@tangle-network/agent-eval 0.216.1 → 0.218.1

package/dist/baseline-Udi_PLuT.js

@@ -1,259 +0,0 @@
-import { s as ValidationError } from "./errors-DVZiqS7K.js";
-import { t as interpolatedQuantile } from "./quantile--0yb07pD.js";
-import { c as lnGamma, l as regularizedIncompleteBeta, t as assertFiniteSample$1 } from "./internal-Epl-YBZW.js";
-import { n as cohensD } from "./effect-sizes-BhzEpXMc.js";
-import { t as normalCdf } from "./normal-DsJZtrJc.js";
-import { n as studentTQuantile } from "./student-t-DVPW7CdL.js";
-//#region src/statistics/inference.ts
-/** Two-sided normal tail, evaluated without subtracting a near-one CDF. */
-function normalTwoSidedPValue(z) {
-	if (Number.isNaN(z)) throw new ValidationError("normalTwoSidedPValue: z must not be NaN");
-	return Math.min(1, 2 * normalCdf(-Math.abs(z)));
-}
-/** Two-sided Student-t tail, preserving small tail probabilities. */
-function studentTTwoSidedPValue(t, df) {
-	if (Number.isNaN(t) || !Number.isFinite(df) || df <= 0) throw new ValidationError("studentTTwoSidedPValue: t must not be NaN and df must be positive and finite");
-	return regularizedIncompleteBeta(df / (df + t * t), df / 2, .5);
-}
-function table(a, b, c, d) {
-	if (![
-		a,
-		b,
-		c,
-		d
-	].every((value) => Number.isSafeInteger(value) && value >= 0) || !Number.isSafeInteger(a + b + c + d)) throw new ValidationError("contingency table: counts and total must be nonnegative safe integers");
-	return a + b + c + d;
-}
-/** Pearson statistic for a 2x2 table; empty or fixed margins have statistic zero. */
-function chiSquared(a, b, c, d) {
-	const n = table(a, b, c, d);
-	if (!n) return 0;
-	const expected = [
-		(a + b) * (a + c) / n,
-		(a + b) * (b + d) / n,
-		(c + d) * (a + c) / n,
-		(c + d) * (b + d) / n
-	];
-	if (expected.some((value) => value === 0)) return 0;
-	return [
-		a,
-		b,
-		c,
-		d
-	].reduce((sum, value, i) => sum + (value - expected[i]) ** 2 / expected[i], 0);
-}
-/** One-degree-of-freedom chi-squared survival probability. */
-function chiSquaredPValue(statistic) {
-	if (Number.isNaN(statistic) || statistic < 0) throw new ValidationError("chiSquaredPValue: statistic must be nonnegative and not NaN");
-	return normalTwoSidedPValue(Math.sqrt(statistic));
-}
-/** Fisher two-sided probability: sum all fixed-margin tables no likelier than the observed table. */
-function fisherExactTwoSided(a, b, c, d) {
-	const n = table(a, b, c, d), row1 = a + b, row2 = c + d, col1 = a + c;
-	if (!n || !row1 || !row2 || !col1 || col1 === n) return 1;
-	const logChoose = (total, count) => lnGamma(total + 1) - lnGamma(count + 1) - lnGamma(total - count + 1);
-	const denominator = logChoose(n, col1);
-	const logP = (count) => logChoose(row1, count) + logChoose(row2, col1 - count) - denominator;
-	const threshold = logP(a) + 1e-7;
-	let p = 0;
-	for (let k = Math.max(0, col1 - row2); k <= Math.min(row1, col1); k++) {
-		const probability = logP(k);
-		if (probability <= threshold) p += Math.exp(probability);
-	}
-	return Math.min(1, p);
-}
-/** Fisher when any expected count is below five; otherwise Pearson's chi-squared tail. */
-function twoByTwoPValue(a, b, c, d) {
-	const n = table(a, b, c, d);
-	if (!n) return 1;
-	return Math.min((a + b) * (a + c), (a + b) * (b + d), (c + d) * (a + c), (c + d) * (b + d)) / n < 5 ? fisherExactTwoSided(a, b, c, d) : chiSquaredPValue(chiSquared(a, b, c, d));
-}
-/** Centered least-squares slope; null p-value means no slope test was possible. */
-function linearRegressionSlope(points) {
-	assertFiniteSample$1("linearRegressionSlope", "x", points.map((point) => point.x));
-	assertFiniteSample$1("linearRegressionSlope", "y", points.map((point) => point.y));
-	if (points.length < 2) return {
-		slope: 0,
-		rSquared: 0,
-		slopePValue: null
-	};
-	const n = points.length;
-	const meanX = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + point.x / n, 0);
-	const meanY = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + point.y / n, 0);
