@tilua/parser 1.0.0 → 1.0.2

package/README.md

@@ -1,702 +1,702 @@
-# @tilua/parser
-
-Front end for **tilua** — a TypeScript-flavoured language that compiles to Luau.
-Source → tokens → AST → scope analysis → flow-sensitive type analysis.
-
-This package is for people building tools: editors, linters, codemods, a
-compiler of your own. It parses and analyses; it never emits. **If you want to
-*write* tilua, you want [`@tilua/compiler`][compiler] and the
-[VS Code extension][vscode] instead** — though the language reference below is
-the same one either way.
-
-| package | for |
-|---|---|
-| [`@tilua/compiler`][compiler] | building a project to one Luau file |
-| [`@tilua/language-server`][server] | editor support over LSP |
-| [`@tilua-types/roblox`][roblox], [`@tilua-types/lua`][lua], [`@tilua-types/sunc`][sunc] | the globals a project may use |
-| `@tilua/parser` | this: tokens, AST, scopes, types |
-
-[compiler]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tilua/compiler
-[server]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tilua/language-server
-[roblox]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tilua-types/roblox
-[lua]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tilua-types/lua
-[sunc]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tilua-types/sunc
-[vscode]: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/search?term=tilua
-
-```bash
-npm install @tilua/parser
-```
-
-```ts
-import { readFileSync } from "node:fs"
-import {
-  parse, analyzeScopes, analyzeTypes,
-  findConfig, resolveTypeLibraries, resolveModulePath,
-} from "@tilua/parser"
-
-// The project the file belongs to, and the type libraries it names.
-const { config } = findConfig(file)
-const libs = config ? resolveTypeLibraries(config).files.map(f => parse(readFileSync(f, "utf8"))) : []
-const globals = libs.flatMap(lib => lib.body.statements.flatMap(s => s.type === "DeclareStatement" ? [s.name] : []))
-
-const program = parse(readFileSync(file, "utf8"))
-const scopes  = analyzeScopes(program, { builtinGlobals: globals })
-const types   = analyzeTypes(program, scopes, { libs })
-
-for (const d of [...scopes.diagnostics, ...types.diagnostics]) console.log(d.message)
-```
-
-## The three passes
-
-| | produces | use it for |
-|---|---|---|
-| `parse(source)` | `Program` — every node carries `line`/`column` spans | everything |
-| `analyzeScopes(program, opts)` | `bindingOf`, `bindings`, `references`, `diagnostics` | go-to-definition, find-references, rename |
-| `analyzeTypes(program, scopes, opts)` | `typeOf`, `narrowedTypeOf`, `bindingType`, `typeOfTypeNode`, `expectedTypeOf`, `aliases`, `diagnostics` | hover, completion, type errors |
-
-Every name in the AST has a node with its own span, down to
-`DeclareStatement.id`, `TableTypeProperty.key`, `FunctionTypeParameter.id`,
-`GenericTypeParameter.id`, `InferTypeNode.id` and
-`MappedTypeNode.parameterId`. `typeOfTypeNode` gives what each type
-annotation resolves to, and `expectedTypeOf` what each call argument should
-be, so a tool never has to re-derive a type from text.
-
-`parseWithRecovery(source)` returns `{ program, errors }` instead of throwing —
-use it for editors, where the text is usually mid-edit. An error costs as
-little of the tree as it can: a broken value becomes an `ErrorExpression`
-(typed `any`) in its place, a broken field or argument is skipped to the next
-`,`, a missing comma between fields on separate lines, or a missing `)` or
-`}`, is recorded and read past — a missing `}` is placed by indentation — and
-an unclosed string ends at its line. Skipping never lets a `}` inside a
-skipped function or object close the block around it. Valid code parses to
-exactly the same tree as `parse`.
-
-Neither analysis mutates the AST; both return side tables.
-
-## Projects
-
-**No globals are built in** — not `print`, not `string`, not `game`. Only the
-language's own utility types are (`Partial`, `Pick`, `Omit`, `Record`,
-`ReturnType`, `Truthy`, ...; see `PRELUDE_SOURCE`). A project lists the type
-libraries it uses in `tilua.config.json`, the way TypeScript uses `@types/*`:
-
-```bash
-npm i -D @tilua-types/roblox        # Luau + Roblox; or @tilua-types/lua on its own
-```
-
-```jsonc
-// tilua.config.json
-{
-  "types": ["roblox"],                          // and what it depends on: @tilua-types/lua
-  "paths": { "@shared/*": ["src/shared/*"] },   // import aliases, as in tsconfig
-  "sourceMap": "sourcemap.json"                 // a Rojo sourcemap, or null
-}
-```
-
-- **Which config applies** — the nearest one in the file's folder or above.
-  `tilua.config.json` and `tilua.config.jsonc` in the same folder is an error.
-  Both forms accept comments and trailing commas.
-- **`types`** — any name, looked up as the package `@tilua-types/<name>` in
-  `node_modules` from the config upward; one that is not installed is an
-  error. A relative path (`"./types"`, `"./defs.d.tilua"`) loads the project's
-  own definitions. A type library's own type-library dependencies load first.
-- **`paths`** — tsconfig rules: an exact pattern wins, then the `*` pattern
-  with the longest prefix; targets resolve from `baseUrl` (default: the
-  config's folder).
-- **`sourceMap`** — the instance tree becomes types: `game` and `workspace`
-  follow it, and a file the tree maps gets its own `script`, so
-  `script.Parent.Remotes` is typed. A `.tilua` file matches the Luau file of
-  the same path.
-
-| function | does |
-|---|---|
-| `findConfig(file, host?)` | the config that applies, problems with it, and every path searched |
-| `loadConfig(path, host?)` | read and check one config |
-| `resolveTypeLibraries(config, host?)` | the `.d.tilua` files to load, in order |
-| `moduleCandidates(from, specifier, config?)` / `resolveModulePath(...)` | what an `import` means |
-| `sourceMapTypes(text, path, { classes })` | the tree's types, and `scriptFor(file)` |
-
-Every problem comes back as `{ file, message, line, column }`, pointing into
-the config (or sourcemap) it is about. `host` reads files — pass your own to
-read unsaved editor buffers or to record what was read.
-
-`type` / `typeof` are **not** special-cased in the analyzer either: they are
-overload sets in `@tilua-types/lua` and `@tilua-types/roblox`, and narrowing is derived
-from them. Without a library that declares them, they narrow nothing.
-
-Libraries stack: a name declared again *adds* to what an earlier library gave
-it — overloads of a function accumulate, and the members of a declared table
-merge. That is how `@tilua-types/roblox` extends Lua's `table` and `type` without
-restating them.
-
-## The language, in brief
-
-TypeScript syntax and semantics wherever they fit, Lua semantics where they
-must.
-
-**Blocks** — braces, and a condition in parentheses:
-
-```luau
-if (n < 0) {
-    return "negative"
-} elseif (n == 0) {
-    return "zero"
-} else {
-    return "positive"
-}
-
-while (going) { step() }
-for (i = 1, 10) { total += i }
-for (name, value in pairs(t)) { print(name, value) }
-repeat { step() } until (done)
-do { ... }
-
-function greet(name: string): string {
-    return `hello ${name}`
-}
-
-class Dog extends Animal {
-    function speak(): string { return "woof" }
-}
-```
-
-The parentheses are not decoration: `f {}` is a call with a table argument, so
-without them `if ready { ... }` would be a call of `ready` followed by a block.
