@surea11y/core 1.1.0 → 1.1.2

package/src/core.js

@@ -5316,8 +5316,8 @@ const CHECK_DEFS = [
   },
   {
     "ruleId": "skip-link",
-    "title": "Skip link must have a resolvable target",
-    "description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real element in the document.",
+    "title": "Skip link must have a resolvable, usable target",
+    "description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real, currently usable element in the document.",
     "i18n": {
       "titleKey": "skipLink_title",
       "descriptionKey": "skipLink_description"
@@ -7556,10 +7556,12 @@ const I18N = {
     "region_description": "Checks that direct children of <body> with visible text content are contained within a landmark region.",
     "region_summary_cantTell": "This content is not contained within a landmark region.",
     "region_hint_cantTell": "Move this content inside a landmark region (main, nav, aside, a labeled section, etc.).",
-    "skipLink_title": "Skip link must have a resolvable target",
-    "skipLink_description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real element in the document.",
+    "skipLink_title": "Skip link must have a resolvable, usable target",
+    "skipLink_description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real, currently usable element in the document.",
     "skipLink_summary_cantTell": "This skip link's target does not exist.",
     "skipLink_hint_cantTell": "Point the skip link's href at an id that exists in the document, or add the missing target element.",
+    "skipLink_summary_unusableTarget_cantTell": "This skip link points to a target that exists but is not currently usable.",
+    "skipLink_hint_unusableTarget_cantTell": "Point this skip link to a target that is exposed and usable as a navigation destination.",
     "autocompleteValid_title": "autocomplete attribute must be a valid autofill value",
     "autocompleteValid_description": "Checks that a non-empty autocomplete attribute is \"on\"/\"off\" or a well-formed autofill detail token list.",
     "autocompleteValid_summary_fail": "This autocomplete attribute value is not a valid autofill value.",
@@ -8158,10 +8160,12 @@ const I18N = {
     "region_description": "Vérifie que les enfants directs de <body> ayant un contenu textuel visible sont contenus dans un point de repère.",
     "region_summary_cantTell": "Ce contenu n’est contenu dans aucun point de repère.",
     "region_hint_cantTell": "Déplacez ce contenu à l’intérieur d’un point de repère (main, nav, aside, une section nommée, etc.).",
-    "skipLink_title": "Un lien d’évitement doit avoir une cible qui se résout",
-    "skipLink_description": "Vérifie que le fragment href d’un lien « aller au... » se résout vers un élément réel du document.",
+    "skipLink_title": "Un lien d’évitement doit avoir une cible qui se résout et qui est utilisable",
+    "skipLink_description": "Vérifie que le fragment href d’un lien « aller au... » se résout vers un élément réel et actuellement utilisable du document.",
     "skipLink_summary_cantTell": "La cible de ce lien d’évitement n’existe pas.",
     "skipLink_hint_cantTell": "Faites pointer le href du lien d’évitement vers un id qui existe dans le document, ou ajoutez l’élément cible manquant.",
+    "skipLink_summary_unusableTarget_cantTell": "Ce lien d’évitement pointe vers une cible qui existe mais qui n’est pas actuellement utilisable.",
+    "skipLink_hint_unusableTarget_cantTell": "Faites pointer ce lien d’évitement vers une cible exposée et utilisable comme destination de navigation.",
     "autocompleteValid_title": "L’attribut autocomplete doit être une valeur d’auto-remplissage valide",
     "autocompleteValid_description": "Vérifie qu’un attribut autocomplete non vide vaut « on »/« off » ou une liste de jetons d’auto-remplissage bien formée.",
     "autocompleteValid_summary_fail": "Cette valeur d’attribut autocomplete n’est pas une valeur d’auto-remplissage valide.",
@@ -10967,6 +10971,10 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
     })();
     // Default on: opt OUT with `includeShadowDom: false`, not opt in.
     const includeShadowDom = !(opts && opts.includeShadowDom === false);
+    // Default off: by default, helper queries skip structurally/CSS-hidden
+    // subtrees (display:none, [hidden], closed <details>, etc.). Callers can
+    // opt out with includeHiddenElements:true.
+    const includeHiddenElements = !!(opts && opts.includeHiddenElements === true);
     const excludeSelectors = Array.isArray(opts && opts.excludeSelectors) ? opts.excludeSelectors : [];
 
