@tier0/node-red-contrib-opcda-client 1.0.0 → 1.0.1

package/opcda/opcda-server.html

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
         defaults: {
 			name: {value: ""},
             address: {value: "", required: true},
-			domain: {value: "", required: true},
+			domain: {value: ""},
 			clsid: {value: "", required: true},
 			timeout: {value: 5000},
         },
@@ -62,16 +62,41 @@
             return this.name||"tier0-opcda-server";
         },
 		oneditprepare: function () {
+			let self = this;
+			/**
+			 * Admin route RED.httpAdmin.get('/opcda/browse').
+			 * Tier0 + Kong: public path is /nodered/home/... — must NOT request bare /opcda/browse (hits wrong service → HTML 200).
+			 * Node-RED sets RED.settings.apiRootUrl for proxy subpaths; use it first.
+			 */
+			function browseApiUrl() {
+				var api = RED.settings && RED.settings.apiRootUrl;
+				if (api) {
+					var u = String(api);
+					if (!/\/$/.test(u)) {
+						u += '/';
+					}
+					return u + 'tier0-opcda/browse';
+				}
+				var s = RED.settings && RED.settings.httpAdminRoot;
+				if (s != null && String(s).trim() !== '' && String(s) !== '/') {
+					var root = String(s).replace(/\/+$/, '');
+					return (root ? root : '') + '/tier0-opcda/browse';
+				}
+				var p = window.location.pathname || '';
+				p = p.replace(/\/+$/, '');
+				if (p && p !== '/') {
+					return (p + '/tier0-opcda/browse').replace(/\/+/g, '/');
+				}
+				return '/tier0-opcda/browse';
+			}
 			let browseBtn = $('#node-config-btn-item-browse');
 			let browseBtnIcon = browseBtn.children('i');
 			let exportBtn = $('#node-config-btn-item-export');
 			let exportBtnIcon = exportBtn.children('i');
 			let alertArea = $('#node-config-alert');
 			let itemList = $('#node-config-item-list');
-			
-			console.log(this.credentials);
-			
-			$("#node-config-input-timeout").spinner().val(5000);
+
+			$("#node-config-input-timeout").spinner().val(self.timeout != null ? self.timeout : 5000);
 			
 			itemList.hide();
 			alertArea.hide();
@@ -88,6 +113,7 @@
 				exportBtn.addClass('disabled').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
 								
 				var queryData = {
+					id: self.id,
 					address: $('#node-config-input-address').val(),
 					domain: $('#node-config-input-domain').val(),
 					username: $('#node-config-input-username').val(),
@@ -95,23 +121,45 @@
 					clsid: $('#node-config-input-clsid').val(),
 					timeout: $('#node-config-input-timeout').val()
 				};
-				
-				console.log(queryData);
 
-				$.get("opcda/browse", queryData)
-				.done(function( data, status, jqXHR ) {
-					alertArea.text(data.items.length + ' items found');
+				$.ajax({
+					url: browseApiUrl(),
+					method: 'GET',
+					data: queryData,
+					dataType: 'json'
+				})
+				.done(function( data /*, status, jqXHR */ ) {
+					var items = data && data.items;
+					if (!Array.isArray(items)) {
+						alertArea.text('Browse returned an invalid response (expected JSON { items: [...] }). See Node-RED log.');
+						itemList.empty().hide();
+						exportBtn.addClass('disabled').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
+						return;
+					}
+					alertArea.text(items.length + ' items found');
 					itemList.empty();
-					$.each(data.items, function(i, item){
+					$.each(items, function(i, item){
 						$('<li/>').text(item).appendTo(itemList);
 					});
-					
+
 					itemList.show();
 					exportBtn.removeClass('disabled').removeAttr('disabled');
 
