@swf2es/player 0.0.0-stage → 0.1.1

package/src/bitmap/bitmap.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+// A BitmapData's pixels, as Flash keeps them: ARGB, premultiplied by alpha,
+// so that setPixel32 premultiplies and getPixel32 divides back, with the
+// arithmetic Flash's does (Ruffle's bitmapdata_accuracy tabulates every
+// alpha and value): premultiplied c' = (c * a + 127) / 255, and back
+// c = min(255, (c' * floor(0xFF00 / a) + 127) >> 8), 0 for alpha 0. An
+// opaque bitmap keeps every alpha at 255.
+import type { BitmapCharacter, BitmapPixels } from "../display/timeline.js";
+
+export interface PixelRect {
+  x: number;
+  y: number;
+  width: number;
+  height: number;
+}
+
+/** The nearest integer, a half to the even one, as C's rint rounds and Flash's pixel coordinates do. */
+export function nearest(v: number): number {
+  const f = Math.floor(v);
+  const d = v - f;
+  if (d !== 0.5) {
+    return d > 0.5 ? f + 1 : f;
+  }
+
+  return f % 2 === 0 ? f : f + 1;
+}
+
+/** How far a rect's edge reaches either way, as adl clamps it: 2^30 - 1. */
+export const EDGE_LIMIT = 0x3fffffff;
+
+/** The edge NaN makes, which lies off every bitmap: int's least. */
+export const NAN_EDGE = -0x80000000;
+
+/**
+ * A rect's edge as a pixel: rounded to the nearest, a half to the even
+ * one, then clamped to EDGE_LIMIT, so that Infinity and 1e20 lie past
+ * every bitmap as a huge finite edge does; NaN, which the clamp lets
+ * through, is int's least, as adl converts it (a copy's point moved by a
+ * clamped edge lands where 2^30 - 1 puts it).
+ */
+export function pixelEdge(v: number): number {
+  if (Number.isNaN(v)) {
+    return NAN_EDGE;
+  }
+
+  return Math.max(-EDGE_LIMIT, Math.min(EDGE_LIMIT, nearest(v))) + 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A flash.geom.Rectangle's numbers as the pixels Flash takes it to cover:
+ * each edge, x and x + width, as pixelEdge makes it, so a rect from 1.6 of
+ * 1.8 covers the pixel at 2 alone, and one from 3.5 of 1 covers none
+ * (Ruffle's bitmapdata_rectangle_rounding; under adl the same for every
+ * operation taking a rect). A width of Infinity reaches the bitmap's edge,
+ * one of NaN covers nothing, and an x of NaN or Infinity nothing either.
+ */
+export function pixelRect(x: number, y: number, width: number, height: number): PixelRect {
+  const x0 = pixelEdge(x);
+  const y0 = pixelEdge(y);
+  return { x: x0, y: y0, width: pixelEdge(x + width) - x0, height: pixelEdge(y + height) - y0 };
+}
+
+/**
+ * pixelRect of the rect as merge, copyChannel, paletteMap, threshold and
+ * pixelDissolve take it under adl: a negative width or height spans back
+ * from x to x + width, turned round on the numbers before their edges are
+ * made, so that 5 of -1e20 is a rect from -1e20 of 1e20, which the double
+ * rounds to end at 0, not one reaching from the clamped edge to 5.
