@tangram.gl/tangram-renderer 0.0.0-stage → 0.0.0

package/src/builders/polylines.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,682 @@
+// Tangram
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// Copyright (c) 2013-2016 Brett Camper and Mapzen
+// Copyright (c) 2026 vis.gl contributors
+
+// Geometry building functions
+
+import type {GeometryLine, GeometryCoordinate, GeometryVertexData, PolylineStyle, PolylineVertexIndices, PolylineBuildContext} from './geometry-types';
+import Vector from '../utils/vector';
+import Geo from '../utils/geo';
+import {outsideTile, isCoordOutsideTile} from './common';
+
+const zero_vec2 = [0, 0];
+
+// Build tessellated triangles for a polyline
+const CAP_TYPE = {
+    butt: 0,
+    square: 1,
+    round: 2
+};
+
+const JOIN_TYPE = {
+    miter: 0,
+    bevel: 1,
+    round: 2
+};
+
+const DEFAULT_MITER_LIMIT = 3;
+const MIN_FAN_WIDTH = 5; // Width of line in tile units to place 1 triangle per fan
+const TEXCOORD_NORMALIZE = 65535; // Scaling factor for UV attribute values
+
+// Scaling factor to add precision to line texture V coordinate packed as normalized short
+const V_SCALE_ADJUST = Geo.tile_scale;
+const zero_v = [0, 0], one_v = [1, 0], mid_v = [0.5, 0]; // reusable instances, updated with V coordinate
+
+export function buildPolylines (
+    lines: GeometryLine[],
+    style: PolylineStyle,
+    vertex_data: GeometryVertexData,
+    vertex_template: number[],
+    vindex: PolylineVertexIndices,
+    closed_polygon: boolean | undefined,
+    remove_tile_edges: boolean | undefined,
+    tile_edge_tolerance: number): number {
+
+    var cap_type = style.cap ? CAP_TYPE[style.cap] : CAP_TYPE.butt;
+    var join_type = style.join ? JOIN_TYPE[style.join] : JOIN_TYPE.miter;
+
+    // Configure miter limit
+    if (join_type === JOIN_TYPE.miter) {
+        const miter_limit = style.miter_limit || DEFAULT_MITER_LIMIT; // default miter limit
+        var miter_len_sq: number | undefined = miter_limit * miter_limit;
+    }
+
+    // Texture Variables
+    var v_scale;
+    if (vindex.a_texcoord) {
+        v_scale = 1 / (style.texcoord_width * V_SCALE_ADJUST); // scales line texture as a ratio of the line's width
+    }
+
+    // Values that are constant for each line and are passed to helper functions
+    var context: PolylineBuildContext = {
+        closed_polygon,
+        remove_tile_edges,
+        tile_edge_tolerance,
+        miter_len_sq,
+        join_type,
+        cap_type,
+        vertex_data,
+        vertex_template,
+        half_width: style.width / 2,
+        extrude_index: vindex.a_extrude,
+        offset_index: vindex.a_offset,
+        v_scale,
+        texcoord_index: vindex.a_texcoord,
+        texcoord_width: style.texcoord_width,
+        offset: style.offset,
+        projected_normals_index: vindex.a_projected_normals,
+        projected_widths_index: vindex.a_projected_widths,
+        geom_count: 0
+    };
+
+    // Process lines
+    for (let i = 0; i < lines.length; i++) {
+        buildPolyline(lines[i], context);
+    }
+
+    // Process extra lines (which are created above if lines need to be mutated for easier processing)
+    if (context.extra_lines) {
+        for (let i = 0; i < context.extra_lines.length; i++) {
+            buildPolyline(context.extra_lines[i], context);
+        }
+    }
+
+    return context.geom_count;
+}
+
+function buildPolyline(line: GeometryLine, context: PolylineBuildContext): void {
+    // Skip if line is not valid
+    if (line.length < 2) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    var coordCurr: GeometryCoordinate, coordNext: GeometryCoordinate, normPrev: number[], normNext: number[];
+    var {join_type, cap_type, closed_polygon, remove_tile_edges, tile_edge_tolerance, v_scale, miter_len_sq} = context;
+    var has_texcoord = (context.texcoord_index != null);
+    var v = 0; // Texture v-coordinate
+
+    // Loop backwards through line to a tile boundary if found
+    // since you need to draw lines that are only partially inside the tile,
+    // so we start at the first index where it is safe to loop through to the last index within the tile
+    if (closed_polygon && join_type === JOIN_TYPE.miter) {
+        var boundaryIndex = getTileBoundaryIndex(line);
+        if (boundaryIndex !== 0) {
+            // create new line that is a cyclic permutation of the original
+            var permutedLine = permuteLine(line, boundaryIndex);
+            context.extra_lines = context.extra_lines || [];
+            context.extra_lines.push(permutedLine);
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    var index_start = 0;
+    var index_end = line.length - 1;
+    var ignored_indices_count = 0;
+