 				})
-				.fail(function( jqXHR, status, errorThrown ) {
-					alertArea.text(jqXHR.responseJSON.error);
+				.fail(function( jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown ) {
+					var errText;
+					if (jqXHR.status === 403) {
+						errText = 'Permission denied. Node-RED 4+: grant role permission "OPC DA: browse address space" (node-opc-da.list), then reload the editor.';
+					} else if (textStatus === 'parsererror') {
+						errText = 'Browse got HTML instead of JSON (wrong path). Tried: ' + browseApiUrl() +
+							'. Open DevTools → Network and confirm this URL returns JSON. Status ' + (jqXHR.status || '?') + '.';
+					} else {
+						errText = (jqXHR.responseJSON && jqXHR.responseJSON.error) ||
+							jqXHR.responseText || errorThrown || textStatus || 'Request failed';
+					}
+					alertArea.text(errText);
+					itemList.empty().hide();
+					exportBtn.addClass('disabled').attr('disabled', 'disabled');
 				})
 				.always(function(){
 					browseBtnIcon.removeClass('fa-spinner fa-spin fa-fw').addClass('fa-search');
@@ -137,7 +185,7 @@
 			});			
 		},
 		oneditsave: function () {
-
+			this.timeout = parseInt($("#node-config-input-timeout").val(), 10) || 5000;
 		}
     });
 </script>

package/opcda/opcda-server.js

@@ -2,10 +2,12 @@ module.exports = function(RED) {
 	const opcda = require('node-opc-da');
     const { OPCServer } = opcda;
     const { ComServer, Session, Clsid } = opcda.dcom;
-	
+
+	const ACCESS_DENIED_HINT = " Check DOMAIN (Windows PC name for local accounts, e.g. DESKTOP-XXX), password, DCOM rights on the OPC host, and Deploy the server config so Browse uses saved credentials.";
+
 	const errorCode = {
 		0x80040154 : "Clsid is not found.",
-		0x00000005 : "Access denied. Username and/or password might be wrong.",
+		0x00000005 : "Access denied (DCOM)." + ACCESS_DENIED_HINT,
 		0xC0040006 : "The Items AccessRights do not allow the operation.",
 		0xC0040004 : "The server cannot convert the data between the specified format/ requested data type and the canonical data type.",
 		0xC004000C : "Duplicate name not allowed.",
@@ -22,30 +24,101 @@ module.exports = function(RED) {
 		0x0004000E : "A value passed to WRITE was accepted but the output was clamped.",
 		0x0004000F : "The operation cannot be performed because the object is being referenced.",
 		0x0004000D : "The server does not support the requested data rate but will use the closest available rate.",
-		0x00000061 : "Clsid syntax is invalid"
+		0x00000061 : "Clsid syntax is invalid",
+		0x80004002 : "No such interface (E_NOINTERFACE)."
 	};
 
