@tanstack/ai 0.29.0 → 0.31.0

package/dist/esm/index.d.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ export { brandProviderTool } from './tools/provider-tool.js';
 export { maxIterations, untilFinishReason, combineStrategies, } from './activities/chat/agent-loop-strategies.js';
 export { createToolRegistry, createFrozenRegistry, type ToolRegistry, } from './tool-registry.js';
 export type { ChatMiddleware, ChatMiddlewareContext, ChatMiddlewarePhase, ChatMiddlewareConfig, StructuredOutputMiddlewareConfig, ToolCallHookContext, BeforeToolCallDecision, AfterToolCallInfo, IterationInfo, ToolPhaseCompleteInfo, UsageInfo, FinishInfo, AbortInfo, ErrorInfo, } from './activities/chat/middleware/index.js';
+export { createCapability, defineChatMiddleware, createChatMiddleware, } from './activities/chat/middleware/index.js';
+export type { Capability, CapabilityHandle, CapabilityContext, CapabilityGetter, CapabilityProvider, } from './activities/chat/middleware/index.js';
 export * from './types.js';
 export { buildBaseUsage, type BaseUsageInput } from './utilities/usage.js';
 export type { SystemPrompt, NormalizedSystemPrompt } from './system-prompts.js';

package/dist/esm/index.js

@@ -27,6 +27,9 @@ import { BatchStrategy, CompositeStrategy, ImmediateStrategy, PunctuationStrateg
 import { EventType } from "@ag-ui/core";
 import { PartialJSONParser, defaultJSONParser, parsePartialJSON } from "./activities/chat/stream/json-parser.js";
 import { StreamProcessor, createReplayStream } from "./activities/chat/stream/processor.js";
+import { createCapability } from "./activities/chat/middleware/capabilities.js";
+import { createChatMiddleware } from "./activities/chat/middleware/builder.js";
+import { defineChatMiddleware } from "./activities/chat/middleware/define.js";
 export {
   BatchStrategy,
   CompositeStrategy,
@@ -49,6 +52,8 @@ export {
   convertMessagesToModelMessages,
   convertSchemaToJsonSchema,
   createAudioOptions,
+  createCapability,
+  createChatMiddleware,
   createChatOptions,
   createFrozenRegistry,
   createImageOptions,
@@ -60,6 +65,7 @@ export {
   createTranscriptionOptions,
   createVideoOptions,
   defaultJSONParser,
+  defineChatMiddleware,
   detectImageMimeType,
   extendAdapter,
   generateAudio,

package/dist/esm/index.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"index.js","sources":[],"sourcesContent":[],"names":[],"mappings":";;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"}
+{"version":3,"file":"index.js","sources":[],"sourcesContent":[],"names":[],"mappings":";;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;"}

package/dist/esm/middlewares/otel.js

@@ -59,6 +59,43 @@ function firstNumber(...candidates) {
   }
   return void 0;
 }
+function usageAttributes(usage) {
+  const attrs = {
+    "gen_ai.usage.input_tokens": usage.promptTokens,
+    "gen_ai.usage.output_tokens": usage.completionTokens
+  };
+  const optional = [
+    ["gen_ai.usage.total_tokens", usage.totalTokens],
+    ["gen_ai.usage.cost", usage.cost],
+    [
+      "gen_ai.usage.cache_read.input_tokens",
+      usage.promptTokensDetails?.cachedTokens
+    ],
+    [
+      "gen_ai.usage.cache_creation.input_tokens",
+      usage.promptTokensDetails?.cacheWriteTokens
+    ],
+    [
+      "gen_ai.usage.reasoning.output_tokens",
+      usage.completionTokensDetails?.reasoningTokens
+    ],
+    ["tanstack.ai.usage.duration_seconds", usage.durationSeconds],
+    ["tanstack.ai.usage.upstream_cost", usage.costDetails?.upstreamCost],
+    [
+      "tanstack.ai.usage.upstream_input_cost",
+      usage.costDetails?.upstreamInputCost
+    ],
+    [
+      "tanstack.ai.usage.upstream_output_cost",
+      usage.costDetails?.upstreamOutputCost
+    ]
+  ];
+  for (const [key, value] of optional) {
+    const num = firstNumber(value);
+    if (num !== void 0) attrs[key] = num;
+  }
+  return attrs;
+}
 function errorMessage(err) {
   if (err instanceof Error) return err.message;
   if (typeof err === "string") return err;
@@ -320,10 +357,7 @@ function otelMiddleware(options) {
         }
         if (chunk.model) span.setAttribute("gen_ai.response.model", chunk.model);
         if (chunk.usage) {
-          span.setAttributes({
-            "gen_ai.usage.input_tokens": chunk.usage.promptTokens,
-            "gen_ai.usage.output_tokens": chunk.usage.completionTokens
-          });
+          span.setAttributes(usageAttributes(chunk.usage));
         }
         if (captureContent && state.assistantTextBuffer.length > 0) {
           const completion = redactContent(state.assistantTextBuffer);
@@ -361,10 +395,7 @@ function otelMiddleware(options) {
           });
         }
         const span = state.currentIterationSpan ?? state.rootSpan;
-        span.setAttributes({
-          "gen_ai.usage.input_tokens": usage.promptTokens,
-          "gen_ai.usage.output_tokens": usage.completionTokens
-        });
+        span.setAttributes(usageAttributes(usage));
       });
     },
     onBeforeToolCall(ctx, hookCtx) {
@@ -637,10 +668,7 @@ function otelMiddleware(options) {
           });
         }
         if (info.usage) {
-          state.rootSpan.setAttributes({
-            "gen_ai.usage.input_tokens": info.usage.promptTokens,
-            "gen_ai.usage.output_tokens": info.usage.completionTokens
-          });
+          state.rootSpan.setAttributes(usageAttributes(info.usage));
         }
         if (info.finishReason) {
           state.rootSpan.setAttribute("gen_ai.response.finish_reasons", [

