on subsequent requests. If our
+ * attribute order differs from Cloudflare's cached copy, the browser
+ * sees two preload headers for the same URL (different attribute order)
+ * and warns "Preload was ignored." Matching the order ensures the
+ * browser deduplicates them correctly.
+ *
  * Examples:
- *   `</styles/root.css>; rel=preload; as=style`
- *   `</fonts/inter.woff2>; rel=preload; as=font; crossorigin=anonymous`
+ *   `</styles/root.css>; as=style; rel=preload`
+ *   `</fonts/inter.woff2>; as=font; rel=preload; crossorigin=anonymous`
  *   `</_timber/client.js>; rel=modulepreload`
  *   `<https://fonts.googleapis.com>; rel=preconnect`
  */
 export function formatLinkHeader(hint: EarlyHint): string {
+  // For preload hints, emit `as` before `rel` to match Cloudflare's
+  // cached header format and avoid duplicate preload warnings.
+  if (hint.as !== undefined) {
+    let value = `<${hint.href}>; as=${hint.as}; rel=${hint.rel}`;
+    if (hint.crossOrigin !== undefined) value += `; crossorigin=${hint.crossOrigin}`;
+    if (hint.fetchPriority !== undefined) value += `; fetchpriority=${hint.fetchPriority}`;
+    return value;
+  }
+  // For modulepreload / preconnect (no `as`), emit rel first.
   let value = `<${hint.href}>; rel=${hint.rel}`;
-  if (hint.as !== undefined) value += `; as=${hint.as}`;
   if (hint.crossOrigin !== undefined) value += `; crossorigin=${hint.crossOrigin}`;
   if (hint.fetchPriority !== undefined) value += `; fetchpriority=${hint.fetchPriority}`;
   return value;
@@ -84,8 +100,8 @@ export interface EarlyHintOptions {
  * Collect all Link header strings for a matched route's segment chain.
  *
  * Walks the build manifest to emit hints for:
- * - CSS stylesheets (rel=preload; as=style)
- * - Font assets (rel=preload; as=font; crossorigin)
+ * - CSS stylesheets (as=style; rel=preload)
+ * - Font assets (as=font; rel=preload; crossorigin)
  * - JS modulepreload hints (rel=modulepreload) — unless skipJs is set
  *
  * Also emits global CSS from the `_global` manifest key. Route files
@@ -94,7 +110,7 @@ export interface EarlyHintOptions {
  * key contains all CSS assets from the client build — fine for early
  * hints since they're just prefetch signals.
  *
- * Returns formatted Link header strings, deduplicated, root → leaf order.
+ * Returns formatted Link header strings, deduplicated by URL, root → leaf order.
  * Returns an empty array in dev mode (manifest is empty).
  */
 export function collectEarlyHintHeaders(
@@ -103,30 +119,35 @@ export function collectEarlyHintHeaders(
   options?: EarlyHintOptions
 ): string[] {
   const result: string[] = [];
-  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  // Dedup by URL (href), not by full formatted header string.
+  // Different code paths can produce the same URL with different attribute
+  // ordering, which would bypass a full-string dedup and produce duplicate
+  // Link headers that trigger browser "preload was ignored" warnings.
+  const seenUrls = new Set<string>();
 
-  const add = (header: string) => {
-    if (!seen.has(header)) {
-      seen.add(header);
+  const add = (url: string, header: string) => {
+    if (!seenUrls.has(url)) {
+      seenUrls.add(url);
       result.push(header);
     }
   };
 
-  // Per-route CSS — rel=preload; as=style
+  // Per-route CSS — as=style; rel=preload
   for (const url of collectRouteCss(segments, manifest)) {
-    add(formatLinkHeader({ href: url, rel: 'preload', as: 'style' }));
+    add(url, formatLinkHeader({ href: url, rel: 'preload', as: 'style' }));
   }
 
   // Global CSS — all CSS assets from the client bundle.
   // Covers CSS that the RSC plugin injects via data-rsc-css-href,
   // which isn't keyed to route segments in our manifest.
   for (const url of manifest.css['_global'] ?? []) {
-    add(formatLinkHeader({ href: url, rel: 'preload', as: 'style' }));
+    add(url, formatLinkHeader({ href: url, rel: 'preload', as: 'style' }));
   }
 
