@tanstack/router-core 1.166.6 → 1.167.0

package/dist/esm/utils.d.ts

@@ -63,13 +63,14 @@ export declare function last<T>(arr: ReadonlyArray<T>): T | undefined;
  * Accepts either a literal value or a function of the previous value.
  */
 export declare function functionalUpdate<TPrevious, TResult = TPrevious>(updater: Updater<TPrevious, TResult> | NonNullableUpdater<TPrevious, TResult>, previous: TPrevious): TResult;
+export declare const nullReplaceEqualDeep: typeof replaceEqualDeep;
 /**
  * This function returns `prev` if `_next` is deeply equal.
  * If not, it will replace any deeply equal children of `b` with those of `a`.
  * This can be used for structural sharing between immutable JSON values for example.
  * Do not use this with signals
  */
-export declare function replaceEqualDeep<T>(prev: any, _next: T, _depth?: number): T;
+export declare function replaceEqualDeep<T>(prev: any, _next: T, _makeObj?: () => {}, _depth?: number): T;
 export declare function isPlainObject(o: any): boolean;
 /**
  * Check if a value is a "plain" array (no extra enumerable keys).

package/dist/esm/utils.js

@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@ function functionalUpdate(updater, previous) {
 }
 const hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
 const isEnumerable = Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable;
-function replaceEqualDeep(prev, _next, _depth = 0) {
+const createNull = () => /* @__PURE__ */ Object.create(null);
+const nullReplaceEqualDeep = (prev, next) => replaceEqualDeep(prev, next, createNull);
+function replaceEqualDeep(prev, _next, _makeObj = () => ({}), _depth = 0) {
   if (isServer) {
     return _next;
   }
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ function replaceEqualDeep(prev, _next, _depth = 0) {
   if (!nextItems) return next;
   const prevSize = prevItems.length;
   const nextSize = nextItems.length;
-  const copy = array ? new Array(nextSize) : {};
+  const copy = array ? new Array(nextSize) : _makeObj();
   let equalItems = 0;
   for (let i = 0; i < nextSize; i++) {
     const key = array ? i : nextItems[i];
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ function replaceEqualDeep(prev, _next, _depth = 0) {
       copy[key] = n;
       continue;
     }
-    const v = replaceEqualDeep(p, n, _depth + 1);
+    const v = replaceEqualDeep(p, n, _makeObj, _depth + 1);
     copy[key] = v;
     if (v === p) equalItems++;
   }
@@ -259,6 +261,7 @@ export {
   isPlainObject,
   isPromise,
   last,
+  nullReplaceEqualDeep,
   replaceEqualDeep
 };
 //# sourceMappingURL=utils.js.map