package/dist/esm/middlewares/otel.js.map

@@ -1 +1 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"otel.js","sources":["../../../src/middlewares/otel.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import {\n  SpanKind,\n  SpanStatusCode,\n  context as otelContext,\n  trace as otelTrace,\n} from '@opentelemetry/api'\nimport {\n  MAX_TOKENS_KEYS,\n  NESTED_MAX_TOKENS_KEY,\n} from '../utilities/sampling-keys'\nimport type {\n  AttributeValue,\n  Exception,\n  Meter,\n  Span,\n  SpanOptions,\n  Tracer,\n} from '@opentelemetry/api'\nimport type {\n  ChatMiddleware,\n  ChatMiddlewareContext,\n} from '../activities/chat/middleware/types'\n\n/**\n * Scope (role) of an OTel span emitted by this middleware.\n *\n * - `chat` — the root span for a single `chat()` call\n * - `iteration` — one per agent-loop iteration (one model call)\n * - `tool` — one per tool execution inside an iteration\n */\nexport type OtelSpanScope = 'chat' | 'iteration' | 'tool'\n\n/**\n * Alias retained for backwards compatibility. Prefer {@link OtelSpanScope}.\n *\n * @deprecated Use `OtelSpanScope` instead — the name shadows OTel's built-in\n * `SpanKind` which is also imported by integrations of this middleware.\n */\nexport type OtelSpanKind = OtelSpanScope\n\n/**\n * Span metadata passed to `spanNameFormatter`, `attributeEnricher`,\n * `onBeforeSpanStart`, and `onSpanEnd`. Discriminated by `kind` so that\n * tool-only fields narrow automatically inside callback bodies.\n */\nexport type OtelSpanInfo<TScope extends OtelSpanScope = OtelSpanScope> =\n  TScope extends 'chat'\n    ? { kind: 'chat'; ctx: ChatMiddlewareContext }\n    : TScope extends 'iteration'\n      ? { kind: 'iteration'; ctx: ChatMiddlewareContext; iteration: number }\n      : TScope extends 'tool'\n        ? {\n            kind: 'tool'\n            ctx: ChatMiddlewareContext\n            iteration: number\n            toolName: string\n            toolCallId: string\n          }\n        : never\n\nexport interface OtelMiddlewareOptions {\n  /** OTel `Tracer` used to start root, iteration, and tool spans. */\n  tracer: Tracer\n  /**\n   * Optional OTel `Meter`. When provided, the middleware records\n   * `gen_ai.client.operation.duration` and `gen_ai.client.token.usage`\n   * histograms. Omit to disable metrics without disabling tracing.\n   */\n  meter?: Meter\n  /**\n   * When `true`, prompt and completion content is attached to iteration spans\n   * as `gen_ai.*.message` / `gen_ai.choice` events. Defaults to `false` so\n   * that PII never lands on a span by accident.\n   */\n  captureContent?: boolean\n  /**\n   * Invoked on every captured content string before it lands on a span.\n   * Return a redacted version. If this function throws, the middleware emits\n   * the literal sentinel `\"[redaction_failed]\"` instead of the original text\n   * — it never falls back to raw content.\n   */\n  redact?: (text: string) => string\n  /**\n   * Maximum characters kept in the per-iteration assistant text buffer used\n   * to emit `gen_ai.choice` events. Extra characters are truncated with a\n   * trailing `\"…\"` marker. Defaults to 100 000. Set to `0` to disable the\n   * cap. Exporters typically truncate long attribute values anyway.\n   */\n  maxContentLength?: number\n  /** Override the default span name for each `kind`. */\n  spanNameFormatter?: (info: OtelSpanInfo) => string\n  /** Add extra attributes to each span. */\n  attributeEnricher?: (info: OtelSpanInfo) => Record<string, AttributeValue>\n  /** Mutate `SpanOptions` immediately before `tracer.startSpan(...)`. */\n  onBeforeSpanStart?: (info: OtelSpanInfo, options: SpanOptions) => SpanOptions\n  /** Fires just before every `span.end()`. */\n  onSpanEnd?: (info: OtelSpanInfo, span: Span) => void\n}\n\ninterface RequestState {\n  rootSpan: Span\n  currentIterationSpan: Span | null\n  toolSpans: Map<string, { span: Span; toolName: string }>\n  iterationCount: number\n  assistantTextBuffer: string\n  assistantTextBufferTruncated: boolean\n  startTime: number\n}\n\nconst stateByCtx = new WeakMap<ChatMiddlewareContext, RequestState>()\n\nconst DEFAULT_MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH = 100_000\nconst REDACTION_FAILED_SENTINEL = '[redaction_failed]'\n\nfunction serializeContent(content: unknown): string {\n  if (typeof content === 'string') return content\n  if (!Array.isArray(content)) return ''\n  const parts: Array<string> = []\n  for (const part of content) {\n    if (!part || typeof part !== 'object') continue\n    const type = (part as { type?: string }).type\n    switch (type) {\n      case 'text':\n        parts.push(\n          (\n            (part as { text?: string }).text ??\n            (part as { content?: string }).content ??\n            ''\n          ).toString(),\n        )\n        break\n      case 'image':\n        parts.push('[image]')\n        break\n      case 'audio':\n        parts.push('[audio]')\n        break\n      case 'video':\n        parts.push('[video]')\n        break\n      case 'document':\n        parts.push('[document]')\n        break\n      case undefined:\n        parts.push('[unknown]')\n        break\n      default:\n        parts.push(`[${type}]`)\n    }\n  }\n  return parts.join(' ')\n}\n\nfunction messageEventName(role: string): string {\n  switch (role) {\n    case 'user':\n      return 'gen_ai.user.message'\n    case 'assistant':\n      return 'gen_ai.assistant.message'\n    case 'tool':\n      return 'gen_ai.tool.message'\n    case 'system':\n      return 'gen_ai.system.message'\n    default:\n      return `gen_ai.${role}.message`\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Return the first candidate that is a finite `number`, or `undefined`. Used to\n * pick a sampling attribute from among the several provider-native spellings.\n */\nfunction firstNumber(...candidates: Array<unknown>): number | undefined {\n  for (const candidate of candidates) {\n    if (typeof candidate === 'number' && Number.isFinite(candidate)) {\n      return candidate\n    }\n  }\n  return undefined\n}\n\nfunction errorMessage(err: unknown): string | undefined {\n  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message\n  if (typeof err === 'string') return err\n  if (err && typeof err === 'object' && 'message' in err) {\n    const m = (err as { message?: unknown }).message\n    if (typeof m === 'string') return m\n  }\n  return undefined\n}\n\nfunction errorTypeName(err: unknown): string {\n  if (err instanceof Error) return err.name || 'Error'\n  if (err && typeof err === 'object' && 'name' in err) {\n    const n = (err as { name?: unknown }).name\n    if (typeof n === 'string') return n\n  }\n  return 'Error'\n}\n\nfunction safeCall<T>(label: string, fn: () => T): T | undefined {\n  try {\n    return fn()\n  } catch (err) {\n    // Keep middleware non-fatal, but surface callback failures so that broken\n    // extension points (attributeEnricher, spanNameFormatter, onSpanEnd, ...)\n    // are observable. Matches the guarantee documented in docs/advanced/otel.md.\n    console.warn(`[otelMiddleware] ${label} failed`, err)\n    return undefined\n  }\n}\n\nexport function otelMiddleware(options: OtelMiddlewareOptions): ChatMiddleware {\n  const {\n    tracer,\n    meter,\n    captureContent = false,\n    redact = (s) => s,\n    maxContentLength = DEFAULT_MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH,\n    spanNameFormatter,\n    attributeEnricher,\n    onBeforeSpanStart,\n    onSpanEnd,\n  } = options\n\n  const durationHistogram = meter?.createHistogram(\n    'gen_ai.client.operation.duration',\n    {\n      description: 'GenAI client operation duration',\n      unit: 's',\n    },\n  )\n  const tokenHistogram = meter?.createHistogram('gen_ai.client.token.usage', {\n    description: 'GenAI client token usage',\n    unit: '{token}',\n  })\n\n  // Redact user content, failing closed to a sentinel string instead of ever\n  // letting raw text through. Callers that pass `captureContent: true` with a\n  // third-party PII redactor depend on this invariant.\n  const redactContent = (text: string): string => {\n    try {\n      return redact(text)\n    } catch (err) {\n      console.warn('[otelMiddleware] otel.redact failed', err)\n      return REDACTION_FAILED_SENTINEL\n    }\n  }\n\n  const appendAssistantText = (state: RequestState, delta: string): void => {\n    if (maxContentLength > 0) {\n      if (state.assistantTextBufferTruncated) return\n      const remaining = maxContentLength - state.assistantTextBuffer.length\n      if (remaining <= 0) {\n        state.assistantTextBufferTruncated = true\n        state.assistantTextBuffer += '…'\n        return\n      }\n      if (delta.length > remaining) {\n        state.assistantTextBuffer += delta.slice(0, remaining) + '…'\n        state.assistantTextBufferTruncated = true\n        return\n      }\n    }\n    state.assistantTextBuffer += delta\n  }\n\n  const closeIterationSpan = (\n    state: RequestState,\n    ctx: ChatMiddlewareContext,\n  ): void => {\n    if (!state.currentIterationSpan) return\n    const span = state.currentIterationSpan\n    const iteration = state.iterationCount - 1\n    safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n      onSpanEnd?.({ kind: 'iteration', ctx, iteration }, span),\n    )\n    span.end()\n    state.currentIterationSpan = null\n  }\n\n  return {\n    name: 'otel',\n\n    onStart(ctx) {\n      safeCall('otel.onStart', () => {\n        const info: OtelSpanInfo<'chat'> = { kind: 'chat', ctx }\n        const name =\n          safeCall('otel.spanNameFormatter', () => spanNameFormatter?.(info)) ??\n          `chat ${ctx.model}`\n        const baseOptions: SpanOptions = {\n          kind: SpanKind.INTERNAL,\n          attributes: {\n            'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n            'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n            // NOTE: `gen_ai.operation.name` is deliberately NOT set on the\n            // root span. The root represents a `chat()` invocation that may\n            // span multiple model calls; only iteration spans correspond to\n            // a single chat operation. Backends that map `operation.name=chat`\n            // to a \"generation\" event (e.g. PostHog LLM Analytics) would\n            // otherwise emit a duplicate generation for the wrapper span.\n          },\n        }\n        const spanOptions =\n          safeCall('otel.onBeforeSpanStart', () =>\n            onBeforeSpanStart?.(info, baseOptions),\n          ) ?? baseOptions\n        const rootSpan = tracer.startSpan(name, spanOptions)\n\n        const enriched = safeCall('otel.attributeEnricher', () =>\n          attributeEnricher?.(info),\n        )\n        if (enriched) rootSpan.setAttributes(enriched)\n\n        stateByCtx.set(ctx, {\n          rootSpan,\n          currentIterationSpan: null,\n          toolSpans: new Map(),\n          iterationCount: 0,\n          assistantTextBuffer: '',\n          assistantTextBufferTruncated: false,\n          startTime: Date.now(),\n        })\n      })\n    },\n\n    onConfig(ctx, config) {\n      if (ctx.phase !== 'beforeModel') return\n      safeCall('otel.onConfig', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        // The previous iteration's span stays open through tool execution and\n        // onUsage so that tool spans nest under it and token attributes land\n        // on it. Close it here, just before opening the next iteration.\n        closeIterationSpan(state, ctx)\n\n        const info: OtelSpanInfo<'iteration'> = {\n          kind: 'iteration',\n          ctx,\n          iteration: ctx.iteration,\n        }\n        const name =\n          safeCall('otel.spanNameFormatter', () => spanNameFormatter?.(info)) ??\n          `chat ${ctx.model} #${ctx.iteration}`\n\n        const baseAttrs: Record<string, AttributeValue> = {\n          'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n          'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat',\n          'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n          'tanstack.ai.iteration': ctx.iteration,\n        }\n        // Sampling options now live in provider-native `modelOptions`, and\n        // providers spell them differently (e.g. `max_output_tokens`,\n        // `max_completion_tokens`, `maxOutputTokens`, `num_predict`). Read the\n        // first numeric value among the known spellings — including Ollama's\n        // nested `options` — so gen_ai attributes populate across providers.\n        const sampling = config.modelOptions ?? {}\n        const nestedOptions =\n          sampling['options'] && typeof sampling['options'] === 'object'\n            ? (sampling['options'] as Record<string, unknown>)\n            : undefined\n        const samplingTemperature = firstNumber(\n          sampling['temperature'],\n          nestedOptions?.['temperature'],\n        )\n        const samplingTopP = firstNumber(\n          sampling['top_p'],\n          sampling['topP'],\n          nestedOptions?.['top_p'],\n        )\n        // Spellings come from the shared `MAX_TOKENS_KEYS` table so this stays\n        // in lockstep with the summarize wrapper's caller-limit detection.\n        const samplingMaxTokens = firstNumber(\n          ...MAX_TOKENS_KEYS.map((k) => sampling[k]),\n          nestedOptions?.[NESTED_MAX_TOKENS_KEY],\n        )\n        if (samplingTemperature !== undefined)\n          baseAttrs['gen_ai.request.temperature'] = samplingTemperature\n        if (samplingTopP !== undefined)\n          baseAttrs['gen_ai.request.top_p'] = samplingTopP\n        if (samplingMaxTokens !== undefined)\n          baseAttrs['gen_ai.request.max_tokens'] = samplingMaxTokens\n\n        const baseOptions: SpanOptions = {\n          kind: SpanKind.CLIENT,\n          attributes: baseAttrs,\n        }\n        const spanOptions =\n          safeCall('otel.onBeforeSpanStart', () =>\n            onBeforeSpanStart?.