@tanstack/router-core 1.146.1 → 1.147.1

package/dist/esm/ssr/ssr-server.d.ts

@@ -21,4 +21,18 @@ export declare function attachRouterServerSsrUtils({ router, manifest, }: {
     router: AnyRouter;
     manifest: Manifest | undefined;
 }): void;
+/**
+ * Get the origin for the request.
+ *
+ * SECURITY: We intentionally do NOT trust the Origin header for determining
+ * the router's origin. The Origin header can be spoofed by attackers, which
+ * could lead to SSRF-like vulnerabilities where redirects are constructed
+ * using a malicious origin (CVE-2024-34351).
+ *
+ * Instead, we derive the origin from request.url, which is typically set by
+ * the server infrastructure (not client-controlled headers).
+ *
+ * For applications behind proxies that need to trust forwarded headers,
+ * use the router's `origin` option to explicitly configure a trusted origin.
+ */
 export declare function getOrigin(request: Request): string;

package/dist/esm/ssr/ssr-server.js

@@ -260,14 +260,6 @@ function attachRouterServerSsrUtils({
   };
 }
 function getOrigin(request) {
-  const originHeader = request.headers.get("Origin");
-  if (originHeader) {
-    try {
-      new URL(originHeader);
-      return originHeader;
-    } catch {
-    }
-  }
   try {
     return new URL(request.url).origin;
   } catch {