-  // Fonts — rel=preload; as=font; crossorigin (crossorigin required per spec)
+  // Fonts — as=font; rel=preload; crossorigin (crossorigin required per spec)
   for (const font of collectRouteFonts(segments, manifest)) {
     add(
+      font.href,
       formatLinkHeader({ href: font.href, rel: 'preload', as: 'font', crossOrigin: 'anonymous' })
     );
   }
@@ -134,7 +155,7 @@ export function collectEarlyHintHeaders(
   // JS chunks — rel=modulepreload (skip when client JS is disabled)
   if (!options?.skipJs) {
     for (const url of collectRouteModulepreloads(segments, manifest)) {
-      add(formatLinkHeader({ href: url, rel: 'modulepreload' }));
+      add(url, formatLinkHeader({ href: url, rel: 'modulepreload' }));
     }
   }
 

package/src/server/error-boundary-wrapper.ts

@@ -5,8 +5,23 @@
  * See design/10-error-handling.md.
  */
 
-import { TimberErrorBoundary } from '#/client/error-boundary.js';
+import { TimberErrorBoundary } from '../client/error-boundary.js';
 import type { ManifestSegmentNode } from './route-matcher.js';
+import { loadModule } from './safe-load.js';
+
+/** MDX/markdown extensions — server components that cannot be passed as function props. */
+const MDX_EXTENSIONS = new Set(['.mdx', '.md']);
+
+/**
+ * Check if a manifest file path ends with an MDX/markdown extension.
+ * MDX components are server components and cannot cross the RSC→client
+ * boundary as function props to TimberErrorBoundary.
+ */
+function isMdxFilePath(filePath: string): boolean {
+  const dotIndex = filePath.lastIndexOf('.');
+  if (dotIndex === -1) return false;
+  return MDX_EXTENSIONS.has(filePath.slice(dotIndex));
+}
 
 /**
  * Wrap an element in error boundaries defined by a route segment.
@@ -15,11 +30,17 @@ import type { ManifestSegmentNode } from './route-matcher.js';
  * 1. Specific status files (e.g., 404.tsx, 500.tsx) — highest priority at runtime
  * 2. Category catch-alls (4xx.tsx, 5xx.tsx)
  * 3. error.tsx — catches anything not matched by status files
+ *
+ * MDX status files are server components and cannot be passed as function
+ * props to TimberErrorBoundary (a 'use client' component). Instead, they
+ * are pre-rendered as elements and passed as fallbackElement. See TIM-503.
  */
 export async function wrapSegmentWithErrorBoundaries(
   segment: ManifestSegmentNode,
   element: React.ReactElement,
-  h: (...args: unknown[]) => React.ReactElement
+  h: (...args: unknown[]) => React.ReactElement,
+  /** When true, skip 4xx error boundaries — deny catching handles them in-tree. See TIM-666. */
+  skipDenyBoundaries = false
 ): Promise<React.ReactElement> {
   // Specific status files (innermost — highest priority at runtime)
   if (segment.statusFiles) {
@@ -27,13 +48,27 @@ export async function wrapSegmentWithErrorBoundaries(
       if (key !== '4xx' && key !== '5xx') {
         const status = parseInt(key, 10);
         if (!isNaN(status)) {
-          const mod = (await file.load()) as Record<string, unknown>;
-          if (mod.default) {
-            element = h(TimberErrorBoundary, {
-              fallbackComponent: mod.default,
-              status,
-              children: element,
-            });
+          // Skip 4xx boundaries when deny catching is active — the deny
+          // page is rendered by AccessGate/PageDenyBoundary instead.
+          if (skipDenyBoundaries && status >= 400 && status <= 499) continue;
+          // .catch: error boundary construction must not fail if the
+          // error page module has a syntax error — skip this boundary.
+          const mod = await loadModule(file).catch(() => null);
+          if (mod?.default) {
+            if (isMdxFilePath(file.filePath)) {
+              // MDX: pre-render as element (server component can't be a function prop)
+              element = h(TimberErrorBoundary, {
+                fallbackElement: h(mod.default as never, { status }),
+                status,
+                children: element,
+              });
+            } else {
+              element = h(TimberErrorBoundary, {
+                fallbackComponent: mod.default,
+                status,
+                children: element,
+              });
+            }
           }
         }
       }
@@ -41,14 +76,24 @@ export async function wrapSegmentWithErrorBoundaries(
 