+ */
+export function spanRect(x: number, y: number, width: number, height: number): PixelRect {
+  if (width < 0) {
+    x += width;
+    width = -width;
+  }
+
+  if (height < 0) {
+    y += height;
+    height = -height;
+  }
+
+  return pixelRect(x, y, width, height);
+}
+
+/** No gaps, shared by every copy that leaves none. */
+const NO_GAPS: readonly PixelRect[] = [];
+
+/** The reciprocals Flash divides alpha out with, 8.8 fixed point. */
+const RECIPROCAL = new Uint32Array(256);
+for (let a = 1; a < 256; a++) {
+  RECIPROCAL[a] = Math.floor(0xff00 / a);
+}
+
+/** `argb` with its colour channels premultiplied by its alpha. */
+export function premultiply(argb: number): number {
+  const a = argb >>> 24;
+  if (a === 255) {
+    return argb >>> 0;
+  }
+
+  if (a === 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  const r = ((((argb >>> 16) & 0xff) * a + 127) / 255) | 0;
+  const g = ((((argb >>> 8) & 0xff) * a + 127) / 255) | 0;
+  const b = (((argb & 0xff) * a + 127) / 255) | 0;
+  return ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b) >>> 0;
+}
+
+/** A premultiplied pixel with its alpha divided back out. */
+export function unmultiply(pixel: number): number {
+  const a = pixel >>> 24;
+  if (a === 255) {
+    return pixel >>> 0;
+  }
+
+  if (a === 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  const k = RECIPROCAL[a];
+  const r = Math.min(255, ((((pixel >>> 16) & 0xff) * k + 127) >> 8) >>> 0);
+  const g = Math.min(255, ((((pixel >>> 8) & 0xff) * k + 127) >> 8) >>> 0);
+  const b = Math.min(255, (((pixel & 0xff) * k + 127) >> 8) >>> 0);
+  return ((a << 24) | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b) >>> 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A store's copy on the GPU, where a renderer keeps one: a texture holding
+ * the same premultiplied ARGB, which a draw may render into.
+ */
+export interface GpuCopy {
+  /** The store's version the texture holds. */
+  version: number;
+  /** The texture's pixels, read back: premultiplied ARGB, row by row. */
+  read(): Uint32Array;
+  /**
+   * `rect` of `source`, within it, put at (dx, dy) in the texture, which it
+   * fits, replacing what was there: as a memmove where `source` is this
+   * store. False, having done nothing, where `source` can have no texture.
+   */
+  copy(source: BitmapStore, rect: PixelRect, dx: number, dy: number): boolean;
+  /** `rect`, within the store, set to `pixel`, premultiplied ARGB. */
+  fill(rect: PixelRect, pixel: number): boolean;
+  /** Free the texture. */
+  destroy(): void;
+}
+
+export class BitmapStore {
+  private cpu: Uint32Array;
+  /**
+   * Whether `cpu` is a library bitmap's pixels, which every store made of it
+   * shares: copied before it is first written, so an atlas a SWF only reads
+   * from is one array, not one for the library and one for each BitmapData.
+   */
+  private shared = false;
+  /** The renderers' copies of the store, one each, for `dispose` to free. */
+  readonly copies = new Set<GpuCopy>();
+  /** The copy a draw wrote last, which reading `pixels` brings back while it is newer; null for none. */
+  gpu: GpuCopy | null = null;
+  /** Whether the GPU's copy was written last, so the CPU's is behind until read. */
+  private gpuNewer = false;
+  /** Counts each change, so a texture of the store knows to upload again. */
+  version = 0;
+  /**
+   * Whether the store is opaque but holds pixels below alpha 255, which
+   * erase and alpha leave in one (drawBitmap), as Flash's memory does.
+   * Its pixels then read two ways (adl): as they are, by what reads their
+   * values (getPixel32, getPixels, getVector, clone, compare, floodFill,
+   * Context3D's upload, a ShaderJob's input, unmultiplied), and opaque,
+   * alpha 255 over the premultiplied colour, by what draws or copies them
+   * (draw, copyPixels, encode, the screen, hitTest's alpha): `drawable`.
+   */
+  holdsAlpha = false;
+  /** `drawable`'s pixels and the version they are of, while the store holds alpha. */
+  private opaqueCopy: Uint32Array | null = null;
+  private opaqueVersion = -1;
+  disposed = false;
+  /**
+   * The Bitmaps showing the store, told of each change so the renderer
+   * looks at them; held weakly, so a Bitmap taken off the display list
+   * and dropped is collected though the BitmapData lives on.
+   */
+  readonly views = new Set<WeakRef<{ pixelsChanged(disposed: boolean): void }>>();
+
+  /** `shared`, where given, is the pixels it holds, its own until written: see `of`. */
+  constructor(
+    readonly width: number,
+    readonly height: number,
+    readonly transparent: boolean,
+    fill: number,
+    shared?: Uint32Array,
+  ) {
+    if (shared) {
+      this.cpu = shared;
+      this.shared = true;
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.cpu = new Uint32Array(width * height);
+    this.cpu.fill(this.premultiplied(fill));
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Premultiplied ARGB, row by row, to read and write. Reading them brings
+   * the GPU's copy back first if a draw wrote it last, once: every CPU
+   * operation reads them, so each sees the store as the GPU left it. Shared
+   * pixels are copied first, as they may be written.