package/dist/esm/ssr/ssr-server.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"ssr-server.js","sources":["../../../src/ssr/ssr-server.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import { crossSerializeStream, getCrossReferenceHeader } from 'seroval'\nimport invariant from 'tiny-invariant'\nimport minifiedTsrBootStrapScript from './tsrScript?script-string'\nimport { GLOBAL_TSR, TSR_SCRIPT_BARRIER_ID } from './constants'\nimport { defaultSerovalPlugins } from './serializer/seroval-plugins'\nimport { makeSsrSerovalPlugin } from './serializer/transformer'\nimport type { DehydratedMatch, DehydratedRouter } from './types'\nimport type { AnySerializationAdapter } from './serializer/transformer'\nimport type { AnyRouter } from '../router'\nimport type { AnyRouteMatch } from '../Matches'\nimport type { Manifest, RouterManagedTag } from '../manifest'\n\ndeclare module '../router' {\n  interface ServerSsr {\n    setRenderFinished: () => void\n    cleanup: () => void\n  }\n  interface RouterEvents {\n    onInjectedHtml: {\n      type: 'onInjectedHtml'\n    }\n    onSerializationFinished: {\n      type: 'onSerializationFinished'\n    }\n  }\n}\n\nconst SCOPE_ID = 'tsr'\n\nexport function dehydrateMatch(match: AnyRouteMatch): DehydratedMatch {\n  const dehydratedMatch: DehydratedMatch = {\n    i: match.id,\n    u: match.updatedAt,\n    s: match.status,\n  }\n\n  const properties = [\n    ['__beforeLoadContext', 'b'],\n    ['loaderData', 'l'],\n    ['error', 'e'],\n    ['ssr', 'ssr'],\n  ] as const\n\n  for (const [key, shorthand] of properties) {\n    if (match[key] !== undefined) {\n      dehydratedMatch[shorthand] = match[key]\n    }\n  }\n  return dehydratedMatch\n}\n\nconst INITIAL_SCRIPTS = [\n  getCrossReferenceHeader(SCOPE_ID),\n  minifiedTsrBootStrapScript,\n]\n\nclass ScriptBuffer {\n  private router: AnyRouter | undefined\n  private _queue: Array<string>\n  private _scriptBarrierLifted = false\n  private _cleanedUp = false\n  private _pendingMicrotask = false\n\n  constructor(router: AnyRouter) {\n    this.router = router\n    // Copy INITIAL_SCRIPTS to avoid mutating the shared array\n    this._queue = INITIAL_SCRIPTS.slice()\n  }\n\n  enqueue(script: string) {\n    if (this._cleanedUp) return\n    this._queue.push(script)\n    // If barrier is lifted, schedule injection (if not already scheduled)\n    if (this._scriptBarrierLifted && !this._pendingMicrotask) {\n      this._pendingMicrotask = true\n      queueMicrotask(() => {\n        this._pendingMicrotask = false\n        this.injectBufferedScripts()\n      })\n    }\n  }\n\n  liftBarrier() {\n    if (this._scriptBarrierLifted || this._cleanedUp) return\n    this._scriptBarrierLifted = true\n    if (this._queue.length > 0 && !this._pendingMicrotask) {\n      this._pendingMicrotask = true\n      queueMicrotask(() => {\n        this._pendingMicrotask = false\n        this.injectBufferedScripts()\n      })\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Flushes any pending scripts synchronously.\n   * Call this before emitting onSerializationFinished to ensure all scripts are injected.\n   *\n   * IMPORTANT: Only injects if the barrier has been lifted. Before the barrier is lifted,\n   * scripts should remain in the queue so takeBufferedScripts() can retrieve them\n   */\n  flush() {\n    if (!this._scriptBarrierLifted) return\n    if (this._cleanedUp) return\n    this._pendingMicrotask = false\n    const scriptsToInject = this.takeAll()\n    if (scriptsToInject && this.router?.serverSsr) {\n      this.router.serverSsr.injectScript(scriptsToInject)\n    }\n  }\n\n  takeAll() {\n    const bufferedScripts = this._queue\n    this._queue = []\n    if (bufferedScripts.length === 0) {\n      return undefined\n    }\n    // Append cleanup script and join - avoid push() to not mutate then iterate\n    return bufferedScripts.join(';') + ';document.currentScript.remove()'\n  }\n\n  injectBufferedScripts() {\n    if (this._cleanedUp) return\n    // Early return if queue is empty (avoids unnecessary takeAll() call)\n    if (this._queue.length === 0) return\n    const scriptsToInject = this.takeAll()\n    if (scriptsToInject && this.router?.serverSsr) {\n      this.router.serverSsr.injectScript(scriptsToInject)\n    }\n  }\n\n  cleanup() {\n    this._cleanedUp = true\n    this._queue = []\n    this.router = undefined\n  }\n}\n\nexport function attachRouterServerSsrUtils({\n  router,\n  manifest,\n}: {\n  router: AnyRouter\n  manifest: Manifest | undefined\n}) {\n  router.ssr = {\n    manifest,\n  }\n  let _dehydrated = false\n  let _serializationFinished = false\n  const renderFinishedListeners: Array<() => void> = []\n  const serializationFinishedListeners: Array<() => void> = []\n  const scriptBuffer = new ScriptBuffer(router)\n  let injectedHtmlBuffer: Array<string> = []\n\n  router.serverSsr = {\n    injectHtml: (html: string) => {\n      if (!html) return\n      // Buffer the HTML so it can be retrieved via takeBufferedHtml()\n      injectedHtmlBuffer.push(html)\n      // Emit event to notify subscribers that new HTML is available\n      router.emit({\n        type: 'onInjectedHtml',\n      })\n    },\n    injectScript: (script: string) => {\n      if (!script) return\n      const html = `<script${router.options.ssr?.nonce ? ` nonce='${router.options.ssr.nonce}'` : ''}>${script}</script>`\n      router.serverSsr!.injectHtml(html)\n    },\n    dehydrate: async () => {\n      invariant(!_dehydrated, 'router is already dehydrated!')\n      let matchesToDehydrate = router.state.matches\n      if (router.isShell()) {\n        // In SPA mode we only want to dehydrate the root match\n        matchesToDehydrate = matchesToDehydrate.slice(0, 1)\n      }\n      const matches = matchesToDehydrate.map(dehydrateMatch)\n\n      let manifestToDehydrate: Manifest | undefined = undefined\n      // For currently matched routes, send full manifest (preloads + assets)\n      // For all other routes, only send assets (no preloads as they are handled via dynamic imports)\n      if (manifest) {\n        const currentRouteIds = new Set(\n          router.state.matches.map((k) => k.routeId),\n        )\n        const filteredRoutes = Object.fromEntries(\n          Object.entries(manifest.routes).flatMap(\n            ([routeId, routeManifest]) => {\n              if (currentRouteIds.has(routeId)) {\n                return [[routeId, routeManifest]]\n              } else if (\n                routeManifest.assets &&\n                routeManifest.assets.length > 0\n              ) {\n                return [\n                  [\n                    routeId,\n                    {\n                      assets: routeManifest.assets,\n                    },\n                  ],\n                ]\n              }\n              return []\n            },\n          ),\n        )\n        manifestToDehydrate = {\n          routes: filteredRoutes,\n        }\n      }\n      const dehydratedRouter: DehydratedRouter = {\n        manifest: manifestToDehydrate,\n        matches,\n      }\n      const lastMatchId = matchesToDehydrate[matchesToDehydrate.length - 1]?.id\n      if (lastMatchId) {\n        dehydratedRouter.lastMatchId = lastMatchId\n      }\n      const dehydratedData = await router.options.dehydrate?.()\n      if (dehydratedData) {\n        dehydratedRouter.dehydratedData = dehydratedData\n      }\n      _dehydrated = true\n\n      const trackPlugins = { didRun: false }\n      const serializationAdapters = router.options.serializationAdapters as\n        | Array<AnySerializationAdapter>\n        | undefined\n      const plugins = serializationAdapters\n        ? serializationAdapters\n            .map((t) => makeSsrSerovalPlugin(t, trackPlugins))\n            .concat(defaultSerovalPlugins)\n        : defaultSerovalPlugins\n\n      const signalSerializationComplete = () => {\n        _serializationFinished = true\n        try {\n          serializationFinishedListeners.forEach((l) => l())\n          router.emit({ type: 'onSerializationFinished' })\n        } catch (err) {\n          console.error('Serialization listener error:', err)\n        } finally {\n          serializationFinishedListeners.length = 0\n          renderFinishedListeners.length = 0\n        }\n      }\n\n      crossSerializeStream(dehydratedRouter, {\n        refs: new Map(),\n        plugins,\n        onSerialize: (data, initial) => {\n          let serialized = initial ? GLOBAL_TSR + '.router=' + data : data\n          if (trackPlugins.didRun) {\n            serialized = GLOBAL_TSR + '.p(()=>' + serialized + ')'\n          }\n          