     // Category catch-alls (4xx.tsx, 5xx.tsx)
     for (const [key, file] of Object.entries(segment.statusFiles)) {
+      if (skipDenyBoundaries && key === '4xx') continue;
       if (key === '4xx' || key === '5xx') {
-        const mod = (await file.load()) as Record<string, unknown>;
-        if (mod.default) {
-          element = h(TimberErrorBoundary, {
-            fallbackComponent: mod.default,
-            status: key === '4xx' ? 400 : 500,
-            children: element,
-          });
+        const mod = await loadModule(file).catch(() => null);
+        if (mod?.default) {
+          const categoryStatus = key === '4xx' ? 400 : 500;
+          if (isMdxFilePath(file.filePath)) {
+            element = h(TimberErrorBoundary, {
+              fallbackElement: h(mod.default as never, {}),
+              status: categoryStatus,
+              children: element,
+            });
+          } else {
+            element = h(TimberErrorBoundary, {
+              fallbackComponent: mod.default,
+              status: categoryStatus,
+              children: element,
+            });
+          }
         }
       }
     }
@@ -56,12 +101,19 @@ export async function wrapSegmentWithErrorBoundaries(
 
   // error.tsx (outermost — catches anything not matched by status files)
   if (segment.error) {
-    const mod = (await segment.error.load()) as Record<string, unknown>;
-    if (mod.default) {
-      element = h(TimberErrorBoundary, {
-        fallbackComponent: mod.default,
-        children: element,
-      });
+    const mod = await loadModule(segment.error).catch(() => null);
+    if (mod?.default) {
+      if (isMdxFilePath(segment.error.filePath)) {
+        element = h(TimberErrorBoundary, {
+          fallbackElement: h(mod.default as never, {}),
+          children: element,
+        });
+      } else {
+        element = h(TimberErrorBoundary, {
+          fallbackComponent: mod.default,
+          children: element,
+        });
+      }
     }
   }
 

package/src/server/fallback-error.ts

@@ -10,10 +10,14 @@
  * exposed to the client (design/13-security.md principle 4).
  */
 
-import type { RouteMatch } from '#/server/pipeline.js';
-import type { ManifestSegmentNode } from '#/server/route-matcher.js';
-import type { ClientBootstrapConfig } from '#/server/html-injectors.js';
-import type { LayoutEntry } from '#/server/deny-renderer.js';
+import type { RouteMatch } from './pipeline.js';
+import type { ManifestSegmentNode } from './route-matcher.js';
+import type { ClientBootstrapConfig } from './html-injectors.js';
+import type { LayoutEntry } from './deny-renderer.js';
+import type { GlobalErrorFile } from './rsc-entry/error-renderer.js';
+import { logRenderError } from './logger.js';
+import { loadModule } from './safe-load.js';
+import { sourceMapError } from './dev-source-map.js';
 