+    // FIRST POINT
+    // loop through beginning points if duplicates
+    coordCurr = line[index_start];
+    coordNext = line[index_start + 1];
+    while (Vector.isEqual(coordCurr, coordNext)) {
+        index_start++;
+        coordCurr = coordNext;
+        coordNext = line[index_start + 1];
+        ignored_indices_count++;
+        if (index_start === line.length - 1) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // loop through ending points to check for duplicates
+    while (Vector.isEqual(line[index_end], line[index_end - 1])) {
+        index_end--;
+        ignored_indices_count++;
+        if (index_end === 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (line.length < 2 + ignored_indices_count) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    normNext = Vector.normalize(Vector.perp(coordCurr, coordNext));
+    if (context.projected_normals_index !== undefined) context.projected_normals = [...normNext, ...normNext];
+
+    // Skip tile boundary lines and append a new line if needed
+    if (remove_tile_edges && outsideTile(coordCurr, coordNext, tile_edge_tolerance)) {
+        var nonBoundarySegment = getNextNonBoundarySegment(line, index_start, tile_edge_tolerance);
+        if (nonBoundarySegment) {
+            context.extra_lines = context.extra_lines || [];
+            context.extra_lines.push(nonBoundarySegment);
+        }
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (closed_polygon){
+        // Begin the polygon with a join (connecting the first and last segments)
+        normPrev = Vector.normalize(Vector.perp(line[index_end - 1], coordCurr));
+        if (context.projected_normals_index !== undefined) context.projected_normals = [...normPrev, ...normNext];
+        startPolygon(coordCurr, normPrev, normNext, join_type, context);
+    }
+    else {
+        // If line begins at edge, don't add a cap
+        if (!isCoordOutsideTile(coordCurr)) {
+            addCap(coordCurr, v, normNext, cap_type, true, context);
+            if (has_texcoord && cap_type !== CAP_TYPE.butt) {
+                v += 0.5 * v_scale! * context.texcoord_width;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Add first pair of points for the line strip
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normNext, normNext, 1, v, context, 1);
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normNext, normNext, 0, v, context, -1);
+    }
+
+    // INTERMEDIARY POINTS
+    if (has_texcoord) {
+        v += v_scale! * Vector.length(Vector.sub(coordNext, coordCurr));
+    }
+
+    for (var i = index_start + 1; i < index_end; i++) {
+        var currIndex = i;
+        var nextIndex = i + 1;
+        coordCurr = line[currIndex];
+        coordNext = line[nextIndex];
+
+        // Skip redundant vertices
+        if (Vector.isEqual(coordCurr, coordNext)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        // Remove tile boundaries
+        if (remove_tile_edges && outsideTile(coordCurr, coordNext, tile_edge_tolerance)) {
+            if (context.projected_normals_index !== undefined) context.projected_normals = [...normNext, ...normNext];
+            addVertex(coordCurr, normNext, normNext, 1, v, context, 1);
+            addVertex(coordCurr, normNext, normNext, 0, v, context, -1);
+
+            indexPairs(1, context);
+
+            var nonBoundaryLines = getNextNonBoundarySegment(line, currIndex + 1, tile_edge_tolerance);
+            if (nonBoundaryLines) {
+                context.extra_lines = context.extra_lines || [];
+                context.extra_lines.push(nonBoundaryLines);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        normPrev = normNext;
+        normNext = Vector.normalize(Vector.perp(coordCurr, coordNext));
+        if (context.projected_normals_index !== undefined) context.projected_normals = [...normPrev, ...normNext];
+
+        // Add join
+        if (join_type === JOIN_TYPE.miter) {
+            addMiter(v, coordCurr, normPrev, normNext, miter_len_sq!, false, context);
+        }
+        else {
+            addJoin(join_type, v, coordCurr, normPrev, normNext, false, context);
+        }
+
+        if (has_texcoord) {
+            v += v_scale! * Vector.length(Vector.sub(coordNext, coordCurr));
+        }
+    }
+
+    // LAST POINT
+    coordCurr = coordNext;
+    normPrev = normNext;
+    if (context.projected_normals_index !== undefined) context.projected_normals = [...normPrev, ...normPrev];
+
+    if (closed_polygon) {
+        // Close the polygon with a miter joint or butt cap if on a tile boundary
+        normNext = Vector.normalize(Vector.perp(coordCurr, line[1]));
+        if (context.projected_normals_index !== undefined) context.projected_normals = [...normPrev, ...normNext];
