@switchbot/homebridge-switchbot 5.0.0-beta.3 → 5.0.0-beta.31

package/src/platform-matter.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import type { Server } from 'node:http'
+
 import type {
   API,
   DynamicPlatformPlugin,
@@ -5,10 +7,15 @@ import type {
   MatterAccessory,
   SerializedMatterAccessory,
 } from 'homebridge'
+import type { MqttClient } from 'mqtt'
 import type { bodyChange, device } from 'node-switchbot'
 
-import type { SwitchBotPlatformConfig } from './settings.js'
+import type { devicesConfig, SwitchBotPlatformConfig } from './settings.js'
+
+import { existsSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { join } from 'node:path'
 
+import asyncmqtt from 'async-mqtt'
 import { SwitchBotBLE, SwitchBotOpenAPI } from 'node-switchbot'
 
 import {
@@ -35,14 +42,8 @@ import {
   WindowBlindAccessory,
 } from './devices-matter/index.js'
 import { PLATFORM_NAME, PLUGIN_NAME } from './settings.js'
-import { cleanDeviceConfig, sleep } from './utils.js'
-
-/**
- * MatterPlatform
- * Demonstrates all available Matter device types in Homebridge
- *
- * Organized by official Matter Specification v1.4.1 categories
- */
+import { ApiRequestTracker, cleanDeviceConfig, createPlatformLogger, formatDeviceIdAsMac, hs2rgb, makeBLESender, makeOpenAPISender, rgb2hs, sleep } from './utils.js'
+
 export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
   // Track restored HAP cached accessories (required for DynamicPlatformPlugin)
   // This is commented out here as this plugin does not have any HAP accessories
@@ -55,13 +56,79 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
   private switchBotBLE?: SwitchBotBLE
   // discovered devices cache
   private discoveredDevices: device[] = []
+  // Registry of created accessory instances keyed by normalized deviceId
+  private accessoryInstances: Map<string, any> = new Map()
+  // Refresh timers keyed by normalized deviceId
+  private refreshTimers: Map<string, NodeJS.Timeout> = new Map()
+  // Platform-level refresh timer for batch status updates
+  private platformRefreshTimer?: NodeJS.Timeout
+  // Device status cache from last refresh
+  private deviceStatusCache: Map<string, any> = new Map()
+  // Backoff cooldowns persisted across restarts: normalized deviceId -> nextAllowedAt(ms)
+  private backoffCooldowns: Map<string, number> = new Map()
+  private backoffFilePath?: string
+  // Devices that have explicit per-device refresh timers (normalized deviceId)
+  private perDeviceRefreshSet: Set<string> = new Set()
+  // BLE event handlers keyed by device MAC (formatted)
+  private bleEventHandler: { [x: string]: (context: any) => void } = {}
+  // MQTT and Webhook properties (mirror HAP behavior so Matter platform can
+  // receive OpenAPI webhook events and/or MQTT-proxied webhook messages)
+  private mqttClient: MqttClient | null = null
+  private webhookEventListener: Server | null = null
+  private webhookEventHandler: { [x: string]: (context: any) => void } = {}
+  // Platform logging toggle (can be controlled via UI or config)
+  // Use same shape as HAP platform: string values like 'debug', 'debugMode', 'standard', or 'none'
+  private platformLogging?: string
+
+  // API request tracking (persistent across restarts)
+  private apiTracker?: ApiRequestTracker
+
+  // Platform-provided logging helpers (attached in constructor)
+  infoLog!: (...args: any[]) => void
+  successLog!: (...args: any[]) => void
+  debugSuccessLog!: (...args: any[]) => void
+  warnLog!: (...args: any[]) => void
+  debugWarnLog!: (...args: any[]) => void
+  errorLog!: (...args: any[]) => void
+  debugErrorLog!: (...args: any[]) => void
+  debugLog!: (...args: any[]) => void
+  loggingIsDebug!: () => Promise<boolean>
+  enablingPlatformLogging!: () => Promise<boolean>
 
   constructor(
     public readonly log: Logging,
     public readonly config: SwitchBotPlatformConfig,
     public readonly api: API,
   ) {
-    this.log.debug('Finished initializing platform:', this.config.name)
+    // Determine platform logging preference (match HAP behaviour as closely as
+    // possible using config values. We default to 'standard' when unspecified.)
+    this.platformLogging = (this.config.options?.logging === 'debug' || this.config.options?.logging === 'standard' || this.config.options?.logging === 'none')
+      ? this.config.options.logging
+      : 'standard'
+
+    // Unconditional diagnostic using the raw Homebridge `log` so it always
+    // appears regardless of the platform logging helpers' gating logic.
+    try {
+      this.log.debug?.(`[SwitchBot Matter] effective platformLogging=${String(this.platformLogging)}`)
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      // swallow any logging errors — diagnostics are best-effort
+    }
+
+    // Attach platform-wide logging helpers from utils so Matter and device
+    // classes can use consistent logging methods (infoLog/debugLog/etc.)
+    const _pl = createPlatformLogger(async () => (this as any).platformLogging, this.log)
+    this.infoLog = _pl.infoLog
+    this.successLog = _pl.successLog
+    this.debugSuccessLog = _pl.debugSuccessLog
+    this.warnLog = _pl.warnLog
+    this.debugWarnLog = _pl.debugWarnLog
+    this.errorLog = _pl.errorLog
+    this.debugErrorLog = _pl.debugErrorLog
+    this.debugLog = _pl.debugLog
+    this.loggingIsDebug = _pl.loggingIsDebug
+    this.enablingPlatformLogging = _pl.enablingPlatformLogging
+
+    this.debugLog('Finished initializing platform:', this.config.name)
 
     // Normalize deviceConfig to remove UI-inserted defaults
     try {
@@ -74,12 +141,12 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
         }
       }
     } catch (e) {
-      this.log.debug('Failed to clean deviceConfig: %s', e)
+      this.debugLog('Failed to clean deviceConfig: %s', e)
     }
 
     // Does the user have a version of Homebridge that is compatible with matter?
     if (!this.api.isMatterAvailable?.()) {
-      this.log.warn('Matter is not available in this version of Homebridge. Please update Homebridge to use this plugin.')
+      this.warnLog('Matter is not available in this version of Homebridge. Please update Homebridge to use this plugin.')
     }
 
     // Check if the user has matter enabled, this means:
@@ -88,42 +155,927 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
     // In reality, only the below check is needed, but they are both included here for completeness
     // Remember to use a '?.' optional chaining operator in case the user is running an older version of Homebridge that does not have these APIs
     if (!this.api.isMatterEnabled?.()) {
-      this.log.warn('Matter is not enabled in Homebridge. Please enable Matter in the Homebridge settings to use this plugin.')
+      this.warnLog('Matter is not enabled in Homebridge. Please enable Matter in the Homebridge settings to use this plugin.')
       return
     }
 
     // Register Matter accessories when Homebridge has finished launching
     this.api.on('didFinishLaunching', () => {
-      this.log.debug('Executed didFinishLaunching callback')
+      this.debugLog('Executed didFinishLaunching callback')
+      // Log presence of credentials (do not log actual values)
+      try {
+        this.debugLog(`SwitchBot credentials present? token=${Boolean(this.config.credentials?.token)}, secret=${Boolean(this.config.credentials?.secret)}`)
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        this.debugLog('Failed to log credentials presence: %s', e?.message ?? e)
+      }
+
+      // Do not fall back to environment variables here — credentials must
+      // come from plugin config (Homebridge UI). If credentials appear
+      // missing we'll log that fact and continue; the UI should store token
+      // and secret in `config.credentials`.
       // Initialize SwitchBot API clients
       try {
         if (this.config.credentials?.token && this.config.credentials?.secret) {
           this.switchBotAPI = new SwitchBotOpenAPI(this.config.credentials.token, this.config.credentials.secret, this.config.options?.hostname)
           // forward basic logs
           if (!this.config.options?.disableLogsforOpenAPI && this.switchBotAPI?.on) {
-            this.switchBotAPI.on('log', (l: any) => this.log.debug('[SwitchBot OpenAPI]', l.message))
+            this.switchBotAPI.on('log', (l: any) => this.debugLog('[SwitchBot OpenAPI]', l.message))
           }
         } else {
-          this.log.debug('SwitchBot OpenAPI credentials not provided; cloud devices will be skipped')
+          this.debugLog('SwitchBot OpenAPI credentials not provided; cloud devices will be skipped')
         }
       } catch (e: any) {
-        this.log.error('Failed to initialize SwitchBot OpenAPI:', e?.message ?? e)
+        this.errorLog('Failed to initialize SwitchBot OpenAPI:', e?.message ?? e)
+      }
+
+      // Initialize API request tracking
+      try {
+        this.apiTracker = new ApiRequestTracker(this.api, this.log, 'SwitchBot Matter')
+        this.apiTracker.startHourlyLogging()
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        this.errorLog('Failed to initialize API request tracking:', e?.message ?? e)
       }
 
       try {
         this.switchBotBLE = new SwitchBotBLE()
         if (!this.config.options?.disableLogsforBLE && this.switchBotBLE?.on) {
-          this.switchBotBLE.on('log', (l: any) => this.log.debug('[SwitchBot BLE]', l.message))
+          this.switchBotBLE.on('log', (l: any) => this.debugLog('[SwitchBot BLE]', l.message))
         }
       } catch (e: any) {
-        this.log.error('Failed to initialize SwitchBot BLE client:', e?.message ?? e)
+        this.errorLog('Failed to initialize SwitchBot BLE client:', e?.message ?? e)
+      }
+
+      // If BLE scanning is enabled, start scanning and route advertisements to registered handlers
+      if (this.config.options?.BLE && this.switchBotBLE) {
+        const ble = this.switchBotBLE
+        ;(async () => {
+          try {
+            await ble.startScan()
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.errorLog(`Failed to start BLE scanning: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+
+          // route advertisements to our handlers
+          ble.onadvertisement = async (ad: any) => {
+            try {
+              const mac = (ad.address || '').toLowerCase()
+              const handler = this.bleEventHandler[mac]
+              if (handler) {
+                await handler(ad.serviceData)
+              }
+            } catch (e: any) {
+              this.errorLog(`Failed to handle BLE advertisement: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+            }
+          }
+        })()
       }
 
-      // perform device discovery from SwitchBot OpenAPI (if configured)
-      void this.discoverDevices()
+      // Ensure we clean up any per-device timers and BLE handlers when Homebridge shuts down
+      this.api.on('shutdown', async () => {
+        try {
+          this.infoLog('Homebridge shutting down: clearing refresh timers and BLE handlers')
+
+          // Stop API tracking hourly logging
+          if (this.apiTracker) {
+            this.apiTracker.stopHourlyLogging()
+          }
+
+          // Clear all refresh timers
+          for (const [nid, t] of Array.from(this.refreshTimers.entries())) {
+            try {
+              clearInterval(t)
+            } catch (e: any) {
+              this.debugLog(`Failed to clear timer for ${nid}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+            }
+            this.refreshTimers.delete(nid)
+          }
+
+          // Clear platform-level refresh timer
+          try {
+            if (this.platformRefreshTimer) {
+              clearInterval(this.platformRefreshTimer)
+              this.platformRefreshTimer = undefined
+            }
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.debugLog(`Failed to clear platform refresh timer: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
 