 	function resolveError(e) {
+		if (typeof e === "number") {
+			const u = e >>> 0;
+			if (u === 0x80070005 || e === 5 || e === -2147024891) {
+				return "Access denied (DCOM 0x80070005 / 0x5)." + ACCESS_DENIED_HINT;
+			}
+			if (errorCode[e] !== undefined) return errorCode[e];
+			if (errorCode[u] !== undefined) return errorCode[u];
+			return "HRESULT 0x" + u.toString(16).toUpperCase() + " (" + e + ")";
+		}
+		if (e instanceof Error && e.message) {
+			const asNum = Number(e.message);
+			if (!Number.isNaN(asNum) && String(asNum) === String(e.message).trim()) {
+				return resolveError(asNum);
+			}
+			return e.message;
+		}
 		if (errorCode[e]) return errorCode[e];
-		if (typeof e === 'number') return `DCOM error code: 0x${(e >>> 0).toString(16).toUpperCase()}`;
-		if (e instanceof Error) return e.message || e.toString();
-		if (typeof e === 'string') return e;
-		try { return JSON.stringify(e); } catch (_) { return String(e); }
+		if (typeof e === "string") return e;
+		try {
+			return JSON.stringify(e);
+		} catch (_) {
+			return String(e);
+		}
 	}
-	
-	RED.httpAdmin.get('/opcda/browse', RED.auth.needsPermission('node-opc-da.list'), function (req, res) {
-        let params = req.query
-        async function browseItems() {
-			try{
+
+	/**
+	 * Use deployed tier0-opcda-server credentials when the editor password field is empty.
+	 */
+	function resolveBrowseParams(query) {
+		const params = Object.assign({}, query);
+		// Node-RED puts this in the password field when creds exist but user did not re-type the password.
+		if (params.password === "__PWRD__" || params.password === "__PASSWORD__") {
+			delete params.password;
+		}
+		const id = params.id;
+		if (id) {
+			const srv = RED.nodes.getNode(id);
+			if (srv && srv.credentials) {
+				if (srv.address) params.address = srv.address;
+				if (srv.clsid) params.clsid = srv.clsid;
+				if (srv.timeout != null && srv.timeout !== "") params.timeout = srv.timeout;
+				if (srv.domain != null && String(srv.domain).trim() !== "") {
+					params.domain = String(srv.domain).trim();
+				}
+				if (srv.credentials.username) {
+					params.username = srv.credentials.username;
+				}
+				if (srv.credentials.password) {
+					params.password = srv.credentials.password;
+				}
+			} else if (id) {
+				RED.log.warn("OPC DA browse: config node id not in runtime (Deploy flows?) — using form/query fields only.");
+			}
+		}
+		params.domain = params.domain != null && String(params.domain).trim() !== "" ?
+			String(params.domain).trim() : "";
+		params.username = String(params.username || "").trim();
+		params.password = String(params.password || "");
+		if (params.password === "__PWRD__" || params.password === "__PASSWORD__") {
+			params.password = "";
+		}
+		const t = Number(params.timeout);
+		params.timeout = Number.isFinite(t) && t > 0 ? t : 15000;
+		return params;
+	}
+
+	RED.httpAdmin.get("/tier0-opcda/browse", RED.auth.needsPermission("node-opc-da.list"), function (req, res) {
+		async function browseItems() {
+			const params = resolveBrowseParams(req.query);
+			try {
+				if (!params.address || !params.clsid) {
+					res.status(400).send({error: "Missing address or clsid."});
+					return;
+				}
+				if (!params.username || !params.password) {
+					res.status(400).send({
+						error: "Missing username or password. Deploy flows first (Browse uses stored credentials from the tier0-opcda-server node). If the browser showed password=__PWRD__, that is not a real password — Node-RED only sends the real one after Deploy, or re-type the password in the server config and deploy."
+					});
+					return;
+				}
+
 				var session = new Session();
 				session = session.createSession(params.domain, params.username, params.password);
 				session.setGlobalSocketTimeout(params.timeout);
 
 				var comServer = new ComServer(new Clsid(params.clsid), params.address, session);
 				await comServer.init();
-				
+
 				var comObject = await comServer.createInstance();
-		
+
 				var opcServer = new opcda.OPCServer();
 				await opcServer.init(comObject);
 
@@ -55,20 +128,19 @@ module.exports = function(RED) {
 				opcBrowser.end()
 					.then(() => opcServer.end())
 					.then(() => comServer.closeStub())
-					.catch(e => RED.log.error(`Error closing browse session: ${e}`));
+					.catch((e) => RED.log.error(`Error closing browse session: ${e}`));
 
-				res.status(200).send({items : itemList});
-			}
-			catch(e){
+				res.status(200).send({items: itemList});
+			} catch (e) {
 				var msg = resolveError(e);
 				RED.log.error(`OPC DA browse error: ${msg}`);
-				RED.log.error(e);
-				res.status(500).send({error : msg});
+				if (e && e.stack) RED.log.error(e.stack);
+				res.status(500).send({error: msg});
 			}
 		}
-		
+
 		browseItems();
-    });
+	});
 
     function OPCDAServer(config) {
         RED.nodes.createNode(this,config);