+        endPolygon(coordCurr, normPrev, normNext, join_type, v, context);
+    }
+    else {
+        // Finish the line strip
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normPrev, normNext, 1, v, context, 1);
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normPrev, normNext, 0, v, context, -1);
+
+        indexPairs(1, context);
+
+        // If line ends at edge, don't add a cap
+        if (!isCoordOutsideTile(coordCurr)) {
+            addCap(coordCurr, v, normPrev, cap_type, false, context);
+        }
+    }
+
+}
+
+function getTileBoundaryIndex(line: GeometryLine): number {
+    if (isCoordOutsideTile(line[0])) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (var backIndex = 0; backIndex < line.length; backIndex++) {
+        var coordCurr = line[line.length - 1 - backIndex];
+        if (isCoordOutsideTile(coordCurr)) {
+            return line.length - 1 - backIndex;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// Iterate through line from startIndex to find a segment not on a tile boundary, if any.
+function getNextNonBoundarySegment (line: GeometryLine, startIndex: number, tolerance: number): GeometryLine | false {
+    var endIndex = startIndex;
+    while (line[endIndex + 1] && outsideTile(line[endIndex], line[endIndex + 1], tolerance)) {
+        endIndex++;
+    }
+
+    // If there is a line segment remaining that is within the tile, push it to the lines array
+    return (line.length - endIndex >= 2) ? line.slice(endIndex) : false;
+}
+
+// Begin a polygon with a join connecting to the last segment (if valid join-type specified)
+function startPolygon(coordCurr: GeometryCoordinate, normPrev: number[], normNext: number[], join_type: number | undefined, context: PolylineBuildContext): void {
+    // If polygon starts on a tile boundary, don't add a join
+    if (join_type === undefined || isCoordOutsideTile(coordCurr)) {
+        if (context.projected_normals_index !== undefined) context.projected_normals = [...normNext, ...normNext];
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normNext, normNext, 1, 0, context, 1);
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normNext, normNext, 0, 0, context, -1);
+    }
+    else {
+        // If polygon starts within a tile, add a join
+        var v = 0;
+        if (join_type === JOIN_TYPE.miter) {
+            addMiter(v, coordCurr, normPrev, normNext, context.miter_len_sq!, true, context);
+        }
+        else {
+            addJoin(join_type, v, coordCurr, normPrev, normNext, true, context);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// End a polygon appropriately
+function endPolygon(coordCurr: GeometryCoordinate, normPrev: number[], normNext: number[], join_type: number, v: number, context: PolylineBuildContext): void {
+    // If polygon ends on a tile boundary, don't add a join
+    if (isCoordOutsideTile(coordCurr)) {
+        if (context.projected_normals_index !== undefined) context.projected_normals = [...normPrev, ...normPrev];
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normPrev, normPrev, 1, v, context, 1);
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normPrev, normPrev, 0, v, context, -1);
+        indexPairs(1, context);
+    }
+    else {
+        // If polygon ends within a tile, add Miter or no joint (join added on startPolygon)
+        var miterVec = createMiterVec(normPrev, normNext);
+
+        if (join_type === JOIN_TYPE.miter && Vector.lengthSq(miterVec) > context.miter_len_sq!) {
+            join_type = JOIN_TYPE.bevel; // switch to bevel
+        }
+
+        if (join_type === JOIN_TYPE.miter) {
+            addVertex(coordCurr, miterVec, normPrev, 1, v, context, 1);
+            addVertex(coordCurr, miterVec, normPrev, 0, v, context, -1);
+            indexPairs(1, context);
+        }
+        else {
+            if (context.projected_normals_index !== undefined) context.projected_normals = [...normPrev, ...normPrev];
+            addVertex(coordCurr, normPrev, normPrev, 1, v, context, 1);
+            addVertex(coordCurr, normPrev, normPrev, 0, v, context, -1);
+            indexPairs(1, context);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+function createMiterVec(normPrev: number[], normNext: number[]): number[] {
+    var miterVec = Vector.normalize(Vector.add(normPrev, normNext));
+    var scale = 2 / (1 + Math.abs(Vector.dot(normPrev, miterVec)));
+    return Vector.mult(miterVec, scale * scale);
+}
+
+// Add a miter vector or a join if the miter is too sharp
+function addMiter (v: number, coordCurr: GeometryCoordinate, normPrev: number[], normNext: number[], miter_len_sq: number, isBeginning: boolean, context: PolylineBuildContext): void {