-      this.registerMatterAccessories()
+          // Clear accessory instances registry
+          try {
+            this.accessoryInstances.clear()
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.debugLog(`Failed to clear accessoryInstances: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+
+          // Remove BLE handlers
+          try {
+            for (const k of Object.keys(this.bleEventHandler)) {
+              delete this.bleEventHandler[k]
+            }
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.debugLog(`Failed to clear bleEventHandler: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+
+          // Stop BLE scanning if available
+          try {
+            if (this.switchBotBLE && typeof (this.switchBotBLE as any).stopScan === 'function') {
+              await (this.switchBotBLE as any).stopScan()
+              this.infoLog('Stopped BLE scanning')
+            }
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.debugLog(`Failed to stop BLE scanning: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+
+          // Persist backoff cooldowns to disk
+          try {
+            if (this.backoffFilePath) {
+              const obj: Record<string, number> = {}
+              for (const [k, v] of this.backoffCooldowns.entries()) {
+                if (Number.isFinite(v)) {
+                  obj[k] = v
+                }
+              }
+              writeFileSync(this.backoffFilePath, JSON.stringify(obj, null, 2))
+              this.debugLog(`Saved ${Object.keys(obj).length} backoff cooldown entries`)
+            }
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.debugLog(`Failed to save backoff state: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog('Shutdown cleanup failed: %s', e?.message ?? e)
+        }
+      })
+
+      // perform device discovery from SwitchBot OpenAPI (if configured) and
+      // register Matter accessories after discovery completes. Previously we
+      // called discoverDevices() without awaiting it which caused registration
+      // to run before discovery finished and only example accessories were
+      // created. Use an async IIFE to sequentially await discovery then register.
+      ;(async () => {
+        try {
+          await this.discoverDevices()
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog('Device discovery failed during startup: %s', e?.message ?? e)
+        }
+
+        try {
+          await this.registerMatterAccessories()
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.errorLog('Failed to register Matter accessories: %s', e?.message ?? e)
+        }
+      })()
     })
+
+    try {
+      this.setupMqtt()
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.errorLog(`Setup MQTT, Error Message: ${e?.message ?? e}, Submit Bugs Here: ` + 'https://tinyurl.com/SwitchBotBug')
+    }
+    try {
+      this.setupwebhook()
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.errorLog(`Setup Webhook, Error Message: ${e?.message ?? e}, Submit Bugs Here: ` + 'https://tinyurl.com/SwitchBotBug')
+    }
+
+    // Initialize backoff persistence file path and load any saved cooldowns
+    try {
+      const storagePath = this.api.user.storagePath()
+      this.backoffFilePath = join(storagePath, `${PLUGIN_NAME.replace('@', '').replace('/', '-')}-matter-backoff.json`)
+      if (existsSync(this.backoffFilePath)) {
+        try {
+          const raw = readFileSync(this.backoffFilePath, 'utf8')
+          const parsed = JSON.parse(raw)
+          if (parsed && typeof parsed === 'object') {
+            for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(parsed as Record<string, unknown>)) {
+              const ts = Number(v)
+              if (Number.isFinite(ts)) {
+                this.backoffCooldowns.set(String(k), ts)
+              }
+            }
+            this.debugLog(`Loaded ${this.backoffCooldowns.size} backoff cooldown entries`)
+          }
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to load backoff state: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.debugLog(`Failed to initialize backoff persistence: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Normalize a deviceId for matching (uppercase alphanumerics only)
+   */
+  private normalizeDeviceId(deviceId: string) {
+    return (deviceId ?? '').toUpperCase().replace(/[^A-Z0-9]+/g, '')
+  }
+
+  /** Determine the platform-level batch interval in seconds */
+  private getPlatformBatchInterval(): number {
+    const opt = this.config.options
+    const val = opt?.matterBatchRefreshRate ?? opt?.refreshRate ?? 300
+    const n = Number(val)
+    return Number.isFinite(n) && n > 0 ? n : 300
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Clear per-device resources: refresh timers, accessory instance registry, BLE handlers
+   */
+  private clearDeviceResources(deviceId?: string) {
+    if (!deviceId) {
+      return
+    }
+    try {
+      const nid = this.normalizeDeviceId(deviceId)
+      const existing = this.refreshTimers.get(nid)
+      if (existing) {
+        try {
+          clearInterval(existing)
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to clear refresh timer for ${deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+        this.refreshTimers.delete(nid)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        this.accessoryInstances.delete(nid)
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        this.debugLog(`Failed to delete accessory instance for ${deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+      }
+
+      try {
+        const mac = formatDeviceIdAsMac(deviceId).toLowerCase()
+        if (this.bleEventHandler[mac]) {
+          delete this.bleEventHandler[mac]
+        }
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        // formatting failed (not a MAC-like id) — ignore
+        this.debugLog(`clearDeviceResources: failed to remove BLE handler for ${deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+      }
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.debugLog(`clearDeviceResources top-level error for ${deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Merge two arrays by deviceId. For each item in a1 (user-provided devices list),
+   * find matching item in a2 (discovered devices) and merge them with user overrides last.
+   */
+  private mergeByDeviceId(a1: { deviceId: string }[], a2: any[]) {
+    const allowConfigOnly = Boolean(this.config.options?.allowConfigOnlyDevices)
+    const result: any[] = []
+    for (const itm of (a1 || [])) {
+      const matchingItem = (a2 || []).find(item => this.normalizeDeviceId(item.deviceId) === this.normalizeDeviceId(itm.deviceId))
+      if (matchingItem) {
+        result.push(Object.assign({}, matchingItem, itm))
+      } else if (allowConfigOnly) {
+        // include config-only device as-is when explicitly allowed
+        result.push(Object.assign({}, itm))
+      }
+      // otherwise skip config-only entries
+    }
+    return result
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Merge discovered devices with deviceConfig (per deviceType) and per-device overrides
+   * from `config.options.devices`, matching the behavior used in platform-hap.
+   */
+  private async mergeDiscoveredDevices(discovered: device[]): Promise<any[]> {
+    // If there's no device config or per-device config, return discovered as-is
+    if (!this.config.options?.devices && !this.config.options?.deviceConfig) {
+      return discovered
+    }
+
+    // Step 1: Assign missing deviceType from configDeviceType and merge deviceType-level configs
+    const devicesWithTypeConfig = await Promise.all(discovered.map(async (deviceObj) => {
+      if (!deviceObj.deviceType) {
+        deviceObj.deviceType = (deviceObj as any).configDeviceType !== undefined ? (deviceObj as any).configDeviceType : 'Unknown'
+        this.debugLog(`API missing deviceType for ${deviceObj.deviceId}, using configDeviceType: ${(deviceObj as any).configDeviceType}`)
+      }
+      const deviceTypeConfig = this.config.options?.deviceConfig?.[deviceObj.deviceType] || {}
+      return Object.assign({}, deviceObj, deviceTypeConfig)
+    }))
+
+    // Merge per-device overrides by matching deviceId
+    const merged = this.mergeByDeviceId(this.config.options?.devices ?? [], devicesWithTypeConfig ?? [])
+
+    // For any entries in merged (which are based on config.options.devices), ensure final per-device merges include deviceId-specific config
+    const final: any[] = []
+    for (const device of merged) {
+      // Find per-device config entry by deviceId (config.options.devices is an array)
+      const deviceIdConfig = (this.config.options?.devices || []).find((d: any) => this.normalizeDeviceId(d.deviceId) === this.normalizeDeviceId(device.deviceId)) || {}
+      const deviceWithConfig = Object.assign({}, device, deviceIdConfig)
+      final.push(deviceWithConfig)
+    }
+
+    // Also include any discovered devices that weren't present in the user devices list
+    const userDeviceIds = new Set((this.config.options?.devices || []).map((d: any) => this.normalizeDeviceId(d.deviceId)))
+    for (const d of devicesWithTypeConfig) {
+      if (!userDeviceIds.has(this.normalizeDeviceId(d.deviceId))) {
+        final.push(d)
+      }
+    }
+
+    return final
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Select effective connection type for a device: prefer explicit device.connectionType,
+   * otherwise prefer BLE when platform BLE is enabled and device provides a BLE model/id.
+   */
+  private chooseConnectionType(deviceObj: any): 'BLE' | 'OpenAPI' {
+    if (deviceObj?.connectionType) {
+      return deviceObj.connectionType === 'BLE' ? 'BLE' : 'OpenAPI'
+    }
+    // If platform BLE is enabled and we have a bleModel or deviceId that formats to a MAC, prefer BLE
+    if (this.config.options?.BLE && (deviceObj?.bleModel || formatDeviceIdAsMac(deviceObj?.deviceId))) {
+      return 'BLE'
+    }
+    return 'OpenAPI'
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Map a SwitchBot device object to a MatterAccessory using the device-specific
+   * Matter accessory classes in `src/devices-matter`.
+   */
+  private async createAccessoryFromDevice(dev: device & devicesConfig): Promise<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>> | undefined> {
+    // Basic metadata
+    const displayName = dev.deviceName ?? dev.deviceId ?? 'SwitchBot Device'
+    const serial = dev.deviceId ?? 'unknown'
+    const manufacturer = 'SwitchBot'
+    const model = dev.model ?? dev.deviceType ?? 'SwitchBot'
+    const firmware = (dev as any).firmware ?? (dev as any).version ?? '0.0.0'
+
+    // Helper to build a default opts object consumed by the matter device classes
+    const baseOpts = {
+      uuid: this.api.matter.uuid.generate(serial),
+      displayName,
+      serialNumber: serial,
+      manufacturer,
+      model,
+      firmwareRevision: String(firmware),
+      hardwareRevision: '1.0.0',
+      deviceId: dev.deviceId,
+      // Inject handy platform-side helpers into the accessory `context` so Matter
+      // accessory classes can perform OpenAPI/BLE actions without reaching into
+      // the platform implementation directly.
+      context: {
+        deviceId: dev.deviceId,
+        // Expose the display name so Matter accessory classes can read it from context
+        name: displayName,
+        // Provide device-level logging override (if present) and platform logging flag
+        // so accessories can decide how verbose they should be.
+        deviceLogging: (dev as any)?.logging,
+        platformLogging: this.platformLogging,
+      },
+    }
+
+    // Build platform-side helpers using shared factories so they can be reused/tested
+    const sendOpenAPI = makeOpenAPISender(this.retryCommand.bind(this), dev, { maxRetries: this.config.options?.maxRetries ?? 1, delayBetweenRetries: this.config.options?.delayBetweenRetries ?? 1000 })
+    const sendBLE = makeBLESender(this.switchBotBLE, dev, { bleRetries: (this.config.options as any)?.bleRetries ?? 2, bleRetryDelay: (this.config.options as any)?.bleRetryDelay ?? 500 })
+
+    // Log that we're initializing this device so it's visible in startup logs
+    try {
+      this.infoLog(`Initializing Matter device: ${displayName} (type=${dev.deviceType ?? 'Unknown'}) id=${dev.deviceId}`)
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      // best-effort logging — swallow errors to avoid breaking initialization
+      this.debugLog('Failed to log initializing device:', e?.message ?? e)
+    }
+
+    const makeOnOffHandlers = (uuid: string, connectionType: 'BLE' | 'OpenAPI') => ({