-
-There is no `end` in tilua, and `then` is not a word it knows.
-
-**One statement instead of a block** — an `if`, an `elseif`, an `else`, a
-`while` or a `for` may be written with the single statement it does, no braces,
-as TypeScript writes it:
-
-```luau
-if (done) return
-if (n < 0) return "negative"
-elseif (n == 0) return "zero"
-else return "positive"
-
-for (_, item in items) if (item) print(item)
-while (queued > 0) queued -= 1
-```
-
-It is a block all the same — what it narrows, and what a `break` or `continue`
-in it leaves, end with it — so the early-return form reads exactly as the
-braced one does. A declaration may not be written there, as in TypeScript:
-nothing could reach the name `if (x) const y = 1` binds, so it is an error
-rather than a shorthand. A function body and `do` always take braces.
-
-`and`, `or` and `not` stay words; `{}` is still an object literal everywhere a
-value is expected, and `[]` an array.
-
-**Arrows** — one for both, as TypeScript writes them. `(a: number) => string`
-is a function type; `(a: number) => a` is a function. Which one a `=>` makes is
-decided by where it stands, since a type and a value never share a place.
-
-```luau
-type Reducer = (total: number, value: number) => number
-
-const double = (x: number) => x * 2
-const add: Reducer = (a, b) => a + b        -- parameters typed by the contract
-const shown = (n: number): string => tostring(n)
-const identity = <T>(v: T) => v
-
-each(n => print(n))                          -- one parameter needs no parens
-
-const logged = (n: number) => {              -- a block body is a block,
-    print(n)                                 -- as in TypeScript,
-    return n
-}
-const wrap = (n: number) => ({ value: n })   -- so an object is parenthesized
-```
-
-An arrow is a function expression written short — there is no second kind of
-function — so `this` inside one is the `this` of the method around it, which
-is what a JavaScript arrow is for.
-
-**Declarations** — `const` and `let` only; Lua's `local` is gone.
-
-**Functions** — `function name() { ... }` declares `name` in the enclosing
-scope; like a TypeScript function declaration it cannot be reassigned.
-`const` and `let` do not apply to functions. `function T.name()` and
-`function T:name()` define a member.
-
-**Hoisting** — a function declaration is visible to its whole block, above
-itself too, so `let r: ReturnType<typeof load>` may come before `function
-load()`. A closure reads the name its own value is bound to, as in JavaScript
-(`let m = { clear: function() { m.items = {} } }`), and a later name in the
-same block; the compiler declares such a name before the statement that fills
-it. A module's top-level names are visible to code that runs later —
-function bodies and `typeof` — wherever that code is written, since a bundle
-declares them all before the module runs. At the top level the whole function
-is hoisted, and can be called above its declaration. Inside a function only
-the name is: other functions can call it, but a call straight in the block
-above the declaration is an error, because nothing is there yet.
-
-**Returns** — a declared return type is checked: what a `return` gives must
-fit it, and a function that declared one must return a value (a guard or an
-`asserts` function needs none). The declared type also types what is written
-there, so a returned callback takes its parameters from it.
-
-**Overloads** — a `function name(...)` with no body is a signature for the
-declaration that follows it, as in TypeScript: the signatures are what a call
-sees, and the last one, with the body, is the implementation. `export` goes on
-every line of the set or none of them. A parameter of the implementation that
-carries no annotation holds what the signatures allow there — under
-`get(stat: "hp")` and `get(stat: "name")`, the implementation's `stat` is
-`"hp" | "name"` rather than `any`.
-
-**Modules** — `import { a, b as c } from "./m"`, `import D from "./m"` and
-`import * as M from "./m"`; `export const`, `export function`, `export default`,
-`export { a as b }`, `export { a } from "./m"` and `export * from "./m"`.
-Imports are read-only: assigning to an imported name, or to a member of a
-namespace (`M.x = 1`), is an error.
-
-`import type { A } from "./m"` (also `import type D` and `import type * as M`)
-brings in names that are types and nothing else: unlike TypeScript, using one
-as a value is an error, and only type positions — `typeof A` included — may
-name it. Compiled code keeps no trace of it.
-
-**Array and string methods** — an array and a string answer to methods
-written with `:`, the way JavaScript writes them:
-
-```luau
-const long = names:filter(n => #n > 3):map(string.upper)
-const first = names:find(n => n:startsWith("A"))
-print(names:join(", "), text:trim(), text:replaceAll(",", ";"))
-```
-
-Which methods those are is not the language's business. The analyzer looks for
-two types by name — `ArrayMethods<T>` and `StringMethods` — and reads an
-array's or a string's members out of whichever type library declared them;
-without such a library an array has no methods at all.
-
-Running them is that library's business too. A library points at a JavaScript
-module in its package.json, and the compiler asks it what a call becomes:
-
-```json
-"tilua": { "types": "index.d.tilua", "lowering": "lowering.mjs" }
-```
-
-```js
-// @ts-check
-/** @type {import("@tilua/parser").LoweringPlugin} */   // the contract, declared here
-const plugin = {
-    runtime: { array: "local __NAME__ = {}\nfunction __NAME__.filter(t, test) ... end" },
-    methodCall({ method, receiver, use }) {
-        if (receiver?.kind === "array" && method === "filter") {
-            return { callee: `${use("array")}.filter` }
-        }
-        return undefined
-    },
-}
-export default plugin
-```
-
-`receiver` is the tilua type the analyzer worked out, `use(key)` gives the
-local name that table got — emitted once, at the top of the output, only if a
-call needed it — and the receiver is passed as the call's first argument. An
-answer of `undefined` leaves an ordinary Luau method call, which is what
-`text:upper()` wants, since a string already answers to it.
-
-The compiler lowers the language and nothing else: `filter` appears nowhere in
-it.
-
-`@tilua-types/lua` ships the JavaScript-shaped set; there, indices are Luau's (the
-first element is 1, `indexOf` answers `nil` rather than -1) and `push`, `pop`,
-`shift`, `unshift`, `sort` and `reverse` change the array they are called on.
-
-**A `(` that starts a line** continues the statement above it, as in Lua and
-in JavaScript — `const v = map[key]` followed by `("A"):upper()` is one
-statement, a call of `map[key]`. tilua says so rather than letting it pass:
-write `;` before the `(` when a new statement was meant.
-
-**Object types** — `{ name: T, name?: T, [K]: V }`, and a name that is not an
-identifier is quoted, as in the literal: `{ "Respawn After Kill": boolean }`.
-
-**Optionality** — there is no `T?` shorthand. `?` in type position always
-belongs to a conditional type, and in expression position to a ternary or an
-optional chain.
-
-```luau
-name?: T        -- may be absent; its type is `T | nil`
-name: T | nil   -- must be written, but may be nil
-```
-
-Omitting an argument requires `?` (or a default), as in TypeScript — a
-parameter typed `T | nil` still has to be passed something.
-
-**Optional chaining** — `a?.b` and `a?:m(x)` are nil when `a` is, and then
-nothing further along the chain runs, arguments included: `folder?:FindFirstChild("A")?.Name`
-is a `string | nil`. The `?` must touch the `.` or `:`; `c ? a : b` stays a
-ternary. Parentheses end a chain. A chain cannot be assigned to (`a?.b = 1` is
-an error). A chain that got through narrows what it tested: inside
-`if (part?.Parent)`, and `if (part?.Name == "Door")`, `part` is not nil.
