@tanstack/ai 0.4.2 → 0.5.0

package/dist/esm/activities/chat/tools/tool-calls.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"tool-calls.js","sources":["../../../../../src/activities/chat/tools/tool-calls.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import { isStandardSchema, parseWithStandardSchema } from './schema-converter'\nimport type {\n  ModelMessage,\n  RunFinishedEvent,\n  Tool,\n  ToolCall,\n  ToolCallArgsEvent,\n  ToolCallEndEvent,\n  ToolCallStartEvent,\n} from '../../../types'\n\n/**\n * Manages tool call accumulation and execution for the chat() method's automatic tool execution loop.\n *\n * Responsibilities:\n * - Accumulates streaming tool call events (ID, name, arguments)\n * - Validates tool calls (filters out incomplete ones)\n * - Executes tool `execute` functions with parsed arguments\n * - Emits `TOOL_CALL_END` events for client visibility\n * - Returns tool result messages for conversation history\n *\n * This class is used internally by the AI.chat() method to handle the automatic\n * tool execution loop. It can also be used independently for custom tool execution logic.\n *\n * @example\n * ```typescript\n * const manager = new ToolCallManager(tools);\n *\n * // During streaming, accumulate tool calls\n * for await (const chunk of stream) {\n *   if (chunk.type === 'TOOL_CALL_START') {\n *     manager.addToolCallStartEvent(chunk);\n *   } else if (chunk.type === 'TOOL_CALL_ARGS') {\n *     manager.addToolCallArgsEvent(chunk);\n *   }\n * }\n *\n * // After stream completes, execute tools\n * if (manager.hasToolCalls()) {\n *   const toolResults = yield* manager.executeTools(finishEvent);\n *   messages = [...messages, ...toolResults];\n *   manager.clear();\n * }\n * ```\n */\nexport class ToolCallManager {\n  private toolCallsMap = new Map<number, ToolCall>()\n  private tools: ReadonlyArray<Tool>\n\n  constructor(tools: ReadonlyArray<Tool>) {\n    this.tools = tools\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a TOOL_CALL_START event to begin tracking a tool call (AG-UI)\n   */\n  addToolCallStartEvent(event: ToolCallStartEvent): void {\n    const index = event.index ?? this.toolCallsMap.size\n    this.toolCallsMap.set(index, {\n      id: event.toolCallId,\n      type: 'function',\n      function: {\n        name: event.toolName,\n        arguments: '',\n      },\n    })\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a TOOL_CALL_ARGS event to accumulate arguments (AG-UI)\n   */\n  addToolCallArgsEvent(event: ToolCallArgsEvent): void {\n    // Find the tool call by ID\n    for (const [, toolCall] of this.toolCallsMap.entries()) {\n      if (toolCall.id === event.toolCallId) {\n        toolCall.function.arguments += event.delta\n        break\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Complete a tool call with its final input\n   * Called when TOOL_CALL_END is received\n   */\n  completeToolCall(event: ToolCallEndEvent): void {\n    for (const [, toolCall] of this.toolCallsMap.entries()) {\n      if (toolCall.id === event.toolCallId) {\n        if (event.input !== undefined) {\n          toolCall.function.arguments = JSON.stringify(event.input)\n        }\n        break\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if there are any complete tool calls to execute\n   */\n  hasToolCalls(): boolean {\n    return this.getToolCalls().length > 0\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get all complete tool calls (filtered for valid ID and name)\n   */\n  getToolCalls(): Array<ToolCall> {\n    return Array.from(this.toolCallsMap.values()).filter(\n      (tc) => tc.id && tc.function.name && tc.function.name.trim().length > 0,\n    )\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Execute all tool calls and return tool result messages\n   * Yields TOOL_CALL_END events for streaming\n   * @param finishEvent - RUN_FINISHED event from the stream\n   */\n  async *executeTools(\n    finishEvent: RunFinishedEvent,\n  ): AsyncGenerator<ToolCallEndEvent, Array<ModelMessage>, void> {\n    const toolCallsArray = this.getToolCalls()\n    const toolResults: Array<ModelMessage> = []\n\n    for (const toolCall of toolCallsArray) {\n      const tool = this.tools.find((t) => t.name === toolCall.function.name)\n\n      let toolResultContent: string\n      if (tool?.execute) {\n        try {\n          // Parse arguments (normalize \"null\" to \"{}\" for empty tool_use blocks)\n          let args: unknown\n          try {\n            const argsString = toolCall.function.arguments.trim() || '{}'\n            args = JSON.parse(argsString === 'null' ? '{}' : argsString)\n          } catch (parseError) {\n            throw new Error(\n              `Failed to parse tool arguments as JSON: ${toolCall.function.arguments}`,\n            )\n          }\n\n          // Validate input against inputSchema (for Standard Schema compliant schemas)\n          if (tool.inputSchema && isStandardSchema(tool.inputSchema)) {\n            try {\n              args = parseWithStandardSchema(tool.inputSchema, args)\n            } catch (validationError: unknown) {\n              const message =\n                validationError instanceof Error\n                  ? validationError.message\n                  : 'Validation failed'\n              throw new Error(\n                `Input validation failed for tool ${tool.name}: ${message}`,\n              )\n            }\n          }\n\n          // Execute the tool\n          let result = await tool.execute(args)\n\n          // Validate output against outputSchema if provided (for Standard Schema compliant schemas)\n          if (\n            tool.outputSchema &&\n            isStandardSchema(tool.outputSchema) &&\n            result !== undefined &&\n            result !== null\n          ) {\n            try {\n              result = parseWithStandardSchema(tool.outputSchema, result)\n            } catch (validationError: unknown) {\n              const message =\n                validationError instanceof Error\n                  ? validationError.message\n                  : 'Validation failed'\n              throw new Error(\n                `Output validation failed for tool ${tool.name}: ${message}`,\n              )\n            }\n          }\n\n          toolResultContent =\n            typeof result === 'string' ? result : JSON.stringify(result)\n        } catch (error: unknown) {\n          // If tool execution fails, add error message\n          const message =\n            error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'\n          toolResultContent = `Error executing tool: ${message}`\n        }\n      } else {\n        // Tool doesn't have execute function, add placeholder\n        toolResultContent = `Tool ${toolCall.function.name} does not have an execute function`\n      }\n\n      // Emit TOOL_CALL_END event\n      yield {\n        type: 'TOOL_CALL_END',\n        toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n        toolName: toolCall.function.name,\n        model: finishEvent.model,\n        timestamp: Date.now(),\n        result: toolResultContent,\n      }\n\n      // Add tool result message\n      toolResults.push({\n        role: 'tool',\n        content: toolResultContent,\n        toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n      })\n    }\n\n    return toolResults\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Clear the tool calls map for the next iteration\n   */\n  clear(): void {\n    this.toolCallsMap.clear()\n  }\n}\n\nexport interface ToolResult {\n  toolCallId: string\n  toolName: string\n  result: any\n  state?: 'output-available' | 'output-error'\n  /** Duration of tool execution in milliseconds (only for server-executed tools) */\n  duration?: number\n}\n\nexport interface ApprovalRequest {\n  toolCallId: string\n  toolName: string\n  input: any\n  approvalId: string\n}\n\nexport interface ClientToolRequest {\n  toolCallId: string\n  toolName: string\n  input: any\n}\n\ninterface ExecuteToolCallsResult {\n  /** Tool results ready to send to LLM */\n  results: Array<ToolResult>\n  /** Tools that need user approval before execution */\n  needsApproval: Array<ApprovalRequest>\n  /** Tools that need client-side execution */\n  needsClientExecution: Array<ClientToolRequest>\n}\n\n/**\n * Execute tool calls based on their configuration\n *\n * Handles three cases:\n * 1. Client tools (no execute) - request client to execute\n * 2. Server tools with approval - check approval before executing\n * 3. Normal server tools - execute immediately\n *\n * @param toolCalls - Tool calls from the LLM\n * @param tools - Available tools with their configurations\n * @param approvals - Map of approval decisions (approval.id -> approved boolean)\n * @param clientResults - Map of client-side execution results (toolCallId -> result)\n */\nexport async function executeToolCalls(\n  toolCalls: Array<ToolCall>,\n  tools: ReadonlyArray<Tool>,\n  approvals: Map<string, boolean> = new Map(),\n  clientResults: Map<string, any> = new Map(),\n): Promise<ExecuteToolCallsResult> {\n  const results: Array<ToolResult> = []\n  const needsApproval: Array<ApprovalRequest> = []\n  const needsClientExecution: Array<ClientToolRequest> = []\n\n  // Create tool lookup map\n  const toolMap = new Map<string, Tool>()\n  for (const tool of tools) {\n    toolMap.set(tool.name, tool)\n  }\n\n  for (const toolCall of toolCalls) {\n    const tool = toolMap.get(toolCall.function.name)\n    const toolName = toolCall.function.name\n\n    if (!tool) {\n      // Unknown tool - return error\n      results.push({\n        toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n        toolName,\n        result: { error: `Unknown tool: ${toolName}` },\n        state: 'output-error',\n      })\n      continue\n    }\n\n    // Parse arguments, throwing error if invalid JSON\n    let input: unknown = {}\n    let argsStr = toolCall.function.arguments.trim() || '{}'\n    // Normalize \"null\" to \"{}\" — can occur when the model streams a tool_use\n    // block with no input_json_delta events (Anthropic adapter edge case)\n    if (argsStr === 'null') argsStr = '{}'\n    if (argsStr) {\n      try {\n        input = JSON.parse(argsStr)\n      } catch (parseError) {\n        // If parsing fails, throw error to fail fast\n        throw new Error(`Failed to parse tool arguments as JSON: ${argsStr}`)\n      }\n    }\n\n    // Validate input against inputSchema (for Standard Schema compliant schemas)\n    if (tool.inputSchema && isStandardSchema(tool.inputSchema)) {\n      try {\n        input = parseWithStandardSchema(tool.inputSchema, input)\n      } catch (validationError: unknown) {\n        const message =\n          validationError instanceof Error\n            ? 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JSON.parse(result)\n                  : result || null,\n              duration,\n            })\n          } catch (error: unknown) {\n            const duration = Date.now() - startTime\n            const message =\n              error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'\n            results.push({\n              toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n              toolName,\n              result: { error: message },\n              state: 'output-error',\n              duration,\n            })\n          }\n        } else {\n          // User declined\n          results.push({\n            toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n            toolName,\n            result: { error: 'User declined tool execution' },\n            state: 'output-error',\n          })\n        }\n      } else {\n        // Need approval\n        needsApproval.push({\n          toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n          toolName,\n          input,\n          approvalId,\n        })\n      }\n      continue\n    }\n\n    // CASE 3: Normal server tool - execute immediately\n    const startTime = Date.now()\n    try {\n      let result = await tool.execute(input)\n      const duration = Date.now() - startTime\n\n      // Validate output against outputSchema if provided (for Standard Schema compliant schemas)\n      if (\n        tool.outputSchema &&\n        isStandardSchema(tool.outputSchema) &&\n        result !== undefined &&\n        result !== null\n      ) {\n        result = parseWithStandardSchema(tool.outputSchema, result)\n      }\n\n      results.push({\n        toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n        toolName,\n        result:\n          typeof result === 'string' ? 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It can also be used independently for custom tool execution logic.\n *\n * @example\n * ```typescript\n * const manager = new ToolCallManager(tools);\n *\n * // During streaming, accumulate tool calls\n * for await (const chunk of stream) {\n *   if (chunk.type === 'TOOL_CALL_START') {\n *     manager.addToolCallStartEvent(chunk);\n *   } else if (chunk.type === 'TOOL_CALL_ARGS') {\n *     manager.addToolCallArgsEvent(chunk);\n *   }\n * }\n *\n * // After stream completes, execute tools\n * if (manager.hasToolCalls()) {\n *   const toolResults = yield* manager.executeTools(finishEvent);\n *   messages = [...messages, ...toolResults];\n *   manager.clear();\n * }\n * ```\n */\nexport class ToolCallManager {\n  private toolCallsMap = new Map<number, ToolCall>()\n  private tools: ReadonlyArray<Tool>\n\n  constructor(tools: ReadonlyArray<Tool>) {\n    this.tools = tools\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a TOOL_CALL_START event to begin tracking a tool call (AG-UI)\n   */\n  addToolCallStartEvent(event: ToolCallStartEvent): void {\n    const index = event.index ?? this.toolCallsMap.size\n    this.toolCallsMap.set(index, {\n      id: event.toolCallId,\n      type: 'function',\n      function: {\n        name: event.toolName,\n        