+      onOff: {
+        on: async () => {
+          try {
+            if (connectionType === 'BLE' && this.switchBotBLE) {
+              await sendBLE('turnOn')
+            } else {
+              await sendOpenAPI('turnOn')
+            }
+            await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuid, this.api.matter.clusterNames.OnOff, { onOff: true })
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.errorLog(`Failed to turn on device ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+        },
+        off: async () => {
+          try {
+            if (connectionType === 'BLE' && this.switchBotBLE) {
+              await sendBLE('turnOff')
+            } else {
+              await sendOpenAPI('turnOff')
+            }
+            await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuid, this.api.matter.clusterNames.OnOff, { onOff: false })
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.errorLog(`Failed to turn off device ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+        },
+      },
+    })
+
+    // Mapping from SwitchBot deviceType -> constructor (expanded for parity with HAP)
+    const mapping: { [key: string]: any } = {
+      // Plugs / Outlets
+      'Plug': OnOffOutletAccessory,
+      'Plug Mini (US)': OnOffOutletAccessory,
+      'Plug Mini (JP)': OnOffOutletAccessory,
+      'Plug Mini': OnOffOutletAccessory,
+      'WoPlug': OnOffOutletAccessory,
+
+      // Lighting
+      'Color Bulb': ColorLightAccessory,
+      'Color Bulb Mini': ColorLightAccessory,
+      'Ceiling Light': ColorTemperatureLightAccessory,
+      'Ceiling Light Pro': ColorTemperatureLightAccessory,
+      'Strip Light': ExtendedColorLightAccessory,
+      'Light Strip': ExtendedColorLightAccessory,
+      'Light Strip Plus': ExtendedColorLightAccessory,
+      'Strip Light Pro': ExtendedColorLightAccessory,
+      'Dimmable Light': DimmableLightAccessory,
+
+      // Robot Vacuums
+      'K10+': RoboticVacuumAccessory,
+      'K10+ Pro': RoboticVacuumAccessory,
+      'WoSweeper': RoboticVacuumAccessory,
+      'WoSweeperMini': RoboticVacuumAccessory,
+      'Robot Vacuum Cleaner S1': RoboticVacuumAccessory,
+      'Robot Vacuum Cleaner S1 Plus': RoboticVacuumAccessory,
+      'Robot Vacuum Cleaner S10': RoboticVacuumAccessory,
+      'Robot Vacuum Cleaner S1 Pro': RoboticVacuumAccessory,
+      'Robot Vacuum Cleaner S1 Mini': RoboticVacuumAccessory,
+
+      // Locks
+      'Smart Lock': DoorLockAccessory,
+      'Smart Lock Pro': DoorLockAccessory,
+
+      // Sensors
+      'Motion Sensor': OccupancySensorAccessory,
+      'Contact Sensor': ContactSensorAccessory,
+      'Water Detector': LeakSensorAccessory,
+      'Meter': TemperatureSensorAccessory,
+      'MeterPlus': TemperatureSensorAccessory,
+      'MeterPro': TemperatureSensorAccessory,
+      'WoIOSensor': TemperatureSensorAccessory,
+      'Air Purifier PM2.5': HumiditySensorAccessory,
+      'Air Purifier Table PM2.5': HumiditySensorAccessory,
+      'Air Purifier': HumiditySensorAccessory,
+      'Air Purifier VOC': HumiditySensorAccessory,
+      'Air Purifier Table VOC': HumiditySensorAccessory,
+
+      // Fans
+      'Battery Circulator Fan': FanAccessory,
+
+      // Curtains / Blinds
+      'Blind Tilt': VenetianBlindAccessory,
+      'Curtain': WindowBlindAccessory,
+      'Curtain2': WindowBlindAccessory,
+      'Curtain3': WindowBlindAccessory,
+      'Curtain 2': WindowBlindAccessory,
+      'WoRollerShade': WindowBlindAccessory,
+      'Roller Shade': WindowBlindAccessory,
+      'Venetian Blind': VenetianBlindAccessory,
+
+      // Switches / Relays
+      'Relay Switch 1': OnOffSwitchAccessory,
+      'Relay Switch 1PM': OnOffSwitchAccessory,
+      'Relay Switch 2': OnOffSwitchAccessory,
+      'Relay Switch 3': OnOffSwitchAccessory,
+
+      // Misc / hubs / other
+      'Hub 2': undefined,
+      'Hub 3': undefined,
+      'Hub Mini': undefined,
+      'Bot': OnOffSwitchAccessory,
+      'Smart Bot': OnOffSwitchAccessory,
+      'Humidifier': HumiditySensorAccessory,
+      'Humidifier2': HumiditySensorAccessory,
+      'Thermostat': ThermostatAccessory,
+      'Water Heater': ThermostatAccessory,
+    }
+
+    const Ctor = mapping[dev.deviceType ?? '']
+    if (!Ctor) {
+      this.debugLog(`No Matter mapping for deviceType='${dev.deviceType}', deviceId=${dev.deviceId}`)
+      return undefined
+    }
+
+    // Build opts and handlers tailored for basic capabilities
+    const uuid = baseOpts.uuid
+    const handlers: Record<string, any> = {}
+
+    // Choose connection type for this device (BLE vs OpenAPI)
+    const connectionType = this.chooseConnectionType(dev)
+
+    // On/Off common
+    handlers.onOff = makeOnOffHandlers(uuid, connectionType).onOff
+
+    // If this is a light, add brightness and color handlers
+    if (['Color Bulb', 'Ceiling Light', 'Ceiling Light Pro', 'Strip Light', 'Dimmable Light'].includes(dev.deviceType ?? '')) {
+      // levelControl
+      handlers.levelControl = {
+        moveToLevelWithOnOff: async (request: any) => {
+          try {
+            const level = request.level as number
+            const percent = Math.round((level / 254) * 100)
+            if (connectionType === 'BLE' && this.switchBotBLE) {
+              await sendBLE('setBrightness', percent)
+            } else {
+              await sendOpenAPI('setBrightness', `${percent}`)
+            }
+            await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuid, this.api.matter.clusterNames.LevelControl, { currentLevel: level })
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.errorLog(`Failed to set brightness for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+        },
+      }
+
+      // colorControl
+      handlers.colorControl = {
+        moveToHueAndSaturationLogic: async (request: any) => {
+          try {
+            const hue = request.hue as number
+            const saturation = request.saturation as number
+            const [r, g, b] = hs2rgb(Math.round((hue / 254) * 360), Math.round((saturation / 254) * 100))
+            if (connectionType === 'BLE' && this.switchBotBLE) {
+              await sendBLE('setRGB', Number(request.level ?? 100), r, g, b)
+            } else {
+              await sendOpenAPI('setColor', `${r}:${g}:${b}`)
+            }
+            await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuid, this.api.matter.clusterNames.ColorControl, { currentHue: hue, currentSaturation: saturation })
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.errorLog(`Failed to set hue/sat for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+        },
+        moveToColorLogic: async (request: any) => {
+          try {
+            // MoveToColor gives colorX/colorY values; convert to approximate RGB by mapping to 0-255 scale
+            const colorX = request.colorX as number
+            const colorY = request.colorY as number
+            // Naive conversion: map X/Y into RGB via hue approximation (not colorimetrically accurate)
+            const hueApprox = Math.round((colorX / 65535) * 360)
+            const satApprox = Math.round((colorY / 65535) * 100)
+            const [r, g, b] = hs2rgb(hueApprox, satApprox)
+            if (connectionType === 'BLE' && this.switchBotBLE) {
+              await sendBLE('setRGB', Number(request.level ?? 100), r, g, b)
+            } else {
+              await sendOpenAPI('setColor', `${r}:${g}:${b}`)
+            }
+            await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuid, this.api.matter.clusterNames.ColorControl, { currentX: colorX, currentY: colorY })
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.errorLog(`Failed to set XY color for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+        },
+      }
+
+      // color temperature — map to kelvin and send setColorTemperature
+      handlers.colorTemperature = {
+        moveToColorTemperature: async (request: any) => {
+          try {
+            const kelvin = Math.round(1000000 / Number(request.colorTemperature))
+            if (connectionType === 'BLE' && this.switchBotBLE) {
+              await sendBLE('setColorTemperature', kelvin)
+            } else {
+              await sendOpenAPI('setColorTemperature', `${kelvin}`)
+            }
+            await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuid, this.api.matter.clusterNames.ColorControl, { currentX: request.colorX ?? 0, currentY: request.colorY ?? 0 })
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.errorLog(`Failed to set color temperature for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+        },
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Expose platform helpers to the accessory via context so accessory
+    // classes can call OpenAPI/BLE actions (sendOpenAPI/sendBLE) and know
+    // the effective connection type.
+    try {
+      /* Inject platform helpers (OpenAPI/BLE senders + logging helpers + connection type)
+         into the accessory context so Matter accessory classes can use them without
+         reaching into the platform implementation directly. */
+      ;(baseOpts as any).context = Object.assign({}, (baseOpts as any).context, {
+        sendOpenAPI,
+        sendBLE,
+        connectionType,
+        // Expose platform logging helpers so accessories can use consistent logging
+        infoLog: this.infoLog,
+        debugLog: this.debugLog,
+        warnLog: this.warnLog,
+        errorLog: this.errorLog,
+        successLog: this.successLog,
+      })
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.debugLog('Failed to attach platform helpers to baseOpts.context: %s', e?.message ?? e)
+    }
+
+    const opts = Object.assign({}, baseOpts, { handlers })
+
+    // Instantiate the device class and return its serialized accessory
+    const instance = new Ctor(this.api, this.log, opts)
+    // Save instance in registry so platform can call device-specific update methods if needed
+    try {
+      if (dev?.deviceId) {
+        this.accessoryInstances.set(this.normalizeDeviceId(dev.deviceId), instance)
+      }
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.debugLog('Failed to register accessory instance: %s', e?.message ?? e)
+    }
+    try {
+      this.infoLog(`Initialized Matter accessory: ${displayName} (type=${dev.deviceType ?? 'Unknown'}) id=${dev.deviceId}`)
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.debugLog('Failed to log initialized accessory:', e?.message ?? e)
+    }
+
+    // Register BLE->Matter push handler for this device's MAC (if BLE scanning is active)
+    try {
+      const mac = formatDeviceIdAsMac(dev.deviceId).toLowerCase()
+      // Handler receives advertisement/serviceData when BLE scan events arrive
+      this.bleEventHandler[mac] = async (serviceData?: any) => {
+        const uuidLocal = baseOpts.uuid
+
+        // First try model-specific / normalized parsing of BLE advertisement
+        try {
+          const parsed = this.parseAdvertisementForDevice(dev, serviceData)
+          try {
+            const _p = JSON.stringify(parsed)
+            this.debugLog(`BLE advertisement parsed for ${dev.deviceId}: ${_p}`)
+          } catch (e) {
+            this.debugLog(`BLE advertisement parsed for ${dev.deviceId}: [unstringifiable parse result]`)
+          }
+          if (parsed) {
+            // Power
+            if (parsed.power !== undefined) {
+              await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, this.api.matter.clusterNames.OnOff, { onOff: Boolean(parsed.power) })
+            }
+
+            // Brightness
+            if (parsed.brightness !== undefined) {
+              const rawLevel = Math.round((Number(parsed.brightness) / 100) * 254)
+              const level = Math.max(0, Math.min(254, rawLevel))
+              this.debugLog(`[BLE Brightness Debug] Device ${dev.deviceId}: rawBrightness=${parsed.brightness}, calculated=${rawLevel}, clamped=${level}`)
+              await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, this.api.matter.clusterNames.LevelControl, { currentLevel: level })
+            }
+
+            // Color
+            if (parsed.color !== undefined) {
+              const { r, g, b } = parsed.color
+              const [h, s] = rgb2hs(r, g, b)
+              const rawHue = Math.round((h / 360) * 254)
+              const rawSat = Math.round((s / 100) * 254)
+              const hue = Math.max(0, Math.min(254, rawHue))
+              const sat = Math.max(0, Math.min(254, rawSat))
+              this.debugLog(`[BLE Color Debug] Device ${dev.deviceId}: RGB=[${r},${g},${b}], HS=[${h},${s}], Matter=[${rawHue},${rawSat}], clamped=[${hue},${sat}]`)