-	const sxx = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + (point.x - meanX) ** 2, 0);
-	const syy = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + (point.y - meanY) ** 2, 0);
-	const sxy = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + (point.x - meanX) * (point.y - meanY), 0);
-	if (!sxx) return {
-		slope: 0,
-		rSquared: 0,
-		slopePValue: null
-	};
-	const slope = sxy / sxx;
-	const residual = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + (point.y - meanY - slope * (point.x - meanX)) ** 2, 0);
-	if (![
-		slope,
-		residual,
-		sxx,
-		sxy,
-		syy
-	].every(Number.isFinite)) throw new ValidationError("linearRegressionSlope: sample arithmetic exceeded finite range");
-	return {
-		slope,
-		rSquared: syy === 0 ? 0 : Math.max(0, 1 - residual / syy),
-		slopePValue: n < 3 ? null : residual === 0 ? slope === 0 ? 1 : 0 : studentTTwoSidedPValue(slope / Math.sqrt(residual / (n - 2) / sxx), n - 2)
-	};
-}
-//#endregion
-//#region src/baseline.ts
-/**
-* Baseline regression detection.
-*
-* Lifted from ADC baseline.ts. Every promotion-blocking signal boils down
-* to: "is this run measurably worse than baseline?" — with enough
-* statistical rigor to distinguish noise from drift.
-*
-* Uses:
-*   - Welch's t-test (unequal variance) for per-metric mean comparison
-*   - Cohen's d for effect size magnitude
-*   - IQR for stability flag (unstable samples can't be trusted for comparisons)
-*
-* Returns a structured verdict: improved | regressed | stable | unstable.
-*/
-/**
-* Compare candidate samples against baseline per metric. Verdict logic:
-*   - unstable: IQR/|mean| > threshold on either set — not enough signal
-*   - improved: meaningful effect in the "better" direction AND p < alpha
-*   - regressed: meaningful effect in the "worse" direction AND p < alpha
-*   - stable: otherwise (no significant change)
-*/
-function compareToBaseline(samples, options = {}) {
-	const effectThreshold = options.effectThreshold ?? .5;
-	const alpha = options.alpha ?? .05;
-	const cvThreshold = options.unstableCvThreshold ?? .3;
-	const metrics = samples.map((s) => {
-		const comparison = welchsTTest(s.baseline, s.candidate);
-		if (comparison.status === "insufficient-sample") throw new Error(`compareToBaseline: need ≥2 samples per side for "${s.metric}"`);
-		const { meanA: bMean, meanB: cMean, delta, cohensD: d, t, df, p } = comparison;
-		const baselineIqr = iqr(s.baseline);
-		const candidateIqr = iqr(s.candidate);
-		const baselineStable = baselineIqr / Math.max(Math.abs(bMean), 1e-9) <= cvThreshold;
-		const candidateStable = candidateIqr / Math.max(Math.abs(cMean), 1e-9) <= cvThreshold;
-		const stable = baselineStable && candidateStable;
-		const reportedIqr = Math.max(baselineIqr, candidateIqr);
-		const effectClears = d === null || Math.abs(d) >= effectThreshold;
-		let verdict;
-		if (!stable) verdict = "unstable";
-		else if (comparison.status === "ok" && p < alpha && effectClears) verdict = (s.higherIsBetter ? delta > 0 : delta < 0) ? "improved" : "regressed";
-		else verdict = "stable";
-		return {
-			metric: s.metric,
-			baselineMean: bMean,
-			candidateMean: cMean,
-			delta,
-			cohensD: d,
-			welchT: t,
-			welchDf: df,
-			welchP: p,
-			stable,
-			iqr: reportedIqr,
-			verdict
-		};
-	});
-	return {
-		metrics,
-		hasRegression: metrics.some((m) => m.verdict === "regressed"),
-		hasUnstable: metrics.some((m) => m.verdict === "unstable")
-	};
-}
-function mean(xs) {
-	return xs.length ? xs.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value / xs.length, 0) : NaN;
-}
-/** Inter-quartile range; 0 when the sample has no spread. */
-function iqr(xs) {
-	if (xs.length === 0) return 0;
-	const sorted = [...xs].sort((a, b) => a - b);
-	return interpolatedQuantile(sorted, .75) - interpolatedQuantile(sorted, .25);
-}
-/**
-* Welch's t-test and 95% interval for two independent samples.