+   */
+  get pixels(): Uint32Array {
+    const pixels = this.readable;
+    if (this.shared) {
+      this.cpu = pixels.slice();
+      this.shared = false;
+    }
+
+    return this.cpu;
+  }
+
+  set pixels(pixels: Uint32Array) {
+    this.cpu = pixels;
+    this.shared = false;
+    this.gpuNewer = false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The pixels as `pixels` gives them, to read only, never to write: shared
+   * pixels stay shared. An operation that writes a store and reads another,
+   * which may be the same, takes the one it writes first, so both are one array.
+   */
+  get readable(): Uint32Array {
+    if (this.gpuNewer && this.gpu) {
+      this.cpu = this.gpu.read();
+      this.shared = false;
+    }
+
+    this.gpuNewer = false;
+    return this.cpu;
+  }
+
+  /** Whether the GPU's copy is newer than the CPU's, which a read of `pixels` would bring back. */
+  get newerOnGpu(): boolean {
+    return this.gpuNewer;
+  }
+
+  /** A draw wrote `copy`: the store changed, and the CPU's pixels and every other copy are behind it until read. */
+  drawnOnGpu(copy: GpuCopy): void {
+    this.gpu = copy;
+    this.gpuNewer = true;
+    this.changed();
+    copy.version = this.version;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The pixels for `copy` to upload once its context was lost and given
+   * back: the CPU's, a draw only the copy held lost with it, not read back
+   * from the texture, which is empty now.
+   */
+  lostOnGpu(copy: GpuCopy): Uint32Array {
+    if (this.gpu === copy) {
+      this.gpu = null;
+      this.gpuNewer = false;
+    }
+
+    return this.readable;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * `op` done on the GPU's copy where that is newer, so the pixels stay
+   * there: an operation after a draw would otherwise wait for the GPU and
+   * bring the whole store back, on every frame of a SWF that draws and then
+   * scrolls, fills or copies. Only an operation the GPU does exactly takes
+   * this way: moves of whole pixels and fills, never arithmetic. Whether
+   * it was done.
+   */
+  onGpu(op: (copy: GpuCopy) => boolean): boolean {
+    const copy = this.gpu;
+    if (!this.gpuNewer || !copy || !op(copy)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // The op may have read the pixels back, for a texture of this store that
+    // was behind: the CPU then holds them as they were before it.
+    this.gpuNewer = true;
+    this.changed();
+    copy.version = this.version;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A store of its own holding `pixels`, premultiplied already, which are
+   * never written: the store shares them until it is.
+   */
+  static of(pixels: {
+    width: number;
+    height: number;
+    transparent: boolean;
+    pixels: Uint32Array;
+  }): BitmapStore {
+    return new BitmapStore(pixels.width, pixels.height, pixels.transparent, 0, pixels.pixels);
+  }
+
+  /** `argb` as this store keeps it: premultiplied, and opaque where the store is. */
+  premultiplied(argb: number): number {
+    return premultiply(this.transparent ? argb : argb | 0xff000000);
+  }
+
+  /** The rect clipped to the store: null where nothing of it lies within. */
+  clip(r: PixelRect): PixelRect | null {
+    const x0 = Math.max(0, r.x);
+    const y0 = Math.max(0, r.y);
+    const x1 = Math.min(this.width, r.x + r.width);
+    const y1 = Math.min(this.height, r.y + r.height);
+    if (x1 <= x0 || y1 <= y0) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    return { x: x0, y: y0, width: x1 - x0, height: y1 - y0 };
+  }
+
+  getPixel32(x: number, y: number): number {
+    if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= this.width || y >= this.height) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    return this.unmultiplied(this.readable[y * this.width + x]);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * A stored pixel as its value reads back: unmultiplied, but an opaque
+   * bitmap's as it is, which is the same but where it holds alpha.