-
-**Classes** — types are structural, except for classes. A definitions file
-declares one with `declare class`, and it is nominal, as Roblox's classes are:
-
-```luau
-declare class BasePart extends PVInstance { Size: Vector3 }
-declare class Part extends BasePart { Shape: EnumItem }
-```
-
-A `Part` is a `BasePart` and an `Instance` because it extends them. A
-`ReplicatedStorage` is not a `Part`, and no table literal is an `Instance`,
-however alike their members. A class still fits a shape that names members it
-has (`{ Name: string }`). It is not a table, though, so `typeof(part)` picks
-the `"Instance"` overload, not `"table"`. Members are inherited, and a subclass
-may narrow one (`Parent: SomeFolder`).
-
-**`class ... { }`** — a class written in code, rather than declared in a
-definitions file. It is sugar over the Lua idiom, and the shape it stands for
-is exactly that one: the class is a single table holding the methods and the
-statics, and an instance is a table whose metatable points at it. An instance
-therefore reaches *the class* — nothing is copied per instance, and there is
-no prototype chain of an instance's own.
-
-```luau
-class Animal {
-    name: string                -- set by the constructor
-    legs = 4                    -- set on every instance, before the body runs
-    static count = 0            -- on the class table, once
-
-    constructor(name: string) {
-        this.name = name
-        Animal.count += 1
-    }
-
-    function speak(): string {
-        return `${this.name} makes a sound`
-    }
-
-    get label(): string {       -- read as a property, run as a function
-        return `<${this.name}>`
-    }
-
-    set label(value: string) {
-        this.name = value
-    }
-
-    static function made(): number {
-        return Animal.count
-    }
-}
-
-class Dog extends Animal {
-    breed: string
-
-    constructor(name: string, breed: string) {
-        super(name)             -- required: it is what fills in the base
-        this.breed = breed
-    }
-
-    function speak(): string {
-        return `${super.speak()} (woof)`
-    }
-}
-
-const rex = new Dog("Rex", "shiba")
-rex:speak()                     -- the receiver is `this`
-rex.label = "Max"               -- the setter
-Dog.made()                      -- a static, inherited from Animal
-```
-
-The receiver is written `this`, and it is an ordinary first parameter: a
-method's type is `(this: Dog, ...) => R`, so `rex:speak()` supplies it the way
-`function T:m()` supplies `self`. `new Dog(x)` *is* `Dog.new(x)` — the same
-function, callable by hand and passable as a value.
-
-A declaration names two things. As a **type**, `Dog` is the type of its
-instances, nominal the same way a `declare class` is: a table with the same
-members is not one, and only `Dog` and what extends it are assignable to it.
-As a **value**, `Dog` is the class table — its statics, and the `new` that
-builds an instance. `export class` exports both.
-
-Two links are always there, and they are what the memory model promises:
-
-```luau
-rex.ClassObject == Dog          -- an instance names its class
-Dog.ParentClass == Animal       -- a class names the one it extends
-Animal.ParentClass == nil       -- and a root class extends nothing
-```
-
-Both live on the class table, so an instance carries neither.
-
-**Generic classes** — `class Box<T> { ... }`. The name is then a generic type,
-and `Box<number>` and `Box<string>` are both `Box` but neither is the other:
-
-```luau
-class Box<T> {
-    value: T
-    constructor(value: T) {
-        this.value = value
-    }
-    function get(): T {
-        return this.value
-    }
-    function map<R>(f: (value: T) => R): Box<R> {
-        return new Box(f(this.value))
-    }
-}
-
-const n = new Box(1)               -- Box<number>, read off the argument
-const s = new Box<string>("a")     -- or written out
-const held: number = n:get()
-
-class Ints extends Box<number> {   -- extending one fixes its argument
-    constructor(n: number) { super(n) }
-}
-```
-
-A function takes the argument off what it is handed: `function unwrap<T>(b:
-Box<T>): T` given a `Box<boolean>` returns `boolean`.
-
-**A class as a value** — `const Counter = class { ... }`, and `export default
-class { ... }`. It may be named, and then the name is visible only inside its
-own body, as in JavaScript; an anonymous one is known by whatever holds it.
-Two of them are different types however alike they look. A class written as a
-value takes no type parameters — nothing could write the arguments.
-
-`export default class Name { ... }` declares `Name` here as well as exporting
-it, as TypeScript's does, and importing it brings in the type too:
-
-```luau
-import Box from "./box"            -- `Box` is the class *and* the type
-const held: Box<number> = new Box(1)
-```
-
-Reported: a field with a type that nothing gives a value (`name: string` that
-the constructor never assigns), a derived constructor that does not call
-`super(...)`, `extends` naming something that is not a class, a chain that
-closes on itself, a member written twice, and a member named one of the words
-the compiler builds the class table out of (`new`, `ClassObject`,
-`ParentClass`, `__init`, `__index`, `__newindex`, `__getters`, `__setters`,
-`__dynamic`).
-
-**Varargs** — `...` is Lua's pack, and every name on the left reads one of
-it: with `...: number`, `const a, b = ...` gives two numbers. `[...]` puts the
-whole pack in an array.
-
-**Rest parameters** — `...name: T[]` is JavaScript's: every argument from that
-position on, as an array. It is last, and the call signature is the same one
-`...: T` describes — the difference is only what the body sees.
-
-```luau
-function join(separator: string, ...parts: string[]): string {
-    return table.concat(parts, separator)   -- `parts` is a string[] here
-}
-
-join("-", "a", "b")       -- and a vararg call out here
-join("-", 1)              -- Argument of type '1' is not assignable to 'string'
-
-function firstOf<T>(...items: T[]): T | nil {
-    return items[1]
-}
-
-firstOf(1, 2)             -- number | nil: the arguments say what `T` is
-```
-
-A type is written the same way: `type Reporter = (level: string, ...lines:
-string[]) => ()` describes the same calls as `(level: string, ...string) =>
-()`. Without an annotation a rest parameter is `unknown[]`; annotated with
-something that is not an array, it is reported.
-
-**Spreads** — `...xs` puts what an array holds into any list of values, as
-JavaScript does: a call's arguments, a `return`, a declaration, an assignment.
-Bare `...` is unchanged, and is still the pack.
-
-```luau
-join("-", ...names)              -- every name
-join("-", ...names, "z")         -- and one more after them
-add3(...nums)                    -- however many `nums` turns out to hold
-
-function three(): (number, number, number) {
-    return ...nums
-}
-
-const first, second = ...names   -- one each, as far as the names go
-```
-
-What the array holds is checked against what it fills. How many it holds is
-not known, so nothing is said about the count — unless it is a tuple, which
-holds a known value at each position and is checked one by one. Spreading
-something that is not a list is reported.
-
-**Branded types** — nothing in the type model is about branding; an
-intersection already means it. `string & { __brand }` is assignable to
-`string`, and `string` is not assignable to it, which is the whole of it:
-
-```luau
-type UserId = string & { readonly __brand: "UserId" }
-type PostId = string & { readonly __brand: "PostId" }
-
-declare function findUser(id: UserId): string
-
-const id = "raw" as UserId      -- `as` is how one is made
-findUser(id)                    -- ok
-findUser("raw")                 -- '"raw"' is not assignable to 'UserId'
-findUser(postId)                -- 'PostId' is not assignable to 'UserId'
-
-#id                             -- still a string: 5
-id:upper()                      -- and its methods, giving a plain string
-```
-
-Anything that builds a new value builds an unbranded one — which is the point:
-the brand says where the value came from. It works on any type (`number & {
-__brand }`), and survives being stored, indexed and narrowed.