package/opctest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import OpenOPC
+import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
+import json
+import time
+import signal
+import sys
+reload(sys)
+sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')
+
+OPC_SERVER = 'Kepware.KEPServerEX.V6'
+OPC_HOST = '192.168.31.75'
+
+MQTT_BROKER = '192.168.31.45'
+MQTT_PORT = 1883
+MQTT_TOPIC_PREFIX = 'opcda'
+
+POLL_INTERVAL = 1
+
+TAGS = [
+    u'通道 1.设备 1.标记 1',
+    u'TI2022.PV',
+    u'TI2022.SV',
+    u'TI2022.MV',
+]
+
+running = True
+
+def on_exit(sig, frame):
+    global running
+    print("\n[*] Shutting down...")
+    running = False
+
+signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, on_exit)
+signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, on_exit)
+
+
+def make_topic(tag):
+    parts = tag.split('.')
+    if len(parts) >= 2:
+        parent = '/'.join(parts[:-1])
+        leaf = parts[-1]
+        topic = '%s/%s/Metric/%s' % (MQTT_TOPIC_PREFIX, parent, leaf)
+    else:
+        topic = '%s/Metric/%s' % (MQTT_TOPIC_PREFIX, tag)
+    return topic.replace(' ', '_')
+
+
+UNS_EXPORT_FILE = 'uns_import.json'
+
+TOPIC_FIELDS = [
+    {"name": "timeStamp", "type": "DATETIME", "unique": True, "systemField": True},
+    {"name": "tag", "type": "LONG", "unique": True, "tbValueName": "tag", "systemField": True},
+    {"name": "value", "type": "FLOAT", "index": "double_1"},
+    {"name": "quality", "type": "LONG", "systemField": True},
+]
+
+
+def generate_uns_json(tags):
+    def get_or_create(children, name, node_type="path", extra=None):
+        for child in children:
+            if child["name"] == name:
+                return child
+        node = {"type": node_type, "name": name}
+        if extra:
+            node.update(extra)
+        if node_type == "path":
+            node["children"] = []
+        children.append(node)
+        return node
+
+    root_children = []
+    for tag in tags:
+        parts = tag.replace(' ', '_').split('.')
+        if len(parts) >= 2:
+            path_parts = parts[:-1]
+            leaf = parts[-1]
+        else:
+            path_parts = []
+            leaf = parts[0]
+
+        current = root_children
+        prefix_node = get_or_create(current, MQTT_TOPIC_PREFIX)
+        current = prefix_node["children"]
+
+        for p in path_parts:
+            node = get_or_create(current, p)
+            current = node["children"]
+
+        metric_node = get_or_create(current, "Metric", extra={
+            "displayName": "Metric",
+            "dataType": "METRIC",
+        })
+        current = metric_node["children"]
+
+        topic_node = {
+            "type": "topic",
+            "name": leaf,
+            "fields": TOPIC_FIELDS,
+            "dataType": "TIME_SEQUENCE_TYPE",
+            "generateDashboard": "TRUE",
+            "enableHistory": "TRUE",
+            "mockData": "FALSE",
+            "writeData": "FALSE",
+            "topicType": "METRIC",
+        }
+        exists = False
+        for child in current:
+            if child["name"] == leaf:
+                exists = True
+                break
+        if not exists:
+            current.append(topic_node)
+
+    result = {"UNS": root_children}
+    with open(UNS_EXPORT_FILE, 'w') as f:
+        json.dump(result, f, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False)
+    print("[+] UNS import JSON written to %s" % UNS_EXPORT_FILE)
+
+
+def run_bridge():
+    global running
+
+    print("[*] OPC DA -> MQTT Bridge")
+    print("    OPC Server: %s @ %s" % (OPC_SERVER, OPC_HOST))
+    print("    MQTT Broker: %s:%d" % (MQTT_BROKER, MQTT_PORT))
+    print("    Tags: %d" % len(TAGS))
+    print("")
+
+    opc = None
+    mqtt_client = None
+
+    try:
+        mqtt_client = mqtt.Client()
+        mqtt_client.connect(MQTT_BROKER, MQTT_PORT)
+        mqtt_client.loop_start()
+        print("[+] MQTT connected")
+
+        opc = OpenOPC.client()
+        opc.connect(OPC_SERVER, OPC_HOST)
+        print("[+] OPC DA connected")
+
+        generate_uns_json(TAGS)
+
+        print("[*] Publishing data every %ds (Ctrl+C to stop)..." % POLL_INTERVAL)
+        print("-" * 50)
+
+        while running:
+            try:
+                results = opc.read(TAGS)
+            except Exception as e:
+                print("[!] OPC read error: %s, reconnecting..." % str(e))
+                try:
+                    opc.close()
+                except:
+                    pass
+                opc = OpenOPC.client()
+                opc.connect(OPC_SERVER, OPC_HOST)
+                continue
+
+            for tag_name, value, quality, timestamp in results:
+                topic = make_topic(tag_name)
+
+                if isinstance(quality, str):
+                    quality_code = 0 if quality == 'Good' else 1
+                else:
+                    quality_code = 0 if quality is not None and int(quality) >= 192 else 1
+
+                if value is None:
+                    out_value = 0.0
+                elif isinstance(value, (int, float)):
+                    out_value = float(value)
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        out_value = float(value)
+                    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+                        out_value = str(value)
+
+                payload = json.dumps({
+                    'value': out_value,
+                    'quality': quality_code,
+                    'timestamp': str(timestamp),
+                }, ensure_ascii=False)
+                mqtt_client.publish(topic, payload, retain=True)
+
+            ts = time.strftime('%H:%M:%S')
+            print("[%s] Published %d tags" % (ts, len(results)))
+
+            time.sleep(POLL_INTERVAL)
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        print("\n[!] Fatal error: %s" % str(e))
+        print("    1. Is MQTT broker running? ")
+        print("    2. Is OPC server reachable?")
+        print("    3. Run as Administrator if DCOM access is needed.")
+        sys.exit(1)
+
+    finally:
+        if opc:
+            try:
+                opc.close()
+            except:
+                pass
+            print("[-] OPC DA disconnected")
+        if mqtt_client:
+            mqtt_client.loop_stop()
+            mqtt_client.disconnect()
+            print("[-] MQTT disconnected")
+
+    print("[*] Bridge stopped.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    run_bridge()