+   */
+  unmultiplied(p: number): number {
+    return this.transparent ? unmultiply(p) : p;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The pixels as a draw, a copy or the screen reads them, to read only:
+   * `readable`, but where an opaque store holds alpha, a copy at alpha 255.
+   */
+  get drawable(): Uint32Array {
+    const pixels = this.readable;
+    if (!this.holdsAlpha) {
+      return pixels;
+    }
+
+    if (this.opaqueCopy === null || this.opaqueVersion !== this.version) {
+      const copy =
+        this.opaqueCopy?.length === pixels.length
+          ? this.opaqueCopy
+          : new Uint32Array(pixels.length);
+      for (let i = 0; i < pixels.length; i++) {
+        copy[i] = (pixels[i] | 0xff000000) >>> 0;
+      }
+
+      this.opaqueCopy = copy;
+      this.opaqueVersion = this.version;
+    }
+
+    return this.opaqueCopy;
+  }
+
+  getPixel(x: number, y: number): number {
+    return this.getPixel32(x, y) & 0xffffff;
+  }
+
+  setPixel32(x: number, y: number, argb: number): void {
+    if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= this.width || y >= this.height) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    this.pixels[y * this.width + x] = this.premultiplied(argb);
+    this.changed();
+  }
+
+  /** The colour set, the alpha kept as it was. */
+  setPixel(x: number, y: number, rgb: number): void {
+    if (x < 0 || y < 0 || x >= this.width || y >= this.height) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const alpha = unmultiply(this.pixels[y * this.width + x]) & 0xff000000;
+    this.pixels[y * this.width + x] = this.premultiplied((alpha | (rgb & 0xffffff)) >>> 0);
+    this.changed();
+  }
+
+  fillRect(r: PixelRect, argb: number): void {
+    const c = this.clip(r);
+    if (!c) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const pixel = this.premultiplied(argb);
+    if (this.onGpu((copy) => copy.fill(c, pixel))) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    for (let y = c.y; y < c.y + c.height; y++) {
+      this.pixels.fill(pixel, y * this.width + c.x, y * this.width + c.x + c.width);
+    }
+
+    this.changed();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Flash's copyPixels: the source rect's pixels at the destination point,
+   * both clipped to their stores. With an alpha bitmap each premultiplied
+   * channel is scaled by its alpha at the matching point, k = a, or 256
+   * for 255, then shifted down 8, and where the alpha bitmap does not
+   * reach, the destination is left as it was; Ruffle's
+   * bitmapdata_copypixels_alpha_combine records Flash's 65,536 cases.
+   * Without `mergeAlpha` the pixels replace the destination's; with it,
+   * and always into an opaque destination, they go source over
+   * destination, s + ((d * (256 - sa)) >> 8) a channel (the 160 cases of
+   * bitmapdata_copypixels_alpha_merge). In place, a rect reaching past
+   * the bitmap's left or top edge may leave a gap (copyGaps).
+   */
+  copyPixels(
+    source: BitmapStore,
+    rect: PixelRect,
+    dx: number,
+    dy: number,
+    mergeAlpha: boolean,
+    alpha: BitmapStore | null = null,
+    ax = 0,
+    ay = 0,
+  ): void {
+    const gaps = source === this ? this.copyGaps(rect, dx, dy) : NO_GAPS;
+    // The point and alpha point as given, which the gaps are written from.
+    const gx = dx;
+    const gy = dy;
+    const gax = ax;
+    const gay = ay;
+    const s = source.clip(rect);
+    const d =
+      s &&
+      this.clip({ x: dx + s.x - rect.x, y: dy + s.y - rect.y, width: s.width, height: s.height });
+    if (!s || !d) {
+      if (gaps.length) {
+        this.fillGaps(gaps, source, gx, gy, mergeAlpha, alpha, gax, gay);
+        this.changed();
+      }
+
+      return;
+    }
+
+    dx += s.x - rect.x;
+    dy += s.y - rect.y;
+    ax += s.x - rect.x;
+    ay += s.y - rect.y;
+    const sx = s.x + (d.x - dx);
+    const sy = s.y + (d.y - dy);
+    ax += d.x - dx;
+    ay += d.y - dy;
+    // A plain replacement, where the pixels land as they are: an opaque
+    // source's go over anything unchanged, and a gap is empty. In place,
+    // all but a move down and left, which Flash's order smears, are a
+    // memmove.