(info, baseOptions),\n          ) ?? baseOptions\n\n        const parentCtx = otelTrace.setSpan(\n          otelContext.active(),\n          state.rootSpan,\n        )\n        let iterSpan!: Span\n        otelContext.with(parentCtx, () => {\n          // Pass the parent context explicitly as the 3rd arg — this is a\n          // real-OTel-compatible way to ensure the span is parented to\n          // `rootSpan` even when the host app has not registered a context\n          // manager (e.g. in tests or minimal setups).\n          iterSpan = tracer.startSpan(name, spanOptions, parentCtx)\n        })\n\n        const enriched = safeCall('otel.attributeEnricher', () =>\n          attributeEnricher?.(info),\n        )\n        if (enriched) iterSpan.setAttributes(enriched)\n\n        state.currentIterationSpan = iterSpan\n        state.assistantTextBuffer = ''\n        state.assistantTextBufferTruncated = false\n\n        if (captureContent) {\n          const systemPromptContents = config.systemPrompts.map((p) =>\n            typeof p === 'string' ? p : p.content,\n          )\n          // Anthropic prompt-caching users need to know which prompt carried\n          // `cache_control`: it's the one attribute that explains cache\n          // hit/miss in observability. Serialise per-prompt metadata as a\n          // single JSON span attribute so backends that don't understand\n          // GenAI events can still surface it. Kept off span events to\n          // avoid breaking the one-event-per-message GenAI semconv contract.\n          const systemPromptMetadata = config.systemPrompts.map((p) =>\n            typeof p === 'string' || p.metadata === undefined\n              ? null\n              : p.metadata,\n          )\n          if (systemPromptMetadata.some((m) => m !== null)) {\n            iterSpan.setAttribute(\n              'tanstack.ai.system_prompt.metadata',\n              JSON.stringify(systemPromptMetadata),\n            )\n          }\n          // Span events follow the original GenAI semconv (one event per\n          // message). Backends that read events get content this way.\n          for (const sys of systemPromptContents) {\n            iterSpan.addEvent('gen_ai.system.message', {\n              content: redactContent(sys),\n            })\n          }\n          for (const m of config.messages) {\n            const body = serializeContent(m.content)\n            if (body.length === 0) continue\n            iterSpan.addEvent(messageEventName(m.role), {\n              content: redactContent(body),\n            })\n          }\n\n          // Also emit the current GenAI-semconv attribute form\n          // (`gen_ai.input.messages`) — backends like PostHog read prompt\n          // content from this attribute, not from span events.\n          const inputMessages: Array<{ role: string; content: string }> = []\n          for (const sys of systemPromptContents) {\n            inputMessages.push({\n              role: 'system',\n              content: redactContent(sys),\n            })\n          }\n          for (const m of config.messages) {\n            const body = serializeContent(m.content)\n            if (body.length === 0) continue\n            inputMessages.push({\n              role: m.role,\n              content: redactContent(body),\n            })\n          }\n          if (inputMessages.length > 0) {\n            const inputJson = JSON.stringify(inputMessages)\n            // Current OTel GenAI semconv — Sentry / PostHog / Datadog read\n            // prompt content from this attribute.\n            iterSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.input.messages', inputJson)\n            // Langfuse-native attribute. Highest priority in Langfuse's OTLP\n            // ingestion (checked before events and gen_ai.input.messages) so\n            // the Input panel populates reliably. Harmless to other backends —\n            // the attribute is namespaced and unrecognised keys are ignored.\n            iterSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.input', inputJson)\n\n            // Mirror the first iteration's input onto the root span and at\n            // trace level so Langfuse fills Input on the trace card and the\n            // chat-level observation. Later iterations append tool-call /\n            // assistant messages that are useful per-iteration but noise at\n            // the chat / trace level.\n            if (state.iterationCount === 0) {\n              state.rootSpan.setAttribute(\n                'langfuse.observation.input',\n                inputJson,\n              )\n              state.rootSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.trace.input', inputJson)\n            }\n          }\n        }\n\n        state.iterationCount += 1\n      })\n      return undefined\n    },\n\n    onChunk(ctx, chunk) {\n      safeCall('otel.onChunk', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        if (captureContent && chunk.type === 'TEXT_MESSAGE_CONTENT') {\n          appendAssistantText(state, chunk.delta)\n        }\n\n        if (chunk.type !== 'RUN_FINISHED') return\n        const span = state.currentIterationSpan\n        if (!span) return\n\n        if (chunk.finishReason) {\n          span.setAttribute('gen_ai.response.finish_reasons', [\n            chunk.finishReason,\n          ])\n        }\n        if (chunk.model) span.setAttribute('gen_ai.response.model', chunk.model)\n\n        // Set usage attributes on the iteration span directly from the chunk\n        // so they're available before `onUsage` fires. Histogram recording is\n        // deliberately NOT done here — the chat runner always invokes\n        // `runOnUsage` when `chunk.usage` is present, and `onUsage` is the\n        // canonical place for the metric. Recording in both would double-count.\n        if (chunk.usage) {\n          span.setAttributes({\n            'gen_ai.usage.input_tokens': chunk.usage.promptTokens,\n            'gen_ai.usage.output_tokens': chunk.usage.completionTokens,\n          })\n        }\n\n        if (captureContent && state.assistantTextBuffer.length > 0) {\n          const completion = redactContent(state.assistantTextBuffer)\n          const outputJson = JSON.stringify([\n            { role: 'assistant', content: completion },\n          ])\n          // Event form (older semconv) — kept for backends that consume it.\n          span.addEvent('gen_ai.choice', { content: completion })\n          // Attribute form (current semconv) — required by backends like\n          // PostHog that read completion content from `gen_ai.output.messages`.\n          span.setAttribute('gen_ai.output.messages', outputJson)\n          // Langfuse-native attribute (highest priority in Langfuse mapping).\n          span.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.output', outputJson)\n          // Mirror to the root span and trace card. Each iteration overwrites,\n          // so the final iteration's completion lands on the root — which is\n          // the final answer the user saw, not an intermediate tool-call turn.\n          state.rootSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.output', outputJson)\n          state.rootSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.trace.output', outputJson)\n          state.assistantTextBuffer = ''\n          state.assistantTextBufferTruncated = false\n        }\n\n        // Intentionally leave the iteration span open: tool spans started\n        // after `RUN_FINISHED` (tool_calls finishReason) must nest under it,\n        // and `onUsage` may still fire. The span is closed in `onConfig` when\n        // the next iteration starts, or in `onFinish` / `onError` / `onAbort`.\n      })\n      return undefined\n    },\n\n    onUsage(ctx, usage) {\n      safeCall('otel.onUsage', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        // Always record the token histogram — metrics don't depend on having\n        // an iteration span, and skipping here would drop metric data if an\n        // adapter emits `onUsage` outside the iteration window.\n        if (tokenHistogram) {\n          const metricAttrs = {\n            'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n            'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat',\n            'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n          }\n          tokenHistogram.record(usage.promptTokens, {\n            ...metricAttrs,\n            'gen_ai.token.type': 'input',\n          })\n          tokenHistogram.record(usage.completionTokens, {\n            ...metricAttrs,\n            'gen_ai.token.type': 'output',\n          })\n        }\n\n        const span = state.currentIterationSpan ?? state.rootSpan\n        span.setAttributes({\n          'gen_ai.usage.input_tokens': usage.promptTokens,\n          'gen_ai.usage.output_tokens': usage.completionTokens,\n        })\n      })\n    },\n\n    onBeforeToolCall(ctx, hookCtx) {\n      safeCall('otel.onBeforeToolCall', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n        const parent = state.currentIterationSpan ?? state.rootSpan\n\n        const info: OtelSpanInfo<'tool'> = {\n          kind: 'tool',\n          ctx,\n          toolName: hookCtx.toolName,\n          toolCallId: hookCtx.toolCallId,\n          iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n        }\n        const name =\n          safeCall('otel.spanNameFormatter', () => spanNameFormatter?.(info)) ??\n          `execute_tool ${hookCtx.toolName}`\n\n        const baseAttrs: Record<string, AttributeValue> = {\n          'gen_ai.tool.name': hookCtx.toolName,\n          'gen_ai.tool.call.id': hookCtx.toolCallId,\n          'gen_ai.tool.type': 'function',\n        }\n        const baseOptions: SpanOptions = {\n          kind: SpanKind.INTERNAL,\n          attributes: baseAttrs,\n        }\n        const spanOptions =\n          safeCall('otel.onBeforeSpanStart', () =>\n            onBeforeSpanStart?.(info, baseOptions),\n          ) ?? baseOptions\n\n        const parentCtx = otelTrace.setSpan(otelContext.active(), parent)\n        let toolSpan!: Span\n        otelContext.with(parentCtx, () => {\n          toolSpan = tracer.startSpan(name, spanOptions, parentCtx)\n        })\n\n        const enriched = safeCall('otel.attributeEnricher', () =>\n          attributeEnricher?.(info),\n        )\n        if (enriched) toolSpan.setAttributes(enriched)\n\n        // Stamp the tool args onto the tool span so backends that render an\n        // input panel per span (e.g. PostHog) have something to show.\n        if (captureContent) {\n          const argsBody =\n            typeof hookCtx.args === 'string'\n              ? hookCtx.args\n              : (safeCall('otel.serializeToolArgs', () =>\n                  JSON.stringify(hookCtx.args ?? null),\n                ) ?? '[unserializable_tool_args]')\n          const redactedArgs = redactContent(argsBody)\n          const toolInputJson = JSON.stringify([\n            { role: 'tool', content: redactedArgs },\n          ])\n          toolSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.input.messages', toolInputJson)\n          // Langfuse-native (highest priority in Langfuse mapping).\n          toolSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.input', toolInputJson)\n        }\n\n        state.toolSpans.set(hookCtx.toolCallId, {\n          span: toolSpan,\n          toolName: hookCtx.toolName,\n        })\n      })\n      return undefined\n    },\n\n    onAfterToolCall(ctx, info) {\n      safeCall('otel.onAfterToolCall', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n        const entry = state.toolSpans.get(info.toolCallId)\n        if (!entry) return\n        const { span: toolSpan } = entry\n\n        const outcome = info.ok ? 'success' : 'error'\n        toolSpan.setAttribute('tanstack.ai.tool.outcome', outcome)\n\n        if (!info.ok && info.error !== undefined) {\n          toolSpan.recordException(info.error as Exception)\n          const msg = errorMessage(info.error)\n          toolSpan.setStatus({\n            code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,\n            ...(msg !== undefined && { message: msg }),\n          })\n        }\n\n        if (captureContent) {\n          // Serialization can throw on circular refs or `BigInt` values. If it\n          // does, fall back to a sentinel so the rest of this handler (span\n          // end, onSpanEnd, toolSpans cleanup) still runs — otherwise the tool\n          // span would dangle until the onFinish/onError sweep.\n          const body =\n            typeof info.result === 'string'\n              ? info.result\n              : (safeCall('otel.serializeToolResult', () =>\n                  JSON.stringify(info.result ?? null),\n                ) ?? '[unserializable_tool_result]')\n          const redactedBody = redactContent(body)\n          if (state.currentIterationSpan) {\n            state.currentIterationSpan.addEvent('gen_ai.tool.message', {\n              content: redactedBody,\n              tool_call_id: info.toolCallId,\n            })\n          }\n          // Output panel of the tool span itself — `gen_ai.output.messages` is\n          // what current GenAI semconv consumers (e.g. PostHog) read.\n          const toolOutputJson = JSON.stringify([\n            { role: 'tool', content: redactedBody },\n          ])\n          toolSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.output.messages', toolOutputJson)\n          // Langfuse-native (highest priority in Langfuse mapping).\n          toolSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.output', toolOutputJson)\n        }\n\n        safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n          onSpanEnd?.(\n            {\n              kind: 'tool',\n              ctx,\n              toolName: info.toolName,\n              toolCallId: info.toolCallId,\n              iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n            },\n            toolSpan,\n          ),\n        )\n        toolSpan.end()\n        state.toolSpans.delete(info.toolCallId)\n      })\n    },\n\n    onError(ctx, info) {\n      safeCall('otel.onError', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        const errType = errorTypeName(info.error)\n        const message = errorMessage(info.error)\n        const statusMessage =\n          message !