+              await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, this.api.matter.clusterNames.ColorControl, { currentHue: hue, currentSaturation: sat })
+            }
+
+            // Battery -> powerSource cluster (common mapping)
+            if (parsed.battery !== undefined) {
+              // Skip battery updates for device types that don't support PowerSource cluster
+              const deviceType = String(dev?.deviceType ?? '')
+              const unsupportedTypes = ['Curtain', 'Curtain2', 'Curtain3', 'Curtain 2', 'Blind Tilt']
+
+              if (unsupportedTypes.includes(deviceType)) {
+                this.debugLog(`Device ${dev.deviceId} type ${deviceType} does not support PowerSource cluster, skipping BLE battery update`)
+              } else {
+                try {
+                  const percentage = Number(parsed.battery)
+                  const batPercentRemaining = Math.max(0, Math.min(200, Math.round(percentage * 2)))
+                  let batChargeLevel = 0
+                  if (percentage < 20) {
+                    batChargeLevel = 2
+                  } else if (percentage < 40) {
+                    batChargeLevel = 1
+                  }
+                  try {
+                    await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, 'powerSource', { batPercentRemaining, batChargeLevel })
+                  } catch (updateError: any) {
+                    // Silently skip if powerSource cluster doesn't exist on this device
+                    const msg = String(updateError?.message ?? updateError)
+                    if (!msg.includes('does not exist') && !msg.includes('not found')) {
+                      throw updateError
+                    }
+                  }
+                } catch (e: any) {
+                  this.debugLog(`Failed to update battery state for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+                }
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Temperature -> temperatureMeasurement
+            if (parsed.temperature !== undefined) {
+              try {
+                const c = Number(parsed.temperature)
+                const measured = Math.round(c * 100)
+                await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, 'temperatureMeasurement', { measuredValue: measured })
+              } catch (e: any) {
+                this.debugLog(`Failed to update temperature for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Humidity -> relativeHumidityMeasurement
+            if (parsed.humidity !== undefined) {
+              try {
+                const percent = Number(parsed.humidity)
+                const measured = Math.round(percent * 100)
+                await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, 'relativeHumidityMeasurement', { measuredValue: measured })
+              } catch (e: any) {
+                this.debugLog(`Failed to update humidity for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Contact / Leak -> BooleanState
+            if (parsed.contact !== undefined || parsed.leak !== undefined) {
+              try {
+                // Some devices report contact as true=open; ContactSensor expects inverted value
+                const isContactOpen = parsed.contact === undefined ? undefined : Boolean(parsed.contact)
+                const leakDetected = parsed.leak === undefined ? undefined : Boolean(parsed.leak)
+
+                if (isContactOpen !== undefined) {
+                  // If this is a contact sensor device type, invert; otherwise set conservatively
+                  if ((dev.deviceType || '').includes('Contact')) {
+                    await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, this.api.matter.clusterNames.BooleanState, { stateValue: !isContactOpen })
+                  } else {
+                    await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, this.api.matter.clusterNames.BooleanState, { stateValue: isContactOpen })
+                  }
+                }
+
+                if (leakDetected !== undefined) {
+                  await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, this.api.matter.clusterNames.BooleanState, { stateValue: leakDetected })
+                }
+              } catch (e: any) {
+                this.debugLog(`Failed to update contact/leak for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Motion -> occupancy
+            if (parsed.motion !== undefined) {
+              try {
+                await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, 'occupancySensing', { occupancy: { occupied: Boolean(parsed.motion) } })
+              } catch (e: any) {
+                this.debugLog(`Failed to update occupancy for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Lock state -> doorLock
+            if (parsed.lock !== undefined) {
+              try {
+                const s = String(parsed.lock).toLowerCase()
+                let lockState = 0
+                if (s === 'locked' || s === '1' || s === 'true') {
+                  lockState = 1
+                } else if (s === 'unlocked' || s === '0' || s === 'false') {
+                  lockState = 2
+                }
+                await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, this.api.matter.clusterNames.DoorLock, { lockState })
+              } catch (e: any) {
+                this.debugLog(`Failed to update lock for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Position / Cover -> WindowCovering (convert open percent to closed*100)
+            if (parsed.position !== undefined) {
+              try {
+                const openPercent = Number(parsed.position)
+                const closedPercent = 100 - Math.max(0, Math.min(100, openPercent))
+                const value = Math.round(closedPercent * 100)
+                await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, this.api.matter.clusterNames.WindowCovering, { currentPositionLiftPercent100ths: value, targetPositionLiftPercent100ths: value })
+              } catch (e: any) {
+                this.debugLog(`Failed to update cover position for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Fan speed -> FanControl
+            if (parsed.fanSpeed !== undefined) {
+              try {
+                const percent = Number(parsed.fanSpeed)
+                await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, this.api.matter.clusterNames.FanControl, { percentSetting: percent, percentCurrent: percent })
+              } catch (e: any) {
+                this.debugLog(`Failed to update fan speed for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+              }
+            }
+
+            // Robot vacuum fields (battery already handled) - update run/operational/clean modes when present
+            if (parsed.rvcRunMode !== undefined) {
+              try {
+                await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, 'rvcRunMode', { currentMode: Number(parsed.rvcRunMode) })
+              } catch (e: any) {
+                this.debugLog(`Failed to update rvcRunMode for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+              }
+            }
+
+            if (parsed.rvcOperationalState !== undefined) {
+              try {
+                await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, 'rvcOperationalState', { operationalState: Number(parsed.rvcOperationalState) })
+              } catch (e: any) {
+                this.debugLog(`Failed to update rvcOperationalState for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+              }
+            }
+
+            // If we parsed something from serviceData prefer it and return early
+            if (serviceData) {
+              return
+            }
+          }
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`BLE advertisement parsing failed for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+
+        // Fallback to OpenAPI getDeviceStatus when serviceData is not present or parsing failed
+        if (!this.switchBotAPI) {
+          return
+        }
+        try {
+          this.apiTracker?.track()
+          const { response, statusCode } = await this.switchBotAPI.getDeviceStatus(dev.deviceId, this.config.credentials?.token, this.config.credentials?.secret)
+          const respAny: any = response
+          const body = respAny?.body ?? respAny
+          try {
+            const s = JSON.stringify(body)
+            this.debugLog(`OpenAPI getDeviceStatus for ${dev.deviceId} returned statusCode=${statusCode} body=${s}`)
+          } catch (e) {
+            this.debugLog(`OpenAPI getDeviceStatus for ${dev.deviceId} returned statusCode=${statusCode} (body not stringifiable)`)
+          }
+          if (!(statusCode === 100 || statusCode === 200)) {
+            return
+          }
+          const status = body?.status ?? body
+
+          // Use centralized mapper which prefers accessory instance update helpers
+          await this.applyStatusToAccessory(uuidLocal, dev, status)
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`BLE push handler failed for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.debugLog(`Failed to register BLE handler for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+    }
+
+    // Schedule periodic OpenAPI refreshes for this device (if OpenAPI is configured)
+    try {
+      const nid = this.normalizeDeviceId(dev.deviceId)
+      // Clear any existing timer for this device
+      const existing = this.refreshTimers.get(nid)
+      if (existing) {
+        clearInterval(existing)
+        this.refreshTimers.delete(nid)
+      }
+
+      const platformInterval = this.getPlatformBatchInterval()
+      const hasDeviceInterval = typeof dev.refreshRate === 'number' && Number(dev.refreshRate) > 0
+      if (this.switchBotAPI && (hasDeviceInterval || platformInterval > 0)) {
+        // Immediate one-shot to populate initial state
+        ;(async () => {
+          try {
+            this.infoLog(`Performing initial OpenAPI refresh for ${dev.deviceId}`)
+            this.apiTracker?.track()
+            const { response, statusCode } = await this.switchBotAPI!.getDeviceStatus(dev.deviceId, this.config.credentials?.token, this.config.credentials?.secret)
+            const respAny: any = response
+            const body = respAny?.body ?? respAny
+            try {
+              const s = JSON.stringify(body)
+              this.debugLog(`Initial OpenAPI refresh for ${dev.deviceId} returned statusCode=${statusCode} body=${s}`)
+            } catch (e) {
+              this.debugLog(`Initial OpenAPI refresh for ${dev.deviceId} returned statusCode=${statusCode} (body not stringifiable)`)
+            }
+            if (statusCode === 100 || statusCode === 200) {
+              const status = body?.status ?? body
+              await this.applyStatusToAccessory(uuid, dev, status)
+              this.infoLog(`Initial OpenAPI refresh succeeded for ${dev.deviceId}`)
+            } else {
+              this.warnLog(`Initial OpenAPI refresh returned unexpected statusCode=${statusCode} for ${dev.deviceId}`)
+            }
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.errorLog(`Initial OpenAPI refresh failed for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+        })()
+
+        if (hasDeviceInterval) {
+          // Create a per-device timer and exclude it from batch
+          const interval = Number(dev.refreshRate)
+          this.perDeviceRefreshSet.add(nid)
+          const timer = setInterval(async () => {
+            try {
+              // Skip if device is under cooldown
+              const now = Date.now()
+              const nextAllowed = this.backoffCooldowns.get(nid) ?? 0
+              if (now < nextAllowed) {
+                return
+              }
+              await this.refreshSingleDeviceWithRetry(dev)
+            } catch (e: any) {
+              this.debugLog(`Per-device refresh failed for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+            }
+          }, interval * 1000)
+          this.refreshTimers.set(nid, timer)
+          this.infoLog(`Started per-device refresh timer for ${dev.deviceId} at ${interval}s`)
+        } else {
+          // Start platform-level batched refresh timer (only once)
+          this.startPlatformRefreshTimer(platformInterval)
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.debugLog(`Failed to schedule refresh for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+    }
+
+    return instance.toAccessory()
   }
 