-*
-* Uses the Student-t distribution at every finite degree of freedom. Fewer
-* than two observations per side and zero observed standard error cannot
-* define a t reference distribution; those cases return an explicit status,
-* `NaN` inferential fields, and no interval rather than fabricated certainty.
-*/
-function welchsTTest(a, b) {
-	assertFiniteSample("a", a);
-	assertFiniteSample("b", b);
-	const mA = mean(a);
-	const mB = mean(b);
-	const delta = mB - mA;
-	if (a.length && !Number.isFinite(mA) || b.length && !Number.isFinite(mB) || a.length && b.length && !Number.isFinite(delta)) throw new RangeError("welchsTTest: sample arithmetic exceeded finite range");
-	if (a.length < 2 || b.length < 2) return {
-		status: "insufficient-sample",
-		meanA: mA,
-		meanB: mB,
-		delta,
-		standardError: NaN,
-		t: NaN,
-		df: NaN,
-		p: NaN,
-		ci95: null,
-		cohensD: null
-	};
-	const vA = variance(a, mA);
-	const vB = variance(b, mB);
-	const seSquared = vA / a.length + vB / b.length;
-	if (!Number.isFinite(seSquared)) throw new RangeError("welchsTTest: sample arithmetic exceeded finite range");
-	const d = cohensD(a, b);
-	if (seSquared === 0) return {
-		status: "zero-variance",
-		meanA: mA,
-		meanB: mB,
-		delta,
-		standardError: 0,
-		t: delta === 0 ? 0 : Math.sign(delta) * Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-		df: NaN,
-		p: NaN,
-		ci95: null,
-		cohensD: null
-	};
-	const standardError = Math.sqrt(seSquared);
-	const t = delta / standardError;
-	const fractionA = vA / a.length / seSquared;
-	const fractionB = vB / b.length / seSquared;
-	const df = 1 / (fractionA ** 2 / (a.length - 1) + fractionB ** 2 / (b.length - 1));
-	const p = studentTTwoSidedPValue(t, df);
-	if (d === null) throw new Error("welchsTTest: non-zero standard error produced no pooled effect size");
-	const halfWidth = studentTQuantile(.975, df) * standardError;
-	if (![
-		df,
-		d,
-		halfWidth,
-		delta - halfWidth,
-		delta + halfWidth
-	].every(Number.isFinite)) throw new RangeError("welchsTTest: sample arithmetic exceeded finite range");
-	return {
-		status: "ok",
-		meanA: mA,
-		meanB: mB,
-		delta,
-		standardError,
-		t,
-		df,
-		p,
-		ci95: [delta - halfWidth, delta + halfWidth],
-		cohensD: d
-	};
-}
-function variance(xs, m) {
-	return xs.reduce((acc, x) => acc + (x - m) ** 2, 0) / (xs.length - 1);
-}
-function assertFiniteSample(name, sample) {
-	const invalid = sample.find((value) => !Number.isFinite(value));
-	if (invalid !== void 0) throw new RangeError(`welchsTTest: sample ${name} must contain only finite values, got ${invalid}`);
-}
-//#endregion
-export { chiSquaredPValue as a, normalTwoSidedPValue as c, chiSquared as i, studentTTwoSidedPValue as l, iqr as n, fisherExactTwoSided as o, welchsTTest as r, linearRegressionSlope as s, compareToBaseline as t, twoByTwoPValue as u };
-
-//# sourceMappingURL=baseline-Udi_PLuT.js.map

package/dist/baseline-Udi_PLuT.js.map

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-{"version":3,"file":"baseline-Udi_PLuT.js","names":[],"sources":["../src/statistics/inference.ts","../src/baseline.ts"],"sourcesContent":["import { ValidationError } from '../errors'\nimport { normalCdf } from '../math/normal'\nimport { lnGamma, regularizedIncompleteBeta } from '../math/special-functions'\nimport { assertFiniteSample } from './internal'\n\n/** Two-sided normal tail, evaluated without subtracting a near-one CDF. */\nexport function normalTwoSidedPValue(z: number): number {\n  if (Number.isNaN(z)) throw new ValidationError('normalTwoSidedPValue: z must not be NaN')\n  return Math.min(1, 2 * normalCdf(-Math.abs(z)))\n}\n\n/** Two-sided Student-t tail, preserving small tail probabilities. */\nexport function studentTTwoSidedPValue(t: number, df: number): number {\n  if (Number.isNaN(t) || !Number.isFinite(df) || df <= 0) {\n    throw new ValidationError(\n      'studentTTwoSidedPValue: t must not be NaN and df must be positive and finite',\n    )\n  }\n  return regularizedIncompleteBeta(df / (df + t * t), df / 2, 0.5)\n}\n\nfunction table(a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number): number {\n  if (\n    ![a, b, c, d].every((value) => Number.isSafeInteger(value) && value >= 0) ||\n    !Number.isSafeInteger(a + b + c + d)\n  ) {\n    throw new ValidationError(\n      'contingency table: counts and total must be nonnegative safe integers',\n    )\n  }\n  return a + b + c + d\n}\n\n/** Pearson statistic for a 2x2 table; empty or fixed margins have statistic zero. */\nexport function chiSquared(a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number): number {\n  const n = table(a, b, c, d)\n  if (!n) return 0\n  const expected = [\n    ((a + b) * (a + c)) / n,\n    ((a + b) * (b + d)) / n,\n    ((c + d) * (a + c)) / n,\n    ((c + d) * (b + d)) / n,\n  ]\n  if (expected.some((value) => value === 0)) return 0\n  return [a, b, c, d].reduce((sum, value, i) => sum + (value - expected[i]!) ** 2 / expected[i]!, 0)\n}\n\n/** One-degree-of-freedom chi-squared survival probability. */\nexport function chiSquaredPValue(statistic: number): number {\n  if (Number.isNaN(statistic) || statistic < 0) {\n    throw new ValidationError('chiSquaredPValue: statistic must be nonnegative and not NaN')\n  }\n  return normalTwoSidedPValue(Math.sqrt(statistic))\n}\n\n/** Fisher two-sided probability: sum all fixed-margin tables no likelier than the observed table. */\nexport function fisherExactTwoSided(a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number): number {\n  const n = table(a, b, c, d),\n    row1 = a + b,\n    row2 = c + d,\n    col1 = a + c\n  if (!n || !row1 || !row2 || !col1 || col1 === n) return 1\n  const logChoose = (total: number, count: number) =>\n    lnGamma(total + 1) - lnGamma(count + 1) - lnGamma(total - count + 1)\n  const denominator = logChoose(n, col1)\n  const logP = (count: number) =>\n    logChoose(row1, count) + logChoose(row2, col1 - count) - denominator\n  const threshold = logP(a) + 1e-7\n  let p = 0\n  for (let k = Math.max(0, col1 - row2); k <= Math.min(row1, col1); k++) {\n    const probability = logP(k)\n    if (probability <= threshold) p += Math.exp(probability)\n  }\n  return Math.min(1, p)\n}\n\n/** Fisher when any expected count is below five; otherwise Pearson's chi-squared tail. */\nexport function twoByTwoPValue(a: number, b: number, c: number, d: number): number {\n  const n = table(a, b, c, d)\n  if (!n) return 1\n  const minimum =\n    Math.min((a + b) * (a + c), (a + b) * (b + d), (c + d) * (a + c), (c + d) * (b + d)) / n\n  return minimum < 5 ? fisherExactTwoSided(a, b, c, d) : chiSquaredPValue(chiSquared(a, b, c, d))\n}\n\nexport interface LinearRegressionResult {\n  slope: number\n  rSquared: number\n  slopePValue: number | null\n}\n\n/** Centered least-squares slope; null p-value means no slope test was possible. */\nexport function linearRegressionSlope(\n  points: readonly { x: number; y: number }[],\n): LinearRegressionResult {\n  assertFiniteSample(\n    'linearRegressionSlope',\n    'x',\n    points.map((point) => point.x),\n  )\n  assertFiniteSample(\n    