+    var miterVec = createMiterVec(normPrev, normNext);
+
+    //  Miter limit: if miter join is too sharp, convert to bevel instead
+    if (Vector.lengthSq(miterVec) > miter_len_sq) {
+        addJoin(JOIN_TYPE.bevel, v, coordCurr, normPrev, normNext, isBeginning, context);
+    }
+    else {
+        addVertex(coordCurr, miterVec, miterVec, 1, v, context, 1);
+        addVertex(coordCurr, miterVec, miterVec, 0, v, context, -1);
+        if (!isBeginning) {
+            indexPairs(1, context);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Add a bevel or round join
+function addJoin(join_type: number, v: number, coordCurr: GeometryCoordinate, normPrev: number[], normNext: number[], isBeginning: boolean, context: PolylineBuildContext): void {
+    var miterVec = createMiterVec(normPrev, normNext);
+    var isClockwise = (normNext[0] * normPrev[1] - normNext[1] * normPrev[0] > 0);
+
+    if (context.texcoord_index != null) {
+        zero_v[1] = v;
+        one_v[1] = v;
+    }
+
+    if (isClockwise){
+        addVertex(coordCurr, miterVec, miterVec, 1, v, context, 1);
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normPrev, miterVec, 0, v, context, -1);
+
+        if (!isBeginning) {
+            indexPairs(1, context);
+        }
+
+        addFan(coordCurr,
+            // extrusion vector of first vertex
+            Vector.neg(normPrev),
+            // controls extrude distance of pivot vertex
+            miterVec,
+            // extrusion vector of last vertex
+            Vector.neg(normNext),
+            // line normal (unused here)
+            miterVec,
+            // uv coordinates
+            zero_v, one_v, zero_v,
+            false, (join_type === JOIN_TYPE.bevel), context
+        );
+
+        addVertex(coordCurr, miterVec, miterVec, 1, v, context, 1);
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normNext, miterVec, 0, v, context, -1);
+    } else {
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normPrev, miterVec, 1, v, context, 1);
+        addVertex(coordCurr, miterVec, miterVec, 0, v, context, -1);
+
+        if (!isBeginning) {
+            indexPairs(1, context);
+        }
+
+        addFan(coordCurr,
+            // extrusion vector of first vertex
+            normPrev,
+            // extrusion vector of pivot vertex
+            Vector.neg(miterVec),
+            // extrusion vector of last vertex
+            normNext,
+            // line normal for offset
+            miterVec,
+            // uv coordinates
+            one_v, zero_v, one_v,
+            false, (join_type === JOIN_TYPE.bevel), context
+        );
+
+        addVertex(coordCurr, normNext, miterVec, 1, v, context, 1);
+        addVertex(coordCurr, miterVec, miterVec, 0, v, context, -1);
+    }
+}
+
+// Add indices to vertex_elements
+function indexPairs(num_pairs: number, context: PolylineBuildContext): void {
+    var vertex_elements = context.vertex_data.vertex_elements;
+    var num_vertices = context.vertex_data.vertex_count;
+    var offset = num_vertices - 2 * num_pairs - 2;
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < num_pairs; i++){
+        vertex_elements.push(offset + 2 * i + 2);
+        vertex_elements.push(offset + 2 * i + 1);
+        vertex_elements.push(offset + 2 * i + 0);
+        vertex_elements.push(offset + 2 * i + 2);
+        vertex_elements.push(offset + 2 * i + 3);
+        vertex_elements.push(offset + 2 * i + 1);
+        context.geom_count += 2;
+    }
+}
+
+function addVertex(position: GeometryCoordinate, extrude: number[], normal: number[], u: number, v: number, context: PolylineBuildContext, flip: number): void {
+    var vertex_template = context.vertex_template;
+    var vertex_data = context.vertex_data;
+
+    // set vertex position
+    vertex_template[0] = position[0];
+    vertex_template[1] = position[1];
+
+    // set line extrusion vector
+    let len = context.half_width * flip;
+    vertex_template[context.extrude_index + 0] = extrude[0] * len;
+    vertex_template[context.extrude_index + 1] = extrude[1] * len;
+
+    if (context.projected_normals_index !== undefined && context.projected_normals) {
+        for (let component = 0; component < 4; component++) {
+            vertex_template[context.projected_normals_index + component] = context.projected_normals[component];
+        }
+    }
+    if (context.projected_widths_index !== undefined) {
+        vertex_template[context.projected_widths_index] = context.half_width;
+        vertex_template[context.projected_widths_index + 1] = context.offset;
+    }
+
+    // set line offset vector
+    if (context.offset) {
+        // Nonzero offsets select a packed offset attribute rather than a constant.