package/dist/esm/utils.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"utils.js","sources":["../../src/utils.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import { isServer } from '@tanstack/router-core/isServer'\nimport type { RouteIds } from './routeInfo'\nimport type { AnyRouter } from './router'\n\nexport type Awaitable<T> = T | Promise<T>\nexport type NoInfer<T> = [T][T extends any ? 0 : never]\nexport type IsAny<TValue, TYesResult, TNoResult = TValue> = 1 extends 0 & TValue\n  ? TYesResult\n  : TNoResult\n\nexport type PickAsRequired<TValue, TKey extends keyof TValue> = Omit<\n  TValue,\n  TKey\n> &\n  Required<Pick<TValue, TKey>>\n\nexport type PickRequired<T> = {\n  [K in keyof T as undefined extends T[K] ? never : K]: T[K]\n}\n\nexport type PickOptional<T> = {\n  [K in keyof T as undefined extends T[K] ? K : never]: T[K]\n}\n\n// from https://stackoverflow.com/a/76458160\nexport type WithoutEmpty<T> = T extends any ? ({} extends T ? never : T) : never\n\nexport type Expand<T> = T extends object\n  ? T extends infer O\n    ? O extends Function\n      ? O\n      : { [K in keyof O]: O[K] }\n    : never\n  : T\n\nexport type DeepPartial<T> = T extends object\n  ? {\n      [P in keyof T]?: DeepPartial<T[P]>\n    }\n  : T\n\nexport type MakeDifferenceOptional<TLeft, TRight> = keyof TLeft &\n  keyof TRight extends never\n  ? TRight\n  : Omit<TRight, keyof TLeft & keyof TRight> & {\n      [K in keyof TLeft & keyof TRight]?: TRight[K]\n    }\n\n// from https://stackoverflow.com/a/53955431\n// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/naming-convention\nexport type IsUnion<T, U extends T = T> = (\n  T extends any ? (U extends T ? false : true) : never\n) extends false\n  ? false\n  : true\n\nexport type IsNonEmptyObject<T> = T extends object\n  ? keyof T extends never\n    ? false\n    : true\n  : false\n\nexport type Assign<TLeft, TRight> = TLeft extends any\n  ? TRight extends any\n    ? IsNonEmptyObject<TLeft> extends false\n      ? TRight\n      : IsNonEmptyObject<TRight> extends false\n        ? TLeft\n        : keyof TLeft & keyof TRight extends never\n          ? TLeft & TRight\n          : Omit<TLeft, keyof TRight> & TRight\n    : never\n  : never\n\nexport type IntersectAssign<TLeft, TRight> = TLeft extends any\n  ? TRight extends any\n    ? IsNonEmptyObject<TLeft> extends false\n      ? TRight\n      : IsNonEmptyObject<TRight> extends false\n        ? TLeft\n        : TRight & TLeft\n    : never\n  : never\n\nexport type Timeout = ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>\n\nexport type Updater<TPrevious, TResult = TPrevious> =\n  | TResult\n  | ((prev?: TPrevious) => TResult)\n\nexport type NonNullableUpdater<TPrevious, TResult = TPrevious> =\n  | TResult\n  | ((prev: TPrevious) => TResult)\n\nexport type ExtractObjects<TUnion> = TUnion extends MergeAllPrimitive\n  ? never\n  : TUnion\n\nexport type PartialMergeAllObject<TUnion> =\n  ExtractObjects<TUnion> extends infer TObj\n    ? [TObj] extends [never]\n      ? never\n      : {\n          [TKey in TObj extends any ? keyof TObj : never]?: TObj extends any\n            ? TKey extends keyof TObj\n              ? TObj[TKey]\n              : never\n            : never\n        }\n    : never\n\nexport type MergeAllPrimitive =\n  | ReadonlyArray<any>\n  | number\n  | string\n  | bigint\n  | boolean\n  | symbol\n  | undefined\n  | null\n\nexport type ExtractPrimitives<TUnion> = TUnion extends MergeAllPrimitive\n  ? TUnion\n  : TUnion extends object\n    ? never\n    : TUnion\n\nexport type PartialMergeAll<TUnion> =\n  | ExtractPrimitives<TUnion>\n  | PartialMergeAllObject<TUnion>\n\nexport type Constrain<T, TConstraint, TDefault = TConstraint> =\n  | (T extends TConstraint ? T : never)\n  | TDefault\n\nexport type ConstrainLiteral<T, TConstraint, TDefault = TConstraint> =\n  | (T & TConstraint)\n  | TDefault\n\n/**\n * To be added to router types\n */\nexport type UnionToIntersection<T> = (\n  T extends any ? (arg: T) => any : never\n) extends (arg: infer T) => any\n  ? T\n  : never\n\n/**\n * Merges everything in a union into one object.\n * This mapped type is homomorphic which means it preserves stuff! :)\n */\nexport type MergeAllObjects<\n  TUnion,\n  TIntersected = UnionToIntersection<ExtractObjects<TUnion>>,\n> = [keyof TIntersected] extends [never]\n  ? never\n  : {\n      [TKey in keyof TIntersected]: TUnion extends any\n        ? TUnion[TKey & keyof TUnion]\n        : never\n    }\n\nexport type MergeAll<TUnion> =\n  | MergeAllObjects<TUnion>\n  | ExtractPrimitives<TUnion>\n\nexport type ValidateJSON<T> = ((...args: Array<any>) => any) extends T\n  ? unknown extends T\n    ? never\n    : 'Function is not serializable'\n  : { [K in keyof T]: ValidateJSON<T[K]> }\n\nexport type LooseReturnType<T> = T extends (\n  ...args: Array<any>\n) => infer TReturn\n  ? TReturn\n  : never\n\nexport type LooseAsyncReturnType<T> = T extends (\n  ...args: Array<any>\n) => infer TReturn\n  ? TReturn extends Promise<infer TReturn>\n    ? TReturn\n    : TReturn\n  : never\n\n/**\n * Return the last element of an array.\n * Intended for non-empty arrays used within router internals.\n */\nexport function last<T>(arr: ReadonlyArray<T>) {\n  return arr[arr.length - 1]\n}\n\nfunction isFunction(d: any): d is Function {\n  return typeof d === 'function'\n}\n\n/**\n * Apply a value-or-updater to a previous value.\n * Accepts either a literal value or a function of the previous value.\n */\nexport function functionalUpdate<TPrevious, TResult = TPrevious>(\n  updater: Updater<TPrevious, TResult> | NonNullableUpdater<TPrevious, TResult>,\n  previous: TPrevious,\n): TResult {\n  if (isFunction(updater)) {\n    return updater(previous)\n  }\n\n  return updater\n}\n\nconst hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty\nconst isEnumerable = Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable\n\n/**\n * This function returns `prev` if `_next` is deeply equal.