== undefined ? { message } : ({} as const)\n        const exception = info.error as Exception\n\n        const iterationSpan = state.currentIterationSpan\n        if (iterationSpan) {\n          iterationSpan.recordException(exception)\n          iterationSpan.setStatus({\n            code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,\n            ...statusMessage,\n          })\n          safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n            onSpanEnd?.(\n              {\n                kind: 'iteration',\n                ctx,\n                iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n              },\n              iterationSpan,\n            ),\n          )\n          iterationSpan.end()\n          state.currentIterationSpan = null\n        }\n\n        for (const [id, entry] of state.toolSpans) {\n          const { span, toolName } = entry\n          span.recordException(exception)\n          span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR, ...statusMessage })\n          safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n            onSpanEnd?.(\n              {\n                kind: 'tool',\n                ctx,\n                toolCallId: id,\n                toolName,\n                iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n              },\n              span,\n            ),\n          )\n          span.end()\n          state.toolSpans.delete(id)\n        }\n\n        state.rootSpan.recordException(exception)\n        state.rootSpan.setStatus({\n          code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,\n          ...statusMessage,\n        })\n\n        if (durationHistogram) {\n          durationHistogram.record(info.duration / 1000, {\n            'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n            'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat',\n            'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n            'error.type': errType,\n          })\n        }\n\n        safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n          onSpanEnd?.({ kind: 'chat', ctx }, state.rootSpan),\n        )\n        state.rootSpan.end()\n        stateByCtx.delete(ctx)\n      })\n    },\n\n    onAbort(ctx, info) {\n      safeCall('otel.onAbort', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        const closeCancelled = (span: Span): void => {\n          // `gen_ai.completion.reason` is not part of the GenAI semconv; use a\n          // TanStack-namespaced attribute so downstream exporters don't treat\n          // it as standard. The span status still carries the error code.\n          span.setAttribute('tanstack.ai.completion.reason', 'cancelled')\n          span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR, message: 'cancelled' })\n        }\n\n        const iterationSpan = state.currentIterationSpan\n        if (iterationSpan) {\n          closeCancelled(iterationSpan)\n          safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n            onSpanEnd?.(\n              {\n                kind: 'iteration',\n                ctx,\n                iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n              },\n              iterationSpan,\n            ),\n          )\n          iterationSpan.end()\n          state.currentIterationSpan = null\n        }\n        for (const [id, entry] of state.toolSpans) {\n          const { span, toolName } = entry\n          closeCancelled(span)\n          safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n            onSpanEnd?.(\n              {\n                kind: 'tool',\n                ctx,\n                toolCallId: id,\n                toolName,\n                iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n              },\n              span,\n            ),\n          )\n          span.end()\n          state.toolSpans.delete(id)\n        }\n        closeCancelled(state.rootSpan)\n\n        if (durationHistogram) {\n          durationHistogram.record(info.duration / 1000, {\n            'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n            'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat',\n            'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n            'error.type': 'cancelled',\n          })\n        }\n\n        safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n          onSpanEnd?.({ kind: 'chat', ctx }, state.rootSpan),\n        )\n        state.rootSpan.end()\n        stateByCtx.delete(ctx)\n      })\n    },\n\n    onFinish(ctx, info) {\n      safeCall('otel.onFinish', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        // Close any tool spans that never received `onAfterToolCall` (adapter\n        // quirk). Done before the iteration span so the hierarchy is closed\n        // in depth-first order.\n        for (const [id, entry] of state.toolSpans) {\n          const { span, toolName } = entry\n          span.setAttribute('tanstack.ai.tool.outcome', 'unknown')\n          safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n            onSpanEnd?.(\n              {\n                kind: 'tool',\n                ctx,\n                toolCallId: id,\n                toolName,\n                iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n              },\n              span,\n            ),\n          )\n          span.end()\n          state.toolSpans.delete(id)\n        }\n\n        // The final iteration's span is still open because we keep it open\n        // through tool execution and `onUsage`. Close it now.\n        closeIterationSpan(state, ctx)\n\n        if (durationHistogram) {\n          durationHistogram.record(info.duration / 1000, {\n            'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n            'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat',\n            'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n          })\n        }\n\n        if (info.usage) {\n          state.rootSpan.setAttributes({\n            'gen_ai.usage.input_tokens': info.usage.promptTokens,\n            'gen_ai.usage.output_tokens': info.usage.completionTokens,\n          })\n        }\n        if (info.finishReason) {\n          state.rootSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.response.finish_reasons', [\n            info.finishReason,\n          ])\n        }\n        state.rootSpan.setAttribute(\n          'tanstack.ai.iterations',\n          state.iterationCount,\n        )\n\n        safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n          onSpanEnd?.({ kind: 'chat', ctx }, state.rootSpan),\n        )\n        state.rootSpan.end()\n        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Prefer {@link OtelSpanScope}.\n *\n * @deprecated Use `OtelSpanScope` instead — the name shadows OTel's built-in\n * `SpanKind` which is also imported by integrations of this middleware.\n */\nexport type OtelSpanKind = OtelSpanScope\n\n/**\n * Span metadata passed to `spanNameFormatter`, `attributeEnricher`,\n * `onBeforeSpanStart`, and `onSpanEnd`. Discriminated by `kind` so that\n * tool-only fields narrow automatically inside callback bodies.\n */\nexport type OtelSpanInfo<TScope extends OtelSpanScope = OtelSpanScope> =\n  TScope extends 'chat'\n    ? { kind: 'chat'; ctx: ChatMiddlewareContext }\n    : TScope extends 'iteration'\n      ? { kind: 'iteration'; ctx: ChatMiddlewareContext; iteration: number }\n      : TScope extends 'tool'\n        ? {\n            kind: 'tool'\n            ctx: ChatMiddlewareContext\n            iteration: number\n            toolName: string\n            toolCallId: string\n          }\n        : never\n\nexport interface OtelMiddlewareOptions {\n  /** OTel `Tracer` used to start root, iteration, and tool spans. */\n  tracer: Tracer\n  /**\n   * Optional OTel `Meter`. When provided, the middleware records\n   * `gen_ai.client.operation.duration` and `gen_ai.client.token.usage`\n   * histograms. Omit to disable metrics without disabling tracing.\n   */\n  meter?: Meter\n  /**\n   * When `true`, prompt and completion content is attached to iteration spans\n   * as `gen_ai.*.message` / `gen_ai.choice` events. Defaults to `false` so\n   * that PII never lands on a span by accident.\n   */\n  captureContent?: boolean\n  /**\n   * Invoked on every captured content string before it lands on a span.\n   * Return a redacted version. If this function throws, the middleware emits\n   * the literal sentinel `\"[redaction_failed]\"` instead of the original text\n   * — it never falls back to raw content.\n   */\n  redact?: (text: string) => string\n  /**\n   * Maximum characters kept in the per-iteration assistant text buffer used\n   * to emit `gen_ai.choice` events. Extra characters are truncated with a\n   * trailing `\"…\"` marker. Defaults to 100 000. Set to `0` to disable the\n   * cap. Exporters typically truncate long attribute values anyway.\n   */\n  maxContentLength?: number\n  /** Override the default span name for each `kind`. */\n  spanNameFormatter?: (info: OtelSpanInfo) => string\n  /** Add extra attributes to each span. */\n  attributeEnricher?: (info: OtelSpanInfo) => Record<string, AttributeValue>\n  /** Mutate `SpanOptions` immediately before `tracer.startSpan(...)`. */\n  onBeforeSpanStart?: (info: OtelSpanInfo, options: SpanOptions) => SpanOptions\n  /** Fires just before every `span.end()`. */\n  onSpanEnd?: (info: OtelSpanInfo, span: Span) => void\n}\n\ninterface RequestState {\n  rootSpan: Span\n  currentIterationSpan: Span | null\n  toolSpans: Map<string, { span: Span; toolName: string }>\n  iterationCount: number\n  assistantTextBuffer: string\n  assistantTextBufferTruncated: boolean\n  startTime: number\n}\n\nconst stateByCtx = new WeakMap<ChatMiddlewareContext, RequestState>()\n\nconst DEFAULT_MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH = 100_000\nconst REDACTION_FAILED_SENTINEL = '[redaction_failed]'\n\nfunction serializeContent(content: unknown): string {\n  if (typeof content === 'string') return content\n  if (!Array.isArray(content)) return ''\n  const parts: Array<string> = []\n  for (const part of content) {\n    if (!part || typeof part !== 'object') continue\n    const type = (part as { type?: string }).type\n    switch (type) {\n      case 'text':\n        parts.push(\n          (\n            (part as { text?: string }).text ??\n            (part as { content?: string }).content ??\n            ''\n          ).toString(),\n        )\n        break\n      case 'image':\n        parts.push('[image]')\n        break\n      case 'audio':\n        parts.push('[audio]')\n        break\n      case 'video':\n        parts.push('[video]')\n        break\n      case 'document':\n        parts.push('[document]')\n        break\n      case undefined:\n        parts.push('[unknown]')\n        break\n      default:\n        parts.push(`[${type}]`)\n    }\n  }\n  return parts.join(' ')\n}\n\nfunction messageEventName(role: string): string {\n  switch (role) {\n    case 'user':\n      return 'gen_ai.user.message'\n    case 'assistant':\n      return 'gen_ai.assistant.message'\n    case 'tool':\n      return 'gen_ai.tool.message'\n    case 'system':\n      return 'gen_ai.system.message'\n    default:\n      return `gen_ai.${role}.message`\n  }\n}\n\n/**\n * Return the first candidate that is a finite `number`, or `undefined`. Used to\n * pick a sampling attribute from among the several provider-native spellings.\n */\nfunction firstNumber(...candidates: Array<unknown>): number | undefined {\n  for (const candidate of candidates) {\n    if (typeof candidate === 'number' && Number.isFinite(candidate)) {\n      return candidate\n    }\n  }\n  return undefined\n}\n\n/**\n * Build the full set of `gen_ai.usage.*` span attributes from a `TokenUsage`.\n *\n * Beyond input/output tokens, this emits provider-reported cost, total tokens,\n * cache and reasoning breakdowns, and duration-based billing — every field is\n * guarded so spans stay clean when a provider doesn't report it. Cache and\n * reasoning use the official GenAI semconv names; `gen_ai.usage.cost` and\n * `gen_ai.usage.total_tokens` are de-facto extensions consumed by backends\n * like PostHog (which otherwise re-derive cost from their own price tables,\n * losing cache discounts and gateway markup). Fields with no semconv or\n * de-facto convention (`costDetails`, `durationSeconds`) are\n * TanStack-namespaced. Deliberately not emitted: `unitsBilled`,\n * `providerUsageDetails`, and the per-modality token breakdowns — those are\n * media-oriented; media-activity observability is tracked in #720.\n */\nfunction usageAttributes(usage: TokenUsage): Record<string, AttributeValue> {\n  const attrs: Record<string, AttributeValue> = {\n    'gen_ai.usage.input_tokens': usage.promptTokens,\n    'gen_ai.usage.output_tokens': usage.completionTokens,\n  }\n  const optional: Array<[key: string, value: unknown]> = [\n    ['gen_ai.usage.total_tokens', usage.totalTokens],\n    ['gen_ai.usage.cost', usage.cost],\n    [\n      'gen_ai.usage.cache_read.input_tokens',\n      usage.promptTokensDetails?.cachedTokens,\n    ],\n    [\n      'gen_ai.usage.cache_creation.input_tokens',\n      usage.promptTokensDetails?.cacheWriteTokens,\n    ],\n    [\n      'gen_ai.usage.reasoning.output_tokens',\n      usage.completionTokensDetails?.reasoningTokens,\n    ],\n    ['tanstack.ai.usage.duration_seconds', usage.durationSeconds],\n    ['tanstack.ai.usage.upstream_cost', usage.costDetails?.upstreamCost],\n    [\n      'tanstack.ai.usage.upstream_input_cost',\n      usage.costDetails?.upstreamInputCost,\n    ],\n    [\n      'tanstack.ai.usage.upstream_output_cost',\n      usage.costDetails?.upstreamOutputCost,\n    ],\n  ]\n  for (const [key, value] of optional) {\n    const num = firstNumber(value)\n    if (num !