package/package.json

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "@tier0/node-red-contrib-opcda-client",
-  "version": "1.0.0",
+  "version": "1.0.1",
   "description": "Node-RED OPC DA Reading and Writing Node",
   "node-red": {
     "nodes": {
-      "tier0-opc-read": "opcda/opcda-read.js",
-      "tier0-opc-write": "opcda/opcda-write.js",
-      "tier0-opc-server": "opcda/opcda-server.js"
+      "opc-read": "opcda/opcda-read.js",
+      "opc-write": "opcda/opcda-write.js",
+      "opc-server": "opcda/opcda-server.js"
     },
     "keywords": [
       "opcda",
@@ -33,13 +33,16 @@
     "type": "git",
     "url": "git+https://github.com/FREEZONEX/opcda-client.git"
   },
-  "author": "FREEZONEX",
+  "author": "FREEZONEX (forked from emrebekar)",
   "bugs": {
     "url": "https://github.com/FREEZONEX/opcda-client/issues"
   },
   "homepage": "https://github.com/FREEZONEX/opcda-client#readme",
   "license": "Apache-2.0",
+  "publishConfig": {
+    "access": "public"
+  },
   "dependencies": {
-    "node-opc-da": "^1.0.6"
+    "@tier0/node-opc-da": "^1.0.7"
   }
 }

package/patch-debug.js

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+const fs = require('fs');
+const file = '/usr/src/node-red/node_modules/node-dcom/dcom/rpc/security/ntlmauthentication.js';
+let code = fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
+code = code.replace(
+  'let target = null;',
+  'let target = null;\n    console.log("[NTLM-DBG] domain=" + info.domain + " user=" + this.credentials.username);'
+);
+code = code.replace(
+  "if (target == '') {",
+  "console.log('[NTLM-DBG] target=' + target);\n      if (target == '') {"
+);
+fs.writeFileSync(file, code);
+console.log('Patched.');

package/patch-ntlm.js

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+const fs = require('fs');
+const file = '/usr/src/node-red/node_modules/node-dcom/dcom/rpc/security/ntlmauthentication.js';
+let code = fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
+
+// Fix 1: Replace all Encdec references with inline uint16le decode
+code = code.replace(
+  /new Encdec\(\)\.dec_uint16le\(targetInformation,\s*i\)/g,
+  '(targetInformation[i] | (targetInformation[i+1] << 8))'
+);
+code = code.replace(
+  /new Encdec\.dec_uint16le\(targetInformation,\s*i\)/g,
+  '(targetInformation[i] | (targetInformation[i+1] << 8))'
+);
+
+// Fix 2: Add debug logging for NTLM credentials
+code = code.replace(
+  'let target = null;',
+  'let target = null;\n    console.log("[NTLM-DBG] domain=" + info.domain + " user=" + this.credentials.username);'
+);
+
+// Verify no syntax errors
+try {
+  new Function(code);
+  console.log('ERROR: wrapped in function - not a module');
+} catch(e) {
+  // Expected since it's a class/module, not a function body
+}
+
+fs.writeFileSync(file, code);
+
+// Verify it loads
+try {
+  delete require.cache[require.resolve(file)];
+  require(file);
+  console.log('Patched and verified OK');
+} catch(e) {
+  console.log('WARNING: Load check result:', e.message);
+  // May fail due to missing dependencies in standalone context, that's OK
+  // as long as it's not a syntax error
+  if (e.message.includes('Unexpected token')) {
+    console.log('SYNTAX ERROR - reverting!');
+    // Don't revert for now, let's see the error
+  } else {
+    console.log('Non-syntax error (expected in standalone context)');
+  }
+}