\n * If not, it will replace any deeply equal children of `b` with those of `a`.\n * This can be used for structural sharing between immutable JSON values for example.\n * Do not use this with signals\n */\nexport function replaceEqualDeep<T>(prev: any, _next: T, _depth = 0): T {\n  if (isServer) {\n    return _next\n  }\n  if (prev === _next) {\n    return prev\n  }\n\n  if (_depth > 500) return _next\n\n  const next = _next as any\n\n  const array = isPlainArray(prev) && isPlainArray(next)\n\n  if (!array && !(isPlainObject(prev) && isPlainObject(next))) return next\n\n  const prevItems = array ? prev : getEnumerableOwnKeys(prev)\n  if (!prevItems) return next\n  const nextItems = array ? next : getEnumerableOwnKeys(next)\n  if (!nextItems) return next\n  const prevSize = prevItems.length\n  const nextSize = nextItems.length\n  const copy: any = array ? new Array(nextSize) : {}\n\n  let equalItems = 0\n\n  for (let i = 0; i < nextSize; i++) {\n    const key = array ? i : (nextItems[i] as any)\n    const p = prev[key]\n    const n = next[key]\n\n    if (p === n) {\n      copy[key] = p\n      if (array ? i < prevSize : hasOwn.call(prev, key)) equalItems++\n      continue\n    }\n\n    if (\n      p === null ||\n      n === null ||\n      typeof p !== 'object' ||\n      typeof n !== 'object'\n    ) {\n      copy[key] = n\n      continue\n    }\n\n    const v = replaceEqualDeep(p, n, _depth + 1)\n    copy[key] = v\n    if (v === p) equalItems++\n  }\n\n  return prevSize === nextSize && equalItems === prevSize ? prev : copy\n}\n\n/**\n * Equivalent to `Reflect.ownKeys`, but ensures that objects are \"clone-friendly\":\n * will return false if object has any non-enumerable properties.\n *\n * Optimized for the common case where objects have no symbol properties.\n */\nfunction getEnumerableOwnKeys(o: object) {\n  const names = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(o)\n\n  // Fast path: check all string property names are enumerable\n  for (const name of names) {\n    if (!isEnumerable.call(o, name)) return false\n  }\n\n  // Only check symbols if the object has any (most plain objects don't)\n  const symbols = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(o)\n\n  // Fast path: no symbols, return names directly (avoids array allocation/concat)\n  if (symbols.length === 0) return names\n\n  // Slow path: has symbols, need to check and merge\n  const keys: Array<string | symbol> = names\n  for (const symbol of symbols) {\n    if (!isEnumerable.call(o, symbol)) return false\n    keys.push(symbol)\n  }\n  return keys\n}\n\n// Copied from: https://github.com/jonschlinkert/is-plain-object\nexport function isPlainObject(o: any) {\n  if (!hasObjectPrototype(o)) {\n    return false\n  }\n\n  // If has modified constructor\n  const ctor = o.constructor\n  if (typeof ctor === 'undefined') {\n    return true\n  }\n\n  // If has modified prototype\n  const prot = ctor.prototype\n  if (!hasObjectPrototype(prot)) {\n    return false\n  }\n\n  // If constructor does not have an Object-specific method\n  if (!prot.hasOwnProperty('isPrototypeOf')) {\n    return false\n  }\n\n  // Most likely a plain Object\n  return true\n}\n\nfunction hasObjectPrototype(o: any) {\n  return Object.prototype.toString.call(o) === '[object Object]'\n}\n\n/**\n * Check if a value is a \"plain\" array (no extra enumerable keys).\n */\nexport function isPlainArray(value: unknown): value is Array<unknown> {\n  return Array.isArray(value) && value.length === Object.keys(value).length\n}\n\n/**\n * Perform a deep equality check with options for partial comparison and\n * ignoring `undefined` values. Optimized for router state comparisons.\n */\nexport function deepEqual(\n  a: any,\n  b: any,\n  opts?: { partial?: boolean; ignoreUndefined?: boolean },\n): boolean {\n  if (a === b) {\n    return true\n  }\n\n  if (typeof a !== typeof b) {\n    return false\n  }\n\n  if (Array.isArray(a) && Array.isArray(b)) {\n    if (a.length !== b.length) return false\n    for (let i = 0, l = a.length; i < l; i++) {\n      if (!deepEqual(a[i], b[i], opts)) return false\n    }\n    return true\n  }\n\n  if (isPlainObject(a) && isPlainObject(b)) {\n    const ignoreUndefined = opts?.ignoreUndefined ?? true\n\n    if (opts?.partial) {\n      for (const k in b) {\n        if (!ignoreUndefined || b[k] !== undefined) {\n          if (!deepEqual(a[k], b[k], opts)) return false\n        }\n      }\n      return true\n    }\n\n    let aCount = 0\n    if (!ignoreUndefined) {\n      aCount = Object.keys(a).length\n    } else {\n      for (const k in a) {\n        if (a[k] !== undefined) aCount++\n      }\n    }\n\n    let bCount = 0\n    for (const k in b) {\n      if (!ignoreUndefined || b[k] !== undefined) {\n        bCount++\n        if (bCount > aCount || !deepEqual(a[k], b[k], opts)) return false\n      }\n    }\n\n    return aCount === bCount\n  }\n\n  return false\n}\n\nexport type StringLiteral<T> = T extends string\n  ? string extends T\n    ? string\n    : T\n  : never\n\nexport type ThrowOrOptional<T, TThrow extends boolean> = TThrow extends true\n  ? T\n  : T | undefined\n\nexport type StrictOrFrom<\n  TRouter extends AnyRouter,\n  TFrom,\n  TStrict extends boolean = true,\n> = TStrict extends false\n  ? {\n      from?: never\n      strict: TStrict\n    }\n  : {\n      from: ConstrainLiteral<TFrom, RouteIds<TRouter['routeTree']>>\n      strict?: TStrict\n    }\n\nexport type ThrowConstraint<\n  TStrict extends boolean,\n  TThrow extends boolean,\n> = TStrict extends false ? (TThrow extends true ? never : TThrow) : TThrow\n\nexport type ControlledPromise<T> = Promise<T> & {\n  resolve: (value: T) => void\n  reject: (value: any) => void\n  status: 'pending' | 'resolved' | 'rejected'\n  value?: T\n}\n\n/**\n * Create a promise with exposed resolve/reject and status fields.