@syncular/server-hono 0.0.1-60

package/src/routes.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1186 @@
+/**
+ * @syncular/server-hono - Sync routes for Hono
+ *
+ * Provides:
+ * - POST /      (combined push + pull in one round-trip)
+ * - GET  /snapshot-chunks/:chunkId (download encoded snapshot chunks)
+ * - GET  /realtime (optional WebSocket "wake up" notifications)
+ */
+
+import {
+  createSyncTimer,
+  ErrorResponseSchema,
+  logSyncEvent,
+  SyncCombinedRequestSchema,
+  SyncCombinedResponseSchema,
+  SyncPushRequestSchema,
+} from '@syncular/core';
+import type {
+  ServerSyncDialect,
+  ServerTableHandler,
+  SnapshotChunkStorage,
+  SyncCoreDb,
+  SyncRealtimeBroadcaster,
+  SyncRealtimeEvent,
+} from '@syncular/server';
+import {
+  type CompactOptions,
+  InvalidSubscriptionScopeError,
+  type PruneOptions,
+  type PullResult,
+  pull,
+  pushCommit,
+  readSnapshotChunk,
+  recordClientCursor,
+  TableRegistry,
+} from '@syncular/server';
+import type { Context } from 'hono';
+import { Hono } from 'hono';
+
+import type { UpgradeWebSocket } from 'hono/ws';
+import { describeRoute, resolver, validator as zValidator } from 'hono-openapi';
+import {
+  type Kysely,
+  type SelectQueryBuilder,
+  type SqlBool,
+  sql,
+} from 'kysely';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+import {
+  createRateLimiter,
+  DEFAULT_SYNC_RATE_LIMITS,
+  type SyncRateLimitConfig,
+} from './rate-limit';
+import {
+  createWebSocketConnection,
+  type WebSocketConnection,
+  WebSocketConnectionManager,
+} from './ws';
+
+/**
+ * WeakMaps for storing Hono-instance-specific data without augmenting the type.
+ */
+const wsConnectionManagerMap = new WeakMap<Hono, WebSocketConnectionManager>();
+const realtimeUnsubscribeMap = new WeakMap<Hono, () => void>();
+
+export interface SyncAuthResult {
+  actorId: string;
+  partitionId?: string;
+}
+
+/**
+ * WebSocket configuration for realtime sync.
+ *
+ * Note: this endpoint is only a "wake up" mechanism; clients must still pull.
+ */
+export interface SyncWebSocketConfig {
+  enabled?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Runtime-provided WebSocket upgrader (e.g. from `hono/bun`'s `createBunWebSocket()`).
+   */
+  upgradeWebSocket?: UpgradeWebSocket;
+  heartbeatIntervalMs?: number;
+  /**
+   * Maximum number of concurrent WebSocket connections across the entire process.
+   * Default: 5000
+   */
+  maxConnectionsTotal?: number;
+  /**
+   * Maximum number of concurrent WebSocket connections per clientId.
+   * Default: 3
+   */
+  maxConnectionsPerClient?: number;
+}
+
+export interface SyncRoutesConfigWithRateLimit {
+  /**
+   * Max commits per pull request.
+   * Default: 100
+   */
+  maxPullLimitCommits?: number;
+  /**
+   * Max subscriptions per pull request.
+   * Default: 200
+   */
+  maxSubscriptionsPerPull?: number;
+  /**
+   * Max snapshot rows per snapshot page.
+   * Default: 5000
+   */
+  maxPullLimitSnapshotRows?: number;
+  /**
+   * Max snapshot pages per subscription per pull response.
+   * Default: 10
+   */
+  maxPullMaxSnapshotPages?: number;
+  /**
+   * Max operations per pushed commit.
+   * Default: 200
+   */
+  maxOperationsPerPush?: number;
+  /**
+   * Rate limiting configuration.
+   * Set to false to disable all rate limiting.
+   */
+  rateLimit?: SyncRateLimitConfig | false;
+  /**
+   * WebSocket realtime configuration.
+   */
+  websocket?: SyncWebSocketConfig;
+
+  /**
+   * Optional pruning configuration. When enabled, the server periodically prunes
+   * old commit history based on active client cursors.
+   */
+  prune?: {
+    /** Minimum time between prune runs. Default: 5 minutes. */
+    minIntervalMs?: number;
+    /** Pruning watermark options. */
+    options?: PruneOptions;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Optional compaction configuration. When enabled, the server periodically
+   * compacts older change history to reduce storage.