scriptBuffer.enqueue(serialized)\n        },\n        scopeId: SCOPE_ID,\n        onDone: () => {\n          scriptBuffer.enqueue(GLOBAL_TSR + '.e()')\n          // Flush all pending scripts synchronously before signaling completion\n          // This ensures all scripts are injected before onSerializationFinished is emitted\n          scriptBuffer.flush()\n          signalSerializationComplete()\n        },\n        onError: (err) => {\n          console.error('Serialization error:', err)\n          signalSerializationComplete()\n        },\n      })\n    },\n    isDehydrated() {\n      return _dehydrated\n    },\n    isSerializationFinished() {\n      return _serializationFinished\n    },\n    onRenderFinished: (listener) => renderFinishedListeners.push(listener),\n    onSerializationFinished: (listener) =>\n      serializationFinishedListeners.push(listener),\n    setRenderFinished: () => {\n      // Wrap in try-catch to ensure scriptBuffer.liftBarrier() is always called\n      try {\n        renderFinishedListeners.forEach((l) => l())\n      } catch (err) {\n        console.error('Error in render finished listener:', err)\n      } finally {\n        // Clear listeners after calling them to prevent memory leaks\n        renderFinishedListeners.length = 0\n      }\n      scriptBuffer.liftBarrier()\n    },\n    takeBufferedScripts() {\n      const scripts = scriptBuffer.takeAll()\n      const serverBufferedScript: RouterManagedTag = {\n        tag: 'script',\n        attrs: {\n          nonce: router.options.ssr?.nonce,\n          className: '$tsr',\n          id: TSR_SCRIPT_BARRIER_ID,\n        },\n        children: scripts,\n      }\n      return serverBufferedScript\n    },\n    liftScriptBarrier() {\n      scriptBuffer.liftBarrier()\n    },\n    takeBufferedHtml() {\n      if (injectedHtmlBuffer.length === 0) {\n        return undefined\n      }\n      const buffered = injectedHtmlBuffer.join('')\n      injectedHtmlBuffer = []\n      return buffered\n    },\n    cleanup() {\n      // Guard against multiple cleanup calls\n      if (!router.serverSsr) return\n      renderFinishedListeners.length = 0\n      serializationFinishedListeners.length = 0\n      injectedHtmlBuffer = []\n      scriptBuffer.cleanup()\n      router.serverSsr = undefined\n    },\n  }\n}\n\nexport function getOrigin(request: Request) {\n  const originHeader = request.headers.get('Origin')\n  if (originHeader) {\n    try {\n      new URL(originHeader)\n      return originHeader\n    } catch {}\n  }\n  try {\n    return new URL(request.url).origin\n  } catch {}\n  return 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Before the barrier is lifted,\n   * scripts should remain in the queue so takeBufferedScripts() can retrieve them\n   */\n  flush() {\n    if (!this._scriptBarrierLifted) return\n    if (this._cleanedUp) return\n    this._pendingMicrotask = false\n    const scriptsToInject = this.takeAll()\n    if (scriptsToInject && this.router?.serverSsr) {\n      this.router.serverSsr.injectScript(scriptsToInject)\n    }\n  }\n\n  takeAll() {\n    const bufferedScripts = this._queue\n    this._queue = []\n    if (bufferedScripts.length === 0) {\n      return undefined\n    }\n    // Append cleanup script and join - avoid push() to not mutate then iterate\n    return bufferedScripts.join(';') + ';document.currentScript.remove()'\n  }\n\n  injectBufferedScripts() {\n    if (this._cleanedUp) return\n    // Early return if queue is empty (avoids unnecessary takeAll() call)\n    if (this._queue.length === 0) return\n    const scriptsToInject = this.takeAll()\n    if (scriptsToInject && this.router?.serverSsr) {\n      this.router.serverSsr.injectScript(scriptsToInject)\n    }\n  }\n\n  cleanup() {\n    this._cleanedUp = true\n    this._queue = []\n    this.router = undefined\n  }\n}\n\nexport function attachRouterServerSsrUtils({\n  router,\n  manifest,\n}: {\n  router: AnyRouter\n  manifest: Manifest | undefined\n}) {\n  router.ssr = {\n    manifest,\n  }\n  let _dehydrated = false\n  let _serializationFinished = false\n  const renderFinishedListeners: Array<() => void> = []\n  const serializationFinishedListeners: Array<() => void> = []\n  const scriptBuffer = new ScriptBuffer(router)\n  let injectedHtmlBuffer: Array<string> = []\n\n  router.serverSsr = {\n    injectHtml: (html: string) => {\n      if (!html) return\n      // Buffer the HTML so it can be retrieved via takeBufferedHtml()\n      injectedHtmlBuffer.push(html)\n      // Emit event to notify subscribers that new HTML is available\n      router.emit({\n        type: 'onInjectedHtml',\n      })\n    },\n    injectScript: (script: string) => {\n      if (!script) return\n      const html = `<script${router.options.ssr?.nonce ? ` nonce='${router.options.ssr.nonce}'` : ''}>${script}</script>`\n      router.serverSsr!.injectHtml(html)\n    },\n    dehydrate: async () => {\n      invariant(!_dehydrated, 'router is already dehydrated!')\n      let matchesToDehydrate = router.state.matches\n      if (router.isShell()) {\n        // In SPA mode we only want to dehydrate the root match\n        matchesToDehydrate = matchesToDehydrate.slice(0, 1)\n      }\n      const matches = matchesToDehydrate.map(dehydrateMatch)\n\n      let manifestToDehydrate: Manifest | undefined = undefined\n      // For currently matched routes, send full manifest (preloads + assets)\n      // For all other routes, only send assets (no preloads as they are handled via dynamic imports)\n      if (manifest) {\n        const currentRouteIds = new Set(\n          router.state.matches.map((k) => k.routeId),\n        )\n        const filteredRoutes = Object.fromEntries(\n          Object.entries(manifest.routes).flatMap(\n            ([routeId, routeManifest]) => {\n              if (currentRouteIds.has(routeId)) {\n                return [[routeId, routeManifest]]\n              } else if (\n                routeManifest.assets &&\n                routeManifest.assets.length > 0\n              ) {\n                return [\n                  [\n                    routeId,\n                    {\n                      assets: routeManifest.assets,\n                    },\n                  ],\n                ]\n              }\n              return []\n            },\n          ),\n        )\n        manifestToDehydrate = {\n          routes: filteredRoutes,\n        }\n      }\n      const dehydratedRouter: DehydratedRouter = {\n        manifest: manifestToDehydrate,\n        matches,\n      }\n      const lastMatchId = matchesToDehydrate[matchesToDehydrate.length - 1]?.id\n      if (lastMatchId) {\n        dehydratedRouter.lastMatchId = lastMatchId\n      }\n      const dehydratedData = await router.options.dehydrate?.()\n      if (dehydratedData) {\n        dehydratedRouter.dehydratedData = dehydratedData\n      }\n      _dehydrated = true\n\n      const trackPlugins = { didRun: false }\n      const serializationAdapters = router.options.serializationAdapters as\n        | Array<AnySerializationAdapter>\n        | undefined\n      const plugins = serializationAdapters\n        ? serializationAdapters\n            .map((t) => makeSsrSerovalPlugin(t, trackPlugins))\n            .concat(defaultSerovalPlugins)\n        : defaultSerovalPlugins\n\n      const signalSerializationComplete = () => {\n        _serializationFinished = true\n        try {\n          serializationFinishedListeners.forEach((l) => l())\n          router.emit({ type: 'onSerializationFinished' })\n        } catch (err) {\n          console.error('Serialization listener error:', err)\n        } finally {\n          serializationFinishedListeners.length = 0\n          renderFinishedListeners.length = 0\n        }\n      }\n\n      crossSerializeStream(dehydratedRouter, {\n        refs: new Map(),\n        plugins,\n        onSerialize: (data, initial) => {\n          let serialized = initial ? 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The Origin header can be spoofed by attackers, which\n * could lead to SSRF-like vulnerabilities where redirects are constructed\n * using a malicious origin (CVE-2024-34351).\n *\n * Instead, we derive the origin from request.url, which is typically set by\n * the server infrastructure (not client-controlled headers).\n *\n * For applications behind proxies that need to trust forwarded headers,\n * use the router's `origin` option to explicitly configure a trusted origin.\n */\nexport function getOrigin(request: Request) {\n  try {\n    return new URL(request.url).origin\n  } catch {}\n  return 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package/dist/esm/utils.d.ts