\n * Useful for coordinating async router lifecycle operations.\n */\nexport function createControlledPromise<T>(onResolve?: (value: T) => void) {\n  let resolveLoadPromise!: (value: T) => void\n  let rejectLoadPromise!: (value: any) => void\n\n  const controlledPromise = new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {\n    resolveLoadPromise = resolve\n    rejectLoadPromise = reject\n  }) as ControlledPromise<T>\n\n  controlledPromise.status = 'pending'\n\n  controlledPromise.resolve = (value: T) => {\n    controlledPromise.status = 'resolved'\n    controlledPromise.value = value\n    resolveLoadPromise(value)\n    onResolve?.(value)\n  }\n\n  controlledPromise.reject = (e) => {\n    controlledPromise.status = 'rejected'\n    rejectLoadPromise(e)\n  }\n\n  return controlledPromise\n}\n\n/**\n * Heuristically detect dynamic import \"module not found\" errors\n * across major browsers for lazy route component handling.\n */\nexport function isModuleNotFoundError(error: any): boolean {\n  // chrome: \"Failed to fetch dynamically imported module: http://localhost:5173/src/routes/posts.index.tsx?tsr-split\"\n  // firefox: \"error loading dynamically imported module: http://localhost:5173/src/routes/posts.index.tsx?tsr-split\"\n  // safari: \"Importing a module script failed.\"\n  if (typeof error?.message !== 'string') return false\n  return (\n    error.message.startsWith('Failed to fetch dynamically imported module') ||\n    error.message.startsWith('error loading dynamically imported module') ||\n    error.message.startsWith('Importing a module script failed')\n  )\n}\n\nexport function isPromise<T>(\n  value: Promise<Awaited<T>> | T,\n): value is Promise<Awaited<T>> {\n  return Boolean(\n    value &&\n    typeof value === 'object' &&\n    typeof (value as Promise<T>).then === 'function',\n  )\n}\n\nexport function findLast<T>(\n  array: ReadonlyArray<T>,\n  predicate: (item: T) => boolean,\n): T | undefined {\n  for (let i = array.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n    const item = array[i]!\n    if (predicate(item)) return item\n  }\n  return undefined\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove control characters that can cause open redirect vulnerabilities.\n * Characters like \\r (CR) and \\n (LF) can trick URL parsers into interpreting\n * paths like \"/\\r/evil.com\" as \"http://evil.com\".\n */\nfunction sanitizePathSegment(segment: string): string {\n  // Remove ASCII control characters (0x00-0x1F) and DEL (0x7F)\n  // These include CR (\\r = 0x0D), LF (\\n = 0x0A), and other potentially dangerous characters\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex\n  return segment.replace(/[\\x00-\\x1f\\x7f]/g, '')\n}\n\nfunction decodeSegment(segment: string): string {\n  let decoded: string\n  try {\n    decoded = decodeURI(segment)\n  } catch {\n    // if the decoding fails, try to decode the various parts leaving the malformed tags in place\n    decoded = segment.replaceAll(/%[0-9A-F]{2}/gi, (match) => {\n      try {\n        return decodeURI(match)\n      } catch {\n        return match\n      }\n    })\n  }\n  return sanitizePathSegment(decoded)\n}\n\n/**\n * Default list of URL protocols to allow in links, redirects, and navigation.\n * Any absolute URL protocol not in this list is treated as dangerous by default.\n */\nexport const DEFAULT_PROTOCOL_ALLOWLIST = [\n  // Standard web navigation\n  'http:',\n  'https:',\n\n  // Common browser-safe actions\n  'mailto:',\n  'tel:',\n]\n\n/**\n * Check if a URL string uses a protocol that is not in the allowlist.\n * Returns true for blocked protocols like javascript:, blob:, data:, etc.\n *\n * The URL constructor correctly normalizes:\n * - Mixed case (JavaScript: → javascript:)\n * - Whitespace/control characters (java\\nscript: → javascript:)\n * - Leading whitespace\n *\n * For relative URLs (no protocol), returns false (safe).\n *\n * @param url - The URL string to check\n * @param allowlist - Set of protocols to allow\n * @returns true if the URL uses a protocol that is not allowed\n */\nexport function isDangerousProtocol(\n  url: string,\n  allowlist: Set<string>,\n): boolean {\n  if (!url) return false\n\n  try {\n    // Use the URL constructor - it correctly normalizes protocols\n    // per WHATWG URL spec, handling all bypass attempts automatically\n    const parsed = new URL(url)\n    return !allowlist.has(parsed.protocol)\n  } catch {\n    // URL constructor throws for relative URLs (no protocol)\n    // These are safe - they can't execute scripts\n    return false\n  }\n}\n\n// This utility is based on https://github.com/zertosh/htmlescape\n// License: https://github.com/zertosh/htmlescape/blob/0527ca7156a524d256101bb310a9f970f63078ad/LICENSE\nconst HTML_ESCAPE_LOOKUP: { [match: string]: string } = {\n  '&': '\\\\u0026',\n  '>': '\\\\u003e',\n  '<': '\\\\u003c',\n  '\\u2028': '\\\\u2028',\n  '\\u2029': '\\\\u2029',\n}\n\nconst HTML_ESCAPE_REGEX = /[&><\\u2028\\u2029]/g\n\n/**\n * Escape HTML special characters in a string to prevent XSS attacks\n * when embedding strings in script tags during SSR.\n *\n * This is essential for preventing XSS vulnerabilities when user-controlled\n * content is embedded in inline scripts.\n */\nexport function escapeHtml(str: string): string {\n  return str.replace(HTML_ESCAPE_REGEX, (match) => HTML_ESCAPE_LOOKUP[match]!)\n}\n\nexport function decodePath(path: string) {\n  if (!path) return { path, handledProtocolRelativeURL: false }\n\n  // Fast path: most paths are already decoded and safe.\n  // Only fall back to the slower scan/regex path when we see a '%' (encoded),\n  // a backslash (explicitly handled), a control character, or a protocol-relative\n  // prefix which needs collapsing.