-
-**Callbacks** — a function written where a function type is expected takes
-its parameter types from it: in `signal:Connect(player => ... )`,
-`player` is typed from `Connect`. The same applies to an annotated `const`
-and to an assignment such as `remote.OnServerInvoke = function(player) { ... }`.
-
-**Type packs** — `type Signal<T... = ...any> = { Connect: (self, cb: (T...) => ()) => () }`.
-A pack parameter takes every type argument from its position on:
-`Signal<Player, string>`, `Signal<()>` for none.
-
-**Operators** — on a type that declares metamethods (`__add`, `__mul`,
-`__unm`, ...), an operator has the metamethod's result, tried on the left
-operand and then the right one, as Luau does. So `Vector3 + Vector3` and
-`2 * vector` are both `Vector3`.
-
-**Qualified type names** — a definitions file may declare `Enum.Material`
-(`declare class Enum.Material extends EnumItem {}`), and code writes it the
-same way.
-
-**Contextual typing** — an expression takes its type from where it is
-written, as in TypeScript: `let queue: thread[] = []` is a `thread[]`, and so
-is `[]` passed where one is expected, including inside an object literal.
-
-**Calls** — every argument is checked against its parameter, and a generic
-parameter against its constraint (`GetService<K extends keyof Services>`
-rejects `""`). Arguments are checked again once the call's own type arguments
-are known, so `pick("Bones", "Blast1")` is caught where `pick`'s second
-parameter reads `Extract<Rows, { Page: P }>["Skills"][number]`. A type that
-waits on a type parameter — a conditional, an index, `T[K]` — is worked out
-where that parameter is.
-
-**Trailing commas** are allowed wherever TypeScript allows them: parameter
-lists, call arguments, generic parameters and type arguments, tables, arrays,
-tuples, imports and exports.
-
-A value read by a key narrows the key: after `const path = paths[stat]`, the
-`else` of `if path then` leaves `stat` as exactly the keys `paths` does not
-have — the same correlation `pairs` over a record and a destructured union
-already get.
-
-**Narrowing** follows TypeScript's model: references (`x`, `x.a.b`, `x["k"]`)
-rather than just variables, discriminated unions at any depth, `and`/`or`,
-early return, `break`/`continue`, `error()` (declared `=> never`), user type
-guards (`v is T`), and assertion signatures (`asserts v`).
-
-Reading a member of, indexing or calling a value that may be nil is an error
-until a check narrows the nil away, as with TypeScript's `strictNullChecks`:
-`FindFirstChild("A"):FindFirstChild("B")` reports that the first call is
-possibly nil. Use `?.` / `?:`, or check first. The read is still typed from the
-non-nil part.
-
-Only `nil` and `false` are falsy — `0` and `""` are truthy, unlike JavaScript.
-
-**Types** — unions, intersections, tuples `[A, B]`, type packs `(A, B)` (the
-several values a function returns), `keyof`, `T[K]`, conditional types with
-`infer`, mapped types with `as` remapping, template literal types
-(`` `on${Event}` ``), and set difference `A - B`. The utility types
-(`Partial`, `Pick`, `Omit`, `ReturnType`, `Parameters`, `Exclude`, …) are
-built in, and written in tilua on top of those rather than special-cased in
-the analyzer. A type library or a file may declare one again; the later
-declaration wins.
-
-A call may write its type arguments out — `find<Folder>("Remotes")`,
-`inst:WaitForChild<Folder>("Remotes")` — and a type parameter may have a
-default (`<T = Instance>`) for the calls that do not. `a < b > (c)` is still
-three operators: only a call after the `>` makes it type arguments.
-
-`<const T>` infers an argument at its narrowest, as in TypeScript 5.
-
-`typeof x` in a type is TypeScript's type query — the type of a value
-(`typeof config`, `typeof config.volume`, `ReturnType<typeof f>`). Luau's
-`typeof(expr)` spelling works too. It is compile-time only, unrelated to the
-`typeof(v)` function that returns a string at runtime.
-
-**Modules** — `import` / `export`, export lists, re-exports and `export *`.
-
-**`satisfies`** — checks a value against a type without giving it that type,
-as in TypeScript 4.9:
-
-```luau
-type Shape = { kind: "circle" | "rect", size: number }
-const circle = { kind: "circle", size: 2 } satisfies Shape  -- { kind: "circle", size: number }
-const handlers = {
-    Click: x => x + 1,                                       -- x: number, from the contract
-} satisfies { [string]: (x: number) => number }
-```
-
-The contract types callbacks and empty arrays, and a literal stays a literal
-where the contract asks for literals (`kind: "circle"`, not `string`). A value
-that does not fit is an error. So is a property the contract does not know —
-TypeScript's excess property check, which applies to an object literal written
-straight into an annotation (`const s: Shape = { ..., typo: 1 }`) too. A value
-that already has a type of its own keeps it exactly: `{ ... } as const
-satisfies T` stays readonly and literal. `as` reinterprets instead of
-checking, and compiled code keeps neither.
-
-**Undeclared names** — `analyzeScopes(program, { builtinGlobals, reportUndeclared: true })`
-reports each read of a name nothing declares: "Cannot find name 'x'". A global
-assigned in the file (`x = 1`) and a `declare` count as declarations.
-`analyzeTypes(program, scopes, { reportUnknownTypes: true })` does the same for
-type names. Both are off by default, since they are only right when the type
-libraries the file names are loaded.
-
-**Directives** — comments that switch checking off, as TypeScript's
-`// @ts-...` do. They silence scope and type errors, never syntax errors:
-
-```luau
---@tilua-nocheck          -- before the first line of code: the whole file
---@tilua-ignore           -- the next line of code
---@tilua-expect-error     -- the next line of code, which must have an error
-```
-
-`parseWithRecovery` returns them as `directives`; `directivesOf(source)` reads
-them for a caller that parsed some other way, and
-`applyDirectives(directives, diagnostics, lineOf)` filters a list and names
-each `expect-error` that had nothing to suppress.
-
-## Options
-
-```ts
-analyzeScopes(program, {
-  builtinGlobals: ["print", "game"],   // names that may be used undeclared
-})
-
-analyzeTypes(program, scopes, {
-  libs,                       // parsed `.d.tilua` definitions
-  globalTypes: { … },         // types for specific globals; wins over `libs`
-  libTypes: { … },            // extra named types for annotations
-  diagnostics: true,          // emit type errors (default)
-  resolveModule: specifier => exportsOfThatFile,
-                              // what an `import` sees; without it imports are `any`
-})
-```
-
-## Known limitations
-
-- `export * as ns from` and namespace imports (`import * as ns`) are not
-  supported.
-- `setmetatable` and metatables are not modelled.
-- Accessing a property a type does not have yields `unknown` rather than an
-  error; assigning to a `readonly` property is not reported.
-- A sourcemap child whose name is not an identifier (`"My Part"`) is not typed.
-
-## Development
-
-```bash
-npm install
-npm test        # smoketests (types via smoketest/tilua.config.json), then project tests
-npm run build
-npm run typecheck
-```
-
-`smoketest/` is the test suite. Each file annotates its bindings with the type
-they should infer to, so a wrong result surfaces as a diagnostic rather than
-something to eyeball. `scripts/project.test.ts` covers configs, type
-libraries, import paths and sourcemaps against an in-memory file system.