+   */
+  compact?: {
+    /** Minimum time between compaction runs. Default: 30 minutes. */
+    minIntervalMs?: number;
+    /** Compaction options. */
+    options?: CompactOptions;
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * Optional multi-instance realtime broadcaster.
+   * When provided, instances publish/subscribe commit wakeups via the broadcaster.
+   */
+  realtime?: {
+    broadcaster: SyncRealtimeBroadcaster;
+    /** Optional stable instance id (useful in tests). */
+    instanceId?: string;
+  };
+}
+
+export interface CreateSyncRoutesOptions<DB extends SyncCoreDb = SyncCoreDb> {
+  db: Kysely<DB>;
+  dialect: ServerSyncDialect;
+  handlers: ServerTableHandler<DB>[];
+  authenticate: (c: Context) => Promise<SyncAuthResult | null>;
+  sync?: SyncRoutesConfigWithRateLimit;
+  wsConnectionManager?: WebSocketConnectionManager;
+  /**
+   * Optional snapshot chunk storage adapter.
+   * When provided, stores snapshot chunk bodies in external storage
+   * (S3, R2, etc.) instead of inline in the database.
+   */
+  chunkStorage?: SnapshotChunkStorage;
+}
+
+// ============================================================================
+// Route Schemas
+// ============================================================================
+
+const snapshotChunkParamsSchema = z.object({
+  chunkId: z.string().min(1),
+});
+
+export function createSyncRoutes<DB extends SyncCoreDb = SyncCoreDb>(
+  options: CreateSyncRoutesOptions<DB>
+): Hono {
+  const routes = new Hono();
+  const handlerRegistry = new TableRegistry<DB>();
+  for (const handler of options.handlers) {
+    handlerRegistry.register(handler);
+  }
+  const config = options.sync ?? {};
+  const maxPullLimitCommits = config.maxPullLimitCommits ?? 100;
+  const maxSubscriptionsPerPull = config.maxSubscriptionsPerPull ?? 200;
+  const maxPullLimitSnapshotRows = config.maxPullLimitSnapshotRows ?? 5000;
+  const maxPullMaxSnapshotPages = config.maxPullMaxSnapshotPages ?? 10;
+  const maxOperationsPerPush = config.maxOperationsPerPush ?? 200;
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Optional WebSocket manager (scope-key based wake-ups)
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  const websocketConfig = config.websocket;
+  if (websocketConfig?.enabled && !websocketConfig.upgradeWebSocket) {
+    throw new Error(
+      'sync.websocket.enabled requires sync.websocket.upgradeWebSocket'
+    );
+  }
+
+  const wsConnectionManager = websocketConfig?.enabled
+    ? (options.wsConnectionManager ??
+      new WebSocketConnectionManager({
+        heartbeatIntervalMs: websocketConfig.heartbeatIntervalMs ?? 30_000,
+      }))
+    : null;
+
+  if (wsConnectionManager) {
+    wsConnectionManagerMap.set(routes, wsConnectionManager);
+  }
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Multi-instance realtime broadcaster (optional)
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  const realtimeBroadcaster = config.realtime?.broadcaster ?? null;
+  const instanceId =
+    config.realtime?.instanceId ??
+    (typeof crypto !== 'undefined' && 'randomUUID' in crypto
+      ? crypto.randomUUID()
+      : `${Date.now()}-${Math.random().toString(16).slice(2)}`);
+
+  if (wsConnectionManager && realtimeBroadcaster) {
+    const unsubscribe = realtimeBroadcaster.subscribe(
+      (event: SyncRealtimeEvent) => {
+        void handleRealtimeEvent(event).catch(() => {});
+      }
+    );
+
+    realtimeUnsubscribeMap.set(routes, unsubscribe);
+  }
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Request event recording (for console inspector)
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  const recordRequestEvent = async (event: {
+    eventType: 'push' | 'pull';
+    actorId: string;
+    clientId: string;
+    transportPath: 'direct' | 'relay';
+    statusCode: number;
+    outcome: string;
+    durationMs: number;
+    commitSeq?: number | null;
+    operationCount?: number | null;
+    rowCount?: number | null;
+    tables?: string[];
+    errorMessage?: string | null;
+  }) => {
+    try {
+      const tablesValue = options.dialect.arrayToDb(event.tables ?? []);
+      await sql`
+        INSERT INTO sync_request_events (
+          event_type, actor_id, client_id, status_code, outcome,
+          duration_ms, commit_seq, operation_count, row_count,
+          tables, error_message, transport_path
+        ) VALUES (
+          ${event.eventType}, ${event.actorId}, ${event.clientId},
+          ${event.statusCode}, ${event.outcome}, ${event.durationMs},
+          ${event.commitSeq ?? null}, ${event.operationCount ?? null},
+          ${event.rowCount ?? null}, ${tablesValue}, ${event.errorMessage ?? null},