\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex\n  if (!/[%\\\\\\x00-\\x1f\\x7f]/.test(path) && !path.startsWith('//')) {\n    return { path, handledProtocolRelativeURL: false }\n  }\n\n  const re = /%25|%5C/gi\n  let cursor = 0\n  let result = ''\n  let match\n  while (null !== (match = re.exec(path))) {\n    result += decodeSegment(path.slice(cursor, match.index)) + match[0]\n    cursor = re.lastIndex\n  }\n  result = result + decodeSegment(cursor ? path.slice(cursor) : path)\n\n  // Prevent open redirect via protocol-relative URLs (e.g. \"//evil.com\")\n  // After sanitizing control characters, paths like \"/\\r/evil.com\" become \"//evil.com\"\n  // Collapse leading double slashes to a single slash\n  let handledProtocolRelativeURL = false\n  if (result.startsWith('//')) {\n    handledProtocolRelativeURL = true\n    result = '/' + result.replace(/^\\/+/, '')\n  }\n\n  return { path: result, handledProtocolRelativeURL }\n}\n\n/**\n * Encodes a path the same way `new URL()` would, but without the overhead of full URL parsing.\n *\n * This function encodes:\n * - Whitespace characters (spaces → %20, tabs → %09, etc.)\n * - Non-ASCII/Unicode characters (emojis, accented characters, etc.)\n *\n * It preserves:\n * - Already percent-encoded sequences (won't double-encode %2F, %25, etc.)\n * - ASCII special characters valid in URL paths (@, $, &, +, etc.)\n * - Forward slashes as path separators\n *\n * Used to generate proper href values for SSR without constructing URL objects.\n *\n * @example\n * encodePathLikeUrl('/path/file name.pdf') // '/path/file%20name.pdf'\n * encodePathLikeUrl('/path/日本語') // '/path/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E'\n * encodePathLikeUrl('/path/already%20encoded') // '/path/already%20encoded' (preserved)\n */\nexport function encodePathLikeUrl(path: string): string {\n  // Encode whitespace and non-ASCII characters that browsers encode in URLs\n\n  // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noControlCharactersInRegex: intentional ASCII range check\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex\n  if (!/\\s|[^\\u0000-\\u007F]/.test(path)) return path\n  // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noControlCharactersInRegex: intentional ASCII range check\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex\n  return path.replace(/\\s|[^\\u0000-\\u007F]/gu, encodeURIComponent)\n}\n\n/**\n * Builds the dev-mode CSS styles URL for route-scoped CSS collection.\n * Used by HeadContent components in all framework implementations to construct\n * the URL for the `/@tanstack-start/styles.css` endpoint.\n *\n * @param basepath - The router's basepath (may or may not have leading slash)\n * @param routeIds - Array of matched route IDs to include in the CSS collection\n * @returns The full URL path for the dev styles CSS endpoint\n */\nexport function buildDevStylesUrl(\n  basepath: string,\n  routeIds: Array<string>,\n): string {\n  // Trim all leading and trailing slashes from basepath\n  const trimmedBasepath = basepath.replace(/^\\/+|\\/+$/g, '')\n  // Build normalized basepath: empty string for root, or '/path' for non-root\n  const normalizedBasepath = trimmedBasepath === '' ? '' : `/${trimmedBasepath}`\n  return 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Whitespace characters (spaces → %20, tabs → %09, etc.)\n * - Non-ASCII/Unicode characters (emojis, accented characters, etc.)\n *\n * It preserves:\n * - Already percent-encoded sequences (won't double-encode %2F, %25, etc.)\n * - ASCII special characters valid in URL paths (@, $, &, +, etc.)\n * - Forward slashes as path separators\n *\n * Used to generate proper href values for SSR without constructing URL objects.\n *\n * @example\n * encodePathLikeUrl('/path/file name.pdf') // '/path/file%20name.pdf'\n * encodePathLikeUrl('/path/日本語') // '/path/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E'\n * encodePathLikeUrl('/path/already%20encoded') // '/path/already%20encoded' (preserved)\n */\nexport function encodePathLikeUrl(path: string): string {\n  // Encode whitespace and non-ASCII characters that browsers encode in URLs\n\n  // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noControlCharactersInRegex: intentional ASCII range check\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex\n  if (!/\\s|[^\\u0000-\\u007F]/.test(path)) return path\n  // biome-ignore lint/suspicious/noControlCharactersInRegex: intentional ASCII range check\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex\n  return path.replace(/\\s|[^\\u0000-\\u007F]/gu, encodeURIComponent)\n}\n\n/**\n * Builds the dev-mode CSS styles URL for route-scoped CSS collection.\n * Used by HeadContent components in all framework implementations to construct\n * the URL for the `/@tanstack-start/styles.css` endpoint.\n *\n * @param basepath - The router's basepath (may or may not have leading slash)\n * @param routeIds - Array of matched route IDs to include in the CSS collection\n * @returns The full URL path for the dev styles CSS endpoint\n */\nexport function buildDevStylesUrl(\n  basepath: string,\n  routeIds: Array<string>,\n): string {\n  // Trim all leading and trailing slashes from basepath\n  const trimmedBasepath = basepath.replace(/^\\/+|\\/+$/g, '')\n  // Build normalized basepath: empty string for root, or '/path' for non-root\n  const normalizedBasepath = trimmedBasepath === '' ? 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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@tanstack/router-core",
-  "version": "1.166.6",
+  "version": "1.167.0",
   "description": "Modern and scalable routing for React applications",
   "author": "Tanner Linsley",
   "license": "MIT",