+# @tilua/parser
+
+Front end for **tilua** — a TypeScript-flavoured language that compiles to Luau.
+Source → tokens → AST → scope analysis → flow-sensitive type analysis.
+
+This package is for people building tools: editors, linters, codemods, a
+compiler of your own. It parses and analyses; it never emits. **If you want to
+*write* tilua, you want [`@tilua/compiler`][compiler] and the
+[VS Code extension][vscode] instead** — though the language reference below is
+the same one either way.
+
+| package | for |
+|---|---|
+| [`@tilua/compiler`][compiler] | building a project to one Luau file |
+| [`@tilua/language-server`][server] | editor support over LSP |
+| [`@tilua-types/roblox`][roblox], [`@tilua-types/lua`][lua], [`@tilua-types/sunc`][sunc] | the globals a project may use |
+| `@tilua/parser` | this: tokens, AST, scopes, types |
+
+[compiler]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tilua/compiler
+[server]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tilua/language-server
+[roblox]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tilua-types/roblox
+[lua]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tilua-types/lua
+[sunc]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@tilua-types/sunc
+[vscode]: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/search?term=tilua
+
+```bash
+npm install @tilua/parser
+```
+
+```ts
+import { readFileSync } from "node:fs"
+import {
+  parse, analyzeScopes, analyzeTypes,
+  findConfig, resolveTypeLibraries, resolveModulePath,
+} from "@tilua/parser"
+
+// The project the file belongs to, and the type libraries it names.
+const { config } = findConfig(file)
+const libs = config ? resolveTypeLibraries(config).files.map(f => parse(readFileSync(f, "utf8"))) : []
+const globals = libs.flatMap(lib => lib.body.statements.flatMap(s => s.type === "DeclareStatement" ? [s.name] : []))
+
+const program = parse(readFileSync(file, "utf8"))
+const scopes  = analyzeScopes(program, { builtinGlobals: globals })
+const types   = analyzeTypes(program, scopes, { libs })
+
+for (const d of [...scopes.diagnostics, ...types.diagnostics]) console.log(d.message)
+```
+
+## The three passes
+
+| | produces | use it for |
+|---|---|---|
+| `parse(source)` | `Program` — every node carries `line`/`column` spans | everything |
+| `analyzeScopes(program, opts)` | `bindingOf`, `bindings`, `references`, `diagnostics` | go-to-definition, find-references, rename |
+| `analyzeTypes(program, scopes, opts)` | `typeOf`, `narrowedTypeOf`, `bindingType`, `typeOfTypeNode`, `expectedTypeOf`, `aliases`, `diagnostics` | hover, completion, type errors |
+
+Every name in the AST has a node with its own span, down to
+`DeclareStatement.id`, `TableTypeProperty.key`, `FunctionTypeParameter.id`,
+`GenericTypeParameter.id`, `InferTypeNode.id` and
+`MappedTypeNode.parameterId`. `typeOfTypeNode` gives what each type
+annotation resolves to, and `expectedTypeOf` what each call argument should
+be, so a tool never has to re-derive a type from text.
+
+`parseWithRecovery(source)` returns `{ program, errors }` instead of throwing —
+use it for editors, where the text is usually mid-edit. An error costs as
+little of the tree as it can: a broken value becomes an `ErrorExpression`
+(typed `any`) in its place, a broken field or argument is skipped to the next
+`,`, a missing comma between fields on separate lines, or a missing `)` or
+`}`, is recorded and read past — a missing `}` is placed by indentation — and
+an unclosed string ends at its line. Skipping never lets a `}` inside a
+skipped function or object close the block around it. Valid code parses to
+exactly the same tree as `parse`.
+
+Neither analysis mutates the AST; both return side tables.
+
+## Projects
+
+**No globals are built in** — not `print`, not `string`, not `game`. Only the
+language's own utility types are (`Partial`, `Pick`, `Omit`, `Record`,
+`ReturnType`, `Truthy`, ...; see `PRELUDE_SOURCE`). A project lists the type
+libraries it uses in `tilua.config.json`, the way TypeScript uses `@types/*`:
+
+```bash
+npm i -D @tilua-types/roblox        # Luau + Roblox; or @tilua-types/lua on its own
+```
+
+```jsonc
+// tilua.config.json
+{
+  "types": ["roblox"],                          // and what it depends on: @tilua-types/lua
+  "paths": { "@shared/*": ["src/shared/*"] },   // import aliases, as in tsconfig
+  "sourceMap": "sourcemap.json"                 // a Rojo sourcemap, or null
+}
+```
+
+- **Which config applies** — the nearest one in the file's folder or above.
+  `tilua.config.json` and `tilua.config.jsonc` in the same folder is an error.
+  Both forms accept comments and trailing commas.
+- **`types`** — any name, looked up as the package `@tilua-types/<name>` in
+  `node_modules` from the config upward; one that is not installed is an
+  error. A relative path (`"./types"`, `"./defs.d.tilua"`) loads the project's
+  own definitions. A type library's own type-library dependencies load first.
+- **`paths`** — tsconfig rules: an exact pattern wins, then the `*` pattern
+  with the longest prefix; targets resolve from `baseUrl` (default: the
+  config's folder).
+- **`sourceMap`** — the instance tree becomes types: `game` and `workspace`
+  follow it, and a file the tree maps gets its own `script`, so
+  `script.Parent.Remotes` is typed. A `.tilua` file matches the Luau file of
+  the same path.
+
+| function | does |
+|---|---|
+| `findConfig(file, host?)` | the config that applies, problems with it, and every path searched |
+| `loadConfig(path, host?)` | read and check one config |
+| `resolveTypeLibraries(config, host?)` | the `.d.tilua` files to load, in order |
+| `moduleCandidates(from, specifier, config?)` / `resolveModulePath(...)` | what an `import` means |
+| `sourceMapTypes(text, path, { classes })` | the tree's types, and `scriptFor(file)` |
+
+Every problem comes back as `{ file, message, line, column }`, pointing into
+the config (or sourcemap) it is about. `host` reads files — pass your own to
+read unsaved editor buffers or to record what was read.
+
+`type` / `typeof` are **not** special-cased in the analyzer either: they are
+overload sets in `@tilua-types/lua` and `@tilua-types/roblox`, and narrowing is derived
+from them. Without a library that declares them, they narrow nothing.
+
+Libraries stack: a name declared again *adds* to what an earlier library gave
+it — overloads of a function accumulate, and the members of a declared table
+merge. That is how `@tilua-types/roblox` extends Lua's `table` and `type` without
+restating them.
+
+## The language, in brief
+
+TypeScript syntax and semantics wherever they fit, Lua semantics where they
+must.
+
+**Blocks** — braces, and a condition in parentheses:
+
+```luau
+if (n < 0) {
+    return "negative"
+} elseif (n == 0) {
+    return "zero"
+} else {
+    return "positive"
+}
+
+while (going) { step() }
+for (i = 1, 10) { total += i }
+for (name, value in pairs(t)) { print(name, value) }
+repeat { step() } until (done)
+do { ... }
+
+function greet(name: string): string {
+    return `hello ${name}`
+}
+
+class Dog extends Animal {
+    function speak(): string { return "woof" }
+}
+```
+
+The parentheses are not decoration: `f {}` is a call with a table argument, so
+without them `if ready { ... }` would be a call of `ready` followed by a block.
+
+There is no `end` in tilua, and `then` is not a word it knows.