   /**
@@ -131,25 +1083,98 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    */
   private async discoverDevices(): Promise<void> {
     if (!this.switchBotAPI) {
-      this.log.debug('SwitchBot OpenAPI not configured; skipping discovery')
+      this.debugLog('SwitchBot OpenAPI not configured; skipping discovery')
       return
     }
 
     try {
+      this.apiTracker?.track()
       const { response, statusCode } = await this.switchBotAPI.getDevices()
-      this.log.debug(`SwitchBot getDevices response status: ${statusCode}`)
+      this.debugLog(`SwitchBot getDevices response status: ${statusCode}`)
       if (statusCode === 100 || statusCode === 200) {
         const deviceList = Array.isArray(response?.body?.deviceList) ? response.body.deviceList : []
         this.discoveredDevices = deviceList
-        this.log.info(`Discovered ${deviceList.length} SwitchBot device(s) from OpenAPI`)
+        this.infoLog(`Discovered ${deviceList.length} SwitchBot device(s) from OpenAPI`)
         for (const d of deviceList) {
-          this.log.debug(`  - ${d.deviceName} (${d.deviceType}) id=${d.deviceId}`)
+          this.debugLog(`  - ${d.deviceName} (${d.deviceType}) id=${d.deviceId}`)
         }
       } else {
-        this.log.warn(`SwitchBot getDevices returned status ${statusCode}`)
+        this.warnLog(`SwitchBot getDevices returned status ${statusCode}`)
       }
     } catch (e: any) {
-      this.log.error('Failed to discover SwitchBot devices:', e?.message ?? e)
+      this.errorLog('Failed to discover SwitchBot devices:', e?.message ?? e)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Setup MQTT connection (if configured) and route incoming webhook messages
+   * to registered webhook handlers. Mirrors behaviour in platform-hap.
+   */
+  async setupMqtt(): Promise<void> {
+    if (this.config.options?.mqttURL) {
+      try {
+        const { connectAsync } = asyncmqtt
+        this.mqttClient = await connectAsync(this.config.options?.mqttURL, this.config.options.mqttOptions || {})
+        this.debugLog('MQTT connection has been established successfully.')
+        this.mqttClient.on('error', async (e: Error) => {
+          this.errorLog(`Failed to publish MQTT messages. ${e.message ?? e}`)
+        })
+        if (!this.config.options?.webhookURL) {
+          // receive webhook events via MQTT
+          this.infoLog(`Webhook is configured to be received through ${this.config.options.mqttURL}/homebridge-switchbot/webhook.`)
+          this.mqttClient.subscribe('homebridge-switchbot/webhook/+')
+          this.mqttClient.on('message', async (topic: string, message: any) => {
+            try {
+              this.debugLog(`Received Webhook via MQTT: ${topic}=${message}`)
+              const context = JSON.parse(message.toString())
+              this.webhookEventHandler[context.deviceMac]?.(context)
+            } catch (e: any) {
+              this.errorLog(`Failed to handle webhook event. Error: ${e.message ?? e}`)
+            }
+          })
+        }
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        this.mqttClient = null
+        this.errorLog(`Failed to establish MQTT connection. ${e.message ?? e}`)
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Setup OpenAPI webhook (if webhookURL configured) and forward incoming
+   * webhook events to MQTT (if configured) and local handlers.
+   */
+  async setupwebhook() {
+    if (this.config.options?.webhookURL) {
+      const url = this.config.options?.webhookURL
+      try {
+        this.switchBotAPI?.setupWebhook(url)
+        this.infoLog(`Webhook configured for URL: ${url}`)
+        // Listen for webhook events
+        this.switchBotAPI?.on('webhookEvent', (body: any) => {
+          try {
+            this.infoLog(`Received webhook event for device: ${body.context.deviceMac}`)
+            if (this.config.options?.mqttURL) {
+              const mac = body.context.deviceMac?.toLowerCase().match(/[\s\S]{1,2}/g)?.join(':')
+              const options = this.config.options?.mqttPubOptions || {}
+              this.mqttClient?.publish(`homebridge-switchbot/webhook/${mac}`, `${JSON.stringify(body.context)}`, options)
+            }
+            this.webhookEventHandler[body.context.deviceMac]?.(body.context)
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.errorLog(`Failed to handle webhook event. Error: ${e.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+        })
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        this.errorLog(`Failed to setup webhook. Error: ${e.message ?? e}`)
+      }
+
+      this.api.on('shutdown', async () => {
+        try {
+          this.switchBotAPI?.deleteWebhook(url)
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.errorLog(`Failed to delete webhook. Error: ${e.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      })
     }
   }
 