package/src/index.ts

@@ -164,7 +164,9 @@ export type {
   FileBaseRouteOptions,
   BaseRouteOptions,
   UpdatableRouteOptions,
+  LoaderStaleReloadMode,
   RouteLoaderFn,
+  RouteLoaderEntry,
   LoaderFnContext,
   RouteContextFn,
   ContextOptions,

package/src/load-matches.ts

@@ -657,11 +657,13 @@ const runLoader = async (
       }
 
       // Kick off the loader!
-      const loaderResult = route.options.loader?.(
+      const routeLoader = route.options.loader
+      const loader =
+        typeof routeLoader === 'function' ? routeLoader : routeLoader?.handler
+      const loaderResult = loader?.(
         getLoaderContext(inner, matchPromises, matchId, index, route),
       )
-      const loaderResultIsPromise =
-        route.options.loader && isPromise(loaderResult)
+      const loaderResultIsPromise = !!loader && isPromise(loaderResult)
 
       const willLoadSomething = !!(
         loaderResultIsPromise ||
@@ -680,7 +682,7 @@ const runLoader = async (
         }))
       }
 
-      if (route.options.loader) {
+      if (loader) {
         const loaderData = loaderResultIsPromise
           ? await loaderResult
           : loaderResult
@@ -820,7 +822,11 @@ const loadRouteMatch = async (
       (invalid || (shouldReload ?? staleMatchShouldReload))
     if (preload && route.options.preload === false) {
       // Do nothing
-    } else if (loaderShouldRunAsync && !inner.sync) {
+    } else if (
+      loaderShouldRunAsync &&
+      !inner.sync &&
+      shouldReloadInBackground
+    ) {
       loaderIsRunningAsync = true
       ;(async () => {
         try {
@@ -835,7 +841,7 @@ const loadRouteMatch = async (
           }
         }
       })()
-    } else if (status !== 'success' || (loaderShouldRunAsync && inner.sync)) {
+    } else if (status !== 'success' || loaderShouldRunAsync) {
       await runLoader(inner, matchPromises, matchId, index, route)
     } else {
       syncMatchContext(inner, matchId, index)
@@ -846,6 +852,12 @@ const loadRouteMatch = async (
   let loaderShouldRunAsync = false
   let loaderIsRunningAsync = false
   const route = inner.router.looseRoutesById[routeId]!
+  const routeLoader = route.options.loader
+  const shouldReloadInBackground =
+    ((typeof routeLoader === 'function'
+      ? undefined
+      : routeLoader?.staleReloadMode) ??
+      inner.router.options.defaultStaleReloadMode) !== 'blocking'
 
   if (shouldSkipLoader(inner, matchId)) {
     const match = inner.router.getMatch(matchId)
@@ -871,7 +883,12 @@ const loadRouteMatch = async (
       // do not block if we already have stale data we can show
       // but only if the ongoing load is not a preload since error handling is different for preloads
       // and we don't want to swallow errors
-      if (prevMatch.status === 'success' && !inner.sync && !prevMatch.preload) {
+      if (
+        prevMatch.status === 'success' &&
+        !inner.sync &&
+        !prevMatch.preload &&
+        shouldReloadInBackground
+      ) {
         return prevMatch
       }
       await prevMatch._nonReactive.loaderPromise

package/src/new-process-route-tree.ts

@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ function extractParams<T extends RouteLike>(
 ): [rawParams: Record<string, string>, state: ParamExtractionState] {
   const list = buildBranch(leaf.node)
   let nodeParts: Array<string> | null = null
-  const rawParams: Record<string, string> = {}
+  const rawParams: Record<string, string> = Object.create(null)
   /** which segment of the path we're currently processing */
   let partIndex = leaf.extract?.part ?? 0
   /** which node of the route tree branch we're currently processing */
@@ -1330,8 +1330,8 @@ function getNodeMatch<T extends RouteLike>(
       sliceIndex += parts[i]!.length
     }
     const splat = sliceIndex === path.length ? '/' : path.slice(sliceIndex)
-    bestFuzzy.rawParams ??= {}
-    bestFuzzy.rawParams['**'] = decodeURIComponent(splat)
+    bestFuzzy.rawParams ??= Object.create(null)
+    bestFuzzy.rawParams!['**'] = decodeURIComponent(splat)
     return bestFuzzy
   }
 
@@ -1348,7 +1348,11 @@ function validateMatchParams<T extends RouteLike>(
     frame.rawParams = rawParams
     frame.extract = state
     const parsed = frame.node.parse!(rawParams)
-    frame.parsedParams = Object.assign({}, frame.parsedParams, parsed)
+    frame.parsedParams = Object.assign(
+      Object.create(null),
+      frame.parsedParams,
+      parsed,
+    )
     return true
   } catch {
     return null

package/src/path.ts

@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ export function interpolatePath({
   // Tracking if any params are missing in the `params` object
   // when interpolating the path
   let isMissingParams = false
-  const usedParams: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+  const usedParams: Record<string, unknown> = Object.create(null)
 
   if (!path || path === '/')
     return { interpolatedPath: '/', usedParams, isMissingParams }

package/src/qss.ts

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ function toValue(str: unknown) {
 export function decode(str: any): any {
   const searchParams = new URLSearchParams(str)
 
-  const result: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+  const result: Record<string, unknown> = Object.create(null)
 
   for (const [key, value] of searchParams.entries()) {
     const previousValue = result[key]

package/src/route.ts

@@ -292,11 +292,44 @@ export type ResolveRouteContext<TRouteContextFn, TBeforeLoadFn> = Assign<
   ContextAsyncReturnType<TBeforeLoadFn>
 >
 