+    const replaces =
+      !alpha && !source.holdsAlpha && (!source.transparent || (this.transparent && !mergeAlpha));
+    const smears = source === this && d.y > sy && d.x < sx;
+    if (
+      replaces &&
+      !smears &&
+      this.onGpu(
+        (copy) =>
+          copy.copy(source, { x: sx, y: sy, width: d.width, height: d.height }, d.x, d.y) &&
+          gaps.every((gap) => copy.fill(gap, source.transparent ? 0 : 0xff000000)),
+      )
+    ) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // In place, in Flash's order, which reads what it already wrote in one
+    // direction (Ruffle's bitmapdata_copypixels_self): rows bottom-up when
+    // the copy moves down without moving left, columns right to left when
+    // it moves right.
+    const up = source === this && d.y > sy && d.x >= sx;
+    const left = source === this && d.x > sx;
+    // The arrays taken once, the written one first: a source or alpha that is this store reads
+    // it too, and so what the copy already wrote. A source that holds alpha is copied opaque, as
+    // a draw reads it; within itself, as it is.
+    const into = this.pixels;
+    const pixels = source !== this && source.holdsAlpha ? source.drawable : source.readable;
+    const mask = alpha?.readable ?? null;
+    const maskWidth = alpha?.width ?? 0;
+    const maskHeight = alpha?.height ?? 0;
+
+    for (let r = 0; r < d.height; r++) {
+      const row = up ? d.height - 1 - r : r;
+      const to = (d.y + row) * this.width + d.x;
+      const from = (sy + row) * source.width + sx;
+      for (let c = 0; c < d.width; c++) {
+        const i = left ? d.width - 1 - c : c;
+        let p = pixels[from + i];
+        if (mask) {
+          const mx = ax + i;
+          const my = ay + row;
+          if (mx < 0 || my < 0 || mx >= maskWidth || my >= maskHeight) {
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          p = scale(p, mask[my * maskWidth + mx] >>> 24);
+        }
+
+        into[to + i] = this.composite(p, into[to + i], mergeAlpha);
+      }
+    }
+
+    this.fillGaps(gaps, source, gx, gy, mergeAlpha, alpha, gax, gay);
+    this.changed();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The parts of an in-place copy Flash leaves empty: moved right and down
+   * by no more than its size, the rect is written whole from (dx, dy), and
+   * what of it lies left of or above the bitmap reads as nothing, where any
+   * other move (or another source) clips it and moves the point with it.
+   * Within the store, and apart; none for any other copy.
+   */
+  copyGaps(rect: PixelRect, dx: number, dy: number): readonly PixelRect[] {
+    // Where the source's (0, 0) lands.
+    const kx = dx - rect.x;
+    const ky = dy - rect.y;
+    if (
+      (rect.x >= 0 && rect.y >= 0) ||
+      rect.width <= 0 ||
+      rect.height <= 0 ||
+      kx < 0 ||
+      ky < 0 ||
+      kx > rect.width ||
+      ky > rect.height
+    ) {
+      return NO_GAPS;
+    }
+
+    const right = dx + rect.width;
+    const bottom = dy + rect.height;
+    const left = this.clip({ x: dx, y: dy, width: Math.min(kx, right) - dx, height: rect.height });
+    const x0 = Math.max(dx, kx);
+    const top = this.clip({ x: x0, y: dy, width: right - x0, height: Math.min(ky, bottom) - dy });
+    return [left, top].filter((r): r is PixelRect => r !== null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The gaps of an in-place copy written, as an empty pixel copied: a
+   * transparent bitmap's are what Flash's memory held there, taken as
+   * transparent; an opaque one's Flash reads back as 0, alpha and all, and
+   * draws black, which this keeps them, as opaque black.