'linearRegressionSlope',\n    'y',\n    points.map((point) => point.y),\n  )\n  if (points.length < 2) return { slope: 0, rSquared: 0, slopePValue: null }\n  const n = points.length\n  const meanX = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + point.x / n, 0)\n  const meanY = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + point.y / n, 0)\n  const sxx = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + (point.x - meanX) ** 2, 0)\n  const syy = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + (point.y - meanY) ** 2, 0)\n  const sxy = points.reduce((sum, point) => sum + (point.x - meanX) * (point.y - meanY), 0)\n  if (!sxx) return { slope: 0, rSquared: 0, slopePValue: null }\n  const slope = sxy / sxx\n  const residual = points.reduce(\n    (sum, point) => sum + (point.y - meanY - slope * (point.x - meanX)) ** 2,\n    0,\n  )\n  if (![slope, residual, sxx, sxy, syy].every(Number.isFinite)) {\n    throw new ValidationError('linearRegressionSlope: sample arithmetic exceeded finite range')\n  }\n  const rSquared = syy === 0 ? 0 : Math.max(0, 1 - residual / syy)\n  const slopePValue =\n    n < 3\n      ? null\n      : residual === 0\n        ? slope === 0\n          ? 1\n          : 0\n        : studentTTwoSidedPValue(slope / Math.sqrt(residual / (n - 2) / sxx), n - 2)\n  return { slope, rSquared, slopePValue }\n}\n","/**\n * Baseline regression detection.\n *\n * Lifted from ADC baseline.ts. Every promotion-blocking signal boils down\n * to: \"is this run measurably worse than baseline?\" — with enough\n * statistical rigor to distinguish noise from drift.\n *\n * Uses:\n *   - Welch's t-test (unequal variance) for per-metric mean comparison\n *   - Cohen's d for effect size magnitude\n *   - IQR for stability flag (unstable samples can't be trusted for comparisons)\n *\n * Returns a structured verdict: improved | regressed | stable | unstable.\n */\n\nimport { interpolatedQuantile } from './math/quantile'\nimport { studentTQuantile } from './math/student-t'\nimport { cohensD } from './statistics/effect-sizes'\nimport { studentTTwoSidedPValue } from './statistics/inference'\n\nexport interface MetricSamples {\n  /** Stable metric key (e.g. \"overallScore\", \"firstTokenMs\"). */\n  metric: string\n  /** Whether higher values are better. */\n  higherIsBetter: boolean\n  baseline: number[]\n  candidate: number[]\n}\n\nexport interface MetricVerdict {\n  metric: string\n  baselineMean: number\n  candidateMean: number\n  delta: number\n  /** Null when both samples are constant with unequal means — the\n   *  standardized effect is unbounded there, not zero. */\n  cohensD: number | null\n  welchT: number\n  welchDf: number\n  welchP: number\n  stable: boolean\n  /** IQR of the combined samples — used as a rough stability indicator. */\n  iqr: number\n  verdict: 'improved' | 'regressed' | 'stable' | 'unstable'\n}\n\nexport interface BaselineReport {\n  metrics: MetricVerdict[]\n  /** True if any critical metric regressed. */\n  hasRegression: boolean\n  /** True if any metric is unstable (too noisy to judge). */\n  hasUnstable: boolean\n}\n\nexport interface BaselineOptions {\n  /** Effect size threshold for meaningful delta (default 0.5 — medium effect). */\n  effectThreshold?: number\n  /** p-value threshold for statistical significance (default 0.05). */\n  alpha?: number\n  /** IQR/mean ratio above which samples are flagged unstable (default 0.30). */\n  unstableCvThreshold?: number\n}\n\nexport type WelchTestStatus = 'ok' | 'insufficient-sample' | 'zero-variance'\n\n/**\n * Full unequal-variance comparison for two independent samples.