+export type ResolveRouteLoaderFn<TLoaderFn> = TLoaderFn extends {
+  handler: infer THandler
+}
+  ? THandler
+  : TLoaderFn
+
+export type RouteLoaderObject<
+  TRegister,
+  TParentRoute extends AnyRoute = AnyRoute,
+  TId extends string = string,
+  TParams = {},
+  TLoaderDeps = {},
+  TRouterContext = {},
+  TRouteContextFn = AnyContext,
+  TBeforeLoadFn = AnyContext,
+  TServerMiddlewares = unknown,
+  THandlers = undefined,
+> = {
+  handler: RouteLoaderFn<
+    TRegister,
+    TParentRoute,
+    TId,
+    TParams,
+    TLoaderDeps,
+    TRouterContext,
+    TRouteContextFn,
+    TBeforeLoadFn,
+    TServerMiddlewares,
+    THandlers
+  >
+  staleReloadMode?: LoaderStaleReloadMode
+}
+
 export type ResolveLoaderData<TLoaderFn> = unknown extends TLoaderFn
   ? TLoaderFn
-  : LooseAsyncReturnType<TLoaderFn> extends never
+  : LooseAsyncReturnType<ResolveRouteLoaderFn<TLoaderFn>> extends never
     ? undefined
-    : LooseAsyncReturnType<TLoaderFn>
+    : LooseAsyncReturnType<ResolveRouteLoaderFn<TLoaderFn>>
 
 export type ResolveFullSearchSchema<
   TParentRoute extends AnyRoute,
@@ -1010,8 +1043,7 @@ export interface FilebaseRouteOptionsInterface<
 
   loader?: Constrain<
     TLoaderFn,
-    (
-      ctx: LoaderFnContext<
+    | RouteLoaderFn<
         TRegister,
         TParentRoute,
         TId,
@@ -1022,13 +1054,19 @@ export interface FilebaseRouteOptionsInterface<
         TBeforeLoadFn,
         TServerMiddlewares,
         THandlers
-      >,
-    ) => ValidateSerializableLifecycleResult<
-      TRegister,
-      TParentRoute,
-      TSSR,
-      TLoaderFn
-    >
+      >
+    | RouteLoaderObject<
+        TRegister,
+        TParentRoute,
+        TId,
+        TParams,
+        TLoaderDeps,
+        TRouterContext,
+        TRouteContextFn,
+        TBeforeLoadFn,
+        TServerMiddlewares,
+        THandlers
+      >
   >
 }
 
@@ -1415,6 +1453,45 @@ export type RouteLoaderFn<
   >,
 ) => any
 
+export type LoaderStaleReloadMode = 'background' | 'blocking'
+
+export type RouteLoaderEntry<
+  TRegister,
+  TParentRoute extends AnyRoute = AnyRoute,
+  TId extends string = string,
+  TParams = {},
+  TLoaderDeps = {},
+  TRouterContext = {},
+  TRouteContextFn = AnyContext,
+  TBeforeLoadFn = AnyContext,
+  TServerMiddlewares = unknown,
+  THandlers = undefined,
+> =
+  | RouteLoaderFn<
+      TRegister,
+      TParentRoute,
+      TId,
+      TParams,
+      TLoaderDeps,
+      TRouterContext,
+      TRouteContextFn,
+      TBeforeLoadFn,
+      TServerMiddlewares,
+      THandlers
+    >
+  | RouteLoaderObject<
+      TRegister,
+      TParentRoute,
+      TId,
+      TParams,
+      TLoaderDeps,
+      TRouterContext,
+      TRouteContextFn,
+      TBeforeLoadFn,
+      TServerMiddlewares,
+      THandlers
+    >
+
 export interface LoaderFnContext<
   in out TRegister = unknown,
   in out TParentRoute extends AnyRoute = AnyRoute,

package/src/router.ts

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import {
   functionalUpdate,
   isDangerousProtocol,
   last,
+  nullReplaceEqualDeep,
   replaceEqualDeep,
 } from './utils'
 import {
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ import type {
   AnyContext,
   AnyRoute,
   AnyRouteWithContext,
+  LoaderStaleReloadMode,
   MakeRemountDepsOptionsUnion,
   RouteContextOptions,
   RouteLike,
@@ -237,6 +239,15 @@ export interface RouterOptions<
    * @link [Guide](https://tanstack.com/router/latest/docs/framework/react/guide/data-loading#key-options)
    */
   defaultStaleTime?: number
+  /**
+   * The default stale reload mode a route loader should use if no `loader.staleReloadMode` is provided.
+   *
+   * `'background'` preserves the current stale-while-revalidate behavior.
+   * `'blocking'` waits for stale loader reloads to complete before resolving navigation.
+   *
+   * @default 'background'
+   */
+  defaultStaleReloadMode?: LoaderStaleReloadMode
   /**
    * The default `preloadStaleTime` a route should use if no preloadStaleTime is provided.
    *
@@ -1295,7 +1306,7 @@ export class RouterCore<
           pathname: decodePath(pathname).path,
           external: false,
           searchStr,
-          search: replaceEqualDeep(
+          search: nullReplaceEqualDeep(
             previousLocation?.search,
             parsedSearch,
           ) as any,
@@ -1324,7 +1335,10 @@ export class RouterCore<
         pathname: decodePath(url.pathname).path,
         external: !!this.rewrite && url.origin !== this.origin,
         searchStr,
-        search: replaceEqualDeep(previousLocation?.search, parsedSearch) as any,
+        search: nullReplaceEqualDeep(
+          previousLocation?.search,
+          parsedSearch,
+        ) as any,
         hash: decodePath(url.hash.slice(1)).path,
         state: replaceEqualDeep(previousLocation?.state, state),
       }
@@ -1549,8 +1563,8 @@ export class RouterCore<
           params: previousMatch?.params ?? routeParams,
           _strictParams: strictParams,
           search: previousMatch
-            ? replaceEqualDeep(previousMatch.search, preMatchSearch)
-            : replaceEqualDeep(existingMatch.search, preMatchSearch),
+            ? nullReplaceEqualDeep(previousMatch.search, preMatchSearch)
+            : nullReplaceEqualDeep(existingMatch.search, preMatchSearch),
           _strictSearch: strictMatchSearch,
         }
       } else {
@@ -1572,7 +1586,7 @@ export class RouterCore<
           pathname: interpolatedPath,
           updatedAt: Date.now(),
           search: previousMatch
-            ? replaceEqualDeep(previousMatch.search, preMatchSearch)
+            ? nullReplaceEqualDeep(previousMatch.search, preMatchSearch)
             : preMatchSearch,
           _strictSearch: strictMatchSearch,
           searchError: undefined,
@@ -1630,7 +1644,7 @@ export class RouterCore<
       // Update the match's params
       const previousMatch = previousMatchesByRouteId.get(match.routeId)
       match.params = previousMatch
-        ? replaceEqualDeep(previousMatch.params, routeParams)
+        ? nullReplaceEqualDeep(previousMatch.params, routeParams)
         : routeParams
 