@@ -163,6 +1188,7 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
         if (!this.switchBotAPI) {
           throw new Error('SwitchBot OpenAPI not initialized')
         }
+        this.apiTracker?.track()
         const { response, statusCode } = await this.switchBotAPI.controlDevice(
           deviceObj.deviceId,
           bodyChange.command,
@@ -173,7 +1199,7 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
         )
         return { response, statusCode }
       } catch (e: any) {
-        this.log.debug(`retryCommand error: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        this.debugLog(`retryCommand error: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
       }
       retryCount++
 
@@ -182,6 +1208,496 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
     return { response: {}, statusCode: 500 }
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Parse BLE advertisement/serviceData into normalized fields for a given device.
+   * Returns null when serviceData is falsy or parsing fails.
+   */
+  private parseAdvertisementForDevice(dev: device, serviceData?: any) {
+    if (!serviceData) {
+      return null
+    }
+    try {
+      const sd = serviceData
+      const result: any = {}
+
+      // Power/on state - supports multiple field names used by different models
+      const power = sd.power ?? sd.on ?? sd.p
+      if (power !== undefined) {
+        result.power = (String(power).toLowerCase() === 'on' || Number(power) === 1)
+      }
+
+      // Brightness (0-100)
+      const brightness = sd.brightness ?? sd.b
+      if (brightness !== undefined) {
+        result.brightness = Number(brightness)
+      }
+
+      // Color - could be 'r:g:b', '#rrggbb' or 'rrggbb'
+      const color = sd.color ?? sd.rgb ?? sd.c
+      if (color !== undefined) {
+        let r = 0
+        let g = 0
+        let b = 0
+        const c = String(color)
+        if (c.includes(':')) {
+          const parts = c.split(':').map(Number)
+          ;[r, g, b] = parts
+        } else if (c.includes(',')) {
+          const parts = c.split(',').map(s => Number(s.trim()))
+          ;[r, g, b] = parts
+        } else if (c.includes(' ')) {
+          const parts = c.split(' ').map(s => Number(s.trim()))
+          ;[r, g, b] = parts
+        } else if (c.startsWith('#')) {
+          const hex = c.replace('#', '')
+          r = Number.parseInt(hex.substring(0, 2), 16)
+          g = Number.parseInt(hex.substring(2, 4), 16)
+          b = Number.parseInt(hex.substring(4, 6), 16)
+        } else if (/^[0-9a-f]{6}$/i.test(c)) {
+          r = Number.parseInt(c.substring(0, 2), 16)
+          g = Number.parseInt(c.substring(2, 4), 16)
+          b = Number.parseInt(c.substring(4, 6), 16)
+        }
+        result.color = { r, g, b }
+      }
+
+      // Battery (some devices use battery or batt)
+      const battery = sd.battery ?? sd.batt
+      if (battery !== undefined) {
+        result.battery = Number(battery)
+      }
+
+      // VOC / TVOC (some air quality devices report total volatile organic compounds)
+      const voc = sd.voc ?? sd.tvoc
+      if (voc !== undefined) {
+        result.voc = Number(voc)
+      }
+
+      // PM10 (some devices report PM10 alongside PM2.5)
+      const pm10 = sd.pm10
+      if (pm10 !== undefined) {
+        result.pm10 = Number(pm10)
+      }
+
+      // PM2.5 (some BLE adverts use pm25 / pm_2_5)
+      const pm25 = sd.pm2_5 ?? sd.pm25 ?? sd.pm_2_5
+      if (pm25 !== undefined) {
+        result.pm25 = Number(pm25)
+      }
+
+      // CO2 (carbon dioxide ppm)
+      const co2 = sd.co2 ?? sd.co2ppm ?? sd.carbonDioxide
+      if (co2 !== undefined) {
+        result.co2 = Number(co2)
+      }
+
+      // Temperature (C) and Humidity (%) — support common shorthand keys
+      const temperature = sd.temperature ?? sd.temp ?? sd.t
+      if (temperature !== undefined) {
+        result.temperature = Number(temperature)
+      }
+
+      const humidity = sd.humidity ?? sd.h ?? sd.humid
+      if (humidity !== undefined) {
+        result.humidity = Number(humidity)
+      }
+
+      // Motion, Contact, Leak
+      const motion = sd.motion ?? sd.m
+      if (motion !== undefined) {
+        result.motion = Boolean(motion)
+      }
+
+      const contact = sd.contact ?? sd.open
+      if (contact !== undefined) {
+        result.contact = contact
+      }
+
+      const leak = sd.leak ?? sd.water
+      if (leak !== undefined) {
+        result.leak = Boolean(leak)
+      }
+
+      // Position / Cover / Curtain synonyms
+      const position = sd.position ?? sd.percent ?? sd.slidePosition ?? sd.curtainPosition
+      if (position !== undefined) {
+        result.position = Number(position)
+      }
+
+      // Fan speed/speed
+      const fanSpeed = sd.fanSpeed ?? sd.speed
+      if (fanSpeed !== undefined) {
+        result.fanSpeed = Number(fanSpeed)
+      }
+
+      // Lock state
+      const lock = sd.lock
+      if (lock !== undefined) {
+        result.lock = lock
+      }
+
+      // Robot vacuum fields
+      const rvcRunMode = sd.rvcRunMode
+      if (rvcRunMode !== undefined) {
+        result.rvcRunMode = rvcRunMode
+      }
+      const rvcOperationalState = sd.rvcOperationalState
+      if (rvcOperationalState !== undefined) {
+        result.rvcOperationalState = rvcOperationalState
+      }
+
+      return result
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.debugLog(`parseAdvertisementForDevice failed for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+      return null
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Central helper to apply a SwitchBot status object to a Matter accessory.
+   * Tries to call accessory instance update helpers when available, otherwise
+   * falls back to calling api.matter.updateAccessoryState directly.
+   */
+  private async applyStatusToAccessory(uuidLocal: string, dev: device & devicesConfig, status: any) {
+    if (!status) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    const instance = dev?.deviceId ? this.accessoryInstances.get(this.normalizeDeviceId(dev.deviceId)) : undefined
+
+    // Helper to safely call instance methods or fallback to api.matter.updateAccessoryState
+    const safeUpdate = async (cluster: string, attributes: Record<string, unknown>, methodName?: string) => {
+      try {
+        // Special-case: powerSource cluster is optional on many devices (e.g., Curtains/Blinds).
+        // To avoid noisy Matter server errors ("Behavior ID powerSource does not exist"),
+        // always use the direct updateAccessoryState path wrapped in a guard for this cluster,
+        // even when an accessory instance is present.
+        const powerClusterName = (this.api.matter?.clusterNames && (this.api.matter.clusterNames as any).PowerSource)
+          ? (this.api.matter.clusterNames as any).PowerSource
+          : 'powerSource'
+        const isPowerSourceCluster = cluster === powerClusterName || cluster === 'powerSource'
+
+        // If the accessory instance declares supported clusters, skip updates for clusters
+        // not present to avoid triggering Matter server errors and logs.
+        let clusterSupported = true
+        if (instance && (instance as any).clusters) {
+          const declared = (instance as any).clusters
+          if (Array.isArray(declared)) {
+            clusterSupported = declared.includes(cluster)
+          } else if (typeof declared === 'object') {
+            clusterSupported = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(declared, cluster)
+          }
+          if (!clusterSupported) {
+            this.debugLog(`Cluster ${cluster} not declared on accessory for ${dev.deviceId}, skipping update`)
+            return
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (instance && methodName && typeof (instance as any)[methodName] === 'function') {
+          // prefer device-specific update helpers when available
+          await (instance as any)[methodName](...(Object.values(attributes)))
+        } else if (!isPowerSourceCluster && instance && typeof (instance as any).updateState === 'function') {
+          // some accessories expose updateState that accepts cluster and attributes
+          await (instance as any).updateState(cluster, attributes)
+        } else {
+          try {
+            await this.api.matter.updateAccessoryState(uuidLocal, cluster, attributes)
+          } catch (updateError: any) {
+            // Silently ignore "does not exist" errors for clusters that aren't
+            // supported by this device type (e.g., powerSource on WindowBlind).
+            const msg = String(updateError?.message ?? updateError)
+            if (msg.includes('does not exist') || msg.includes('not found')) {
+              this.debugLog(`Cluster ${cluster} not available on ${dev.deviceId}, skipping update`)
+              return
+            }
+            throw updateError
+          }
+        }
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        this.debugLog(`safeUpdate failed for ${dev.deviceId} cluster=${cluster}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+      }
+    }
+
+    try {
+      // On/Off
+      if (status?.power !== undefined) {
+        const on = (String(status.power).toLowerCase() === 'on' || Number(status.power) === 1 || Boolean(status.power) === true)
+        await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.OnOff, { onOff: on }, 'updateOnOffState')
+      }
+
+      // Robot vacuum: some OpenAPI responses use 'runState' or similar textual
+      // fields to indicate cleaning/mapping/idle. Map common textual values to
+      // the numeric run mode values expected by the RoboticVacuumAccessory and
+      // prefer calling accessory helpers when present.
+      if (status?.runState !== undefined || status?.run_state !== undefined || status?.run !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const raw = status?.runState ?? status?.run_state ?? status?.run
+          let mode: number | undefined
+          if (typeof raw === 'number') {
+            mode = Number(raw)
+          } else if (typeof raw === 'string') {
+            const s = raw.toLowerCase()
+            if (s.includes('clean')) {
+              mode = 1 // Cleaning
+            } else if (s.includes('map')) {
+              mode = 2 // Mapping
+            } else if (s.includes('idle') || s.includes('stop') || s.includes('dock') || s.includes('charge') || s.includes('docked')) {
+              mode = 0 // Idle
+            } else {
+              const n = Number(raw)
+              if (!Number.isNaN(n)) {
+                mode = n
+              }
+            }
+          }
+
+          if (mode !== undefined) {
+            await safeUpdate('rvcRunMode', { currentMode: Number(mode) }, 'updateRunMode')
+          }
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply runState for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Brightness
+      if (status?.brightness !== undefined) {
+        const rawBrightness = Number(status.brightness)
+        const clampedBrightness = Math.max(0, Math.min(100, rawBrightness))
+
+        // If instance has updateBrightness method, it expects percentage (0-100)
+        // Otherwise, updateAccessoryState expects Matter-scaled value (0-254)
+        if (instance && typeof instance.updateBrightness === 'function') {
+          this.debugLog(`[Brightness Debug] Device ${dev.deviceId}: calling updateBrightness with percent=${clampedBrightness}`)
+          await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.LevelControl, { currentLevel: clampedBrightness }, 'updateBrightness')
+        } else {
+          const level = Math.round((clampedBrightness / 100) * 254)
+          const clampedLevel = Math.max(0, Math.min(254, level))
+          this.debugLog(`[Brightness Debug] Device ${dev.deviceId}: calling updateAccessoryState with rawBrightness=${rawBrightness}, level=${clampedLevel}`)
+          await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.LevelControl, { currentLevel: clampedLevel })
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Color
+      if (status?.color !== undefined) {
+        const color = String(status.color)
+        let r = 0
+        let g = 0
+        let b = 0
+        if (color.includes(':')) {
+          const parts = color.split(':').map(Number)
+          ;[r, g, b] = parts
+        } else if (color.includes(',')) {
+          const parts = color.split(',').map(s => Number(s.trim()))
+          ;[r, g, b] = parts
+        } else if (color.includes(' ')) {
+          const parts = color.split(' ').map(s => Number(s.trim()))
+          ;[r, g, b] = parts
+        } else if (color.startsWith('#')) {
+          const hex = color.replace('#', '')
+          r = Number.parseInt(hex.substring(0, 2), 16)
+          g = Number.parseInt(hex.substring(2, 4), 16)
+          b = Number.parseInt(hex.substring(4, 6), 16)
+        }
+        const [h, s] = rgb2hs(r, g, b)
+        const clampedH = Math.max(0, Math.min(360, h))
+        const clampedS = Math.max(0, Math.min(100, s))
+
+        // If instance has updateHueSaturation method, it expects raw values (h: 0-360, s: 0-100)
+        // Otherwise, updateAccessoryState expects Matter-scaled values (0-254)
+        if (instance && typeof instance.updateHueSaturation === 'function') {
+          this.debugLog(`[Color Debug] Device ${dev.deviceId}: calling updateHueSaturation with color="${color}", RGB=[${r},${g},${b}], HS=[${clampedH},${clampedS}]`)
+          await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.ColorControl, { currentHue: clampedH, currentSaturation: clampedS }, 'updateHueSaturation')
+        } else {
+          const hue = Math.round((clampedH / 360) * 254)
+          const sat = Math.round((clampedS / 100) * 254)
+          const clampedHue = Math.max(0, Math.min(254, hue))
+          const clampedSat = Math.max(0, Math.min(254, sat))
+          this.debugLog(`[Color Debug] Device ${dev.deviceId}: calling updateAccessoryState with color="${color}", RGB=[${r},${g},${b}], HS=[${h},${s}], Matter=[${clampedHue},${clampedSat}]`)
+          await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.ColorControl, { currentHue: clampedHue, currentSaturation: clampedSat })
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Battery/powerSource (support many possible field names)
+      // Note: Some device types like WindowBlind don't support PowerSource cluster
+      if (status?.battery !== undefined || status?.batt !== undefined || status?.batteryLevel !== undefined || status?.batteryPercentage !== undefined || status?.battery_level !== undefined) {
+        // Skip battery updates for device types that don't support PowerSource cluster
+        const deviceType = String(status?.deviceType ?? dev?.deviceType ?? '')
+        const unsupportedTypes = ['Curtain', 'Curtain2', 'Curtain3', 'Curtain 2', 'Blind Tilt']
+
+        if (unsupportedTypes.includes(deviceType)) {
+          this.debugLog(`Device ${dev.deviceId} type ${deviceType} does not support PowerSource cluster, skipping battery update`)
+        } else {
+          try {
+            const percentage = Number(status?.battery ?? status?.batt ?? status?.batteryPercentage ?? status?.batteryLevel ?? status?.battery_level)
+            const batPercentRemaining = Math.max(0, Math.min(200, Math.round(percentage * 2)))
+            let batChargeLevel = 0
+            if (percentage < 20) {
+              batChargeLevel = 2
+            } else if (percentage < 40) {
+              batChargeLevel = 1
+            }
+            const powerCluster = (this.api.matter?.clusterNames && (this.api.matter.clusterNames as any).PowerSource) ? (this.api.matter.clusterNames as any).PowerSource : 'powerSource'
+            await safeUpdate(powerCluster, { batPercentRemaining, batChargeLevel }, 'updateBatteryPercentage')
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.debugLog(`Failed to apply battery status for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Temperature + thermostat
+      if (status?.temperature !== undefined || status?.temp !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const c = Number(status?.temperature ?? status?.temp)
+          const measured = Math.round(c * 100)
+          await safeUpdate('temperatureMeasurement', { measuredValue: measured }, 'updateTemperature')
+          // Thermostat-specific mapping
+          if (status?.targetTemp !== undefined || status?.targetTemperature !== undefined || status?.heatingSetpoint !== undefined) {
+            const target = Number(status?.targetTemp ?? status?.targetTemperature ?? status?.heatingSetpoint)
+            const val = Math.round(target * 100)
+            await safeUpdate('thermostat', { occupiedHeatingSetpoint: val }, 'updateHeatingSetpoint')
+          }
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply temperature for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Humidity (support different keys)
+      if (status?.humidity !== undefined || status?.h !== undefined || status?.humid !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const percent = Number(status?.humidity ?? status?.h ?? status?.humid)
+          const measured = Math.round(percent * 100)
+          await safeUpdate('relativeHumidityMeasurement', { measuredValue: measured }, 'updateHumidity')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply humidity for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Contact / Leak -> BooleanState
+      if (status?.contact !== undefined || status?.open !== undefined || status?.leak !== undefined || status?.water !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const isContactOpen = status?.contact ?? status?.open
+          if (isContactOpen !== undefined) {
+            if ((dev.deviceType || '').includes('Contact')) {
+              await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.BooleanState, { stateValue: !(String(isContactOpen).toLowerCase() === 'true' || Number(isContactOpen) === 1) }, 'updateContactState')
+            } else {
+              await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.BooleanState, { stateValue: (String(isContactOpen).toLowerCase() === 'true' || Number(isContactOpen) === 1) }, 'updateContactState')
+            }
+          }
+          const leakDetected = status?.leak ?? status?.water
+          if (leakDetected !== undefined) {
+            await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.BooleanState, { stateValue: Boolean(leakDetected) }, 'updateLeakState')
+          }
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply contact/leak for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Motion -> occupancy
+      if (status?.motion !== undefined || status?.m !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const detected = Boolean(status?.motion ?? status?.m)
+          await safeUpdate('occupancySensing', { occupancy: { occupied: detected } }, 'updateOccupancy')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply motion for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Lock state
+      if (status?.lock !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const s = String(status.lock).toLowerCase()
+          let lockState = 0
+          if (s === 'locked' || s === '1' || s === 'true') {
+            lockState = 1
+          } else if (s === 'unlocked' || s === '0' || s === 'false') {
+            lockState = 2
+          }
+          await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.DoorLock, { lockState }, 'updateLockState')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply lock for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Cover position
+      if (status?.position !== undefined || status?.percent !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const openPercent = Number(status?.position ?? status?.percent)
+          const closedPercent = 100 - Math.max(0, Math.min(100, openPercent))
+          const value = Math.round(closedPercent * 100)
+          await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.WindowCovering, { currentPositionLiftPercent100ths: value, targetPositionLiftPercent100ths: value }, 'updateLiftPosition')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply cover position for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Fan
+      if (status?.fanSpeed !== undefined || status?.speed !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const percent = Number(status?.fanSpeed ?? status?.speed)
+          await safeUpdate(this.api.matter.clusterNames.FanControl, { percentSetting: percent, percentCurrent: percent }, 'updateFanSpeed')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply fan speed for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Robot vacuum: run/operational/clean modes
+      if (status?.rvcRunMode !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          await safeUpdate('rvcRunMode', { currentMode: Number(status.rvcRunMode) }, 'updateRunMode')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply rvcRunMode for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+      // CO2 (carbon dioxide) - support common synonyms
+      if (status?.co2 !== undefined || status?.co2ppm !== undefined || status?.carbonDioxide !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const val = Number(status?.co2 ?? status?.co2ppm ?? status?.carbonDioxide)
+          await safeUpdate('carbonDioxide', { carbonDioxideLevel: val }, 'updateCO2')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply CO2 for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // PM2.5 / particulate matter
+      if (status?.pm2_5 !== undefined || status?.pm25 !== undefined || status?.pm_2_5 !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const pm = Number(status?.pm2_5 ?? status?.pm25 ?? status?.pm_2_5)
+          await safeUpdate('pm2_5', { pm25: pm }, 'updatePM25')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply PM2.5 for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+      // PM10 (some devices report pm10)
+      if (status?.pm10 !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const pm10 = Number(status?.pm10)
+          await safeUpdate('pm10', { pm10 }, 'updatePM10')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply PM10 for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // VOC / TVOC - volatile organic compounds
+      if (status?.voc !== undefined || status?.tvoc !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          const val = Number(status?.voc ?? status?.tvoc)
+          await safeUpdate('voc', { voc: val }, 'updateVOC')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply VOC for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+      if (status?.rvcOperationalState !== undefined) {
+        try {
+          await safeUpdate('rvcOperationalState', { operationalState: Number(status.rvcOperationalState) }, 'updateOperationalState')
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to apply rvcOperationalState for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.debugLog(`applyStatusToAccessory top-level failure for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+    }
+  }
+
   /**
    * Required for DynamicPlatformPlugin
    * Called when homebridge restores cached accessories from disk at startup
@@ -199,7 +1715,7 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    * any custom data you stored when the accessory was originally registered.
    */
   configureMatterAccessory(accessory: SerializedMatterAccessory) {
-    this.log.debug('Loading cached Matter accessory:', accessory.displayName)
+    this.debugLog('Loading cached Matter accessory:', accessory.displayName)
     this.matterAccessories.set(accessory.uuid, accessory)
   }
 