\n *\n * `meanB`, `delta`, `t`, and `cohensD` are oriented as `b - a`. Inferential\n * fields are `NaN` and `ci95` is null when the sample count or observed\n * variance cannot define a Student-t result. `status` makes that state\n * explicit so callers cannot mistake it for evidence of no difference.\n */\ninterface WelchTestResultBase {\n  meanA: number\n  meanB: number\n  delta: number\n}\n\nexport type WelchTestResult =\n  | (WelchTestResultBase & {\n      status: 'ok'\n      standardError: number\n      t: number\n      df: number\n      p: number\n      ci95: [number, number]\n      cohensD: number\n    })\n  | (WelchTestResultBase & {\n      status: 'insufficient-sample' | 'zero-variance'\n      standardError: number\n      t: number\n      df: number\n      p: number\n      ci95: null\n      cohensD: null\n    })\n\n/**\n * Compare candidate samples against baseline per metric. Verdict logic:\n *   - unstable: IQR/|mean| > threshold on either set — not enough signal\n *   - improved: meaningful effect in the \"better\" direction AND p < alpha\n *   - regressed: meaningful effect in the \"worse\" direction AND p < alpha\n *   - stable: otherwise (no significant change)\n */\nexport function compareToBaseline(\n  samples: MetricSamples[],\n  options: BaselineOptions = {},\n): BaselineReport {\n  const effectThreshold = options.effectThreshold ?? 0.5\n  const alpha = options.alpha ?? 0.05\n  const cvThreshold = options.unstableCvThreshold ?? 0.3\n\n  const metrics: MetricVerdict[] = samples.map((s) => {\n    const comparison = welchsTTest(s.baseline, s.candidate)\n    if (comparison.status === 'insufficient-sample') {\n      throw new Error(`compareToBaseline: need ≥2 samples per side for \"${s.metric}\"`)\n    }\n    const { meanA: bMean, meanB: cMean, delta, cohensD: d, t, df, p } = comparison\n    // Stability is per-side: a comparison is trustworthy only when BOTH\n    // samples are internally consistent. Combining the sides would flag\n    // large-but-real deltas as \"unstable\" which is exactly what we want\n    // to detect.\n    const baselineIqr = iqr(s.baseline)\n    const candidateIqr = iqr(s.candidate)\n    const baselineStable = baselineIqr / Math.max(Math.abs(bMean), 1e-9) <= cvThreshold\n    const candidateStable = candidateIqr / Math.max(Math.abs(cMean), 1e-9) <= cvThreshold\n    const stable = baselineStable && candidateStable\n    const reportedIqr = Math.max(baselineIqr, candidateIqr)\n\n    // Both sides are guaranteed ≥ 2 samples above, so a null d means zero\n    // pooled spread across a real mean gap: an unbounded standardized effect,\n    // which clears any finite threshold.\n    const effectClears = d === null || Math.abs(d) >= effectThreshold\n\n    let verdict: MetricVerdict['verdict']\n    if (!stable) {\n      verdict = 'unstable'\n    } else if (comparison.status === 'ok' && p < alpha && effectClears) {\n      const candidateIsBetter = s.higherIsBetter ? delta > 0 : delta < 0\n      verdict = candidateIsBetter ? 