package/patch-pwdcheck.js

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+const fs = require('fs');
+const file = '/usr/src/node-red/node_modules/node-dcom/dcom/rpc/security/ntlmauthentication.js';
+let code = fs.readFileSync(file, 'utf8');
+
+// Add password length and MD4 check debug
+code = code.replace(
+  'let target = null;',
+  `let target = null;
+    console.log("[NTLM-DBG] domain=" + info.domain + " user=" + this.credentials.username + " pwdLen=" + (this.credentials.password ? this.credentials.password.length : "NULL"));
+    try { const _h = Crypto.createHash('md4'); _h.update(Buffer.from(this.credentials.password || '', 'utf16le')); console.log("[NTLM-DBG] md4-ok ntHash=" + _h.digest('hex')); } catch(e) { console.log("[NTLM-DBG] md4-FAIL: " + e.message); }`
+);
+
+fs.writeFileSync(file, code);
+
+// Verify loads
+try { require('node-opc-da'); console.log('Patched OK, module loads'); }
+catch(e) { console.log('Load result:', e.message); }

package/test-connect.js

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+const opcda = require('node-opc-da');
+const { OPCServer } = opcda;
+const { ComServer, Session, Clsid } = opcda.dcom;
+
+const config = {
+    address: '192.168.31.75',
+    domain: 'DESKTOP-BBD7VBL',
+    username: 'Administrator',
+    password: 'Supos@1304',
+    clsid: '7BC0CC8E-482C-47CA-ABDC-0FE7F9C6E729',
+    timeout: 10000
+};
+
+async function test() {
+    console.log('=== OPC DA Connection Test ===');
+    console.log('Address:', config.address);
+    console.log('Domain:', config.domain);
+    console.log('Username:', config.username);
+    console.log('CLSID:', config.clsid);
+    console.log('');
+
+    try {
+        console.log('[1] Creating session...');
+        var session = new Session();
+        session = session.createSession(config.domain, config.username, config.password);
+        session.setGlobalSocketTimeout(config.timeout);
+        console.log('[1] Session created OK');
+
+        console.log('[2] Creating ComServer...');
+        var comServer = new ComServer(new Clsid(config.clsid), config.address, session);
+        console.log('[2] ComServer created, calling init()...');
+        
+        await comServer.init();
+        console.log('[2] ComServer.init() OK!');
+
+        console.log('[3] Creating COM instance...');
+        var comObject = await comServer.createInstance();
+        console.log('[3] COM instance created OK!');
+
+        console.log('[4] Creating OPC Server...');
+        var opcServer = new OPCServer();
+        await opcServer.init(comObject);
+        console.log('[4] OPC Server connected!');
+
+        console.log('[5] Getting browser...');
+        var browser = await opcServer.getBrowser();
+        var items = await browser.browseAllFlat();
+        console.log('[5] Found', items.length, 'items');
+        items.slice(0, 10).forEach(i => console.log('   ', i));
+
+        await browser.end();
+        await opcServer.end();
+        await comServer.closeStub();
+        console.log('\n=== SUCCESS ===');
+    } catch (e) {
+        console.log('\n=== FAILED ===');
+        console.log('Error type:', typeof e);
+        console.log('Error value:', e);
+        if (e instanceof Error) {
+            console.log('Message:', e.message);
+            console.log('Stack:', e.stack);
+        }
+        if (typeof e === 'number') {
+            console.log('Hex:', '0x' + (e >>> 0).toString(16));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+test();