+          ${event.transportPath}
+        )
+      `.execute(options.db);
+    } catch {
+      // Silently ignore - event recording should not block sync
+    }
+  };
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // Rate limiting (optional)
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  const rateLimitConfig = config.rateLimit;
+  if (rateLimitConfig !== false) {
+    const pullRateLimit =
+      rateLimitConfig?.pull ?? DEFAULT_SYNC_RATE_LIMITS.pull;
+    const pushRateLimit =
+      rateLimitConfig?.push ?? DEFAULT_SYNC_RATE_LIMITS.push;
+
+    const createAuthBasedRateLimiter = (
+      limitConfig: Omit<SyncRateLimitConfig['pull'], never> | false | undefined
+    ) => {
+      if (limitConfig === false || !limitConfig) return null;
+      return createRateLimiter({
+        ...limitConfig,
+        keyGenerator: async (c) => {
+          const auth = await options.authenticate(c);
+          return auth?.actorId ?? null;
+        },
+      });
+    };
+
+    const pullLimiter = createAuthBasedRateLimiter(pullRateLimit);
+    if (pullLimiter) routes.use('/', pullLimiter);
+
+    const pushLimiter = createAuthBasedRateLimiter(pushRateLimit);
+    if (pushLimiter) routes.use('/', pushLimiter);
+  }
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // GET /health
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  routes.get('/health', (c) => {
+    return c.json({
+      status: 'healthy',
+      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
+    });
+  });
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // POST /  (combined push + pull in one round-trip)
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  routes.post(
+    '/',
+    describeRoute({
+      tags: ['sync'],
+      summary: 'Combined push and pull',
+      description:
+        'Perform push and/or pull in a single request to reduce round-trips',
+      responses: {
+        200: {
+          description: 'Combined sync response',
+          content: {
+            'application/json': {
+              schema: resolver(SyncCombinedResponseSchema),
+            },
+          },
+        },
+        400: {
+          description: 'Invalid request',
+          content: {
+            'application/json': { schema: resolver(ErrorResponseSchema) },
+          },
+        },
+        401: {
+          description: 'Unauthenticated',
+          content: {
+            'application/json': { schema: resolver(ErrorResponseSchema) },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    }),
+    zValidator('json', SyncCombinedRequestSchema),
+    async (c) => {
+      const auth = await options.authenticate(c);
+      if (!auth) return c.json({ error: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }, 401);
+      const partitionId = auth.partitionId ?? 'default';
+
+      const body = c.req.valid('json');
+      const clientId = body.clientId;
+
+      let pushResponse:
+        | undefined
+        | Awaited<ReturnType<typeof pushCommit>>['response'];
+      let pullResponse: undefined | PullResult['response'];
+
+      // --- Push phase ---
+      if (body.push) {
+        const pushOps = body.push.operations ?? [];
+        if (pushOps.length > maxOperationsPerPush) {
+          return c.json(
+            {
+              error: 'TOO_MANY_OPERATIONS',
+              message: `Maximum ${maxOperationsPerPush} operations per push`,
+            },
+            400
+          );
+        }
+
+        const timer = createSyncTimer();
+
+        const pushed = await pushCommit({
+          db: options.db,
+          dialect: options.dialect,
+          shapes: handlerRegistry,
+          actorId: auth.actorId,
+          partitionId,
+          request: {
+            clientId,
+            clientCommitId: body.push.clientCommitId,
+            operations: body.push.operations,
+            schemaVersion: body.push.schemaVersion,
+          },
+        });
+
+        const pushDurationMs = timer();
+
+        logSyncEvent({
+          event: 'sync.push',
+          userId: auth.actorId,
+          durationMs: pushDurationMs,
+          operationCount: pushOps.length,
+          status: pushed.response.status,
+          commitSeq: pushed.response.commitSeq,
+        });
+
+        recordRequestEvent({
+          eventType: 'push',
+          actorId: auth.actorId,
+          clientId,
+          transportPath: readTransportPath(c),
+          statusCode: 200,
+          outcome: pushed.response.status,
+          durationMs: pushDurationMs,
+          commitSeq: pushed.response.commitSeq,
+          operationCount: pushOps.length,
+          tables: pushed.affectedTables,
+        });
+
+        // WS notifications