== undefined) attrs[key] = num\n  }\n  return attrs\n}\n\nfunction errorMessage(err: unknown): string | undefined {\n  if (err instanceof Error) return err.message\n  if (typeof err === 'string') return err\n  if (err && typeof err === 'object' && 'message' in err) {\n    const m = (err as { message?: unknown }).message\n    if (typeof m === 'string') return m\n  }\n  return undefined\n}\n\nfunction errorTypeName(err: unknown): string {\n  if (err instanceof Error) return err.name || 'Error'\n  if (err && typeof err === 'object' && 'name' in err) {\n    const n = (err as { name?: unknown }).name\n    if (typeof n === 'string') return n\n  }\n  return 'Error'\n}\n\nfunction safeCall<T>(label: string, fn: () => T): T | undefined {\n  try {\n    return fn()\n  } catch (err) {\n    // Keep middleware non-fatal, but surface callback failures so that broken\n    // extension points (attributeEnricher, spanNameFormatter, onSpanEnd, ...)\n    // are observable. Matches the guarantee documented in docs/advanced/otel.md.\n    console.warn(`[otelMiddleware] ${label} failed`, err)\n    return undefined\n  }\n}\n\nexport function otelMiddleware(options: OtelMiddlewareOptions): ChatMiddleware {\n  const {\n    tracer,\n    meter,\n    captureContent = false,\n    redact = (s) => s,\n    maxContentLength = DEFAULT_MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH,\n    spanNameFormatter,\n    attributeEnricher,\n    onBeforeSpanStart,\n    onSpanEnd,\n  } = options\n\n  const durationHistogram = meter?.createHistogram(\n    'gen_ai.client.operation.duration',\n    {\n      description: 'GenAI client operation duration',\n      unit: 's',\n    },\n  )\n  const tokenHistogram = meter?.createHistogram('gen_ai.client.token.usage', {\n    description: 'GenAI client token usage',\n    unit: '{token}',\n  })\n\n  // Redact user content, failing closed to a sentinel string instead of ever\n  // letting raw text through. Callers that pass `captureContent: true` with a\n  // third-party PII redactor depend on this invariant.\n  const redactContent = (text: string): string => {\n    try {\n      return redact(text)\n    } catch (err) {\n      console.warn('[otelMiddleware] otel.redact failed', err)\n      return REDACTION_FAILED_SENTINEL\n    }\n  }\n\n  const appendAssistantText = (state: RequestState, delta: string): void => {\n    if (maxContentLength > 0) {\n      if (state.assistantTextBufferTruncated) return\n      const remaining = maxContentLength - state.assistantTextBuffer.length\n      if (remaining <= 0) {\n        state.assistantTextBufferTruncated = true\n        state.assistantTextBuffer += '…'\n        return\n      }\n      if (delta.length > remaining) {\n        state.assistantTextBuffer += delta.slice(0, remaining) + '…'\n        state.assistantTextBufferTruncated = true\n        return\n      }\n    }\n    state.assistantTextBuffer += delta\n  }\n\n  const closeIterationSpan = (\n    state: RequestState,\n    ctx: ChatMiddlewareContext,\n  ): void => {\n    if (!state.currentIterationSpan) return\n    const span = state.currentIterationSpan\n    const iteration = state.iterationCount - 1\n    safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n      onSpanEnd?.({ kind: 'iteration', ctx, iteration }, span),\n    )\n    span.end()\n    state.currentIterationSpan = null\n  }\n\n  return {\n    name: 'otel',\n\n    onStart(ctx) {\n      safeCall('otel.onStart', () => {\n        const info: OtelSpanInfo<'chat'> = { kind: 'chat', ctx }\n        const name =\n          safeCall('otel.spanNameFormatter', () => spanNameFormatter?.(info)) ??\n          `chat ${ctx.model}`\n        const baseOptions: SpanOptions = {\n          kind: SpanKind.INTERNAL,\n          attributes: {\n            'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n            'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n            // NOTE: `gen_ai.operation.name` is deliberately NOT set on the\n            // root span. The root represents a `chat()` invocation that may\n            // span multiple model calls; only iteration spans correspond to\n            // a single chat operation. Backends that map `operation.name=chat`\n            // to a \"generation\" event (e.g. PostHog LLM Analytics) would\n            // otherwise emit a duplicate generation for the wrapper span.\n          },\n        }\n        const spanOptions =\n          safeCall('otel.onBeforeSpanStart', () =>\n            onBeforeSpanStart?.(info, baseOptions),\n          ) ?? baseOptions\n        const rootSpan = tracer.startSpan(name, spanOptions)\n\n        const enriched = safeCall('otel.attributeEnricher', () =>\n          attributeEnricher?.(info),\n        )\n        if (enriched) rootSpan.setAttributes(enriched)\n\n        stateByCtx.set(ctx, {\n          rootSpan,\n          currentIterationSpan: null,\n          toolSpans: new Map(),\n          iterationCount: 0,\n          assistantTextBuffer: '',\n          assistantTextBufferTruncated: false,\n          startTime: Date.now(),\n        })\n      })\n    },\n\n    onConfig(ctx, config) {\n      if (ctx.phase !== 'beforeModel') return\n      safeCall('otel.onConfig', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        // The previous iteration's span stays open through tool execution and\n        // onUsage so that tool spans nest under it and token attributes land\n        // on it. Close it here, just before opening the next iteration.\n        closeIterationSpan(state, ctx)\n\n        const info: OtelSpanInfo<'iteration'> = {\n          kind: 'iteration',\n          ctx,\n          iteration: ctx.iteration,\n        }\n        const name =\n          safeCall('otel.spanNameFormatter', () => spanNameFormatter?.(info)) ??\n          `chat ${ctx.model} #${ctx.iteration}`\n\n        const baseAttrs: Record<string, AttributeValue> = {\n          'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n          'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat',\n          'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n          'tanstack.ai.iteration': ctx.iteration,\n        }\n        // Sampling options now live in provider-native `modelOptions`, and\n        // providers spell them differently (e.g. `max_output_tokens`,\n        // `max_completion_tokens`, `maxOutputTokens`, `num_predict`). Read the\n        // first numeric value among the known spellings — including Ollama's\n        // nested `options` — so gen_ai attributes populate across providers.\n        const sampling = config.modelOptions ?? {}\n        const nestedOptions =\n          sampling['options'] && typeof sampling['options'] === 'object'\n            ? (sampling['options'] as Record<string, unknown>)\n            : undefined\n        const samplingTemperature = firstNumber(\n          sampling['temperature'],\n          nestedOptions?.['temperature'],\n        )\n        const samplingTopP = firstNumber(\n          sampling['top_p'],\n          sampling['topP'],\n          nestedOptions?.['top_p'],\n        )\n        // Spellings come from the shared `MAX_TOKENS_KEYS` table so this stays\n        // in lockstep with the summarize wrapper's caller-limit detection.\n        const samplingMaxTokens = firstNumber(\n          ...MAX_TOKENS_KEYS.map((k) => sampling[k]),\n          nestedOptions?.[NESTED_MAX_TOKENS_KEY],\n        )\n        if (samplingTemperature !== undefined)\n          baseAttrs['gen_ai.request.temperature'] = samplingTemperature\n        if (samplingTopP !== undefined)\n          baseAttrs['gen_ai.request.top_p'] = samplingTopP\n        if (samplingMaxTokens !== undefined)\n          baseAttrs['gen_ai.request.max_tokens'] = samplingMaxTokens\n\n        const baseOptions: SpanOptions = {\n          kind: SpanKind.CLIENT,\n          attributes: baseAttrs,\n        }\n        const spanOptions =\n          safeCall('otel.onBeforeSpanStart', () =>\n            onBeforeSpanStart?.(info, baseOptions),\n          ) ?? baseOptions\n\n        const parentCtx = otelTrace.setSpan(\n          otelContext.active(),\n          state.rootSpan,\n        )\n        let iterSpan!: Span\n        otelContext.with(parentCtx, () => {\n          // Pass the parent context explicitly as the 3rd arg — this is a\n          // real-OTel-compatible way to ensure the span is parented to\n          // `rootSpan` even when the host app has not registered a context\n          // manager (e.g. in tests or minimal setups).\n          iterSpan = tracer.startSpan(name, spanOptions, parentCtx)\n        })\n\n        const enriched = safeCall('otel.attributeEnricher', () =>\n          attributeEnricher?.(info),\n        )\n        if (enriched) iterSpan.setAttributes(enriched)\n\n        state.currentIterationSpan = iterSpan\n        state.assistantTextBuffer = ''\n        state.assistantTextBufferTruncated = false\n\n        if (captureContent) {\n          const systemPromptContents = config.systemPrompts.map((p) =>\n            typeof p === 'string' ? p : p.content,\n          )\n          // Anthropic prompt-caching users need to know which prompt carried\n          // `cache_control`: it's the one attribute that explains cache\n          // hit/miss in observability. Serialise per-prompt metadata as a\n          // single JSON span attribute so backends that don't understand\n          // GenAI events can still surface it. Kept off span events to\n          // avoid breaking the one-event-per-message GenAI semconv contract.\n          const systemPromptMetadata = config.systemPrompts.map((p) =>\n            typeof p === 'string' || p.metadata === undefined\n              ? null\n              : p.metadata,\n          )\n          if (systemPromptMetadata.some((m) => m !== null)) {\n            iterSpan.setAttribute(\n              'tanstack.ai.system_prompt.metadata',\n              JSON.stringify(systemPromptMetadata),\n            )\n          }\n          // Span events follow the original GenAI semconv (one event per\n          // message). Backends that read events get content this way.\n          for (const sys of systemPromptContents) {\n            iterSpan.addEvent('gen_ai.system.message', {\n              content: redactContent(sys),\n            })\n          }\n          for (const m of config.messages) {\n            const body = serializeContent(m.content)\n            if (body.length === 0) continue\n            iterSpan.addEvent(messageEventName(m.role), {\n              content: redactContent(body),\n            })\n          }\n\n          // Also emit the current GenAI-semconv attribute form\n          // (`gen_ai.input.messages`) — backends like PostHog read prompt\n          // content from this attribute, not from span events.\n          const inputMessages: Array<{ role: string; content: string }> = []\n          for (const sys of systemPromptContents) {\n            inputMessages.push({\n              role: 'system',\n              content: redactContent(sys),\n            })\n          }\n          for (const m of config.messages) {\n            const body = serializeContent(m.content)\n            if (body.length === 0) continue\n            inputMessages.push({\n              role: m.role,\n              content: redactContent(body),\n            })\n          }\n          if (inputMessages.length > 0) {\n            const inputJson = JSON.stringify(inputMessages)\n            // Current OTel GenAI semconv — Sentry / PostHog / Datadog read\n            // prompt content from this attribute.\n            iterSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.input.messages', inputJson)\n            // Langfuse-native attribute. Highest priority in Langfuse's OTLP\n            // ingestion (checked before events and gen_ai.input.messages) so\n            // the Input panel populates reliably. Harmless to other backends —\n            // the attribute is namespaced and unrecognised keys are ignored.\n            iterSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.input', inputJson)\n\n            // Mirror the first iteration's input onto the root span and at\n            // trace level so Langfuse fills Input on the trace card and the\n            // chat-level observation. Later iterations append tool-call /\n            // assistant messages that are useful per-iteration but noise at\n            // the chat / trace level.\n            if (state.iterationCount === 0) {\n              state.rootSpan.setAttribute(\n                'langfuse.observation.input',\n                inputJson,\n              )\n              state.rootSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.trace.input', inputJson)\n            }\n          }\n        }\n\n        state.iterationCount += 1\n      })\n      return undefined\n    },\n\n    onChunk(ctx, chunk) {\n      safeCall('otel.onChunk', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        if (captureContent && chunk.type === 'TEXT_MESSAGE_CONTENT') {\n          appendAssistantText(state, chunk.delta)\n        }\n\n        if (chunk.type !== 'RUN_FINISHED') return\n        const span = state.currentIterationSpan\n        if (!span) return\n\n        if (chunk.finishReason) {\n          span.setAttribute('gen_ai.response.finish_reasons', [\n            chunk.finishReason,\n          ])\n        }\n        if (chunk.model) span.setAttribute('gen_ai.response.model', chunk.model)\n\n        // Set usage attributes on the iteration span directly from the chunk\n        // so they're available before `onUsage` fires. Histogram recording is\n        // deliberately NOT done here — the chat runner always invokes\n        // `runOnUsage` when `chunk.usage` is present, and `onUsage` is the\n        // canonical place for the metric. Recording in both would double-count.\n        if (chunk.usage) {\n          span.setAttributes(usageAttributes(chunk.usage))\n        }\n\n        if (captureContent && state.assistantTextBuffer.length > 0) {\n          const completion = redactContent(state.assistantTextBuffer)\n          const outputJson = JSON.stringify([\n            { role: 'assistant', content: completion },\n          ])\n          // Event form (older semconv) — kept for backends that consume it.\n          span.addEvent('gen_ai.choice', { content: completion })\n          // Attribute form (current semconv) — required by backends like\n          // PostHog that read completion content from `gen_ai.output.messages`.