 /**
  * Render a fallback error page when the render pipeline throws.
@@ -27,25 +31,42 @@ export async function renderFallbackError(
   responseHeaders: Headers,
   isDev: boolean,
   rootSegment: ManifestSegmentNode,
-  clientBootstrap: ClientBootstrapConfig
+  clientBootstrap: ClientBootstrapConfig,
+  globalError?: GlobalErrorFile,
+  projectRoot?: string
 ): Promise<Response> {
+  // Source-map the error's stack trace in dev mode so the error page
+  // shows original source positions. See TIM-811.
+  sourceMapError(error);
+
   if (isDev) {
-    return renderDevErrorPage(error);
+    return renderDevErrorPage(error, projectRoot);
   }
   // Lazy import to avoid loading error-renderer in the pipeline module
-  const { renderErrorPage } = await import('#/server/rsc-entry/error-renderer.js');
+  const { renderErrorPage } = await import('./rsc-entry/error-renderer.js');
   const segments = [rootSegment];
   const layoutComponents: LayoutEntry[] = [];
-  if (rootSegment.layout) {
-    const mod = (await rootSegment.layout.load()) as Record<string, unknown>;
-    if (mod.default) {
-      layoutComponents.push({
-        component: mod.default as (...args: unknown[]) => unknown,
-        segment: rootSegment,
-      });
+  // Wrap layout loading in try/catch — if the root layout module itself
+  // crashes (evaluation failure, syntax error, etc.), we still want to
+  // reach renderErrorPage so it can fall through to global-error.tsx
+  // (Tier 2), which renders without any layout wrapping.
+  try {
+    if (rootSegment.layout) {
+      const mod = await loadModule(rootSegment.layout);
+      if (mod.default) {
+        layoutComponents.push({
+          component: mod.default as (...args: unknown[]) => unknown,
+          segment: rootSegment,
+        });
+      }
     }
+  } catch (layoutError) {
+    // Layout failed to load — proceed without it. renderErrorPage will
+    // attempt segment-level error pages (without layout wrapping) and
+    // then fall through to global-error.tsx if those also fail.
+    logRenderError({ method: req.method, path: new URL(req.url).pathname, error: layoutError });
   }
-  const match: RouteMatch = { segments: segments as never, params: {} };
+  const match: RouteMatch = { segments, segmentParams: {}, middlewareChain: [] };
   return renderErrorPage(
     error,
     500,
@@ -54,94 +75,41 @@ export async function renderFallbackError(
     req,
     match,
     responseHeaders,
-    clientBootstrap
+    clientBootstrap,
+    globalError
   );
 }
 
 /**
- * Render a dev-mode 500 error page with error message and stack trace.
+ * Render a dev-mode 500 error page with error details, source context,
+ * classified stack trace, and copy button.
+ *
+ * Dynamically imports the shared template from `plugins/dev-error-page.ts`
+ * so it is NOT pulled into production server bundles. The Vite client script
+ * is injected so the error overlay fires when the HMR WebSocket connects.
  *
- * Returns an HTML Response that displays the error in a styled page.
- * The Vite HMR client script is included so the error overlay still fires.
+ * Dev-only — the dynamic import has zero production cost.
  */
-export function renderDevErrorPage(error: unknown): Response {
+export async function renderDevErrorPage(error: unknown, projectRoot?: string): Promise<Response> {
   const err = error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error));
-  const title = err.name || 'Error';
-  const message = escapeHtml(err.message);
-  const stack = err.stack ? escapeHtml(err.stack) : '';
+  const root = projectRoot ?? process.cwd();
 
-  const html = `<!DOCTYPE html>
-<html lang="en">
-<head>
-  <meta charset="utf-8">
-  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
-  <title>500 — ${escapeHtml(title)}</title>
-  <script type="module" src="/@vite/client"></script>
-  <style>
-    *, *::before, *::after { box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0; padding: 0; }
-    body {
-      font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
-      background: #1a1a2e;
-      color: #e0e0e0;
-      padding: 2rem;
-      line-height: 1.6;
-    }
-    .container { max-width: 800px; margin: 0 auto; }
-    .badge {
-      display: inline-block;
-      background: #e74c3c;
-      color: white;
-      font-size: 0.75rem;
-      font-weight: 700;
-      padding: 0.2rem 0.6rem;
-      border-radius: 4px;
-      text-transform: uppercase;
-      letter-spacing: 0.05em;
-      margin-bottom: 1rem;
-    }
-    h1 {
-      font-size: 1.5rem;
-      color: #ff6b6b;
-      margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
-      word-break: break-word;
-    }
-    .message {
-      font-size: 1.1rem;
-      color: #ccc;
-      margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
-      word-break: break-word;
-    }
-    .stack-container {
-      background: #16213e;
-      border: 1px solid #2a2a4a;
-      border-radius: 8px;
-      padding: 1rem;
-      overflow-x: auto;
-    }
-    .stack {
-      font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Fira Code', 'Fira Mono', Menlo, Consolas, monospace;
-      font-size: 0.8rem;
-      color: #a0a0c0;
-      white-space: pre-wrap;
-      word-break: break-all;
-    }
-    .hint {
-      margin-top: 1.5rem;
-      font-size: 0.85rem;
-      color: #666;
-    }
-  </style>
-</head>
-<body>
-  <div class="container">
-    <span class="badge">500 Internal Server Error</span>
-    <h1>${escapeHtml(title)}</h1>
-    <p class="message">${message}</p>
-    ${stack ? `<div class="stack-container"><pre class="stack">${stack}</pre></div>` : ''}
-    <p class="hint">This error page is only shown in development.</p>
-  </div>
-</body>
-</html>`;
+  let html: string;
+  try {
+    // Dynamic import — keeps dev-error-page.ts and its transitive deps
+    // (dev-error-overlay.ts, @jridgewell/trace-mapping) out of production bundles.
+    const { generateDevErrorPage } = await import('../dev-tools/error-page.js');
+    html = generateDevErrorPage(err, 'render', root);
+    // Inject Vite client script so the error overlay fires when HMR connects.
+    html = html.replace(
+      '</head>',
+      '  <script type="module" src="/@vite/client"></script>\n</head>'
+    );
+  } catch {
+    // If the shared template fails (e.g., circular dep, missing module),
+    // fall back to a minimal error page.
+    html = minimalErrorPage(err);
+  }
 