@@ -111,4 +111,42 @@ export declare function createControlledPromise<T>(onResolve?: (value: T) => voi
 export declare function isModuleNotFoundError(error: any): boolean;
 export declare function isPromise<T>(value: Promise<Awaited<T>> | T): value is Promise<Awaited<T>>;
 export declare function findLast<T>(array: ReadonlyArray<T>, predicate: (item: T) => boolean): T | undefined;
+/**
+ * List of URL protocols that are safe for navigation.
+ * Only these protocols are allowed in redirects and navigation.
+ */
+export declare const SAFE_URL_PROTOCOLS: string[];
+/**
+ * Check if a URL string uses a protocol that is not in the safe list.
+ * Returns true for dangerous protocols like javascript:, data:, vbscript:, etc.
+ *
+ * The URL constructor correctly normalizes:
+ * - Mixed case (JavaScript: → javascript:)
+ * - Whitespace/control characters (java\nscript: → javascript:)
+ * - Leading whitespace
+ *
+ * For relative URLs (no protocol), returns false (safe).
+ *
+ * @param url - The URL string to check
+ * @returns true if the URL uses a dangerous (non-whitelisted) protocol
+ */
+export declare function isDangerousProtocol(url: string): boolean;
+/**
+ * Escape HTML special characters in a string to prevent XSS attacks
+ * when embedding strings in script tags during SSR.
+ *
+ * This is essential for preventing XSS vulnerabilities when user-controlled
+ * content is embedded in inline scripts.
+ */
+export declare function escapeHtml(str: string): string;
 export declare function decodePath(path: string, decodeIgnore?: Array<string>): string;
+/**
+ * Builds the dev-mode CSS styles URL for route-scoped CSS collection.
+ * Used by HeadContent components in all framework implementations to construct
+ * the URL for the `/@tanstack-start/styles.css` endpoint.
+ *
+ * @param basepath - The router's basepath (may or may not have leading slash)
+ * @param routeIds - Array of matched route IDs to include in the CSS collection
+ * @returns The full URL path for the dev styles CSS endpoint
+ */
+export declare function buildDevStylesUrl(basepath: string, routeIds: Array<string>): string;