+        const offsetIndex = context.offset_index as number;
+        vertex_template[offsetIndex + 0] = normal[0] * context.offset;
+        vertex_template[offsetIndex + 1] = normal[1] * context.offset;
+    }
+
+    // set UVs
+    if (context.texcoord_index != null) {
+        vertex_template[context.texcoord_index + 0] = u * TEXCOORD_NORMALIZE;
+        vertex_template[context.texcoord_index + 1] = v * TEXCOORD_NORMALIZE;
+    }
+
+    vertex_data.addVertex(vertex_template);
+}
+
+//  Tesselate a fan geometry between points A ----- B
+//  using their normals from a center p      \ . . /
+//  and interpolating their UVs               \ p /
+//                                             \./
+//                                              C
+var uvCurr = [0, 0];
+
+function addFan (coord: GeometryCoordinate, eA: number[], eC: number[], eB: number[], normal: number[], uvA: number[], uvC: number[], uvB: number[], isCap: boolean, isBevel: boolean, context: PolylineBuildContext): void {
+    // eA = extrusion vector of first outer vertex
+    // eC = extrusion vector of inner vertex
+    // eA, eC, eB = extrusion vectors
+    // normal = line normal for calculating cap offsets
+    // coord = center point p - vertex connecting two line segments
+
+    var cross = eA[0] * eB[1] - eA[1] * eB[0];
+    var dot = Vector.dot(eA, eB);
+
+    var angle = Math.atan2(cross, dot);
+    while (angle >= Math.PI) {
+        angle -= 2*Math.PI;
+    }
+
+    if (isBevel) {
+        numTriangles = 1;
+    } else {
+        // vary number of triangles in fan with angle (based on MIN_FAN_WIDTH)
+        var numTriangles = trianglesPerArc(angle, context.half_width);
+        if (numTriangles < 1) {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    var pivotIndex = context.vertex_data.vertex_count;
+    var vertex_elements = context.vertex_data.vertex_elements;
+    if (angle < 0) { // cw
+        addVertex(coord, eC, normal, uvC[0], uvC[1], context, 1);
+        addVertex(coord, eA, normal, uvA[0], uvA[1], context, 1);
+    } else { // ccw
+        addVertex(coord, eC, normal, uvC[0], uvC[1], context, 1);
+        addVertex(coord, eA, normal, uvA[0], uvA[1], context, 1);
+    }
+
+    var blade = eA;
+
+    var has_texcoord = (context.texcoord_index != null);
+    if (has_texcoord) {
+        if (isCap){
+            var affine_uvCurr = Vector.sub(uvA, uvC);
+        }
+        else {
+            uvCurr = Vector.copy(uvA);
+            var uv_delta = Vector.div(Vector.sub(uvB, uvA), numTriangles);
+        }
+    }
+
+    var angle_step = angle / numTriangles;
+    let flip = ((angle < 0) ? -1 : 1); // if angle < 0, is cw - set 'flip' flag
+
+    // add outside vertices in reverse order depending on sign of angle
+    let v1, v2;
+    if (cross > 0) {
+        v1 = 2;
+        v2 = 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        v1 = 1;
+        v2 = 2;
+    }
+
+    for (var i = 0; i < numTriangles; i++) {
+        if (i === 0 && angle < 0) {
+            // if ccw, flip the extrusion vector so offsets work properly
+            blade = Vector.neg(blade);
+        }
+
+        blade = Vector.rot(blade, angle_step);
+
+        if (has_texcoord) {
+            if (isCap){
+                // UV textures go "through" the cap
+                affine_uvCurr = Vector.rot(affine_uvCurr!, angle_step);
+                uvCurr[0] = affine_uvCurr[0] + uvC[0];
+                uvCurr[1] = affine_uvCurr[1] * context.texcoord_width * context.v_scale! + uvC[1]; // scale the v-coordinate
+            }
+            else {
+                // UV textures go "around" the join
+                uvCurr = Vector.add(uvCurr, uv_delta!);
+            }
+        }
+
+        addVertex(coord, blade, normal, uvCurr[0], uvCurr[1], context, flip);
+
+        vertex_elements.push(pivotIndex + i + v1);
+        vertex_elements.push(pivotIndex);