'improved' : 'regressed'\n    } else {\n      verdict = 'stable'\n    }\n\n    return {\n      metric: s.metric,\n      baselineMean: bMean,\n      candidateMean: cMean,\n      delta,\n      cohensD: d,\n      welchT: t,\n      welchDf: df,\n      welchP: p,\n      stable,\n      iqr: reportedIqr,\n      verdict,\n    }\n  })\n\n  return {\n    metrics,\n    hasRegression: metrics.some((m) => m.verdict === 'regressed'),\n    hasUnstable: metrics.some((m) => m.verdict === 'unstable'),\n  }\n}\n\nfunction mean(xs: number[]): number {\n  return xs.length ? xs.reduce((sum, value) => sum + value / xs.length, 0) : Number.NaN\n}\n\n/** Inter-quartile range; 0 when the sample has no spread. */\nexport function iqr(xs: number[]): number {\n  if (xs.length === 0) return 0\n  const sorted = [...xs].sort((a, b) => a - b)\n  return interpolatedQuantile(sorted, 0.75) - interpolatedQuantile(sorted, 0.25)\n}\n\n/**\n * Welch's t-test and 95% interval for two independent samples.\n *\n * Uses the Student-t distribution at every finite degree of freedom. Fewer\n * than two observations per side and zero observed standard error cannot\n * define a t reference distribution; those cases return an explicit status,\n * `NaN` inferential fields, and no interval rather than fabricated certainty.\n */\nexport function welchsTTest(a: number[], b: number[]): WelchTestResult {\n  assertFiniteSample('a', a)\n  assertFiniteSample('b', b)\n  const mA = mean(a)\n  const mB = mean(b)\n  const delta = mB - mA\n  if (\n    (a.length && !Number.isFinite(mA)) ||\n    (b.length && !Number.isFinite(mB)) ||\n    (a.length && b.length && !Number.isFinite(delta))\n  ) {\n    throw new RangeError('welchsTTest: sample arithmetic exceeded finite range')\n  }\n  if (a.length < 2 || b.length < 2) {\n    return {\n      status: 'insufficient-sample',\n      meanA: mA,\n      meanB: mB,\n      delta,\n      standardError: Number.NaN,\n      t: Number.NaN,\n      df: Number.NaN,\n      p: Number.NaN,\n      ci95: null,\n      cohensD: null,\n    }\n  }\n\n  const vA = variance(a, mA)\n  const vB = variance(b, mB)\n  const seSquared = vA / a.length + vB / b.length\n  if (!Number.isFinite(seSquared)) {\n    throw new RangeError('welchsTTest: sample arithmetic exceeded finite range')\n  }\n  const d = cohensD(a, b)\n  if (seSquared === 0) {\n    return {\n      status: 'zero-variance',\n      meanA: mA,\n      meanB: mB,\n      delta,\n      standardError: 0,\n      t: delta === 0 ? 0 : Math.sign(delta) * Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,\n      df: Number.NaN,\n      p: Number.NaN,\n      ci95: null,\n      cohensD: null,\n    }\n  }\n\n  const standardError = Math.sqrt(seSquared)\n  const t = delta / standardError\n  const fractionA = vA / a.length / seSquared\n  const fractionB = vB / b.length / seSquared\n  const df = 1 / (fractionA ** 2 / (a.length - 1) + fractionB ** 2 / (b.length - 1))\n  const p = studentTTwoSidedPValue(t, df)\n  if (d === null) {\n    throw new Error('welchsTTest: non-zero standard error produced no pooled effect size')\n  }\n  const halfWidth = studentTQuantile(0.975, df) * standardError\n  if (![df, d, halfWidth, delta - halfWidth, delta + halfWidth].every(Number.isFinite)) {\n    throw new RangeError('welchsTTest: sample arithmetic exceeded finite range')\n  }\n  return {\n    status: 'ok',\n    meanA: mA,\n    meanB: mB,\n    delta,\n    standardError,\n    t,\n    df,\n    p,\n    ci95: [delta - halfWidth, delta + halfWidth],\n    cohensD: d,\n  }\n}\n\nfunction variance(xs: number[], m: number): number {\n  return xs.reduce((acc, x) => acc + (x - m) ** 2, 0) / (xs.length - 1)\n}\n\nfunction assertFiniteSample(name: string, sample: readonly number[]): void {\n  const invalid = sample.find((value) => !Number.isFinite(value))\n  if (invalid !== undefined) {\n    throw new RangeError(\n      `welchsTTest: sample ${name} must contain only finite values, got ${invalid}`,\n    )\n  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