+        if (
+          wsConnectionManager &&
+          pushed.response.ok === true &&
+          pushed.response.status === 'applied' &&
+          typeof pushed.response.commitSeq === 'number'
+        ) {
+          const scopeKeys = applyPartitionToScopeKeys(
+            partitionId,
+            pushed.scopeKeys
+          );
+          if (scopeKeys.length > 0) {
+            wsConnectionManager.notifyScopeKeys(
+              scopeKeys,
+              pushed.response.commitSeq,
+              {
+                excludeClientIds: [clientId],
+                changes: pushed.emittedChanges,
+              }
+            );
+
+            if (realtimeBroadcaster) {
+              realtimeBroadcaster
+                .publish({
+                  type: 'commit',
+                  commitSeq: pushed.response.commitSeq,
+                  partitionId,
+                  scopeKeys,
+                  sourceInstanceId: instanceId,
+                })
+                .catch(() => {});
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        pushResponse = pushed.response;
+      }
+
+      // --- Pull phase ---
+      if (body.pull) {
+        if (body.pull.subscriptions.length > maxSubscriptionsPerPull) {
+          return c.json(
+            {
+              error: 'INVALID_REQUEST',
+              message: `Too many subscriptions (max ${maxSubscriptionsPerPull})`,
+            },
+            400
+          );
+        }
+
+        const seenSubscriptionIds = new Set<string>();
+        for (const sub of body.pull.subscriptions) {
+          const id = sub.id;
+          if (seenSubscriptionIds.has(id)) {
+            return c.json(
+              {
+                error: 'INVALID_REQUEST',
+                message: `Duplicate subscription id: ${id}`,
+              },
+              400
+            );
+          }
+          seenSubscriptionIds.add(id);
+        }
+
+        const request = {
+          clientId,
+          limitCommits: clampInt(
+            body.pull.limitCommits ?? 50,
+            1,
+            maxPullLimitCommits
+          ),
+          limitSnapshotRows: clampInt(
+            body.pull.limitSnapshotRows ?? 1000,
+            1,
+            maxPullLimitSnapshotRows
+          ),
+          maxSnapshotPages: clampInt(
+            body.pull.maxSnapshotPages ?? 1,
+            1,
+            maxPullMaxSnapshotPages
+          ),
+          dedupeRows: body.pull.dedupeRows === true,
+          subscriptions: body.pull.subscriptions.map((sub) => ({
+            id: sub.id,
+            shape: sub.shape,
+            scopes: (sub.scopes ?? {}) as Record<string, string | string[]>,
+            params: sub.params as Record<string, unknown>,
+            cursor: Math.max(-1, sub.cursor),
+            bootstrapState: sub.bootstrapState ?? null,
+          })),
+        };
+
+        const timer = createSyncTimer();
+
+        let pullResult: PullResult;
+        try {
+          pullResult = await pull({
+            db: options.db,
+            dialect: options.dialect,
+            shapes: handlerRegistry,
+            actorId: auth.actorId,
+            partitionId,
+            request,
+            chunkStorage: options.chunkStorage,
+          });
+        } catch (err) {
+          if (err instanceof InvalidSubscriptionScopeError) {
+            return c.json(
+              { error: 'INVALID_SUBSCRIPTION', message: err.message },
+              400
+            );
+          }
+          throw err;
+        }
+
+        // Fire-and-forget bookkeeping
+        recordClientCursor(options.db, options.dialect, {
+          partitionId,
+          clientId,
+          actorId: auth.actorId,
+          cursor: pullResult.clientCursor,
+          effectiveScopes: pullResult.effectiveScopes,
+        }).catch(() => {});
+
+        wsConnectionManager?.updateClientScopeKeys(
+          clientId,
+          applyPartitionToScopeKeys(
+            partitionId,
+            scopeValuesToScopeKeys(pullResult.effectiveScopes)
+          )
+        );
+
+        const pullDurationMs = timer();
+
+        logSyncEvent({
+          event: 'sync.pull',
+          userId: auth.actorId,
+          durationMs: pullDurationMs,
+          subscriptionCount: pullResult.response.subscriptions.length,
+          clientCursor: pullResult.clientCursor,
+        });
+
+        recordRequestEvent({
+          eventType: 'pull',
+          actorId: auth.actorId,
+          clientId,
+          transportPath: readTransportPath(c),
+          statusCode: 200,
+          outcome: 'applied',
+          durationMs: pullDurationMs,
+        });
+
+        pullResponse = pullResult.response;
+      }
+