arguments: '',\n      },\n    })\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Add a TOOL_CALL_ARGS event to accumulate arguments (AG-UI)\n   */\n  addToolCallArgsEvent(event: ToolCallArgsEvent): void {\n    // Find the tool call by ID\n    for (const [, toolCall] of this.toolCallsMap.entries()) {\n      if (toolCall.id === event.toolCallId) {\n        toolCall.function.arguments += event.delta\n        break\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Complete a tool call with its final input\n   * Called when TOOL_CALL_END is received\n   */\n  completeToolCall(event: ToolCallEndEvent): void {\n    for (const [, toolCall] of this.toolCallsMap.entries()) {\n      if (toolCall.id === event.toolCallId) {\n        if (event.input !== undefined) {\n          toolCall.function.arguments = JSON.stringify(event.input)\n        }\n        break\n      }\n    }\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Check if there are any complete tool calls to execute\n   */\n  hasToolCalls(): boolean {\n    return this.getToolCalls().length > 0\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Get all complete tool calls (filtered for valid ID and name)\n   */\n  getToolCalls(): Array<ToolCall> {\n    return Array.from(this.toolCallsMap.values()).filter(\n      (tc) => tc.id && tc.function.name && tc.function.name.trim().length > 0,\n    )\n  }\n\n  /**\n   * Execute all tool calls and return tool result messages\n   * Yields TOOL_CALL_END events for streaming\n   * @param finishEvent - RUN_FINISHED event from the stream\n   */\n  async *executeTools(\n    finishEvent: RunFinishedEvent,\n  ): AsyncGenerator<ToolCallEndEvent, Array<ModelMessage>, void> {\n    const toolCallsArray = this.getToolCalls()\n    const toolResults: Array<ModelMessage> = []\n\n    for (const toolCall of toolCallsArray) {\n      const tool = this.tools.find((t) => t.name === toolCall.function.name)\n\n      let toolResultContent: string\n      if (tool?.execute) {\n        try {\n          // Parse arguments (normalize \"null\" to \"{}\" for empty tool_use blocks)\n          let args: unknown\n          try {\n            const argsString = toolCall.function.arguments.trim() || '{}'\n            args = JSON.parse(argsString === 'null' ? 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JSON.parse(result)\n                  : result || null,\n              duration,\n            })\n          } catch (error: unknown) {\n            const duration = Date.now() - startTime\n            const message =\n              error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'\n            results.push({\n              toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n              toolName,\n              result: { error: message },\n              state: 'output-error',\n              duration,\n            })\n          }\n        } else {\n          // User declined\n          results.push({\n            toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n            toolName,\n            result: { error: 'User declined tool execution' },\n            state: 'output-error',\n          })\n        }\n      } else {\n        // Need approval\n        needsApproval.push({\n          toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n          toolName,\n          input,\n          approvalId,\n        })\n      }\n      continue\n    }\n\n    // CASE 3: Normal server tool - execute immediately\n    const startTime = Date.now()\n    try {\n      let result = await tool.execute(input)\n      const duration = Date.now() - startTime\n\n      // Validate output against outputSchema if provided (for Standard Schema compliant schemas)\n      if (\n        tool.outputSchema &&\n        isStandardSchema(tool.outputSchema) &&\n        result !== undefined &&\n        result !== null\n      ) {\n        result = parseWithStandardSchema(tool.outputSchema, result)\n      }\n\n      results.push({\n        toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n        toolName,\n        result:\n          typeof result === 'string' ? JSON.parse(result) : result || null,\n        duration,\n      })\n    } catch (error: unknown) {\n      const duration = Date.now() - startTime\n      const message = error instanceof Error ? error.message : 'Unknown error'\n      results.push({\n        toolCallId: toolCall.id,\n        toolName,\n        result: { error: message },\n        state: 'output-error',\n        duration,\n      })\n    }\n  }\n\n  return { results, needsApproval, needsClientExecution 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package/dist/esm/types.d.ts