+   */
+  private fillGaps(
+    gaps: readonly PixelRect[],
+    source: BitmapStore,
+    dx: number,
+    dy: number,
+    mergeAlpha: boolean,
+    alpha: BitmapStore | null,
+    ax: number,
+    ay: number,
+  ): void {
+    const empty = source.transparent ? 0 : 0xff000000;
+    for (const gap of gaps) {
+      for (let y = gap.y; y < gap.y + gap.height; y++) {
+        for (let x = gap.x; x < gap.x + gap.width; x++) {
+          let p = empty;
+          if (alpha) {
+            const mx = ax + x - dx;
+            const my = ay + y - dy;
+            if (mx < 0 || my < 0 || mx >= alpha.width || my >= alpha.height) {
+              continue;
+            }
+
+            p = scale(p, alpha.readable[my * alpha.width + mx] >>> 24);
+          }
+
+          const i = y * this.width + x;
+          this.pixels[i] = this.composite(p, this.pixels[i], mergeAlpha);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** A copied pixel `p` on `d`: over it into an opaque store or merging, else in its place. */
+  private composite(p: number, d: number, mergeAlpha: boolean): number {
+    if (!this.transparent) {
+      return (over(p, d) | 0xff000000) >>> 0;
+    }
+
+    return mergeAlpha ? over(p, d) : p;
+  }
+
+  /** The rect's pixels, unmultiplied ARGB, row by row; the rect clipped to the store. */
+  getVector(r: PixelRect): number[] {
+    const c = this.clip(r);
+    const out: number[] = [];
+    if (!c) {
+      return out;
+    }
+
+    for (let y = c.y; y < c.y + c.height; y++) {
+      for (let x = c.x; x < c.x + c.width; x++) {
+        out.push(this.unmultiplied(this.readable[y * this.width + x]));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  /** Unmultiplied ARGB words in the destination's byte order, row by row; the rect clipped to the store. */
+  argbBytes(rect: PixelRect, littleEndian = false): Uint8Array {
+    const c = this.clip(rect);
+    if (!c) {
+      return new Uint8Array(0);
+    }
+
+    const pixels = this.readable;
+    const out = new Uint8Array(c.width * c.height * 4);
+    const view = new DataView(out.buffer);
+    let j = 0;
+    for (let y = c.y; y < c.y + c.height; y++) {
+      for (let i = y * this.width + c.x, end = i + c.width; i < end; i++, j += 4) {
+        const p = this.unmultiplied(pixels[i]);
+        view.setUint32(j, p, littleEndian);
+      }
+    }
+
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  /** The rect's pixels set from `values`, unmultiplied ARGB, row by row, as far as they go; how many it took. */
+  setVector(r: PixelRect, values: ArrayLike<number>): number {
+    const c = this.clip(r);
+    if (!c) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    // As many as there are values, row by row; the rest stay.
+    let k = 0;
+    for (let y = c.y; y < c.y + c.height && k < values.length; y++) {
+      for (let x = c.x; x < c.x + c.width && k < values.length; x++) {
+        this.pixels[y * this.width + x] = this.premultiplied(values[k++] >>> 0);
+      }
+    }
+
+    this.changed();
+    return k;
+  }
+
+  clone(): BitmapStore {
+    const copy = new BitmapStore(this.width, this.height, this.transparent, 0);
+    copy.pixels.set(this.readable);
+    return copy;
+  }
+
+  dispose(): void {
+    this.pixels = new Uint32Array(0);
+    for (const copy of this.copies) {
+      copy.destroy();
+    }
+
+    this.copies.clear();
+    this.gpu = null;
+    this.disposed = true;
+    this.changed();
+  }
+
+  /** A change: counted, and told to each Bitmap showing the store. */
+  changed(): void {
+    this.version++;
+    for (const ref of this.views) {
+      const view = ref.deref();
+      if (view) {
+        view.pixelsChanged(this.disposed);
+      } else {
+        this.views.delete(ref);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/** Source over destination, both premultiplied, as Flash does: s + ((d * (256 - sa)) >> 8) a channel. */
+export function over(s: number, d: number): number {
+  const sa = s >>> 24;
+  if (sa === 255) {
+    return s >>> 0;
+  }
+
+  if (sa === 0) {
+    return d >>> 0;
+  }
+
+  // Each channel written out: a closure over s and d would take a context each pixel.