+      return c.json(
+        {
+          ok: true as const,
+          ...(pushResponse ? { push: pushResponse } : {}),
+          ...(pullResponse ? { pull: pullResponse } : {}),
+        },
+        200
+      );
+    }
+  );
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // GET /snapshot-chunks/:chunkId
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  routes.get(
+    '/snapshot-chunks/:chunkId',
+    describeRoute({
+      tags: ['sync'],
+      summary: 'Download snapshot chunk',
+      description: 'Download an encoded bootstrap snapshot chunk',
+      responses: {
+        200: {
+          description: 'Snapshot chunk data (gzip-compressed NDJSON)',
+        },
+        304: {
+          description: 'Not modified (cached)',
+        },
+        401: {
+          description: 'Unauthenticated',
+          content: {
+            'application/json': { schema: resolver(ErrorResponseSchema) },
+          },
+        },
+        403: {
+          description: 'Forbidden',
+          content: {
+            'application/json': { schema: resolver(ErrorResponseSchema) },
+          },
+        },
+        404: {
+          description: 'Not found',
+          content: {
+            'application/json': { schema: resolver(ErrorResponseSchema) },
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    }),
+    zValidator('param', snapshotChunkParamsSchema),
+    async (c) => {
+      const auth = await options.authenticate(c);
+      if (!auth) return c.json({ error: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }, 401);
+      const partitionId = auth.partitionId ?? 'default';
+
+      const { chunkId } = c.req.valid('param');
+
+      const chunk = await readSnapshotChunk(options.db, chunkId, {
+        chunkStorage: options.chunkStorage,
+      });
+      if (!chunk) return c.json({ error: 'NOT_FOUND' }, 404);
+      if (chunk.partitionId !== partitionId) {
+        return c.json({ error: 'FORBIDDEN' }, 403);
+      }
+
+      const nowIso = new Date().toISOString();
+      if (chunk.expiresAt <= nowIso) {
+        return c.json({ error: 'NOT_FOUND' }, 404);
+      }
+
+      // Note: Snapshot chunks are created during authorized pull requests
+      // and have opaque IDs that expire. Additional authorization is handled
+      // at the pull layer via shape-level resolveScopes.
+
+      const etag = `"sha256:${chunk.sha256}"`;
+      const ifNoneMatch = c.req.header('if-none-match');
+      if (ifNoneMatch && ifNoneMatch === etag) {
+        return new Response(null, {
+          status: 304,
+          headers: {
+            ETag: etag,
+            'Cache-Control': 'private, max-age=0',
+            Vary: 'Authorization',
+          },
+        });
+      }
+
+      return new Response(chunk.body as BodyInit, {
+        status: 200,
+        headers: {
+          'Content-Type': 'application/x-ndjson; charset=utf-8',
+          'Content-Encoding': 'gzip',
+          'Content-Length': String(chunk.body.length),
+          ETag: etag,
+          'Cache-Control': 'private, max-age=0',
+          Vary: 'Authorization',
+          'X-Sync-Chunk-Id': chunk.chunkId,
+          'X-Sync-Chunk-Sha256': chunk.sha256,
+          'X-Sync-Chunk-Encoding': chunk.encoding,
+          'X-Sync-Chunk-Compression': chunk.compression,
+        },
+      });
+    }
+  );
+
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // GET /realtime (optional WebSocket wake-ups)
+  // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  if (wsConnectionManager && websocketConfig?.enabled) {
+    routes.get('/realtime', async (c) => {
+      const auth = await options.authenticate(c);
+      if (!auth) return c.json({ error: 'UNAUTHENTICATED' }, 401);
+      const partitionId = auth.partitionId ?? 'default';
+
+      const clientId = c.req.query('clientId');
+      if (!clientId || typeof clientId !== 'string') {
+        return c.json(
+          {
+            error: 'INVALID_REQUEST',
+            message: 'clientId query param is required',
+          },
+          400
+        );
+      }
+      const realtimeTransportPath = readTransportPath(
+        c,
+        c.req.query('transportPath')
+      );
+
+      // Load last-known effective scopes for this client (best-effort).
+      // Keeps /realtime lightweight and avoids sending large subscription payloads over the URL.
+      let initialScopeKeys: string[] = [];
+      try {
+        const cursorsQ = options.db.selectFrom(
+          'sync_client_cursors'
+        ) as SelectQueryBuilder<
+          DB,
+          'sync_client_cursors',
+          // biome-ignore lint/complexity/noBannedTypes: Kysely uses `{}` as the initial "no selected columns yet" marker.