@@ -652,9 +652,9 @@ export interface TextMessageContentEvent extends BaseAGUIEvent {
     type: 'TEXT_MESSAGE_CONTENT';
     /** Message identifier */
     messageId: string;
-    /** The incremental content token (may be undefined if only content is provided) */
-    delta?: string;
-    /** Full accumulated content so far */
+    /** The incremental content token */
+    delta: string;
+    /** Full accumulated content so far (optional, for debugging) */
     content?: string;
 }
 /**
@@ -721,8 +721,8 @@ export interface StepFinishedEvent extends BaseAGUIEvent {
     /** Step identifier */
     stepId: string;
     /** Incremental thinking content */
-    delta?: string;
-    /** Full accumulated thinking content */
+    delta: string;
+    /** Full accumulated thinking content (optional, for debugging) */
     content?: string;
 }
 /**

package/package.json

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "@tanstack/ai",
-  "version": "0.4.2",
+  "version": "0.5.0",
   "description": "Core TanStack AI library - Open source AI SDK",
   "author": "Tanner Linsley",
   "license": "MIT",

package/src/activities/chat/index.ts

@@ -555,15 +555,6 @@ class TextEngine<
       })
     }
 
-    // Don't overwrite a tool_calls finishReason with a stop finishReason
-    if (
-      this.finishedEvent?.finishReason === 'tool_calls' &&
-      chunk.finishReason === 'stop'
-    ) {
-      this.lastFinishReason = chunk.finishReason
-      return
-    }
-
     this.finishedEvent = chunk
     this.lastFinishReason = chunk.finishReason
   }
@@ -800,6 +791,18 @@ class TextEngine<
         } catch {
           output = message.content
         }
+        // Skip approval response messages (they have pendingExecution marker)
+        // These are NOT real client tool results — they are synthetic tool messages
+        // created by uiMessageToModelMessages for approved-but-not-yet-executed tools.
+        // Treating them as results would prevent the server from requesting actual
+        // client-side execution after approval (see GitHub issue #225).
+        if (
+          output &&
+          typeof output === 'object' &&
+          (output as any).pendingExecution === true
+        ) {
+          continue
+        }
         clientToolResults.set(message.toolCallId, output)
       }
     }

package/src/activities/chat/messages.ts

@@ -1,27 +1,22 @@
 import type {
-  AudioPart,
   ContentPart,
-  DocumentPart,
-  ImagePart,
   MessagePart,
   ModelMessage,
   TextPart,
   ToolCallPart,
-  ToolResultPart,
   UIMessage,
-  VideoPart,
 } from '../../types'
 // ===========================
 // Message Converters
 // ===========================
 
 /**
- * Helper to check if a part is a multimodal content part (image, audio, video, document)
+ * Check if a MessagePart is a content part (text, image, audio, video, document)
+ * that maps directly to a ModelMessage ContentPart.
  */
-function isMultimodalPart(
-  part: MessagePart,
-): part is ImagePart | AudioPart | VideoPart | DocumentPart {
+function isContentPart(part: MessagePart): part is ContentPart {
   return (
+    part.type === 'text' ||
     part.type === 'image' ||
     part.type === 'audio' ||
     part.type === 'video' ||
@@ -30,19 +25,34 @@ function isMultimodalPart(
 }
 