+
+**One statement instead of a block** — an `if`, an `elseif`, an `else`, a
+`while` or a `for` may be written with the single statement it does, no braces,
+as TypeScript writes it:
+
+```luau
+if (done) return
+if (n < 0) return "negative"
+elseif (n == 0) return "zero"
+else return "positive"
+
+for (_, item in items) if (item) print(item)
+while (queued > 0) queued -= 1
+```
+
+It is a block all the same — what it narrows, and what a `break` or `continue`
+in it leaves, end with it — so the early-return form reads exactly as the
+braced one does. A declaration may not be written there, as in TypeScript:
+nothing could reach the name `if (x) const y = 1` binds, so it is an error
+rather than a shorthand. A function body and `do` always take braces.
+
+`and`, `or` and `not` stay words; `{}` is still an object literal everywhere a
+value is expected, and `[]` an array.
+
+**Arrows** — one for both, as TypeScript writes them. `(a: number) => string`
+is a function type; `(a: number) => a` is a function. Which one a `=>` makes is
+decided by where it stands, since a type and a value never share a place.
+
+```luau
+type Reducer = (total: number, value: number) => number
+
+const double = (x: number) => x * 2
+const add: Reducer = (a, b) => a + b        -- parameters typed by the contract
+const shown = (n: number): string => tostring(n)
+const identity = <T>(v: T) => v
+
+each(n => print(n))                          -- one parameter needs no parens
+
+const logged = (n: number) => {              -- a block body is a block,
+    print(n)                                 -- as in TypeScript,
+    return n
+}
+const wrap = (n: number) => ({ value: n })   -- so an object is parenthesized
+```
+
+An arrow is a function expression written short — there is no second kind of
+function — so `this` inside one is the `this` of the method around it, which
+is what a JavaScript arrow is for.
+
+**Declarations** — `const` and `let` only; Lua's `local` is gone.
+
+**Functions** — `function name() { ... }` declares `name` in the enclosing
+scope; like a TypeScript function declaration it cannot be reassigned.
+`const` and `let` do not apply to functions. `function T.name()` and
+`function T:name()` define a member.
+
+**Hoisting** — a function declaration is visible to its whole block, above
+itself too, so `let r: ReturnType<typeof load>` may come before `function
+load()`. A closure reads the name its own value is bound to, as in JavaScript
+(`let m = { clear: function() { m.items = {} } }`), and a later name in the
+same block; the compiler declares such a name before the statement that fills
+it. A module's top-level names are visible to code that runs later —
+function bodies and `typeof` — wherever that code is written, since a bundle
+declares them all before the module runs. At the top level the whole function
+is hoisted, and can be called above its declaration. Inside a function only
+the name is: other functions can call it, but a call straight in the block
+above the declaration is an error, because nothing is there yet.
+
+**Returns** — a declared return type is checked: what a `return` gives must
+fit it, and a function that declared one must return a value (a guard or an
+`asserts` function needs none). The declared type also types what is written
+there, so a returned callback takes its parameters from it.
+
+**Overloads** — a `function name(...)` with no body is a signature for the
+declaration that follows it, as in TypeScript: the signatures are what a call
+sees, and the last one, with the body, is the implementation. `export` goes on
+every line of the set or none of them. A parameter of the implementation that
+carries no annotation holds what the signatures allow there — under
+`get(stat: "hp")` and `get(stat: "name")`, the implementation's `stat` is
+`"hp" | "name"` rather than `any`.
+
+**Modules** — `import { a, b as c } from "./m"`, `import D from "./m"` and
+`import * as M from "./m"`; `export const`, `export function`, `export default`,
+`export { a as b }`, `export { a } from "./m"` and `export * from "./m"`.
+Imports are read-only: assigning to an imported name, or to a member of a
+namespace (`M.x = 1`), is an error.
+
+`import type { A } from "./m"` (also `import type D` and `import type * as M`)
+brings in names that are types and nothing else: unlike TypeScript, using one
+as a value is an error, and only type positions — `typeof A` included — may
+name it. Compiled code keeps no trace of it.
+
+**Array and string methods** — an array and a string answer to methods
+written with `:`, the way JavaScript writes them:
+
+```luau
+const long = names:filter(n => #n > 3):map(string.upper)
+const first = names:find(n => n:startsWith("A"))
+print(names:join(", "), text:trim(), text:replaceAll(",", ";"))
+```
+
+Which methods those are is not the language's business. The analyzer looks for
+two types by name — `ArrayMethods<T>` and `StringMethods` — and reads an
+array's or a string's members out of whichever type library declared them;
+without such a library an array has no methods at all.
+
+Running them is that library's business too. A library points at a JavaScript
+module in its package.json, and the compiler asks it what a call becomes:
+
+```json
+"tilua": { "types": "index.d.tilua", "lowering": "lowering.mjs" }
+```
+
+```js
+// @ts-check
+/** @type {import("@tilua/parser").LoweringPlugin} */   // the contract, declared here
+const plugin = {
+    runtime: { array: "local __NAME__ = {}\nfunction __NAME__.filter(t, test) ... end" },
+    methodCall({ method, receiver, use }) {
+        if (receiver?.kind === "array" && method === "filter") {
+            return { callee: `${use("array")}.filter` }
+        }
+        return undefined
+    },
+}
+export default plugin
+```
+
+`receiver` is the tilua type the analyzer worked out, `use(key)` gives the
+local name that table got — emitted once, at the top of the output, only if a
+call needed it — and the receiver is passed as the call's first argument. An
+answer of `undefined` leaves an ordinary Luau method call, which is what
+`text:upper()` wants, since a string already answers to it.
+
+The compiler lowers the language and nothing else: `filter` appears nowhere in
+it.
+
+`@tilua-types/lua` ships the JavaScript-shaped set; there, indices are Luau's (the
+first element is 1, `indexOf` answers `nil` rather than -1) and `push`, `pop`,
+`shift`, `unshift`, `sort` and `reverse` change the array they are called on.
+
+**A `(` that starts a line** continues the statement above it, as in Lua and
+in JavaScript — `const v = map[key]` followed by `("A"):upper()` is one
+statement, a call of `map[key]`. tilua says so rather than letting it pass:
+write `;` before the `(` when a new statement was meant.
+
+**Object types** — `{ name: T, name?: T, [K]: V }`, and a name that is not an
+identifier is quoted, as in the literal: `{ "Respawn After Kill": boolean }`.
+
+**Optionality** — there is no `T?` shorthand. `?` in type position always
+belongs to a conditional type, and in expression position to a ternary or an
+optional chain.
+
+```luau
+name?: T        -- may be absent; its type is `T | nil`
+name: T | nil   -- must be written, but may be nil
+```
+
+Omitting an argument requires `?` (or a default), as in TypeScript — a
+parameter typed `T | nil` still has to be passed something.
+
+**Optional chaining** — `a?.b` and `a?:m(x)` are nil when `a` is, and then
+nothing further along the chain runs, arguments included: `folder?:FindFirstChild("A")?.Name`
+is a `string | nil`. The `?` must touch the `.` or `:`; `c ? a : b` stays a
+ternary. Parentheses end a chain. A chain cannot be assigned to (`a?.b = 1` is
+an error). A chain that got through narrows what it tested: inside
+`if (part?.Parent)`, and `if (part?.Name == "Door")`, `part` is not nil.