\n          span.setAttribute('gen_ai.output.messages', outputJson)\n          // Langfuse-native attribute (highest priority in Langfuse mapping).\n          span.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.output', outputJson)\n          // Mirror to the root span and trace card. Each iteration overwrites,\n          // so the final iteration's completion lands on the root — which is\n          // the final answer the user saw, not an intermediate tool-call turn.\n          state.rootSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.output', outputJson)\n          state.rootSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.trace.output', outputJson)\n          state.assistantTextBuffer = ''\n          state.assistantTextBufferTruncated = false\n        }\n\n        // Intentionally leave the iteration span open: tool spans started\n        // after `RUN_FINISHED` (tool_calls finishReason) must nest under it,\n        // and `onUsage` may still fire. The span is closed in `onConfig` when\n        // the next iteration starts, or in `onFinish` / `onError` / `onAbort`.\n      })\n      return undefined\n    },\n\n    onUsage(ctx, usage) {\n      safeCall('otel.onUsage', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        // Always record the token histogram — metrics don't depend on having\n        // an iteration span, and skipping here would drop metric data if an\n        // adapter emits `onUsage` outside the iteration window.\n        if (tokenHistogram) {\n          const metricAttrs = {\n            'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n            'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat',\n            'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n          }\n          tokenHistogram.record(usage.promptTokens, {\n            ...metricAttrs,\n            'gen_ai.token.type': 'input',\n          })\n          tokenHistogram.record(usage.completionTokens, {\n            ...metricAttrs,\n            'gen_ai.token.type': 'output',\n          })\n        }\n\n        const span = state.currentIterationSpan ?? state.rootSpan\n        span.setAttributes(usageAttributes(usage))\n      })\n    },\n\n    onBeforeToolCall(ctx, hookCtx) {\n      safeCall('otel.onBeforeToolCall', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n        const parent = state.currentIterationSpan ?? state.rootSpan\n\n        const info: OtelSpanInfo<'tool'> = {\n          kind: 'tool',\n          ctx,\n          toolName: hookCtx.toolName,\n          toolCallId: hookCtx.toolCallId,\n          iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n        }\n        const name =\n          safeCall('otel.spanNameFormatter', () => spanNameFormatter?.(info)) ??\n          `execute_tool ${hookCtx.toolName}`\n\n        const baseAttrs: Record<string, AttributeValue> = {\n          'gen_ai.tool.name': hookCtx.toolName,\n          'gen_ai.tool.call.id': hookCtx.toolCallId,\n          'gen_ai.tool.type': 'function',\n        }\n        const baseOptions: SpanOptions = {\n          kind: SpanKind.INTERNAL,\n          attributes: baseAttrs,\n        }\n        const spanOptions =\n          safeCall('otel.onBeforeSpanStart', () =>\n            onBeforeSpanStart?.(info, baseOptions),\n          ) ?? baseOptions\n\n        const parentCtx = otelTrace.setSpan(otelContext.active(), parent)\n        let toolSpan!: Span\n        otelContext.with(parentCtx, () => {\n          toolSpan = tracer.startSpan(name, spanOptions, parentCtx)\n        })\n\n        const enriched = safeCall('otel.attributeEnricher', () =>\n          attributeEnricher?.(info),\n        )\n        if (enriched) toolSpan.setAttributes(enriched)\n\n        // Stamp the tool args onto the tool span so backends that render an\n        // input panel per span (e.g. PostHog) have something to show.\n        if (captureContent) {\n          const argsBody =\n            typeof hookCtx.args === 'string'\n              ? hookCtx.args\n              : (safeCall('otel.serializeToolArgs', () =>\n                  JSON.stringify(hookCtx.args ?? null),\n                ) ?? '[unserializable_tool_args]')\n          const redactedArgs = redactContent(argsBody)\n          const toolInputJson = JSON.stringify([\n            { role: 'tool', content: redactedArgs },\n          ])\n          toolSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.input.messages', toolInputJson)\n          // Langfuse-native (highest priority in Langfuse mapping).\n          toolSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.input', toolInputJson)\n        }\n\n        state.toolSpans.set(hookCtx.toolCallId, {\n          span: toolSpan,\n          toolName: hookCtx.toolName,\n        })\n      })\n      return undefined\n    },\n\n    onAfterToolCall(ctx, info) {\n      safeCall('otel.onAfterToolCall', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n        const entry = state.toolSpans.get(info.toolCallId)\n        if (!entry) return\n        const { span: toolSpan } = entry\n\n        const outcome = info.ok ? 'success' : 'error'\n        toolSpan.setAttribute('tanstack.ai.tool.outcome', outcome)\n\n        if (!info.ok && info.error !== undefined) {\n          toolSpan.recordException(info.error as Exception)\n          const msg = errorMessage(info.error)\n          toolSpan.setStatus({\n            code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,\n            ...(msg !== undefined && { message: msg }),\n          })\n        }\n\n        if (captureContent) {\n          // Serialization can throw on circular refs or `BigInt` values. If it\n          // does, fall back to a sentinel so the rest of this handler (span\n          // end, onSpanEnd, toolSpans cleanup) still runs — otherwise the tool\n          // span would dangle until the onFinish/onError sweep.\n          const body =\n            typeof info.result === 'string'\n              ? info.result\n              : (safeCall('otel.serializeToolResult', () =>\n                  JSON.stringify(info.result ?? null),\n                ) ?? '[unserializable_tool_result]')\n          const redactedBody = redactContent(body)\n          if (state.currentIterationSpan) {\n            state.currentIterationSpan.addEvent('gen_ai.tool.message', {\n              content: redactedBody,\n              tool_call_id: info.toolCallId,\n            })\n          }\n          // Output panel of the tool span itself — `gen_ai.output.messages` is\n          // what current GenAI semconv consumers (e.g. PostHog) read.\n          const toolOutputJson = JSON.stringify([\n            { role: 'tool', content: redactedBody },\n          ])\n          toolSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.output.messages', toolOutputJson)\n          // Langfuse-native (highest priority in Langfuse mapping).\n          toolSpan.setAttribute('langfuse.observation.output', toolOutputJson)\n        }\n\n        safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n          onSpanEnd?.(\n            {\n              kind: 'tool',\n              ctx,\n              toolName: info.toolName,\n              toolCallId: info.toolCallId,\n              iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n            },\n            toolSpan,\n          ),\n        )\n        toolSpan.end()\n        state.toolSpans.delete(info.toolCallId)\n      })\n    },\n\n    onError(ctx, info) {\n      safeCall('otel.onError', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        const errType = errorTypeName(info.error)\n        const message = errorMessage(info.error)\n        const statusMessage =\n          message !== undefined ? { message } : ({} as const)\n        const exception = info.error as Exception\n\n        const iterationSpan = state.currentIterationSpan\n        if (iterationSpan) {\n          iterationSpan.recordException(exception)\n          iterationSpan.setStatus({\n            code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,\n            ...statusMessage,\n          })\n          safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n            onSpanEnd?.(\n              {\n                kind: 'iteration',\n                ctx,\n                iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n              },\n              iterationSpan,\n            ),\n          )\n          iterationSpan.end()\n          state.currentIterationSpan = null\n        }\n\n        for (const [id, entry] of state.toolSpans) {\n          const { span, toolName } = entry\n          span.recordException(exception)\n          span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR, ...statusMessage })\n          safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n            onSpanEnd?.(\n              {\n                kind: 'tool',\n                ctx,\n                toolCallId: id,\n                toolName,\n                iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n              },\n              span,\n            ),\n          )\n          span.end()\n          state.toolSpans.delete(id)\n        }\n\n        state.rootSpan.recordException(exception)\n        state.rootSpan.setStatus({\n          code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,\n          ...statusMessage,\n        })\n\n        if (durationHistogram) {\n          durationHistogram.record(info.duration / 1000, {\n            'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n            'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat',\n            'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n            'error.type': errType,\n          })\n        }\n\n        safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n          onSpanEnd?.({ kind: 'chat', ctx }, state.rootSpan),\n        )\n        state.rootSpan.end()\n        stateByCtx.delete(ctx)\n      })\n    },\n\n    onAbort(ctx, info) {\n      safeCall('otel.onAbort', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        const closeCancelled = (span: Span): void => {\n          // `gen_ai.completion.reason` is not part of the GenAI semconv; use a\n          // TanStack-namespaced attribute so downstream exporters don't treat\n          // it as standard. The span status still carries the error code.\n          span.setAttribute('tanstack.ai.completion.reason', 'cancelled')\n          span.setStatus({ code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR, message: 'cancelled' })\n        }\n\n        const iterationSpan = state.currentIterationSpan\n        if (iterationSpan) {\n          closeCancelled(iterationSpan)\n          safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n            onSpanEnd?.(\n              {\n                kind: 'iteration',\n                ctx,\n                iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n              },\n              iterationSpan,\n            ),\n          )\n          iterationSpan.end()\n          state.currentIterationSpan = null\n        }\n        for (const [id, entry] of state.toolSpans) {\n          const { span, toolName } = entry\n          closeCancelled(span)\n          safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n            onSpanEnd?.(\n              {\n                kind: 'tool',\n                ctx,\n                toolCallId: id,\n                toolName,\n                iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n              },\n              span,\n            ),\n          )\n          span.end()\n          state.toolSpans.delete(id)\n        }\n        closeCancelled(state.rootSpan)\n\n        if (durationHistogram) {\n          durationHistogram.record(info.duration / 1000, {\n            'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n            'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat',\n            'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n            'error.type': 'cancelled',\n          })\n        }\n\n        safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n          onSpanEnd?.({ kind: 'chat', ctx }, state.rootSpan),\n        )\n        state.rootSpan.end()\n        stateByCtx.delete(ctx)\n      })\n    },\n\n    onFinish(ctx, info) {\n      safeCall('otel.onFinish', () => {\n        const state = stateByCtx.get(ctx)\n        if (!state) return\n\n        // Close any tool spans that never received `onAfterToolCall` (adapter\n        // quirk). Done before the iteration span so the hierarchy is closed\n        // in depth-first order.\n        for (const [id, entry] of state.toolSpans) {\n          const { span, toolName } = entry\n          span.setAttribute('tanstack.ai.tool.outcome', 'unknown')\n          safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n            onSpanEnd?.(\n              {\n                kind: 'tool',\n                ctx,\n                toolCallId: id,\n                toolName,\n                iteration: state.iterationCount - 1,\n              },\n              span,\n            ),\n          )\n          span.end()\n          state.toolSpans.delete(id)\n        }\n\n        // The final iteration's span is still open because we keep it open\n        // through tool execution and `onUsage`. Close it now.\n        closeIterationSpan(state, ctx)\n\n        if (durationHistogram) {\n          durationHistogram.record(info.duration / 1000, {\n            'gen_ai.system': ctx.provider,\n            'gen_ai.operation.name': 'chat',\n            'gen_ai.request.model': ctx.model,\n          })\n        }\n\n        if (info.usage) {\n          state.rootSpan.setAttributes(usageAttributes(info.usage))\n        }\n        if (info.finishReason) {\n          state.rootSpan.setAttribute('gen_ai.response.finish_reasons', [\n            info.finishReason,\n          ])\n        }\n        state.rootSpan.setAttribute(\n          'tanstack.ai.iterations',\n          state.iterationCount,\n        )\n\n        safeCall('otel.onSpanEnd', () =>\n          onSpanEnd?.({ kind: 'chat', ctx }, state.rootSpan),\n        )\n        state.rootSpan.end()\n        stateByCtx.delete(ctx)\n      })\n    },\n  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package/package.json