   return new Response(html, {
     status: 500,
@@ -149,11 +117,15 @@ export function renderDevErrorPage(error: unknown): Response {
   });
 }
 
-function escapeHtml(str: string): string {
-  return str
-    .replace(/&/g, '&amp;')
-    .replace(/</g, '&lt;')
-    .replace(/>/g, '&gt;')
-    .replace(/"/g, '&quot;')
-    .replace(/'/g, '&#x27;');
+/**
+ * Minimal fallback error page — used only if the shared template fails to load.
+ */
+function minimalErrorPage(err: Error): string {
+  const esc = (s: string) => s.replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;');
+  return `<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charset="utf-8"><title>500</title>
+<script type="module" src="/@vite/client"></script></head>
+<body style="font-family:system-ui;padding:2rem;background:#1a1a2e;color:#e0e0e0">
+<h1 style="color:#ff6b6b">500 Internal Server Error</h1>
+<pre style="color:#a0a0c0;white-space:pre-wrap">${esc(err.stack ?? err.message)}</pre>
+</body></html>`;
 }

package/src/server/flight-injection-state.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+/**
+ * Shared state machine types and transitions for RSC Flight injection.
+ *
+ * Both html-injectors.ts (Web Streams) and node-stream-transforms.ts
+ * (Node.js streams) implement identical state transitions — only the
+ * I/O primitives differ. This module defines the discriminated union
+ * states and the transition map once.
+ *
+ * Valid state flow:
+ *   init → streaming → flushing → done
+ *   (any) → error
+ *
+ * Suffix stripping (</body></html>) is handled by a separate
+ * createMoveSuffixStream / createNodeMoveSuffixTransform upstream
+ * in the pipeline (TIM-530). The flight injector only interleaves
+ * RSC scripts between HTML chunks — no suffix tracking needed.
+ *
+ * Design doc: 02-rendering-pipeline.md
+ */
+
+import type { TransitionMap } from '../utils/state-machine.js';
+
+// ─── States ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** Waiting for first HTML chunk. Pull loop not started. */
+export interface InitState {
+  phase: 'init';
+}
+
+/** HTML chunks flowing, pull loop running. */
+export interface StreamingState {
+  phase: 'streaming';
+}
+
+/** HTML stream done (flush fired). Draining remaining RSC chunks. */
+export interface FlushingState {
+  phase: 'flushing';
+}
+
+/** All streams consumed. Terminal state. */
+export interface DoneState {
+  phase: 'done';
+}
+
+/** Pull loop failed. Terminal state with captured error. */
+export interface ErrorState {
+  phase: 'error';
+  error: unknown;
+}
+
+export type FlightInjectionState =
+  | InitState
+  | StreamingState
+  | FlushingState
+  | DoneState
+  | ErrorState;
+
+// ─── Events ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** First HTML chunk arrived — start the pull loop. */
+export interface FirstChunkEvent {
+  type: 'FIRST_CHUNK';
+}
+
+/** HTML stream finished (flush/end). */
+export interface HtmlDoneEvent {
+  type: 'HTML_DONE';
+}
+
+/** RSC pull loop completed (all chunks read or stream closed). */
+export interface PullDoneEvent {
+  type: 'PULL_DONE';
+}
+
+/** RSC pull loop encountered an error. */
+export interface PullErrorEvent {
+  type: 'PULL_ERROR';
+  error: unknown;
+}
+
+export type FlightInjectionEvent = FirstChunkEvent | HtmlDoneEvent | PullDoneEvent | PullErrorEvent;
+
+// ─── Transitions ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+export const flightInjectionTransitions: TransitionMap<FlightInjectionState, FlightInjectionEvent> =
+  {
+    init: {
+      FIRST_CHUNK: (): StreamingState => ({ phase: 'streaming' }),
+      // Edge case: HTML stream ends immediately (empty body)
+      HTML_DONE: (): FlushingState => ({ phase: 'flushing' }),
+    },
+    streaming: {
+      HTML_DONE: (): FlushingState => ({ phase: 'flushing' }),
+      PULL_DONE: (): StreamingState => ({ phase: 'streaming' }),
+      PULL_ERROR: (_s, e): ErrorState => ({ phase: 'error', error: e.error }),
+    },
+    flushing: {
+      PULL_DONE: (): DoneState => ({ phase: 'done' }),
+      PULL_ERROR: (_s, e): ErrorState => ({ phase: 'error', error: e.error }),
+    },
+  };
+
+// ─── Helpers ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** Whether the HTML stream has finished (flush/end fired). */
+export function isHtmlDone(state: FlightInjectionState): boolean {
+  return state.phase === 'flushing' || state.phase === 'done';
+}
+
+/** Whether the RSC pull loop has completed. */
+export function isPullDone(state: FlightInjectionState): boolean {
+  return state.phase === 'done' || state.phase === 'error';
+}