+          {}
+        >;
+
+        const row = await cursorsQ
+          .selectAll()
+          .where(sql<SqlBool>`partition_id = ${partitionId}`)
+          .where(sql<SqlBool>`client_id = ${clientId}`)
+          .executeTakeFirst();
+
+        if (row && row.actor_id !== auth.actorId) {
+          return c.json({ error: 'FORBIDDEN' }, 403);
+        }
+
+        const raw = row?.effective_scopes;
+        let parsed: unknown = raw;
+        if (typeof raw === 'string') {
+          try {
+            parsed = JSON.parse(raw);
+          } catch {
+            parsed = null;
+          }
+        }
+
+        initialScopeKeys = applyPartitionToScopeKeys(
+          partitionId,
+          scopeValuesToScopeKeys(parsed)
+        );
+      } catch {
+        // ignore; realtime is best-effort
+      }
+
+      const maxConnectionsTotal = websocketConfig.maxConnectionsTotal ?? 5000;
+      const maxConnectionsPerClient =
+        websocketConfig.maxConnectionsPerClient ?? 3;
+
+      if (
+        maxConnectionsTotal > 0 &&
+        wsConnectionManager.getTotalConnections() >= maxConnectionsTotal
+      ) {
+        logSyncEvent({
+          event: 'sync.realtime.rejected',
+          userId: auth.actorId,
+          reason: 'max_total',
+        });
+        return c.json({ error: 'WEBSOCKET_CONNECTION_LIMIT_TOTAL' }, 429);
+      }
+
+      if (
+        maxConnectionsPerClient > 0 &&
+        wsConnectionManager.getConnectionCount(clientId) >=
+          maxConnectionsPerClient
+      ) {
+        logSyncEvent({
+          event: 'sync.realtime.rejected',
+          userId: auth.actorId,
+          reason: 'max_per_client',
+        });
+        return c.json({ error: 'WEBSOCKET_CONNECTION_LIMIT_CLIENT' }, 429);
+      }
+
+      logSyncEvent({ event: 'sync.realtime.connect', userId: auth.actorId });
+
+      let unregister: (() => void) | null = null;
+      let connRef: ReturnType<typeof createWebSocketConnection> | null = null;
+
+      const upgradeWebSocket = websocketConfig.upgradeWebSocket;
+      if (!upgradeWebSocket) {
+        return c.json({ error: 'WEBSOCKET_NOT_CONFIGURED' }, 500);
+      }
+
+      return upgradeWebSocket(c, {
+        onOpen(_evt, ws) {
+          const conn = createWebSocketConnection(ws, {
+            actorId: auth.actorId,
+            clientId,
+            transportPath: realtimeTransportPath,
+          });
+          connRef = conn;
+
+          unregister = wsConnectionManager.register(conn, initialScopeKeys);
+          conn.sendHeartbeat();
+        },
+        onClose(_evt, _ws) {
+          unregister?.();
+          unregister = null;
+          connRef = null;
+          logSyncEvent({
+            event: 'sync.realtime.disconnect',
+            userId: auth.actorId,
+          });
+        },
+        onError(_evt, _ws) {
+          unregister?.();
+          unregister = null;
+          connRef = null;
+          logSyncEvent({
+            event: 'sync.realtime.disconnect',
+            userId: auth.actorId,
+          });
+        },
+        onMessage(evt, _ws) {
+          if (!connRef) return;
+          try {
+            const raw =
+              typeof evt.data === 'string' ? evt.data : String(evt.data);
+            const msg = JSON.parse(raw);
+            if (!msg || typeof msg !== 'object') return;
+
+            if (msg.type === 'push') {
+              void handleWsPush(
+                msg,
+                connRef,
+                auth.actorId,
+                partitionId,
+                clientId
+              );
+              return;
+            }
+
+            if (msg.type !== 'presence' || !msg.scopeKey) return;
+
+            const scopeKey = normalizeScopeKeyForPartition(
+              partitionId,
+              String(msg.scopeKey)
+            );
+            if (!scopeKey) return;
+
+            switch (msg.action) {
+              case 'join':
+                if (
+                  !wsConnectionManager.joinPresence(
+                    clientId,
+                    scopeKey,
+                    msg.metadata
+                  )
+                ) {
+                  logSyncEvent({
+                    event: 'sync.realtime.presence.rejected',
+                    userId: auth.actorId,
+                    reason: 'scope_not_authorized',
+                    scopeKey,
+                  });
+                  return;
+                }
+                // Send presence snapshot back to the joining client
+                {
+                  const entries = wsConnectionManager.getPresence(scopeKey);