package/dist/esm/utils.js

@@ -179,6 +179,27 @@ function decodeSegment(segment) {
   }
   return sanitizePathSegment(decoded);
 }
+const SAFE_URL_PROTOCOLS = ["http:", "https:", "mailto:", "tel:"];
+function isDangerousProtocol(url) {
+  if (!url) return false;
+  try {
+    const parsed = new URL(url);
+    return !SAFE_URL_PROTOCOLS.includes(parsed.protocol);
+  } catch {
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+const HTML_ESCAPE_LOOKUP = {
+  "&": "\\u0026",
+  ">": "\\u003e",
+  "<": "\\u003c",
+  "\u2028": "\\u2028",
+  "\u2029": "\\u2029"
+};
+const HTML_ESCAPE_REGEX = /[&><\u2028\u2029]/g;
+function escapeHtml(str) {
+  return str.replace(HTML_ESCAPE_REGEX, (match) => HTML_ESCAPE_LOOKUP[match]);
+}
 function decodePath(path, decodeIgnore) {
   if (!path) return path;
   const re = decodeIgnore ? new RegExp(`${decodeIgnore.join("|")}`, "gi") : /%25|%5C/gi;
@@ -195,12 +216,21 @@ function decodePath(path, decodeIgnore) {
   }
   return result;
 }
+function buildDevStylesUrl(basepath, routeIds) {
+  const trimmedBasepath = basepath.replace(/^\/+|\/+$/g, "");
+  const normalizedBasepath = trimmedBasepath === "" ? "" : `/${trimmedBasepath}`;
+  return `${normalizedBasepath}/@tanstack-start/styles.css?routes=${encodeURIComponent(routeIds.join(","))}`;
+}
 export {
+  SAFE_URL_PROTOCOLS,
+  buildDevStylesUrl,
   createControlledPromise,
   decodePath,
   deepEqual,
+  escapeHtml,
   findLast,
   functionalUpdate,
+  isDangerousProtocol,
   isModuleNotFoundError,
   isPlainArray,
   isPlainObject,