       if (!existingMatch) {
@@ -1729,7 +1743,10 @@ export class RouterCore<
       params = lastStateMatch.params
     } else {
       // Parse params through the route chain
-      const strictParams: Record<string, unknown> = { ...routeParams }
+      const strictParams: Record<string, unknown> = Object.assign(
+        Object.create(null),
+        routeParams,
+      )
       for (const route of matchedRoutes) {
         try {
           extractStrictParams(
@@ -1836,7 +1853,10 @@ export class RouterCore<
       // From search should always use the current location
       const fromSearch = lightweightResult.search
       // Same with params. It can't hurt to provide as many as possible
-      const fromParams = { ...lightweightResult.params }
+      const fromParams = Object.assign(
+        Object.create(null),
+        lightweightResult.params,
+      )
 
       // Resolve the next to
       // ensure this includes the basePath if set
@@ -1847,7 +1867,7 @@ export class RouterCore<
       // Resolve the next params
       const nextParams =
         dest.params === false || dest.params === null
-          ? {}
+          ? Object.create(null)
           : (dest.params ?? true) === true
             ? fromParams
             : Object.assign(
@@ -1933,7 +1953,7 @@ export class RouterCore<
       })
 
       // Replace the equal deep
-      nextSearch = replaceEqualDeep(fromSearch, nextSearch)
+      nextSearch = nullReplaceEqualDeep(fromSearch, nextSearch)
 
       // Stringify the next search
       const searchStr = this.options.stringifySearch(nextSearch)
@@ -2013,7 +2033,7 @@ export class RouterCore<
       let maskedNext = maskedDest ? build(maskedDest) : undefined
 
       if (!maskedNext) {
-        const params = {}
+        const params = Object.create(null)
 
         if (this.options.routeMasks) {
           const match = findFlatMatch<RouteMask<TRouteTree>>(
@@ -2032,7 +2052,7 @@ export class RouterCore<
             // Otherwise, use the matched params or the provided params value
             const nextParams =
               maskParams === false || maskParams === null
-                ? {}
+                ? Object.create(null)
                 : (maskParams ?? true) === true
                   ? params
                   : Object.assign(params, functionalUpdate(maskParams, params))
@@ -3013,7 +3033,7 @@ export function getMatchedRoutes<TRouteLike extends RouteLike>({
   routesById: Record<string, TRouteLike>
   processedTree: ProcessedTree<any, any, any>
 }) {
-  const routeParams: Record<string, string> = {}
+  const routeParams: Record<string, string> = Object.create(null)
   const trimmedPath = trimPathRight(pathname)
 
   let foundRoute: TRouteLike | undefined = undefined
@@ -3022,7 +3042,7 @@ export function getMatchedRoutes<TRouteLike extends RouteLike>({
   if (match) {
     foundRoute = match.route
     Object.assign(routeParams, match.rawParams) // Copy params, because they're cached
-    parsedParams = Object.assign({}, match.parsedParams)
+    parsedParams = Object.assign(Object.create(null), match.parsedParams)
   }
 
   const matchedRoutes = match?.branch || [routesById[rootRouteId]!]

package/src/utils.ts

@@ -215,13 +215,22 @@ export function functionalUpdate<TPrevious, TResult = TPrevious>(
 const hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty
 const isEnumerable = Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable
 
+const createNull = () => Object.create(null)
+export const nullReplaceEqualDeep: typeof replaceEqualDeep = (prev, next) =>
+  replaceEqualDeep(prev, next, createNull)
+
 /**
  * This function returns `prev` if `_next` is deeply equal.
  * If not, it will replace any deeply equal children of `b` with those of `a`.
  * This can be used for structural sharing between immutable JSON values for example.
  * Do not use this with signals
  */
-export function replaceEqualDeep<T>(prev: any, _next: T, _depth = 0): T {
+export function replaceEqualDeep<T>(
+  prev: any,
+  _next: T,
+  _makeObj = () => ({}),
+  _depth = 0,
+): T {
   if (isServer) {
     return _next
   }
@@ -243,7 +252,7 @@ export function replaceEqualDeep<T>(prev: any, _next: T, _depth = 0): T {
   if (!nextItems) return next
   const prevSize = prevItems.length
   const nextSize = nextItems.length
-  const copy: any = array ? new Array(nextSize) : {}
+  const copy: any = array ? new Array(nextSize) : _makeObj()
 
   let equalItems = 0
 
@@ -268,7 +277,7 @@ export function replaceEqualDeep<T>(prev: any, _next: T, _depth = 0): T {
       continue
     }
 
-    const v = replaceEqualDeep(p, n, _depth + 1)
+    const v = replaceEqualDeep(p, n, _makeObj, _depth + 1)
     copy[key] = v
     if (v === p) equalItems++
   }