+                  connRef.sendPresence({
+                    action: 'snapshot',
+                    scopeKey,
+                    entries,
+                  });
+                }
+                break;
+              case 'leave':
+                wsConnectionManager.leavePresence(clientId, scopeKey);
+                break;
+              case 'update':
+                if (
+                  !wsConnectionManager.updatePresenceMetadata(
+                    clientId,
+                    scopeKey,
+                    msg.metadata ?? {}
+                  ) &&
+                  !wsConnectionManager.isClientSubscribedToScopeKey(
+                    clientId,
+                    scopeKey
+                  )
+                ) {
+                  logSyncEvent({
+                    event: 'sync.realtime.presence.rejected',
+                    userId: auth.actorId,
+                    reason: 'scope_not_authorized',
+                    scopeKey,
+                  });
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+          } catch {
+            // Ignore malformed messages
+          }
+        },
+      });
+    });
+  }
+
+  return routes;
+
+  async function handleRealtimeEvent(event: SyncRealtimeEvent): Promise<void> {
+    if (!wsConnectionManager) return;
+    if (event.type !== 'commit') return;
+    if (event.sourceInstanceId && event.sourceInstanceId === instanceId) return;
+
+    const commitSeq = event.commitSeq;
+    const partitionId = event.partitionId ?? 'default';
+    const scopeKeys =
+      event.scopeKeys && event.scopeKeys.length > 0
+        ? event.scopeKeys
+        : await readCommitScopeKeys(options.db, commitSeq, partitionId);
+
+    if (scopeKeys.length === 0) return;
+    wsConnectionManager.notifyScopeKeys(scopeKeys, commitSeq);
+  }
+
+  async function handleWsPush(
+    msg: Record<string, unknown>,
+    conn: WebSocketConnection,
+    actorId: string,
+    partitionId: string,
+    clientId: string
+  ): Promise<void> {
+    const requestId = typeof msg.requestId === 'string' ? msg.requestId : '';
+    if (!requestId) return;
+
+    try {
+      // Validate the push payload
+      const parsed = SyncPushRequestSchema.omit({ clientId: true }).safeParse(
+        msg
+      );
+      if (!parsed.success) {
+        conn.sendPushResponse({
+          requestId,
+          ok: false,
+          status: 'rejected',
+          results: [
+            { opIndex: 0, status: 'error', error: 'Invalid push payload' },
+          ],
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const pushOps = parsed.data.operations ?? [];
+      if (pushOps.length > maxOperationsPerPush) {
+        conn.sendPushResponse({
+          requestId,
+          ok: false,
+          status: 'rejected',
+          results: [
+            {
+              opIndex: 0,
+              status: 'error',
+              error: `Maximum ${maxOperationsPerPush} operations per push`,
+            },
+          ],
+        });
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const timer = createSyncTimer();
+
+      const pushed = await pushCommit({
+        db: options.db,
+        dialect: options.dialect,
+        shapes: handlerRegistry,
+        actorId,
+        partitionId,
+        request: {
+          clientId,
+          clientCommitId: parsed.data.clientCommitId,
+          operations: parsed.data.operations,
+          schemaVersion: parsed.data.schemaVersion,
+        },
+      });
+
+      const pushDurationMs = timer();
+
+      logSyncEvent({
+        event: 'sync.push',
+        userId: actorId,
+        durationMs: pushDurationMs,
+        operationCount: pushOps.length,
+        status: pushed.response.status,
+        commitSeq: pushed.response.commitSeq,
+      });
+
+      recordRequestEvent({
+        eventType: 'push',
+        actorId,
+        clientId,
+        transportPath: conn.transportPath,
+        statusCode: 200,
+        outcome: pushed.response.status,
+        durationMs: pushDurationMs,
+        commitSeq: pushed.response.commitSeq,
+        operationCount: pushOps.length,
+        tables: pushed.affectedTables,
+      });
+
+      // WS notifications to other clients
+      if (
+        wsConnectionManager &&
+        pushed.response.ok === true &&
+        pushed.response.status === 'applied' &&
+        typeof pushed.response.commitSeq === 'number'
+      ) {
+        const scopeKeys = applyPartitionToScopeKeys(
+          partitionId,
+          pushed.scopeKeys
+        );
+        if (scopeKeys.length > 0) {
+          wsConnectionManager.notifyScopeKeys(