@@ -207,26 +1723,150 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    * Register all Matter accessories
    */
   private async registerMatterAccessories() {
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
-    this.log.info('Homebridge Matter Plugin')
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.infoLog('Homebridge Matter Plugin')
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
 
     // Remove accessories that are disabled in config
     await this.removeDisabledAccessories()
 
-    // Register devices by Matter specification sections
-    await this.registerSection4Lighting()
-    await this.registerSection5SmartPlugs()
-    await this.registerSection6Switches()
-    await this.registerSection7Sensors()
-    await this.registerSection8Closure()
-    await this.registerSection9HVAC()
-    await this.registerSection12Robotic()
-    await this.registerCustomDevices()
-
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
-    this.log.info('Finished registering Matter accessories')
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
+    // If we discovered real SwitchBot devices via OpenAPI, map and register them
+    if (this.discoveredDevices && this.discoveredDevices.length > 0) {
+      this.infoLog(`Registering ${this.discoveredDevices.length} discovered SwitchBot device(s) as Matter accessories`)
+
+      // Merge device config (deviceConfig per deviceType and per-device overrides) to match HAP behavior
+      const devicesToProcess = await this.mergeDiscoveredDevices(this.discoveredDevices)
+
+      // By default, automatically remove previously-registered Matter
+      // accessories whose deviceId is not present in the merged discovered
+      // list. If the user explicitly sets `options.keepStaleAccessories` to
+      // true, then we will keep previously-registered accessories (legacy
+      // behavior).
+      if ((this.config as any).options?.keepStaleAccessories) {
+        this.debugLog('Keeping previously-registered stale accessories because options.keepStaleAccessories=true')
+      } else {
+        try {
+          const desiredIds = new Set((devicesToProcess || []).map((d: any) => this.normalizeDeviceId(d.deviceId)))
+          const toUnregister: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
+          for (const [uuid, acc] of Array.from(this.matterAccessories.entries())) {
+            try {
+              const deviceId = (acc as any)?.context?.deviceId
+              if (!deviceId) {
+                continue
+              }
+              const nid = this.normalizeDeviceId(deviceId)
+              if (!desiredIds.has(nid)) {
+                // Accessory exists but is no longer desired -> schedule for removal
+                this.infoLog(`Removing previously-registered accessory for deviceId=${deviceId} (no longer discovered or configured)`)
+                try {
+                  this.clearDeviceResources(deviceId)
+                } catch (e: any) {
+                  this.debugLog(`Failed to clear resources for ${deviceId} before unregister: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+                }
+                toUnregister.push(acc as unknown as MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>)
+                this.matterAccessories.delete(uuid)
+              }
+            } catch (e: any) {
+              this.debugLog(`Error while checking existing accessory ${uuid}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+            }
+          }
+
+          if (toUnregister.length > 0) {
+            try {
+              await this.api.matter.unregisterPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, toUnregister)
+            } catch (e: any) {
+              this.debugLog(`Failed to unregister accessories: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+            }
+          }
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.debugLog(`Failed to remove stale accessories: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // We'll separate discovered devices into two buckets:
+      // - platformAccessories: accessories that will be hosted under the plugin's Matter bridge
+      // - roboticAccessories: robot vacuum devices which require standalone commissioning behaviour
+      const platformAccessories: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
+      const roboticAccessories: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
+
+      // Known robot vacuum deviceType names (matches mapping in createAccessoryFromDevice)
+      const robotTypes = new Set([
+        'K10+',
+        'K10+ Pro',
+        'WoSweeper',
+        'WoSweeperMini',
+        'Robot Vacuum Cleaner S1',
+        'Robot Vacuum Cleaner S1 Plus',
+        'Robot Vacuum Cleaner S10',
+        'Robot Vacuum Cleaner S1 Pro',
+        'Robot Vacuum Cleaner S1 Mini',
+      ])
+
+      for (const dev of devicesToProcess) {
+        try {
+          const acc = await this.createAccessoryFromDevice(dev)
+          if (!acc) {
+            continue
+          }
+          if (robotTypes.has(dev.deviceType ?? '')) {
+            roboticAccessories.push(acc)
+          } else {
+            platformAccessories.push(acc)
+          }
+        } catch (e: any) {
+          this.errorLog(`Failed to create Matter accessory for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Register platform-hosted accessories (most devices)
+      if (platformAccessories.length > 0) {
+        this.infoLog(`✓ Registered ${platformAccessories.length} discovered platform-hosted device(s)`)
+        for (const acc of platformAccessories) {
+          this.infoLog(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
+        }
+        await this.api.matter.registerPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, platformAccessories)
+      }
+
+      // Register robotic accessories (robot vacuums) separately so they can be
+      // commissioned in the way Apple Home expects (these devices often require
+      // standalone commissioning flow). We still call registerPlatformAccessories
+      // because the accessory implementations manage their commissioning behavior.
+      if (roboticAccessories.length > 0) {
+        this.infoLog(`✓ Registered ${roboticAccessories.length} discovered robot vacuum device(s)`)
+        for (const acc of roboticAccessories) {
+          this.infoLog(`  - ${acc.displayName} (standalone for Apple Home compatibility)`)
+        }
+        await this.api.matter.registerPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, roboticAccessories)
+      }
+
+      // Debug/info: how many discovered vs example accessories were registered.
+      // Example accessories are disabled — we intentionally do NOT register them.
+      const discoveredRegistered = platformAccessories.length + roboticAccessories.length
+      const exampleRegistered = 0
+      this.debugLog(`Discovered accessories registered: ${discoveredRegistered}; Example accessories registered: ${exampleRegistered}`)
+
+      // Dump registry state to help runtime debugging: which accessory instances
+      // were created and which refresh timers are scheduled. This helps confirm
+      // whether safeUpdate will prefer accessory helpers and whether periodic
+      // refreshes exist for each device.
+      try {
+        const instanceKeys = Array.from(this.accessoryInstances.keys())
+        this.debugLog(`Accessory instances registered (${instanceKeys.length}): ${JSON.stringify(instanceKeys)}`)
+        const timerKeys = Array.from(this.refreshTimers.keys())
+        this.debugLog(`Refresh timers scheduled (${timerKeys.length}): ${JSON.stringify(timerKeys)}`)
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        this.debugLog(`Failed to dump platform registries: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+      }
+
+      return
+    }
+
+    // If no discovered devices are available, do not register example/demo accessories.
+    this.infoLog('No discovered SwitchBot devices found.')
+
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.debugLog('Finished registering Matter accessories')
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
   }
 