package/src/server/flight-scripts.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/**
+ * Shared Flight data script generation.
+ *
+ * Both html-injectors.ts (Web Streams / dev) and node-stream-transforms.ts
+ * (Node streams / production) use this module to generate inline `<script>`
+ * tags for RSC Flight data injection.
+ *
+ * The init script goes in `<head>` as part of the HTML shell (guaranteed
+ * to execute before any streaming chunk scripts). Push scripts are emitted
+ * as RSC chunks arrive during streaming.
+ *
+ * See design/02-rendering-pipeline.md, LOCAL-415
+ */
+
+// ─── JSON Escaping ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/**
+ * Escape a JSON string for safe embedding inside an HTML `<script>` tag.
+ *
+ * Prevents XSS via `</script>` injection and handles Unicode line/paragraph
+ * separators that are valid JSON but invalid in JS string literals (pre-ES2019).
+ */
+export function htmlEscapeJsonString(str: string): string {
+  return str
+    .replace(/</g, '\\u003c')
+    .replace(/>/g, '\\u003e')
+    .replace(/\u2028/g, '\\u2028')
+    .replace(/\u2029/g, '\\u2029');
+}
+
+// ─── Script Generation ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+/** The global variable name used for Flight data on the client. */
+const FLIGHT_VAR = 'self.__timber_f';
+
+/**
+ * Generate the init script that creates the Flight data array.
+ *
+ * This MUST be included in `<head>` (via headHtml) so it executes before
+ * any streaming chunk scripts arrive in `<body>`. The array is created
+ * unconditionally — no `||[]` guard needed in push scripts.
+ *
+ * Also emits the bootstrap signal [0] which tells the client that
+ * Flight data is active for this page.
+ */
+export function flightInitScript(): string {
+  return `<script>${FLIGHT_VAR}=[${htmlEscapeJsonString(JSON.stringify([0]))}]</script>`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Generate a push script for a Flight data chunk.
+ *
+ * Normally the init script runs first (it's in `<head>`), so
+ * `self.__timber_f` already exists. However, shell-less status pages
+ * (e.g. standalone error pages) may have no `<head>` tag, so the init script
+ * never runs. The `||[]` guard ensures the array is created on first
+ * push if needed, preventing a TypeError. See TIM-559.
+ */
+export function flightChunkScript(data: string): string {
+  const escaped = htmlEscapeJsonString(JSON.stringify([1, data]));
+  return `<script>(${FLIGHT_VAR}=${FLIGHT_VAR}||[]).push(${escaped})</script>`;
+}