package/dist/esm/utils.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"utils.js","sources":["../../src/utils.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import type { RouteIds } from './routeInfo'\nimport type { AnyRouter } from './router'\n\nexport type Awaitable<T> = T | Promise<T>\nexport type NoInfer<T> = [T][T extends any ? 0 : never]\nexport type IsAny<TValue, TYesResult, TNoResult = TValue> = 1 extends 0 & TValue\n  ? TYesResult\n  : TNoResult\n\nexport type PickAsRequired<TValue, TKey extends keyof TValue> = Omit<\n  TValue,\n  TKey\n> &\n  Required<Pick<TValue, TKey>>\n\nexport type PickRequired<T> = {\n  [K in keyof T as undefined extends T[K] ? never : K]: T[K]\n}\n\nexport type PickOptional<T> = {\n  [K in keyof T as undefined extends T[K] ? K : never]: T[K]\n}\n\n// from https://stackoverflow.com/a/76458160\nexport type WithoutEmpty<T> = T extends any ? ({} extends T ? never : T) : never\n\nexport type Expand<T> = T extends object\n  ? T extends infer O\n    ? O extends Function\n      ? O\n      : { [K in keyof O]: O[K] }\n    : never\n  : T\n\nexport type DeepPartial<T> = T extends object\n  ? {\n      [P in keyof T]?: DeepPartial<T[P]>\n    }\n  : T\n\nexport type MakeDifferenceOptional<TLeft, TRight> = keyof TLeft &\n  keyof TRight extends never\n  ? TRight\n  : Omit<TRight, keyof TLeft & keyof TRight> & {\n      [K in keyof TLeft & keyof TRight]?: TRight[K]\n    }\n\n// from https://stackoverflow.com/a/53955431\n// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/naming-convention\nexport type IsUnion<T, U extends T = T> = (\n  T extends any ? (U extends T ? false : true) : never\n) extends false\n  ? false\n  : true\n\nexport type IsNonEmptyObject<T> = T extends object\n  ? keyof T extends never\n    ? false\n    : true\n  : false\n\nexport type Assign<TLeft, TRight> = TLeft extends any\n  ? TRight extends any\n    ? IsNonEmptyObject<TLeft> extends false\n      ? TRight\n      : IsNonEmptyObject<TRight> extends false\n        ? TLeft\n        : keyof TLeft & keyof TRight extends never\n          ? TLeft & TRight\n          : Omit<TLeft, keyof TRight> & TRight\n    : never\n  : never\n\nexport type IntersectAssign<TLeft, TRight> = TLeft extends any\n  ? TRight extends any\n    ? IsNonEmptyObject<TLeft> extends false\n      ? TRight\n      : IsNonEmptyObject<TRight> extends false\n        ? TLeft\n        : TRight & TLeft\n    : never\n  : never\n\nexport type Timeout = ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>\n\nexport type Updater<TPrevious, TResult = TPrevious> =\n  | TResult\n  | ((prev?: TPrevious) => TResult)\n\nexport type NonNullableUpdater<TPrevious, TResult = TPrevious> =\n  | TResult\n  | ((prev: TPrevious) => TResult)\n\nexport type ExtractObjects<TUnion> = TUnion extends MergeAllPrimitive\n  ? never\n  : TUnion\n\nexport type PartialMergeAllObject<TUnion> =\n  ExtractObjects<TUnion> extends infer TObj\n    ? [TObj] extends [never]\n      ? never\n      : {\n          [TKey in TObj extends any ? keyof TObj : never]?: TObj extends any\n            ? TKey extends keyof TObj\n              ? TObj[TKey]\n              : never\n            : never\n        }\n    : never\n\nexport type MergeAllPrimitive =\n  | ReadonlyArray<any>\n  | number\n  | string\n  | bigint\n  | boolean\n  | symbol\n  | undefined\n  | null\n\nexport type ExtractPrimitives<TUnion> = TUnion extends MergeAllPrimitive\n  ? TUnion\n  : TUnion extends object\n    ? never\n    : TUnion\n\nexport type PartialMergeAll<TUnion> =\n  | ExtractPrimitives<TUnion>\n  | PartialMergeAllObject<TUnion>\n\nexport type Constrain<T, TConstraint, TDefault = TConstraint> =\n  | (T extends TConstraint ? T : never)\n  | TDefault\n\nexport type ConstrainLiteral<T, TConstraint, TDefault = TConstraint> =\n  | (T & TConstraint)\n  | TDefault\n\n/**\n * To be added to router types\n */\nexport type UnionToIntersection<T> = (\n  T extends any ? 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TLeft\n        : keyof TLeft & keyof TRight extends never\n          ? TLeft & TRight\n          : Omit<TLeft, keyof TRight> & TRight\n    : never\n  : never\n\nexport type IntersectAssign<TLeft, TRight> = TLeft extends any\n  ? TRight extends any\n    ? IsNonEmptyObject<TLeft> extends false\n      ? TRight\n      : IsNonEmptyObject<TRight> extends false\n        ? TLeft\n        : TRight & TLeft\n    : never\n  : never\n\nexport type Timeout = ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>\n\nexport type Updater<TPrevious, TResult = TPrevious> =\n  | TResult\n  | ((prev?: TPrevious) => TResult)\n\nexport type NonNullableUpdater<TPrevious, TResult = TPrevious> =\n  | TResult\n  | ((prev: TPrevious) => TResult)\n\nexport type ExtractObjects<TUnion> = TUnion extends MergeAllPrimitive\n  ? never\n  : TUnion\n\nexport type PartialMergeAllObject<TUnion> =\n  ExtractObjects<TUnion> extends infer TObj\n    ? [TObj] extends [never]\n      ? never\n      : {\n          [TKey in TObj extends any ? keyof TObj : never]?: TObj extends any\n            ? TKey extends keyof TObj\n              ? TObj[TKey]\n              : never\n            : never\n        }\n    : never\n\nexport type MergeAllPrimitive =\n  | ReadonlyArray<any>\n  | number\n  | string\n  | bigint\n  | boolean\n  | symbol\n  | undefined\n  | null\n\nexport type ExtractPrimitives<TUnion> = TUnion extends MergeAllPrimitive\n  ? TUnion\n  : TUnion extends object\n    ? never\n    : TUnion\n\nexport type PartialMergeAll<TUnion> =\n  | ExtractPrimitives<TUnion>\n  | PartialMergeAllObject<TUnion>\n\nexport type Constrain<T, TConstraint, TDefault = TConstraint> =\n  | (T extends TConstraint ? T : never)\n  | TDefault\n\nexport type ConstrainLiteral<T, TConstraint, TDefault = TConstraint> =\n  | (T & TConstraint)\n  | TDefault\n\n/**\n * To be added to router types\n */\nexport type UnionToIntersection<T> = (\n  T extends any ? (arg: T) => any : never\n) extends (arg: infer T) => any\n  ? T\n  : never\n\n/**\n * Merges everything in a union into one object.\n * This mapped type is homomorphic which means it preserves stuff! :)\n */\nexport type MergeAllObjects<\n  TUnion,\n  TIntersected = UnionToIntersection<ExtractObjects<TUnion>>,\n> = [keyof TIntersected] extends [never]\n  ? never\n  : {\n      [TKey in keyof TIntersected]: TUnion extends any\n        ? TUnion[TKey & keyof TUnion]\n        : never\n    }\n\nexport type MergeAll<TUnion> =\n  | MergeAllObjects<TUnion>\n  | ExtractPrimitives<TUnion>\n\nexport type ValidateJSON<T> = ((...args: Array<any>) => any) extends T\n  ? unknown extends T\n    ? never\n    : 'Function is not serializable'\n  : { [K in keyof T]: ValidateJSON<T[K]> }\n\nexport type LooseReturnType<T> = T extends (\n  ...args: Array<any>\n) => infer TReturn\n  ? TReturn\n  : never\n\nexport type LooseAsyncReturnType<T> = T extends (\n  ...args: Array<any>\n) => infer TReturn\n  ? TReturn extends Promise<infer TReturn>\n    ? TReturn\n    : TReturn\n  : never\n\n/**\n * Return the last element of an array.\n * Intended for non-empty arrays used within router internals.\n */\nexport function last<T>(arr: Array<T>) {\n  return arr[arr.length - 1]\n}\n\nfunction isFunction(d: any): d is Function {\n  return typeof d === 'function'\n}\n\n/**\n * Apply a value-or-updater to a previous value.\n * Accepts either a literal value or a function of the previous value.\n */\nexport function functionalUpdate<TPrevious, TResult = TPrevious>(\n  updater: Updater<TPrevious, TResult> | NonNullableUpdater<TPrevious, TResult>,\n  previous: TPrevious,\n): TResult {\n  if (isFunction(updater)) {\n    return updater(previous)\n  }\n\n  return updater\n}\n\nconst hasOwn = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty\n\n/**\n * This function returns `prev` if `_next` is deeply equal.\n * If not, it will replace any deeply equal children of `b` with those of `a`.\n * This can be used for structural sharing between immutable JSON values for example.\n * Do not use this with signals\n */\nexport function replaceEqualDeep<T>(prev: any, _next: T): T {\n  if (prev === _next) {\n    return prev\n  }\n\n  const next = _next as any\n\n  const array = isPlainArray(prev) && isPlainArray(next)\n\n  if (!array && !(isPlainObject(prev) && isPlainObject(next))) return next\n\n  const prevItems = array ? prev : getEnumerableOwnKeys(prev)\n  if (!prevItems) return next\n  const nextItems = array ? next : getEnumerableOwnKeys(next)\n  if (!nextItems) return next\n  const prevSize = prevItems.length\n  const nextSize = nextItems.length\n  const copy: any = array ? new Array(nextSize) : {}\n\n  let equalItems = 0\n\n  for (let i = 0; i < nextSize; i++) {\n    const key = array ? i : (nextItems[i] as any)\n    const p = prev[key]\n    const n = next[key]\n\n    if (p === n) {\n      copy[key] = p\n      if (array ? i < prevSize : hasOwn.call(prev, key)) equalItems++\n      continue\n    }\n\n    if (\n      p === null ||\n      n === null ||\n      typeof p !== 'object' ||\n      typeof n !== 'object'\n    ) {\n      copy[key] = n\n      continue\n    }\n\n    const v = replaceEqualDeep(p, n)\n    copy[key] = v\n    if (v === p) equalItems++\n  }\n\n  return prevSize === nextSize && equalItems === prevSize ? prev : copy\n}\n\n/**\n * Equivalent to `Reflect.ownKeys`, but ensures that objects are \"clone-friendly\":\n * will return false if object has any non-enumerable properties.\n */\nfunction getEnumerableOwnKeys(o: object) {\n  const keys = []\n  const names = Object.getOwnPropertyNames(o)\n  for (const name of names) {\n    if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(o, name)) return false\n    keys.push(name)\n  }\n  const symbols = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(o)\n  for (const symbol of symbols) {\n    if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(o, symbol)) return false\n    keys.push(symbol)\n  }\n  return keys\n}\n\n// Copied from: https://github.com/jonschlinkert/is-plain-object\nexport function isPlainObject(o: any) {\n  if (!hasObjectPrototype(o)) {\n    return false\n  }\n\n  // If has modified constructor\n  const ctor = o.constructor\n  if (typeof ctor === 'undefined') {\n    return true\n  }\n\n  // If has modified prototype\n  const prot = ctor.prototype\n  if (!hasObjectPrototype(prot)) {\n    return false\n  }\n\n  // If constructor does not have an Object-specific method\n  if (!prot.hasOwnProperty('isPrototypeOf')) {\n    return false\n  }\n\n  // Most likely a plain Object\n  return true\n}\n\nfunction hasObjectPrototype(o: any) {\n  return Object.prototype.toString.call(o) === '[object Object]'\n}\n\n/**\n * Check if a value is a \"plain\" array (no extra enumerable keys).