@@ -1,14 +1,22 @@
 {
   "name": "@tanstack/ai",
-  "version": "0.29.0",
+  "version": "0.31.0",
   "description": "Type-safe TypeScript AI SDK for streaming chat, tool calling, agents, structured outputs, and multimodal generation.",
   "author": "Tanner Linsley",
   "license": "MIT",
+  "homepage": "https://tanstack.com/ai",
   "repository": {
     "type": "git",
     "url": "git+https://github.com/TanStack/ai.git",
     "directory": "packages/ai"
   },
+  "bugs": {
+    "url": "https://github.com/TanStack/ai/issues"
+  },
+  "funding": {
+    "type": "github",
+    "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/tannerlinsley"
+  },
   "type": "module",
   "module": "./dist/esm/index.js",
   "types": "./dist/esm/index.d.ts",
@@ -68,7 +76,7 @@
     "@ag-ui/core": "^0.0.52",
     "@standard-schema/spec": "^1.1.0",
     "partial-json": "^0.1.7",
-    "@tanstack/ai-event-client": "0.6.0"
+    "@tanstack/ai-event-client": "0.6.2"
   },
   "peerDependencies": {
     "@opentelemetry/api": ">=1.9.0"

package/src/activities/chat/adapter.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import type {
   TextOptions,
   TokenUsage,
 } from '../../types'
+import type { CapabilityHandle } from './middleware/capabilities'
 