+            scopeKeys,
+            pushed.response.commitSeq,
+            {
+              excludeClientIds: [clientId],
+              changes: pushed.emittedChanges,
+            }
+          );
+
+          if (realtimeBroadcaster) {
+            realtimeBroadcaster
+              .publish({
+                type: 'commit',
+                commitSeq: pushed.response.commitSeq,
+                partitionId,
+                scopeKeys,
+                sourceInstanceId: instanceId,
+              })
+              .catch(() => {});
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      conn.sendPushResponse({
+        requestId,
+        ok: pushed.response.ok,
+        status: pushed.response.status,
+        commitSeq: pushed.response.commitSeq,
+        results: pushed.response.results,
+      });
+    } catch (err) {
+      const message =
+        err instanceof Error ? err.message : 'Internal server error';
+      conn.sendPushResponse({
+        requestId,
+        ok: false,
+        status: 'rejected',
+        results: [{ opIndex: 0, status: 'error', error: message }],
+      });
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export function getSyncWebSocketConnectionManager(
+  routes: Hono
+): WebSocketConnectionManager | undefined {
+  return wsConnectionManagerMap.get(routes);
+}
+
+export function getSyncRealtimeUnsubscribe(
+  routes: Hono
+): (() => void) | undefined {
+  return realtimeUnsubscribeMap.get(routes);
+}
+
+function clampInt(value: number, min: number, max: number): number {
+  return Math.max(min, Math.min(max, value));
+}
+
+function readTransportPath(
+  c: Context,
+  queryValue?: string | null
+): 'direct' | 'relay' {
+  if (queryValue === 'relay' || queryValue === 'direct') {
+    return queryValue;
+  }
+
+  const headerValue = c.req.header('x-syncular-transport-path');
+  if (headerValue === 'relay' || headerValue === 'direct') {
+    return headerValue;
+  }
+
+  return 'direct';
+}
+
+function scopeValuesToScopeKeys(scopes: unknown): string[] {
+  if (!scopes || typeof scopes !== 'object') return [];
+  const scopeKeys = new Set<string>();
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(scopes)) {
+    if (!value) continue;
+    const prefix = key.replace(/_id$/, '');
+
+    if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+      for (const v of value) {
+        if (typeof v !== 'string') continue;
+        if (!v) continue;
+        scopeKeys.add(`${prefix}:${v}`);
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (typeof value === 'string') {
+      if (!value) continue;
+      scopeKeys.add(`${prefix}:${value}`);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Best-effort: stringify scalars.
+    if (typeof value === 'number' || typeof value === 'bigint') {
+      scopeKeys.add(`${prefix}:${String(value)}`);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return Array.from(scopeKeys);
+}
+
+function partitionScopeKey(partitionId: string, scopeKey: string): string {
+  return `${partitionId}::${scopeKey}`;
+}
+
+function applyPartitionToScopeKeys(
+  partitionId: string,
+  scopeKeys: readonly string[]
+): string[] {
+  const prefixed = new Set<string>();
+  for (const scopeKey of scopeKeys) {
+    if (!scopeKey) continue;
+    if (scopeKey.startsWith(`${partitionId}::`)) {
+      prefixed.add(scopeKey);
+      continue;
+    }
+    prefixed.add(partitionScopeKey(partitionId, scopeKey));
+  }
+  return Array.from(prefixed);
+}
+
+function normalizeScopeKeyForPartition(
+  partitionId: string,
+  scopeKey: string
+): string {
+  if (scopeKey.startsWith(`${partitionId}::`)) return scopeKey;
+  if (scopeKey.includes('::')) return '';
+  return partitionScopeKey(partitionId, scopeKey);
+}
+
+async function readCommitScopeKeys<DB extends SyncCoreDb>(
+  db: Kysely<DB>,
+  commitSeq: number,
+  partitionId: string
+): Promise<string[]> {
+  // Read scopes from the JSONB column and convert to scope strings
+  const rowsResult = await sql<{ scopes: unknown }>`
+    select scopes
+    from ${sql.table('sync_changes')}
+    where commit_seq = ${commitSeq}
+      and partition_id = ${partitionId}
+  `.execute(db);
+  const rows = rowsResult.rows;
+
+  const scopeKeys = new Set<string>();
+
+  for (const row of rows) {
+    const scopes =
+      typeof row.scopes === 'string' ? JSON.parse(row.scopes) : row.scopes;
+
+    for (const k of applyPartitionToScopeKeys(
+      partitionId,
+      scopeValuesToScopeKeys(scopes)
+    )) {
+      scopeKeys.add(k);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return Array.from(scopeKeys);
+}