+
+**Classes** — types are structural, except for classes. A definitions file
+declares one with `declare class`, and it is nominal, as Roblox's classes are:
+
+```luau
+declare class BasePart extends PVInstance { Size: Vector3 }
+declare class Part extends BasePart { Shape: EnumItem }
+```
+
+A `Part` is a `BasePart` and an `Instance` because it extends them. A
+`ReplicatedStorage` is not a `Part`, and no table literal is an `Instance`,
+however alike their members. A class still fits a shape that names members it
+has (`{ Name: string }`). It is not a table, though, so `typeof(part)` picks
+the `"Instance"` overload, not `"table"`. Members are inherited, and a subclass
+may narrow one (`Parent: SomeFolder`).
+
+**`class ... { }`** — a class written in code, rather than declared in a
+definitions file. It is sugar over the Lua idiom, and the shape it stands for
+is exactly that one: the class is a single table holding the methods and the
+statics, and an instance is a table whose metatable points at it. An instance
+therefore reaches *the class* — nothing is copied per instance, and there is
+no prototype chain of an instance's own.
+
+```luau
+class Animal {
+    name: string                -- set by the constructor
+    legs = 4                    -- set on every instance, before the body runs
+    static count = 0            -- on the class table, once
+
+    constructor(name: string) {
+        this.name = name
+        Animal.count += 1
+    }
+
+    function speak(): string {
+        return `${this.name} makes a sound`
+    }
+
+    get label(): string {       -- read as a property, run as a function
+        return `<${this.name}>`
+    }
+
+    set label(value: string) {
+        this.name = value
+    }
+
+    static function made(): number {
+        return Animal.count
+    }
+}
+
+class Dog extends Animal {
+    breed: string
+
+    constructor(name: string, breed: string) {
+        super(name)             -- required: it is what fills in the base
+        this.breed = breed
+    }
+
+    function speak(): string {
+        return `${super.speak()} (woof)`
+    }
+}
+
+const rex = new Dog("Rex", "shiba")
+rex:speak()                     -- the receiver is `this`
+rex.label = "Max"               -- the setter
+Dog.made()                      -- a static, inherited from Animal
+```
+
+The receiver is written `this`, and it is an ordinary first parameter: a
+method's type is `(this: Dog, ...) => R`, so `rex:speak()` supplies it the way
+`function T:m()` supplies `self`. `new Dog(x)` *is* `Dog.new(x)` — the same
+function, callable by hand and passable as a value.
+
+A declaration names two things. As a **type**, `Dog` is the type of its
+instances, nominal the same way a `declare class` is: a table with the same
+members is not one, and only `Dog` and what extends it are assignable to it.
+As a **value**, `Dog` is the class table — its statics, and the `new` that
+builds an instance. `export class` exports both.
+
+Two links are always there, and they are what the memory model promises:
+
+```luau
+rex.ClassObject == Dog          -- an instance names its class
+Dog.ParentClass == Animal       -- a class names the one it extends
+Animal.ParentClass == nil       -- and a root class extends nothing
+```
+
+Both live on the class table, so an instance carries neither.
+
+**Generic classes** — `class Box<T> { ... }`. The name is then a generic type,
+and `Box<number>` and `Box<string>` are both `Box` but neither is the other:
+
+```luau
+class Box<T> {
+    value: T
+    constructor(value: T) {
+        this.value = value
+    }
+    function get(): T {
+        return this.value
+    }
+    function map<R>(f: (value: T) => R): Box<R> {
+        return new Box(f(this.value))
+    }
+}
+
+const n = new Box(1)               -- Box<number>, read off the argument
+const s = new Box<string>("a")     -- or written out
+const held: number = n:get()
+
+class Ints extends Box<number> {   -- extending one fixes its argument
+    constructor(n: number) { super(n) }
+}
+```
+
+A function takes the argument off what it is handed: `function unwrap<T>(b:
+Box<T>): T` given a `Box<boolean>` returns `boolean`.
+
+**A class as a value** — `const Counter = class { ... }`, and `export default
+class { ... }`. It may be named, and then the name is visible only inside its
+own body, as in JavaScript; an anonymous one is known by whatever holds it.
+Two of them are different types however alike they look. A class written as a
+value takes no type parameters — nothing could write the arguments.
+
+`export default class Name { ... }` declares `Name` here as well as exporting
+it, as TypeScript's does, and importing it brings in the type too:
+
+```luau
+import Box from "./box"            -- `Box` is the class *and* the type
+const held: Box<number> = new Box(1)
+```
+
+Reported: a field with a type that nothing gives a value (`name: string` that
+the constructor never assigns), a derived constructor that does not call
+`super(...)`, `extends` naming something that is not a class, a chain that
+closes on itself, a member written twice, and a member named one of the words
+the compiler builds the class table out of (`new`, `ClassObject`,
+`ParentClass`, `__init`, `__index`, `__newindex`, `__getters`, `__setters`,
+`__dynamic`).
+
+**Varargs** — `...` is Lua's pack, and every name on the left reads one of
+it: with `...: number`, `const a, b = ...` gives two numbers. `[...]` puts the
+whole pack in an array.
+
+**Rest parameters** — `...name: T[]` is JavaScript's: every argument from that
+position on, as an array. It is last, and the call signature is the same one
+`...: T` describes — the difference is only what the body sees.
+
+```luau
+function join(separator: string, ...parts: string[]): string {
+    return table.concat(parts, separator)   -- `parts` is a string[] here
+}
+
+join("-", "a", "b")       -- and a vararg call out here
+join("-", 1)              -- Argument of type '1' is not assignable to 'string'
+
+function firstOf<T>(...items: T[]): T | nil {
+    return items[1]
+}
+
+firstOf(1, 2)             -- number | nil: the arguments say what `T` is
+```
+
+A type is written the same way: `type Reporter = (level: string, ...lines:
+string[]) => ()` describes the same calls as `(level: string, ...string) =>
+()`. Without an annotation a rest parameter is `unknown[]`; annotated with
+something that is not an array, it is reported.
+
+**Spreads** — `...xs` puts what an array holds into any list of values, as
+JavaScript does: a call's arguments, a `return`, a declaration, an assignment.
+Bare `...` is unchanged, and is still the pack.
+
+```luau
+join("-", ...names)              -- every name
+join("-", ...names, "z")         -- and one more after them
+add3(...nums)                    -- however many `nums` turns out to hold
+
+function three(): (number, number, number) {
+    return ...nums
+}
+
+const first, second = ...names   -- one each, as far as the names go
+```
+
+What the array holds is checked against what it fills. How many it holds is
+not known, so nothing is said about the count — unless it is a tuple, which
+holds a known value at each position and is checked one by one. Spreading
+something that is not a list is reported.
+
+**Branded types** — nothing in the type model is about branding; an
+intersection already means it. `string & { __brand }` is assignable to
+`string`, and `string` is not assignable to it, which is the whole of it:
+
+```luau
+type UserId = string & { readonly __brand: "UserId" }
+type PostId = string & { readonly __brand: "PostId" }
+
+declare function findUser(id: UserId): string
+
+const id = "raw" as UserId      -- `as` is how one is made
+findUser(id)                    -- ok
+findUser("raw")                 -- '"raw"' is not assignable to 'UserId'
+findUser(postId)                -- 'PostId' is not assignable to 'UserId'
+
+#id                             -- still a string: 5
+id:upper()                      -- and its methods, giving a plain string
+```
+
+Anything that builds a new value builds an unbranded one — which is the point:
+the brand says where the value came from. It works on any type (`number & {
+__brand }`), and survives being stored, indexed and narrowed.