+        vertex_elements.push(pivotIndex + i + v2);
+    }
+}
+
+//  Function to add the vertices needed for line caps,
+//  because to re-use the buffers they need to be at the end
+function addCap (coord: GeometryCoordinate, v: number, normal: number[], type: number, isBeginning: boolean, context: PolylineBuildContext): void {
+    var neg_normal = Vector.neg(normal);
+    var has_texcoord = (context.texcoord_index != null);
+
+    switch (type){
+    case CAP_TYPE.square:
+        var tangent;
+        // first vertex on the lineString
+        if (isBeginning){
+            tangent = [normal[1], -normal[0]];
+
+            addVertex(coord, Vector.add(normal, tangent), normal, 1, v, context, 1);
+            addVertex(coord, Vector.add(neg_normal, tangent), normal, 0, v, context, 1);
+
+            if (has_texcoord) {
+                // Add length of square cap to texture coordinate
+                v += 0.5 * context.texcoord_width * context.v_scale!;
+            }
+
+            addVertex(coord, normal, normal, 1, v, context, 1);
+            addVertex(coord, neg_normal, normal, 0, v, context, 1);
+
+        }
+        // last vertex on the lineString
+        else {
+            tangent = [-normal[1], normal[0]];
+
+            addVertex(coord, normal, normal, 1, v, context, 1);
+            addVertex(coord, neg_normal, normal, 0, v, context, 1);
+
+            if (has_texcoord) {
+                // Add length of square cap to texture coordinate
+                v += 0.5 * context.texcoord_width * context.v_scale!;
+            }
+
+            addVertex(coord, Vector.add(normal, tangent), normal, 1, v, context, 1);
+            addVertex(coord, Vector.add(neg_normal, tangent), normal, 0, v, context, 1);
+        }
+
+        indexPairs(1, context);
+        break;
+    case CAP_TYPE.round:
+        // default for end cap, beginning cap will overwrite below (this way we're always passing a non-null value,
+        // even if texture coords are disabled)
+        var uvA = zero_v, uvB = one_v, uvC = mid_v;
+        var nA, nB;
+
+        // first vertex on the lineString
+        if (isBeginning) {
+            nA = normal;
+            nB = neg_normal;
+
+            if (has_texcoord){
+                v += 0.5 * context.texcoord_width * context.v_scale!;
+                uvA = one_v, uvB = zero_v, uvC = mid_v; // update cap UV order
+            }
+        }
+        // last vertex on the lineString - flip the direction of the cap
+        else {
+            nA = neg_normal;
+            nB = normal;
+        }
+
+        if (has_texcoord) {
+            zero_v[1] = v, one_v[1] = v, mid_v[1] = v; // update cap UV values
+        }
+
+        addFan(coord,
+            nA, zero_vec2, nB,  // extrusion normal
+            normal,             // line normal, for offsets
+            uvA, uvC, uvB,      // texture coords (ignored if disabled)
+            true, false, context
+        );
+
+        break;
+    case CAP_TYPE.butt:
+        return;
+    }
+}
+
+// Calculate number of triangles for a fan given an angle and line width
+function trianglesPerArc (angle: number, width: number): number {
+    if (angle < 0) {
+        angle = -angle;
+    }
+
+    var numTriangles = (width > 2 * MIN_FAN_WIDTH) ? Math.log2(width / MIN_FAN_WIDTH) : 1;
+    return Math.ceil(angle / Math.PI * numTriangles);
+}
+
+// Cyclically permute closed line starting at an index
+function permuteLine(line: GeometryLine, startIndex: number): GeometryLine {
+    var newLine: GeometryLine = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < line.length; i++){
+        var index = (i + startIndex) % line.length;
+        // skip the first (repeated) index
+        if (index !== 0) {
+            newLine.push(line[index]);
+        }
+    }
+    newLine.push(newLine[0]);
+    return newLine;
+}