 /**
- * Helper to extract text content from string or ContentPart array
- * For multimodal content, this extracts only the text parts
+ * Collapse an array of ContentParts into the most compact ModelMessage content:
+ * - Empty array → null
+ * - All text parts → joined string (or null if empty)
+ * - Mixed content → ContentPart array as-is
  */
-function getTextContent(content: string | null | Array<ContentPart>): string {
-  if (content === null) {
-    return ''
-  }
-  if (typeof content === 'string') {
-    return content
+function collapseContentParts(
+  parts: Array<ContentPart>,
+): string | null | Array<ContentPart> {
+  if (parts.length === 0) return null
+
+  const allText = parts.every((p) => p.type === 'text')
+  if (allText) {
+    const joined = parts.map((p) => p.content).join('')
+    return joined || null
   }
-  // Extract text from ContentPart array
+
+  return parts
+}
+
+/**
+ * Extract text content from ModelMessage content (string, null, or ContentPart array).
+ * Used when only the text portion is needed (e.g., tool result content).
+ */
+function getTextContent(content: string | null | Array<ContentPart>): string {
+  if (content === null) return ''
+  if (typeof content === 'string') return content
   return content
-    .filter((part) => part.type === 'text')
+    .filter((part): part is TextPart => part.type === 'text')
     .map((part) => part.content)
     .join('')
 }
@@ -69,157 +79,214 @@ export function convertMessagesToModelMessages(
 /**
  * Convert a UIMessage to ModelMessage(s)
  *
- * This conversion handles the parts-based structure:
- * - Text parts → content field (string or as part of ContentPart array)
- * - Multimodal parts (image, audio, video, document) → ContentPart array
- * - ToolCall parts → toolCalls array
- * - ToolResult parts → separate role="tool" messages
+ * Walks the parts array IN ORDER to preserve the interleaving of text,
+ * tool calls, and tool results. This is critical for multi-round tool
+ * flows where the model generates text, calls a tool, gets the result,
+ * then generates more text and calls another tool.
+ *
+ * The output preserves the sequential structure:
+ *   text1 → toolCall1 → toolResult1 → text2 → toolCall2 → toolResult2
+ * becomes:
+ *   assistant: {content: "text1", toolCalls: [toolCall1]}
+ *   tool: toolResult1
+ *   assistant: {content: "text2", toolCalls: [toolCall2]}
+ *   tool: toolResult2
  *
  * @param uiMessage - The UIMessage to convert
- * @returns An array of ModelMessages (may be multiple if tool results are present)
+ * @returns An array of ModelMessages preserving part ordering
  */
 export function uiMessageToModelMessages(
   uiMessage: UIMessage,
 ): Array<ModelMessage> {
-  const messageList: Array<ModelMessage> = []
-
   // Skip system messages - they're handled via systemPrompts, not ModelMessages
   if (uiMessage.role === 'system') {
-    return messageList
+    return []
   }
 
-  // Separate parts by type
-  // Note: thinking parts are UI-only and not included in ModelMessages
-  const textParts: Array<TextPart> = []
-  const multimodalParts: Array<
-    ImagePart | AudioPart | VideoPart | DocumentPart
-  > = []
-  const toolCallParts: Array<ToolCallPart> = []
-  const toolResultParts: Array<ToolResultPart> = []
+  // For non-assistant messages (user), use the simpler path since they
+  // don't have tool calls or tool results to interleave
+  if (uiMessage.role !== 'assistant') {
+    return [buildUserOrToolMessage(uiMessage)]
+  }
 
+  // For assistant messages, walk parts in order to preserve interleaving
+  return buildAssistantMessages(uiMessage)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build a single ModelMessage for user messages (simple path).
+ * Preserves ordering of text and multimodal content parts.
+ */
+function buildUserOrToolMessage(uiMessage: UIMessage): ModelMessage {
+  const contentParts: Array<ContentPart> = []
   for (const part of uiMessage.parts) {
-    if (part.type === 'text') {
-      textParts.push(part)
-    } else if (isMultimodalPart(part)) {
-      multimodalParts.push(part)
-    } else if (part.type === 'tool-call') {
-      toolCallParts.push(part)
-    } else if (part.type === 'tool-result') {
-      toolResultParts.push(part)
+    if (isContentPart(part)) {
+      contentParts.push(part)
     }
-    // thinking parts are skipped - they're UI-only
   }
 