+  const k = 256 - sa;
+  return (
+    ((Math.min(255, sa + (((d >>> 24) * k) >> 8)) << 24) |
+      (Math.min(255, ((s >>> 16) & 0xff) + ((((d >>> 16) & 0xff) * k) >> 8)) << 16) |
+      (Math.min(255, ((s >>> 8) & 0xff) + ((((d >>> 8) & 0xff) * k) >> 8)) << 8) |
+      Math.min(255, (s & 0xff) + (((d & 0xff) * k) >> 8))) >>>
+    0
+  );
+}
+
+/** A premultiplied pixel's channels scaled by an alpha, as Flash's alpha bitmap scales them. */
+function scale(p: number, a: number): number {
+  if (a === 255) {
+    return p >>> 0;
+  }
+
+  return (
+    (((((p >>> 24) * a) >> 8) << 24) |
+      (((((p >>> 16) & 0xff) * a) >> 8) << 16) |
+      (((((p >>> 8) & 0xff) * a) >> 8) << 8) |
+      (((p & 0xff) * a) >> 8)) >>>
+    0
+  );
+}
+
+/** Each bitmap's fill store, by its pixels, which the SWFs that define the bitmap alike share. */
+const fillStores = new WeakMap<BitmapPixels, BitmapStore>();
+
+/**
+ * The store a SWF bitmap's fills draw from, one for all its shapes and for
+ * every SWF that defines it alike, so one texture; null until its image is
+ * decoded. Nothing writes it.
+ */
+export function characterStore(character: BitmapCharacter): BitmapStore | null {
+  const pixels = character.pixels;
+  if (!pixels) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  if (!character.store) {
+    let store = fillStores.get(pixels);
+    if (!store) {
+      store = BitmapStore.of(pixels);
+      fillStores.set(pixels, store);
+    }
+
+    character.store = store;
+  }
+
+  return character.store;
+}
+
+/** Whether a word's low byte comes first in memory, as on every machine a browser runs on. */
+const LITTLE_ENDIAN = new Uint8Array(new Uint32Array([1]).buffer)[0] === 1;
+
+/** Premultiplied ARGB as the RGBA bytes a texture holds, still premultiplied. */
+export function rgbaOf(pixels: Uint32Array): Uint8Array {
+  const out = new Uint8Array(pixels.length * 4);
+  rgbaInto(pixels, out);
+  return out;
+}
+
+/**
+ * rgbaOf into `out`, `pixels.length * 4` bytes or more, as a texture
+ * uploaded again and again takes it; `opaque`, every alpha 255, as an
+ * opaque store holding alpha draws (BitmapStore's drawable). Little-endian,
+ * a pixel is a word whose red and blue swap, written whole rather than a
+ * byte at a time.
+ */
+export function rgbaInto(pixels: Uint32Array, out: Uint8Array, opaque = false): void {
+  if (out.length < pixels.length * 4) {
+    throw new RangeError(`${out.length} bytes hold no ${pixels.length} pixels`);
+  }
+
+  const alpha = opaque ? 0xff000000 : 0;
+  if (LITTLE_ENDIAN && out.byteOffset % 4 === 0) {
+    const words = new Uint32Array(out.buffer, out.byteOffset, pixels.length);
+    for (let i = 0; i < pixels.length; i++) {
+      const p = pixels[i] | alpha;
+      words[i] = (p & 0xff00ff00) | ((p >>> 16) & 0xff) | ((p & 0xff) << 16);
+    }
+
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (let i = 0; i < pixels.length; i++) {
+    const p = pixels[i] | alpha;
+    const j = i * 4;
+    out[j] = (p >>> 16) & 0xff;
+    out[j + 1] = (p >>> 8) & 0xff;
+    out[j + 2] = p & 0xff;
+    out[j + 3] = p >>> 24;
+  }
+}
+
+/** RGBA bytes read from a texture as premultiplied ARGB. */
+export function argbOf(bytes: Uint8Array | Uint8ClampedArray): Uint32Array {
+  const out = new Uint32Array(bytes.length / 4);
+  for (let i = 0; i < out.length; i++) {
+    const j = i * 4;
+    out[i] = ((bytes[j + 3] << 24) | (bytes[j] << 16) | (bytes[j + 1] << 8) | bytes[j + 2]) >>> 0;
+  }
+
+  return out;
+}