\n */\nexport function isPlainArray(value: unknown): value is Array<unknown> {\n  return Array.isArray(value) && value.length === Object.keys(value).length\n}\n\n/**\n * Perform a deep equality check with options for partial comparison and\n * ignoring `undefined` values. Optimized for router state comparisons.\n */\nexport function deepEqual(\n  a: any,\n  b: any,\n  opts?: { partial?: boolean; ignoreUndefined?: boolean },\n): boolean {\n  if (a === b) {\n    return true\n  }\n\n  if (typeof a !== typeof b) {\n    return false\n  }\n\n  if (Array.isArray(a) && Array.isArray(b)) {\n    if (a.length !== b.length) return false\n    for (let i = 0, l = a.length; i < l; i++) {\n      if (!deepEqual(a[i], b[i], opts)) return false\n    }\n    return true\n  }\n\n  if (isPlainObject(a) && isPlainObject(b)) {\n    const ignoreUndefined = opts?.ignoreUndefined ?? true\n\n    if (opts?.partial) {\n      for (const k in b) {\n        if (!ignoreUndefined || b[k] !== undefined) {\n          if (!deepEqual(a[k], b[k], opts)) return false\n        }\n      }\n      return true\n    }\n\n    let aCount = 0\n    if (!ignoreUndefined) {\n      aCount = Object.keys(a).length\n    } else {\n      for (const k in a) {\n        if (a[k] !== undefined) aCount++\n      }\n    }\n\n    let bCount = 0\n    for (const k in b) {\n      if (!ignoreUndefined || b[k] !== undefined) {\n        bCount++\n        if (bCount > aCount || !deepEqual(a[k], b[k], opts)) return false\n      }\n    }\n\n    return aCount === bCount\n  }\n\n  return false\n}\n\nexport type StringLiteral<T> = T extends string\n  ? string extends T\n    ? string\n    : T\n  : never\n\nexport type ThrowOrOptional<T, TThrow extends boolean> = TThrow extends true\n  ? T\n  : T | undefined\n\nexport type StrictOrFrom<\n  TRouter extends AnyRouter,\n  TFrom,\n  TStrict extends boolean = true,\n> = TStrict extends false\n  ? {\n      from?: never\n      strict: TStrict\n    }\n  : {\n      from: ConstrainLiteral<TFrom, RouteIds<TRouter['routeTree']>>\n      strict?: TStrict\n    }\n\nexport type ThrowConstraint<\n  TStrict extends boolean,\n  TThrow extends boolean,\n> = TStrict extends false ? (TThrow extends true ? never : TThrow) : TThrow\n\nexport type ControlledPromise<T> = Promise<T> & {\n  resolve: (value: T) => void\n  reject: (value: any) => void\n  status: 'pending' | 'resolved' | 'rejected'\n  value?: T\n}\n\n/**\n * Create a promise with exposed resolve/reject and status fields.\n * Useful for coordinating async router lifecycle operations.\n */\nexport function createControlledPromise<T>(onResolve?: (value: T) => void) {\n  let resolveLoadPromise!: (value: T) => void\n  let rejectLoadPromise!: (value: any) => void\n\n  const controlledPromise = new Promise<T>((resolve, reject) => {\n    resolveLoadPromise = resolve\n    rejectLoadPromise = reject\n  }) as ControlledPromise<T>\n\n  controlledPromise.status = 'pending'\n\n  controlledPromise.resolve = (value: T) => {\n    controlledPromise.status = 'resolved'\n    controlledPromise.value = value\n    resolveLoadPromise(value)\n    onResolve?.(value)\n  }\n\n  controlledPromise.reject = (e) => {\n    controlledPromise.status = 'rejected'\n    rejectLoadPromise(e)\n  }\n\n  return controlledPromise\n}\n\n/**\n * Heuristically detect dynamic import \"module not found\" errors\n * across major browsers for lazy route component handling.\n */\nexport function isModuleNotFoundError(error: any): boolean {\n  // chrome: \"Failed to fetch dynamically imported module: http://localhost:5173/src/routes/posts.index.tsx?tsr-split\"\n  // firefox: \"error loading dynamically imported module: http://localhost:5173/src/routes/posts.index.tsx?tsr-split\"\n  // safari: \"Importing a module script failed.\"\n  if (typeof error?.message !== 'string') return false\n  return (\n    error.message.startsWith('Failed to fetch dynamically imported module') ||\n    error.message.startsWith('error loading dynamically imported module') ||\n    error.message.startsWith('Importing a module script failed')\n  )\n}\n\nexport function isPromise<T>(\n  value: Promise<Awaited<T>> | T,\n): value is Promise<Awaited<T>> {\n  return Boolean(\n    value &&\n      typeof value === 'object' &&\n      typeof (value as Promise<T>).then === 'function',\n  )\n}\n\nexport function findLast<T>(\n  array: ReadonlyArray<T>,\n  predicate: (item: T) => boolean,\n): T | undefined {\n  for (let i = array.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {\n    const item = array[i]!\n    if (predicate(item)) return item\n  }\n  return undefined\n}\n\n/**\n * Remove control characters that can cause open redirect vulnerabilities.\n * Characters like \\r (CR) and \\n (LF) can trick URL parsers into interpreting\n * paths like \"/\\r/evil.com\" as \"http://evil.com\".\n */\nfunction sanitizePathSegment(segment: string): string {\n  // Remove ASCII control characters (0x00-0x1F) and DEL (0x7F)\n  // These include CR (\\r = 0x0D), LF (\\n = 0x0A), and other potentially dangerous characters\n  // eslint-disable-next-line no-control-regex\n  return segment.replace(/[\\x00-\\x1f\\x7f]/g, '')\n}\n\nfunction decodeSegment(segment: string): string {\n  let decoded: string\n  try {\n    decoded = decodeURI(segment)\n  } catch {\n    // if the decoding fails, try to decode the various parts leaving the malformed tags in place\n    decoded = segment.replaceAll(/%[0-9A-F]{2}/gi, (match) => {\n      try {\n        return decodeURI(match)\n      } catch {\n        return match\n      }\n    })\n  }\n  return sanitizePathSegment(decoded)\n}\n\n/**\n * List of URL protocols that are safe for navigation.\n * Only these protocols are allowed in redirects and navigation.\n */\nexport const SAFE_URL_PROTOCOLS = ['http:', 'https:', 'mailto:', 'tel:']\n\n/**\n * Check if a URL string uses a protocol that is not in the safe list.\n * Returns true for dangerous protocols like javascript:, data:, vbscript:, etc.\n *\n * The URL constructor correctly normalizes:\n * - Mixed case (JavaScript: → javascript:)\n * - Whitespace/control characters (java\\nscript: → javascript:)\n * - Leading whitespace\n *\n * For relative URLs (no protocol), returns false (safe).\n *\n * @param url - The URL string to check\n * @returns true if the URL uses a dangerous (non-whitelisted) protocol\n */\nexport function isDangerousProtocol(url: string): boolean {\n  if (!url) return false\n\n  try {\n    // Use the URL constructor - it correctly normalizes protocols\n    // per WHATWG URL spec, handling all bypass attempts automatically\n    const parsed = new URL(url)\n    return !SAFE_URL_PROTOCOLS.includes(parsed.protocol)\n  } catch {\n    // URL constructor throws for relative URLs (no protocol)\n    // These are safe - they can't execute scripts\n    return false\n  }\n}\n\n// This utility is based on https://github.com/zertosh/htmlescape\n// License: https://github.com/zertosh/htmlescape/blob/0527ca7156a524d256101bb310a9f970f63078ad/LICENSE\nconst HTML_ESCAPE_LOOKUP: { [match: string]: string } = {\n  '&': '\\\\u0026',\n  '>': '\\\\u003e',\n  '<': '\\\\u003c',\n  '\\u2028': '\\\\u2028',\n  '\\u2029': '\\\\u2029',\n}\n\nconst HTML_ESCAPE_REGEX = /[&><\\u2028\\u2029]/g\n\n/**\n * Escape HTML special characters in a string to prevent XSS attacks\n * when embedding strings in script tags during SSR.\n *\n * This is essential for preventing XSS vulnerabilities when user-controlled\n * content is embedded in inline scripts.\n */\nexport function escapeHtml(str: string): string {\n  return str.replace(HTML_ESCAPE_REGEX, (match) => HTML_ESCAPE_LOOKUP[match]!)\n}\n\nexport function decodePath(path: string, decodeIgnore?: Array<string>): string {\n  if (!path) return path\n  const re = decodeIgnore\n    ? new RegExp(`${decodeIgnore.join('|')}`, 'gi')\n    : /%25|%5C/gi\n  let cursor = 0\n  let result = ''\n  let match\n  while (null !== (match = re.exec(path))) {\n    result += decodeSegment(path.slice(cursor, match.index)) + match[0]\n    cursor = re.lastIndex\n  }\n  result = result + decodeSegment(cursor ? path.slice(cursor) : path)\n\n  // Prevent open redirect via protocol-relative URLs (e.g. \"//evil.com\")\n  // After sanitizing control characters, paths like \"/\\r/evil.com\" become \"//evil.com\"\n  // Collapse leading double slashes to a single slash\n  if (result.startsWith('//')) {\n    result = '/' + result.replace(/^\\/+/, '')\n  }\n\n  return result\n}\n\n/**\n * Builds the dev-mode CSS styles URL for route-scoped CSS collection.\n * Used by HeadContent components in all framework implementations to construct\n * the URL for the `/@tanstack-start/styles.css` endpoint.\n *\n * @param basepath - The router's basepath (may or may not have leading slash)\n * @param routeIds - Array of matched route IDs to include in the CSS collection\n * @returns The full URL path for the dev styles CSS endpoint\n */\nexport function buildDevStylesUrl(\n  basepath: string,\n  routeIds: Array<string>,\n): string {\n  // Trim all leading and trailing slashes from basepath\n  const trimmedBasepath = basepath.replace(/^\\/+|\\/+$/g, '')\n  // Build normalized basepath: empty string for root, or '/path' for non-root\n  const normalizedBasepath = trimmedBasepath === '' ? '' : `/${trimmedBasepath}`\n  return 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package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@tanstack/router-core",
-  "version": "1.146.1",
+  "version": "1.147.1",
   "description": "Modern and scalable routing for React applications",
   "author": "Tanner Linsley",
   "license": "MIT",