-  // Build the content field
-  // If we have multimodal parts, use ContentPart array format
-  // Otherwise, use simple string format for backward compatibility
-  let content: string | null | Array<ContentPart>
-  if (multimodalParts.length > 0) {
-    // Build ContentPart array preserving the order of text and multimodal parts
-    const contentParts: Array<ContentPart> = []
-    for (const part of uiMessage.parts) {
-      if (part.type === 'text') {
-        contentParts.push(part)
-      } else if (isMultimodalPart(part)) {
-        contentParts.push(part)
-      }
+  return {
+    role: uiMessage.role as 'user' | 'assistant' | 'tool',
+    content: collapseContentParts(contentParts),
+  }
+}
+
+// Accumulator for building an assistant segment (content + tool calls)
+interface AssistantSegment {
+  contentParts: Array<ContentPart>
+  toolCalls: Array<{
+    id: string
+    type: 'function'
+    function: { name: string; arguments: string }
+  }>
+}
+
+function createSegment(): AssistantSegment {
+  return { contentParts: [], toolCalls: [] }
+}
+
+function isToolCallIncluded(part: ToolCallPart): boolean {
+  return (
+    part.state === 'input-complete' ||
+    part.state === 'approval-responded' ||
+    part.output !== undefined
+  )
+}
+
+/**
+ * Build ModelMessages for an assistant UIMessage, preserving the
+ * sequential interleaving of text, tool calls, and tool results.
+ *
+ * Walks parts in order. Text and tool-call parts accumulate into the
+ * current "segment". When a tool-result part is encountered, the
+ * current segment is flushed as an assistant message, then the tool
+ * result is emitted as a tool message.
+ */
+function buildAssistantMessages(uiMessage: UIMessage): Array<ModelMessage> {
+  const messageList: Array<ModelMessage> = []
+  let current = createSegment()
+
+  // Track emitted tool result IDs to avoid duplicates.
+  // A tool call can have BOTH an explicit tool-result part AND an output
+  // field on the tool-call part. We only want one per tool call ID.
+  const emittedToolResultIds = new Set<string>()
+
+  function flushSegment(): void {
+    const content = collapseContentParts(current.contentParts)
+    const hasContent = content !== null
+    const hasToolCalls = current.toolCalls.length > 0
+
+    if (hasContent || hasToolCalls) {
+      messageList.push({
+        role: 'assistant',
+        content,
+        ...(hasToolCalls && { toolCalls: current.toolCalls }),
+      })
     }
-    content = contentParts
-  } else {
-    // Simple string content for text-only messages
-    content = textParts.map((p) => p.content).join('') || null
+    current = createSegment()
   }
 
-  const toolCalls =
-    toolCallParts.length > 0
-      ? toolCallParts
-          .filter(
-            (p) =>
-              p.state === 'input-complete' ||
-              p.state === 'approval-responded' ||
-              p.output !== undefined, // Include if has output (client tool result)
-          )
-          .map((p) => ({
-            id: p.id,
+  for (const part of uiMessage.parts) {
+    switch (part.type) {
+      case 'text':
+      case 'image':
+      case 'audio':
+      case 'video':
+      case 'document':
+        current.contentParts.push(part)
+        break
+
+      case 'tool-call':
+        if (isToolCallIncluded(part)) {
+          current.toolCalls.push({
+            id: part.id,
             type: 'function' as const,
             function: {
-              name: p.name,
-              arguments: p.arguments,
+              name: part.name,
+              arguments: part.arguments,
             },
-          }))
-      : undefined
+          })
+        }
+        break
 
-  // Create the main message
-  // For multimodal content, we always create a message even if content is an empty array
-  const hasContent = Array.isArray(content) ? true : content !== null
-  if (uiMessage.role !== 'assistant' || hasContent || !toolCalls) {
-    messageList.push({
-      role: uiMessage.role,
-      content,
-      ...(toolCalls && toolCalls.length > 0 && { toolCalls }),
-    })
-  } else if (toolCalls.length > 0) {
-    // Assistant message with only tool calls
-    messageList.push({
-      role: 'assistant',
-      content,
-      toolCalls,
-    })
-  }
+      case 'tool-result':
+        // Flush the current assistant segment before emitting the tool result
+        flushSegment()
 
-  // Add tool result messages for completed tool calls
-  // This includes:
-  // 1. Explicit tool-result parts (from server tools)
-  // 2. Client tool calls with output set
-  // 3. Approval-responded tool calls (approval result)
-  for (const toolResultPart of toolResultParts) {
-    if (
-      toolResultPart.state === 'complete' ||
-      toolResultPart.state === 'error'
-    ) {
-      messageList.push({
-        role: 'tool',
-        content: toolResultPart.content,
-        toolCallId: toolResultPart.toolCallId,
-      })
+        // Emit the tool result
+        if (
+          (part.state === 'complete' || part.state === 'error') &&
+          !emittedToolResultIds.has(part.toolCallId)
+        ) {
+          messageList.push({
+            role: 'tool',
+            content: part.content,
+            toolCallId: part.toolCallId,
+          })
+          emittedToolResultIds.add(part.toolCallId)
+        }
+        break
+
+      // thinking parts are skipped - they're UI-only
+      default:
+        break
     }
   }
 