+
+**Callbacks** — a function written where a function type is expected takes
+its parameter types from it: in `signal:Connect(player => ... )`,
+`player` is typed from `Connect`. The same applies to an annotated `const`
+and to an assignment such as `remote.OnServerInvoke = function(player) { ... }`.
+
+**Type packs** — `type Signal<T... = ...any> = { Connect: (self, cb: (T...) => ()) => () }`.
+A pack parameter takes every type argument from its position on:
+`Signal<Player, string>`, `Signal<()>` for none.
+
+**Operators** — on a type that declares metamethods (`__add`, `__mul`,
+`__unm`, ...), an operator has the metamethod's result, tried on the left
+operand and then the right one, as Luau does. So `Vector3 + Vector3` and
+`2 * vector` are both `Vector3`.
+
+**Qualified type names** — a definitions file may declare `Enum.Material`
+(`declare class Enum.Material extends EnumItem {}`), and code writes it the
+same way.
+
+**Contextual typing** — an expression takes its type from where it is
+written, as in TypeScript: `let queue: thread[] = []` is a `thread[]`, and so
+is `[]` passed where one is expected, including inside an object literal.
+
+**Calls** — every argument is checked against its parameter, and a generic
+parameter against its constraint (`GetService<K extends keyof Services>`
+rejects `""`). Arguments are checked again once the call's own type arguments
+are known, so `pick("Bones", "Blast1")` is caught where `pick`'s second
+parameter reads `Extract<Rows, { Page: P }>["Skills"][number]`. A type that
+waits on a type parameter — a conditional, an index, `T[K]` — is worked out
+where that parameter is.
+
+**Trailing commas** are allowed wherever TypeScript allows them: parameter
+lists, call arguments, generic parameters and type arguments, tables, arrays,
+tuples, imports and exports.
+
+A value read by a key narrows the key: after `const path = paths[stat]`, the
+`else` of `if path then` leaves `stat` as exactly the keys `paths` does not
+have — the same correlation `pairs` over a record and a destructured union
+already get.
+
+**Narrowing** follows TypeScript's model: references (`x`, `x.a.b`, `x["k"]`)
+rather than just variables, discriminated unions at any depth, `and`/`or`,
+early return, `break`/`continue`, `error()` (declared `=> never`), user type
+guards (`v is T`), and assertion signatures (`asserts v`).
+
+Reading a member of, indexing or calling a value that may be nil is an error
+until a check narrows the nil away, as with TypeScript's `strictNullChecks`:
+`FindFirstChild("A"):FindFirstChild("B")` reports that the first call is
+possibly nil. Use `?.` / `?:`, or check first. The read is still typed from the
+non-nil part.
+
+Only `nil` and `false` are falsy — `0` and `""` are truthy, unlike JavaScript.
+
+**Types** — unions, intersections, tuples `[A, B]`, type packs `(A, B)` (the
+several values a function returns), `keyof`, `T[K]`, conditional types with
+`infer`, mapped types with `as` remapping, template literal types
+(`` `on${Event}` ``), and set difference `A - B`. The utility types
+(`Partial`, `Pick`, `Omit`, `ReturnType`, `Parameters`, `Exclude`, …) are
+built in, and written in tilua on top of those rather than special-cased in
+the analyzer. A type library or a file may declare one again; the later
+declaration wins.
+
+A call may write its type arguments out — `find<Folder>("Remotes")`,
+`inst:WaitForChild<Folder>("Remotes")` — and a type parameter may have a
+default (`<T = Instance>`) for the calls that do not. `a < b > (c)` is still
+three operators: only a call after the `>` makes it type arguments.
+
+`<const T>` infers an argument at its narrowest, as in TypeScript 5.
+
+`typeof x` in a type is TypeScript's type query — the type of a value
+(`typeof config`, `typeof config.volume`, `ReturnType<typeof f>`). Luau's
+`typeof(expr)` spelling works too. It is compile-time only, unrelated to the
+`typeof(v)` function that returns a string at runtime.
+
+**Modules** — `import` / `export`, export lists, re-exports and `export *`.
+
+**`satisfies`** — checks a value against a type without giving it that type,
+as in TypeScript 4.9:
+
+```luau
+type Shape = { kind: "circle" | "rect", size: number }
+const circle = { kind: "circle", size: 2 } satisfies Shape  -- { kind: "circle", size: number }
+const handlers = {
+    Click: x => x + 1,                                       -- x: number, from the contract
+} satisfies { [string]: (x: number) => number }
+```
+
+The contract types callbacks and empty arrays, and a literal stays a literal
+where the contract asks for literals (`kind: "circle"`, not `string`). A value
+that does not fit is an error. So is a property the contract does not know —
+TypeScript's excess property check, which applies to an object literal written
+straight into an annotation (`const s: Shape = { ..., typo: 1 }`) too. A value
+that already has a type of its own keeps it exactly: `{ ... } as const
+satisfies T` stays readonly and literal. `as` reinterprets instead of
+checking, and compiled code keeps neither.
+
+**Undeclared names** — `analyzeScopes(program, { builtinGlobals, reportUndeclared: true })`
+reports each read of a name nothing declares: "Cannot find name 'x'". A global
+assigned in the file (`x = 1`) and a `declare` count as declarations.
+`analyzeTypes(program, scopes, { reportUnknownTypes: true })` does the same for
+type names. Both are off by default, since they are only right when the type
+libraries the file names are loaded.
+
+**Directives** — comments that switch checking off, as TypeScript's
+`// @ts-...` do. They silence scope and type errors, never syntax errors:
+
+```luau
+--@tilua-nocheck          -- before the first line of code: the whole file
+--@tilua-ignore           -- the next line of code
+--@tilua-expect-error     -- the next line of code, which must have an error
+```
+
+`parseWithRecovery` returns them as `directives`; `directivesOf(source)` reads
+them for a caller that parsed some other way, and
+`applyDirectives(directives, diagnostics, lineOf)` filters a list and names
+each `expect-error` that had nothing to suppress.
+
+## Options
+
+```ts
+analyzeScopes(program, {
+  builtinGlobals: ["print", "game"],   // names that may be used undeclared
+})
+
+analyzeTypes(program, scopes, {
+  libs,                       // parsed `.d.tilua` definitions
+  globalTypes: { … },         // types for specific globals; wins over `libs`
+  libTypes: { … },            // extra named types for annotations
+  diagnostics: true,          // emit type errors (default)
+  resolveModule: specifier => exportsOfThatFile,
+                              // what an `import` sees; without it imports are `any`
+})
+```
+
+## Known limitations
+
+- `export * as ns from` and namespace imports (`import * as ns`) are not
+  supported.
+- `setmetatable` and metatables are not modelled.
+- Accessing a property a type does not have yields `unknown` rather than an
+  error; assigning to a `readonly` property is not reported.
+- A sourcemap child whose name is not an identifier (`"My Part"`) is not typed.
+
+## Development
+
+```bash
+npm install
+npm test        # smoketests (types via smoketest/tilua.config.json), then project tests
+npm run build
+npm run typecheck
+```
+
+`smoketest/` is the test suite. Each file annotates its bindings with the type
+they should infer to, so a wrong result surfaces as a diagnostic rather than
+something to eyeball. `scripts/project.test.ts` covers configs, type
+libraries, import paths and sourcemaps against an in-memory file system.