 /**
  * Configuration for adapter instances
@@ -79,6 +80,15 @@ export interface TextAdapter<
   /** The model this adapter is configured for */
   readonly model: TModel
 
+  /**
+   * Capabilities this adapter requires at runtime. `chat()` validates that the
+   * configured middleware provides each one. Model adapters omit this; harness
+   * adapters (e.g. a future `claudeCode()`) declare e.g. `[sandboxCapability]`.
+   * Runtime access to capabilities from inside the adapter is not yet wired —
+   * this is the declaration/validation surface only.
+   */
+  readonly requires?: ReadonlyArray<CapabilityHandle>
+
   /**
    * @internal Type-only properties for inference. Not assigned at runtime.
    */
@@ -183,6 +193,7 @@ export abstract class BaseTextAdapter<
   readonly kind = 'text' as const
   abstract readonly name: string
   readonly model: TModel
+  readonly requires?: ReadonlyArray<CapabilityHandle> = undefined
 
   // Type-only property - never assigned at runtime
   declare '~types': {

package/src/activities/chat/index.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import {
 import { maxIterations as maxIterationsStrategy } from './agent-loop-strategies'
 import { convertMessagesToModelMessages, generateMessageId } from './messages'
 import { MiddlewareRunner } from './middleware/compose'
+import { CapabilityRegistry } from './middleware/capabilities'
+import { validateCapabilities } from './middleware/validate'
 import { MCPManager } from './mcp/manager'
 import type {
   ApprovalRequest,
@@ -54,11 +56,13 @@ import type {
   UIMessage,
 } from '../../types'
 import type {
+  AnyChatMiddleware,
   ChatMiddleware,
   ChatMiddlewareConfig,
   ChatMiddlewareContext,
   StructuredOutputMiddlewareConfig,
 } from './middleware/types'
+import type { CheckCoverage } from './middleware/builder'
 import type { SystemPrompt } from '../../system-prompts'
 import type { InternalLogger } from '../../logger/internal-logger'
 import type { DebugOption } from '../../logger/types'
@@ -141,7 +145,8 @@ type TextActivityOptionsWithContext<
   'tools' | 'middleware' | 'context'
 > & {
   tools?: TTools
-  middleware?: TMiddleware
+  middleware?: TMiddleware &
+    CheckCoverage<Extract<TMiddleware, ReadonlyArray<AnyChatMiddleware>>>
 } & RequiredContextFromInputs<TTools, TMiddleware>
 
 // ===========================
@@ -659,6 +664,15 @@ class TextEngine<
       // References
       messages: this.messages,
       createId: (prefix: string) => this.createId(prefix),
+      // Capability bookkeeping for this request (populated by middleware setup)
+      capabilities: new CapabilityRegistry(),
+      // Convenience accessors that delegate to a capability handle's own
+      // tuple getter/provider, keyed by this context. `getX(ctx)` and
+      // `ctx.get(X)` are interchangeable.
+      get: (capability) => capability[0](this.middlewareCtx),
+      getOptional: (capability) =>
+        capability[0](this.middlewareCtx, { optional: true }),
+      provide: (capability, value) => capability[1](this.middlewareCtx, value),
     }
   }
 
@@ -706,6 +720,9 @@ class TextEngine<
     })
 
     try {
+      // Provision capabilities before any consumer (onConfig onward) can read them
+      await this.middlewareRunner.runSetup(this.middlewareCtx)
+
       // Run initial onConfig (phase = init)
       this.middlewareCtx.phase = 'init'
       const initialConfig = this.buildMiddlewareConfig()
@@ -2564,6 +2581,8 @@ export function chat<
     TMiddleware
   >,
 ): TextActivityResult<TSchema, TStream> {
+  validateCapabilities(options.middleware ?? [], options.adapter)
+
   const { outputSchema, stream } = options
 
   // outputSchema + stream:true is the only branch that streams structured

package/src/activities/chat/middleware/builder.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+import type { CapabilityHandle } from './capabilities'
+import type { AnyChatMiddleware, ChatMiddleware } from './types'
+import type { DefinedChatMiddleware } from './define'
+
+/** Union of capability NAME literals from a tuple of handles. */
+export type NamesOf<T extends ReadonlyArray<CapabilityHandle>> =
+  T[number]['capabilityName']
+
+/** Names provided across a middleware array (imprecise middleware → `string`). */
+export type ProvidedNames<TList extends ReadonlyArray<AnyChatMiddleware>> =
+  NonNullable<TList[number]['provides']> extends infer P
+    ? P extends ReadonlyArray<CapabilityHandle>
+      ? NamesOf<P>
+      : never
+    : never
+
+/** Names required across a middleware array. */
+export type RequiredNames<TList extends ReadonlyArray<AnyChatMiddleware>> =
+  NonNullable<TList[number]['requires']> extends infer P
+    ? P extends ReadonlyArray<CapabilityHandle>
+      ? NamesOf<P>
+      : never
+    : never
+
+/**
+ * Branded marker surfaced when required capability names are missing from the
+ * provided set, so the compiler error names the gap instead of emitting an
+ * opaque "not assignable".
+ */
+export type MissingCapabilities<TMissing extends string> = {
+  // The human-readable message lives in the property KEY, so TypeScript's
+  // "Property '<key>' is missing in type ... but required in type ..." error
+  // prints the explanation instead of an opaque `__missingCapabilities`. The
+  // key distributes over a union of missing names (one required key each).
+  [K in `✖ Missing capability "${TMissing}": no configured middleware provides it. Add a middleware whose \`provides\` includes it (and, with createChatMiddleware().use(), order the provider before this consumer).`]: never
+}
+
+/**
+ * Missing capability names. When required names are imprecise (`string`, i.e.
+ * plain `ChatMiddleware` not authored via `defineChatMiddleware`), we cannot
+ * prove a gap, so we allow it (→ `never`). Otherwise the precise literals not
+ * present in the provided set.
+ */
+type MissingNames<TList extends ReadonlyArray<AnyChatMiddleware>> =
+  string extends RequiredNames<TList>
+    ? never
+    : Exclude<RequiredNames<TList>, ProvidedNames<TList>>
+
+/**
+ * Resolves to `TList` when coverage holds, otherwise to a `MissingCapabilities`
+ * marker (not assignable to a middleware array) — producing a compile error at
+ * the `middleware` option that names the missing capability.
+ */
+export type CheckCoverage<TList extends ReadonlyArray<AnyChatMiddleware>> = [
+  MissingNames<TList>,
+] extends [never]
+  ? TList
+  : MissingCapabilities<MissingNames<TList>>
+
+/**
+ * Order-aware middleware builder. Each `.use()` requires that the middleware's
+ * required capability names are already in the accumulated provided set, then
+ * adds its provided names. `.build()` returns the ordered array.
+ *
+ * `TProvided` is the running union of provided capability name literals.
+ */
+export interface ChatMiddlewareBuilder<
+  TList extends ReadonlyArray<AnyChatMiddleware>,
+  TProvided extends string,
+> {
+  use: <
+    TRequires extends ReadonlyArray<CapabilityHandle>,
+    TProvides extends ReadonlyArray<CapabilityHandle>,
+    TContext = unknown,
+  >(
+    middleware: [NamesOf<TRequires>] extends [TProvided]
+      ? DefinedChatMiddleware<TContext, TRequires, TProvides>
+      : DefinedChatMiddleware<TContext, TRequires, TProvides> &
+          MissingCapabilities<Exclude<NamesOf<TRequires>, TProvided>>,
+  ) => ChatMiddlewareBuilder<
+    readonly [...TList, DefinedChatMiddleware<TContext, TRequires, TProvides>],
+    TProvided | NamesOf<TProvides>
+  >
+
+  build: () => [...TList]
+}
+
+/** Create an order-aware middleware builder. */
+export function createChatMiddleware(): ChatMiddlewareBuilder<
+  readonly [],
+  never
+> {
+  const list: Array<ChatMiddleware<unknown>> = []
+  const builder = {
+    use(middleware: ChatMiddleware<unknown>) {
+      list.push(middleware)
+      return builder
+    },
+    build() {
+      return list
+    },
+  }
+  // The only sanctioned assertion in this PR: the runtime `builder` is a single
+  // object reused across `.use()` calls, but the type accumulates `TProvided`
+  // and `TList` per call — TypeScript cannot derive that from runtime values, so
+  // a structural `as` is impossible and the double assertion is irreducible.
+  // eslint-disable-next-line no-restricted-syntax -- irreducible: type-level accumulation cannot be expressed from a single runtime object
+  return builder as unknown as ChatMiddlewareBuilder<readonly [], never>
+}