package/src/index.ts

@@ -273,6 +273,9 @@ export {
   createControlledPromise,
   isModuleNotFoundError,
   decodePath,
+  escapeHtml,
+  isDangerousProtocol,
+  buildDevStylesUrl,
 } from './utils'
 export type {
   NoInfer,

package/src/redirect.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import { SAFE_URL_PROTOCOLS, isDangerousProtocol } from './utils'
 import type { NavigateOptions } from './link'
 import type { AnyRouter, RegisteredRouter } from './router'
 
@@ -82,6 +83,13 @@ export function redirect<
 ): Redirect<TRouter, TFrom, TTo, TMaskFrom, TMaskTo> {
   opts.statusCode = opts.statusCode || opts.code || 307
 
+  // Block dangerous protocols in redirect href
+  if (typeof opts.href === 'string' && isDangerousProtocol(opts.href)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Redirect blocked: unsafe protocol in href "${opts.href}". Only ${SAFE_URL_PROTOCOLS.join(', ')} protocols are allowed.`,
+    )
+  }
+
   if (!opts.reloadDocument && typeof opts.href === 'string') {
     try {
       new URL(opts.href)

package/src/router.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import {
   deepEqual,
   findLast,
   functionalUpdate,
+  isDangerousProtocol,
   last,
   replaceEqualDeep,
 } from './utils'
@@ -2061,6 +2062,17 @@ export class RouterCore<
       // otherwise use href directly (which may already include basepath)
       const reloadHref = !hrefIsUrl && publicHref ? publicHref : href
 
+      // Block dangerous protocols like javascript:, data:, vbscript:
+      // These could execute arbitrary code if passed to window.location
+      if (isDangerousProtocol(reloadHref)) {
+        if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
+          console.warn(
+            `Blocked navigation to dangerous protocol: ${reloadHref}`,
+          )
+        }
+        return Promise.resolve()
+      }
+
       // Check blockers for external URLs unless ignoreBlocker is true
       if (!rest.ignoreBlocker) {
         // Cast to access internal getBlockers method
@@ -2449,15 +2461,30 @@ export class RouterCore<
   }
 
   resolveRedirect = (redirect: AnyRedirect): AnyRedirect => {
+    const locationHeader = redirect.headers.get('Location')
+
     if (!redirect.options.href) {
       const location = this.buildLocation(redirect.options)
       const href = this.getParsedLocationHref(location)
-      redirect.options.href = location.href
+      redirect.options.href = href
       redirect.headers.set('Location', href)
+    } else if (locationHeader) {
+      try {
+        const url = new URL(locationHeader)
+        if (this.origin && url.origin === this.origin) {
+          const href = url.pathname + url.search + url.hash
+          redirect.options.href = href
+          redirect.headers.set('Location', href)
+        }
+      } catch {
+        // ignore invalid URLs
+      }
     }
+
     if (!redirect.headers.get('Location')) {
       redirect.headers.set('Location', redirect.options.href)
     }
+
     return redirect
   }
 

package/src/ssr/ssr-server.ts

@@ -328,14 +328,21 @@ export function attachRouterServerSsrUtils({
   }
 }
 
+/**
+ * Get the origin for the request.
+ *
+ * SECURITY: We intentionally do NOT trust the Origin header for determining
+ * the router's origin. The Origin header can be spoofed by attackers, which
+ * could lead to SSRF-like vulnerabilities where redirects are constructed
+ * using a malicious origin (CVE-2024-34351).
+ *
+ * Instead, we derive the origin from request.url, which is typically set by
+ * the server infrastructure (not client-controlled headers).
+ *
+ * For applications behind proxies that need to trust forwarded headers,
+ * use the router's `origin` option to explicitly configure a trusted origin.
+ */
 export function getOrigin(request: Request) {
-  const originHeader = request.headers.get('Origin')
-  if (originHeader) {
-    try {
-      new URL(originHeader)
-      return originHeader
-    } catch {}
-  }
   try {
     return new URL(request.url).origin
   } catch {}

package/src/utils.ts

@@ -518,6 +518,64 @@ function decodeSegment(segment: string): string {
   return sanitizePathSegment(decoded)
 }
 
+/**
+ * List of URL protocols that are safe for navigation.
+ * Only these protocols are allowed in redirects and navigation.
+ */
+export const SAFE_URL_PROTOCOLS = ['http:', 'https:', 'mailto:', 'tel:']
+
+/**
+ * Check if a URL string uses a protocol that is not in the safe list.
+ * Returns true for dangerous protocols like javascript:, data:, vbscript:, etc.
+ *
+ * The URL constructor correctly normalizes:
+ * - Mixed case (JavaScript: → javascript:)
+ * - Whitespace/control characters (java\nscript: → javascript:)
+ * - Leading whitespace
+ *
+ * For relative URLs (no protocol), returns false (safe).
+ *
+ * @param url - The URL string to check
+ * @returns true if the URL uses a dangerous (non-whitelisted) protocol
+ */
+export function isDangerousProtocol(url: string): boolean {
+  if (!url) return false
+
+  try {
+    // Use the URL constructor - it correctly normalizes protocols
+    // per WHATWG URL spec, handling all bypass attempts automatically
+    const parsed = new URL(url)
+    return !SAFE_URL_PROTOCOLS.includes(parsed.protocol)
+  } catch {
+    // URL constructor throws for relative URLs (no protocol)
+    // These are safe - they can't execute scripts
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+// This utility is based on https://github.com/zertosh/htmlescape
+// License: https://github.com/zertosh/htmlescape/blob/0527ca7156a524d256101bb310a9f970f63078ad/LICENSE
+const HTML_ESCAPE_LOOKUP: { [match: string]: string } = {
+  '&': '\\u0026',
+  '>': '\\u003e',
+  '<': '\\u003c',
+  '\u2028': '\\u2028',
+  '\u2029': '\\u2029',
+}
+
+const HTML_ESCAPE_REGEX = /[&><\u2028\u2029]/g
+
+/**
+ * Escape HTML special characters in a string to prevent XSS attacks
+ * when embedding strings in script tags during SSR.
+ *
+ * This is essential for preventing XSS vulnerabilities when user-controlled
+ * content is embedded in inline scripts.
+ */
+export function escapeHtml(str: string): string {
+  return str.replace(HTML_ESCAPE_REGEX, (match) => HTML_ESCAPE_LOOKUP[match]!)
+}
+
 export function decodePath(path: string, decodeIgnore?: Array<string>): string {
   if (!path) return path
   const re = decodeIgnore
@@ -541,3 +599,23 @@ export function decodePath(path: string, decodeIgnore?: Array<string>): string {
 
   return result
 }
+
+/**
+ * Builds the dev-mode CSS styles URL for route-scoped CSS collection.
+ * Used by HeadContent components in all framework implementations to construct
+ * the URL for the `/@tanstack-start/styles.css` endpoint.
+ *
+ * @param basepath - The router's basepath (may or may not have leading slash)
+ * @param routeIds - Array of matched route IDs to include in the CSS collection
+ * @returns The full URL path for the dev styles CSS endpoint
+ */
+export function buildDevStylesUrl(
+  basepath: string,
+  routeIds: Array<string>,
+): string {
+  // Trim all leading and trailing slashes from basepath
+  const trimmedBasepath = basepath.replace(/^\/+|\/+$/g, '')
+  // Build normalized basepath: empty string for root, or '/path' for non-root
+  const normalizedBasepath = trimmedBasepath === '' ? '' : `/${trimmedBasepath}`
+  return `${normalizedBasepath}/@tanstack-start/styles.css?routes=${encodeURIComponent(routeIds.join(','))}`
+}