-  // Add tool result messages for client tool results (tools with output)
-  // and approval responses (so iteration tracking works correctly)
-  for (const toolCallPart of toolCallParts) {
-    // Client tool with output - add as tool result
-    if (toolCallPart.output !== undefined && !toolCallPart.approval) {
+  // Flush any remaining accumulated content
+  flushSegment()
+
+  // Emit tool results from client tool-call parts with output or approval,
+  // but only if not already covered by an explicit tool-result part above.
+  // These are appended at the end since they don't have explicit tool-result
+  // parts in the parts array to trigger inline emission.
+  for (const part of uiMessage.parts) {
+    if (part.type !== 'tool-call') continue
+
+    // Client tool with output - add as tool result (if not already emitted)
+    if (
+      part.output !== undefined &&
+      !part.approval &&
+      !emittedToolResultIds.has(part.id)
+    ) {
       messageList.push({
         role: 'tool',
-        content: JSON.stringify(toolCallPart.output),
-        toolCallId: toolCallPart.id,
+        content: JSON.stringify(part.output),
+        toolCallId: part.id,
       })
+      emittedToolResultIds.add(part.id)
     }
 
     // Approval response - add as tool result for iteration tracking
-    // For APPROVED: includes pendingExecution marker so the tool still executes
-    // For DENIED: just marks the tool as complete (no execution needed)
     if (
-      toolCallPart.state === 'approval-responded' &&
-      toolCallPart.approval?.approved !== undefined
+      part.state === 'approval-responded' &&
+      part.approval?.approved !== undefined &&
+      !emittedToolResultIds.has(part.id)
     ) {
-      const approved = toolCallPart.approval.approved
+      const approved = part.approval.approved
       messageList.push({
         role: 'tool',
         content: JSON.stringify({
           approved,
-          // Mark approved tools as pending execution - they still need to run
           ...(approved && { pendingExecution: true }),
           message: approved
             ? 'User approved this action'
             : 'User denied this action',
         }),
-        toolCallId: toolCallPart.id,
+        toolCallId: part.id,
       })
+      emittedToolResultIds.add(part.id)
     }
   }
 
+  // If no messages were produced (e.g., empty parts), emit a minimal assistant message
+  if (messageList.length === 0) {
+    messageList.push({
+      role: 'assistant',
+      content: null,
+    })
+  }
+
   return messageList
 }
 
@@ -241,13 +308,29 @@ export function modelMessageToUIMessage(
 ): UIMessage {
   const parts: Array<MessagePart> = []
 
-  // Handle content (convert multimodal content to text for UI)
-  const textContent = getTextContent(modelMessage.content)
-  if (textContent) {
+  // Handle tool results (when role is "tool") - only produce tool-result part,
+  // not a text part (the content IS the tool result, not display text)
+  if (modelMessage.role === 'tool' && modelMessage.toolCallId) {
     parts.push({
-      type: 'text',
-      content: textContent,
+      type: 'tool-result',
+      toolCallId: modelMessage.toolCallId,
+      content: getTextContent(modelMessage.content),
+      state: 'complete',
     })
+  } else if (Array.isArray(modelMessage.content)) {
+    // Multimodal content - preserve all content parts as MessageParts
+    for (const part of modelMessage.content) {
+      parts.push(part)
+    }
+  } else {
+    // String or null content
+    const textContent = getTextContent(modelMessage.content)
+    if (textContent) {
+      parts.push({
+        type: 'text',
+        content: textContent,
+      })
+    }
   }
 
   // Handle tool calls
@@ -263,16 +346,6 @@ export function modelMessageToUIMessage(
     }
   }
 
-  // Handle tool results (when role is "tool")
-  if (modelMessage.role === 'tool' && modelMessage.toolCallId) {
-    parts.push({
-      type: 'tool-result',
-      toolCallId: modelMessage.toolCallId,
-      content: getTextContent(modelMessage.content),
-      state: 'complete',
-    })
-  }
-
   return {
     id: id || generateMessageId(),
     role: modelMessage.role === 'tool' ? 'assistant' : modelMessage.role,