   /**
@@ -261,7 +1901,16 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
       if (enabled === false) {
         const existingAccessory = this.matterAccessories.get(uuid)
         if (existingAccessory) {
-          this.log.info(`Removing accessory '${name}' (disabled in config)`)
+          this.infoLog(`Removing accessory '${name}' (disabled in config)`)
+          // Attempt to clear any per-device resources (timers, BLE handlers, instances)
+          try {
+            const deviceId = (existingAccessory as any)?.context?.deviceId
+            if (deviceId) {
+              this.clearDeviceResources(deviceId)
+            }
+          } catch (e: any) {
+            this.debugLog(`Failed to clear resources for disabled accessory ${name}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+          }
           await this.api.matter.unregisterPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, [existingAccessory as unknown as MatterAccessory])
           this.matterAccessories.delete(uuid)
         }
@@ -273,9 +1922,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    * Section 4: Lighting Devices (Matter Spec § 4)
    */
   private async registerSection4Lighting() {
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
-    this.log.info('Section 4: Lighting Devices (Matter Spec § 4)')
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.infoLog('Section 4: Lighting Devices (Matter Spec § 4)')
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
 
     const accessories: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
 
@@ -310,9 +1959,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
     }
 
     if (accessories.length > 0) {
-      this.log.info(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} lighting device(s)`)
+      this.infoLog(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} lighting device(s)`)
       for (const acc of accessories) {
-        this.log.info(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
+        this.infoLog(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
       }
       await this.api.matter.registerPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, accessories)
     }
@@ -322,9 +1971,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    * Section 5: Smart Plugs/Actuators (Matter Spec § 5)
    */
   private async registerSection5SmartPlugs() {
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
-    this.log.info('Section 5: Smart Plugs/Actuators (Matter Spec § 5)')
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.infoLog('Section 5: Smart Plugs/Actuators (Matter Spec § 5)')
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
 
     const accessories: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
 
@@ -335,9 +1984,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
     }
 
     if (accessories.length > 0) {
-      this.log.info(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} smart plug/actuator device(s)`)
+      this.infoLog(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} smart plug/actuator device(s)`)
       for (const acc of accessories) {
-        this.log.info(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
+        this.infoLog(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
       }
       await this.api.matter.registerPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, accessories)
     }
@@ -347,9 +1996,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    * Section 6: Switches & Controllers (Matter Spec § 6)
    */
   private async registerSection6Switches() {
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
-    this.log.info('Section 6: Switches & Controllers (Matter Spec § 6)')
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.infoLog('Section 6: Switches & Controllers (Matter Spec § 6)')
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
 
     const accessories: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
 
@@ -360,9 +2009,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
     }
 
     if (accessories.length > 0) {
-      this.log.info(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} switch/controller device(s)`)
+      this.infoLog(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} switch/controller device(s)`)
       for (const acc of accessories) {
-        this.log.info(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
+        this.infoLog(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
       }
       await this.api.matter.registerPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, accessories)
     }
@@ -372,9 +2021,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    * Section 7: Sensors (Matter Spec § 7)
    */
   private async registerSection7Sensors() {
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
-    this.log.info('Section 7: Sensors (Matter Spec § 7)')
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.infoLog('Section 7: Sensors (Matter Spec § 7)')
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
 
     const accessories: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
 
@@ -421,9 +2070,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
     }
 
     if (accessories.length > 0) {
-      this.log.info(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} sensor device(s)`)
+      this.infoLog(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} sensor device(s)`)
       for (const acc of accessories) {
-        this.log.info(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
+        this.infoLog(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
       }
       await this.api.matter.registerPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, accessories)
     }
@@ -433,9 +2082,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    * Section 8: Closure Devices (Matter Spec § 8)
    */
   private async registerSection8Closure() {
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
-    this.log.info('Section 8: Closure Devices (Matter Spec § 8)')
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.infoLog('Section 8: Closure Devices (Matter Spec § 8)')
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
 
     const accessories: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
 
@@ -458,9 +2107,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
     }
 
     if (accessories.length > 0) {
-      this.log.info(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} closure device(s)`)
+      this.infoLog(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} closure device(s)`)
       for (const acc of accessories) {
-        this.log.info(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
+        this.infoLog(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
       }
       await this.api.matter.registerPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, accessories)
     }
@@ -470,9 +2119,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    * Section 9: HVAC (Matter Spec § 9)
    */
   private async registerSection9HVAC() {
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
-    this.log.info('Section 9: HVAC (Matter Spec § 9)')
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.infoLog('Section 9: HVAC (Matter Spec § 9)')
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
 
     const accessories: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
 
@@ -489,9 +2138,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
     }
 
     if (accessories.length > 0) {
-      this.log.info(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} HVAC device(s)`)
+      this.infoLog(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} HVAC device(s)`)
       for (const acc of accessories) {
-        this.log.info(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
+        this.infoLog(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
       }
       await this.api.matter.registerPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, accessories)
     }
@@ -504,9 +2153,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    * Use those codes to pair the vacuum as a separate bridge in your Home app.
    */
   private async registerSection12Robotic() {
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
-    this.log.info('Section 12: Robotic Devices (Matter Spec § 12)')
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.infoLog('Section 12: Robotic Devices (Matter Spec § 12)')
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
 
     const accessories: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
 
@@ -517,9 +2166,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
     }
 
     if (accessories.length > 0) {
-      this.log.info(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} robot vacuum device(s)`)
+      this.infoLog(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} robot vacuum device(s)`)
       for (const acc of accessories) {
-        this.log.info(`  - ${acc.displayName} (standalone for Apple Home compatibility)`)
+        this.infoLog(`  - ${acc.displayName} (standalone for Apple Home compatibility)`)
       }
       await this.api.matter.registerPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, accessories)
     }
@@ -533,9 +2182,9 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
    * like managing multiple logical components within a single device.
    */
   private async registerCustomDevices() {
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
-    this.log.info('Custom Devices')
-    this.log.info('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
+    this.infoLog('Custom Devices')
+    this.debugLog('═'.repeat(80))
 
     const accessories: Array<MatterAccessory<Record<string, unknown>>> = []
 
@@ -546,11 +2195,154 @@ export class SwitchBotMatterPlatform implements DynamicPlatformPlugin {
     }
 
     if (accessories.length > 0) {
-      this.log.info(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} custom device(s)`)
+      this.infoLog(`✓ Registered ${accessories.length} custom device(s)`)
       for (const acc of accessories) {
-        this.log.info(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
+        this.infoLog(`  - ${acc.displayName}`)
       }
       await this.api.matter.registerPlatformAccessories(PLUGIN_NAME, PLATFORM_NAME, accessories)
     }
   }
+
+  /**
+   * Start platform-level refresh timer to batch all device status updates
+   */
+  private startPlatformRefreshTimer(refreshRateSec: number): void {
+    // Only create timer once
+    if (this.platformRefreshTimer) {
+      return
+    }
+    // Respect user toggle
+    if (this.config.options?.matterBatchEnabled === false) {
+      this.infoLog('Matter batch refresh is disabled by configuration')
+      return
+    }
+    const jitterSec = Number(this.config.options?.matterBatchJitter ?? 0)
+    const intervalMs = Number(refreshRateSec) * 1000
+    const jitterMs = Number.isFinite(jitterSec) && jitterSec > 0 ? Math.floor(Math.random() * jitterSec * 1000) : 0
+    // Start after optional jitter, then schedule recurring interval
+    setTimeout(async () => {
+      try {
+        await this.batchRefreshAllDevices()
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        this.debugLog(`Initial batch refresh failed: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+      }
+      this.platformRefreshTimer = setInterval(async () => {
+        await this.batchRefreshAllDevices()
+      }, intervalMs)
+    }, jitterMs)
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Batch refresh all devices - still makes individual API calls but batches them together
+   * Note: SwitchBot API doesn't support true batch status calls, but we can parallelize them
+   */
+  private async batchRefreshAllDevices(): Promise<void> {
+    if (!this.switchBotAPI) {
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.debugLog('Performing batched periodic OpenAPI refresh for all devices')
+
+    // Build list from registered accessory instances (uuid) and discovered devices
+    const devicesToRefresh: Array<{ uuid: string, dev: device }> = []
+    try {
+      for (const [nid, instance] of this.accessoryInstances.entries()) {
+        const uuid = (instance as any)?.uuid as string | undefined
+        if (!uuid) {
+          continue
+        }
+        const dev = this.discoveredDevices.find(d => this.normalizeDeviceId(d.deviceId) === nid)
+        // Skip devices with per-device timers and those in cooldown
+        const now = Date.now()
+        const nextAllowed = this.backoffCooldowns.get(nid) ?? 0
+        if (dev && !this.perDeviceRefreshSet.has(nid) && now >= nextAllowed) {
+          devicesToRefresh.push({ uuid, dev })
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (e: any) {
+      this.errorLog(`Failed to enumerate devices for batch refresh: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+      return
+    }
+
+    if (devicesToRefresh.length === 0) {
+      this.debugLog('No devices to refresh')
+      return
+    }
+
+    this.debugLog(`Refreshing ${devicesToRefresh.length} devices in parallel batch`)
+
+    // Randomize order to reduce synchronized spikes
+    for (let i = devicesToRefresh.length - 1; i > 0; i--) {
+      const j = Math.floor(Math.random() * (i + 1))
+      ;[devicesToRefresh[i], devicesToRefresh[j]] = [devicesToRefresh[j], devicesToRefresh[i]]
+    }
+    const concurrency = Number(this.config.options?.matterBatchConcurrency ?? 5)
+    await this.runWithConcurrency(devicesToRefresh, async ({ uuid, dev }) => {
+      try {
+        const status = await this.refreshSingleDeviceWithRetry(dev)
+        if (status) {
+          await this.applyStatusToAccessory(uuid, dev as any, status)
+        }
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        this.errorLog(`Periodic OpenAPI refresh failed for ${dev.deviceId}: ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+      }
+    }, Number.isFinite(concurrency) && concurrency > 0 ? concurrency : 5)
+    this.debugLog(`Batch refresh completed for ${devicesToRefresh.length} devices`)
+  }
+
+  /** Refresh a single device with retry and backoff; returns status object if successful */
+  private async refreshSingleDeviceWithRetry(dev: device, retries = 3, baseDelayMs = 500): Promise<any | null> {
+    const deviceId = dev.deviceId
+    let attempt = 0
+    while (attempt <= retries) {
+      try {
+        this.apiTracker?.track()
+        const { response, statusCode } = await this.switchBotAPI!.getDeviceStatus(deviceId, this.config.credentials?.token, this.config.credentials?.secret)
+        const respAny: any = response
+        const body = respAny?.body ?? respAny
+        if (statusCode === 100 || statusCode === 200) {
+          const status = body?.status ?? body
+          this.deviceStatusCache.set(this.normalizeDeviceId(deviceId), { status, timestamp: Date.now() })
+          this.debugLog(`OpenAPI refresh succeeded for ${deviceId} (attempt ${attempt + 1})`)
+          return status
+        }
+        this.debugLog(`OpenAPI refresh unexpected statusCode=${statusCode} for ${deviceId} (attempt ${attempt + 1})`)
+      } catch (e: any) {
+        this.debugLog(`OpenAPI refresh error for ${deviceId} (attempt ${attempt + 1}): ${e?.message ?? e}`)
+      }
+      // backoff before next retry if any left
+      attempt++
+      if (attempt <= retries) {
+        const delay = baseDelayMs * (2 ** (attempt - 1))
+        await sleep(delay)
+      }
+    }
+    // Set a cooldown after exhausting retries to avoid hammering problematic devices
+    try {
+      const nid = this.normalizeDeviceId(deviceId)
+      const cooldownMs = Math.max(60_000, baseDelayMs * (2 ** retries) * 10)
+      this.backoffCooldowns.set(nid, Date.now() + cooldownMs)
+      this.debugLog(`Applied cooldown for ${deviceId}: ${Math.round(cooldownMs / 1000)}s`)
+    } catch {}
+    return null
+  }
+
+  /** Simple concurrency limiter for an array of items */
+  private async runWithConcurrency<T>(items: T[], worker: (item: T) => Promise<void>, concurrency: number): Promise<void> {
+    const queue = items.slice()
+    const workers: Promise<void>[] = []
+    const runNext = async (): Promise<void> => {
+      const item = queue.shift()
+      if (!item) {
+        return
+      }
+      await worker(item)
+      return runNext()
+    }
+    const pool = Math.min(concurrency, Math.max(1, items.length))
+    for (let i = 0; i < pool; i++) {
+      workers.push(runNext())
+    }
+    await Promise.all(workers)
+  }
 }