     // Rule-scoped excludes (engineOptions.rules[ruleId].excludeSelectors), set
@@ -11933,8 +11941,55 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
         return results;
     }
 
+    const HARD_HIDDEN_REASONS = new Set([
+        'displayNone',
+        'hiddenAttr',
+        'detailsClosed',
+        'templateContent',
+        'nonRenderedElement',
+        'inputHidden',
+        'visibilityHidden',
+        'contentVisibilityHidden'
+    ]);
+
     function queryAllSmart(sel) {
-        const list = includeShadowDom ? queryAllDeep(sel) : queryAll(sel);
+        let list = includeShadowDom ? queryAllDeep(sel) : queryAll(sel);
+
+        // Global hidden-content policy: skip nodes that are fully excluded from
+        // rendered visibility by default (unless includeHiddenElements:true).
+        if (!includeHiddenElements) {
+            list = list.filter((el) => {
+                try {
+                    const vis = isAccTreeEligible(el);
+                    if (!vis || vis.eligible !== false) return true;
+                    const reasons = Array.isArray(vis.reasons) ? vis.reasons : [];
+                    for (const r of reasons) {
+                        if (HARD_HIDDEN_REASONS.has(r)) return false;
+                    }
+
+                    // `isAccTreeEligible` can short-circuit on an inert ancestor
+                    // before it reaches an outer hard-hidden ancestor (e.g.
+                    // display:none wrapper). In that case the node is still
+                    // structurally hidden and should be excluded by the default
+                    // hidden-content policy.
+                    if (reasons.includes('inert')) {
+                        const domVis = isDomVisibleEligible(el, null, {
+                            visibilityMode: 'styleOnly',
+                            disableGeometry: true,
+                            ignoreOpacity: true
+                        });
+                        const domReasons = Array.isArray(domVis && domVis.reasons) ? domVis.reasons : [];
+                        for (const r of domReasons) {
+                            if (HARD_HIDDEN_REASONS.has(r)) return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                } catch {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
         return __getEffectiveExcludeSelectors().length ? list.filter((el) => !isExcluded(el)) : list;
     }
 
@@ -14504,6 +14559,36 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
             let node = el;
             let safety = 0;
 
+            // Only apply the "stop climbing once we reach a contextSelector-
+            // matched root" shortcut when there's a single (or no) matched
+            // root -- resolveContextRoots() falls back to `[documentElement]`
+            // when no contextSelector is given, so this is the overwhelmingly
+            // common case and behaves exactly as before.
+            //
+            // With MULTIPLE matched roots (multi-region contextSelector
+            // scans), stopping there without recording anything about which
+            // root produced an ambiguous, non-unique selector string for two
+            // structurally-identical regions -- a real, confirmed bug (found
+            // 2026-07-29 via the cross-engine comparisons project): two
+            // wrapper <div>s, each containing two identical ".widget"
+            // sections scanned via `contextSelector: '.widget'`, produced the
+            // *same* selector string ("section:nth-of-type(1) > div > div >
+            // button") for the equivalent button in each wrapper --
+            // resolving to 2 elements instead of 1 when queried, and pointing
+            // at the wrong one for at least one of the two occurrences. The
+            // existing `el.matches(candidate)` safety check below couldn't
+            // catch this: it only verifies THIS element matches the string,
+            // never that the string is unique document-wide.
+            //
+            // Fix: when multiple roots are in play, don't stop early --
+            // keep climbing (same as the always-correct no-contextSelector
+            // path) until finding a genuinely unique anchor or reaching the
+            // true document root, which is always singular. That restores
+            // the invariant the final safety-check comment below relies on,
+            // rather than needing a separate (more expensive) document-wide
+            // uniqueness re-check.
+            const stopAtMatchedRoot = roots.length <= 1;
+
             while (node && node.nodeType === 1 && safety++ < 20) {
                 let anchor = null;
 
@@ -14543,7 +14628,7 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
                     parts.unshift(nthOfType(node));
                 }
 
-                if (!node.parentElement || roots.includes(node)) break;
+                if (!node.parentElement || (stopAtMatchedRoot && roots.includes(node))) break;
                 node = node.parentElement;
             }
 
@@ -14562,7 +14647,12 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
             // position relative to its own parent via `>` (child, not
             // descendant) combinators, so a correctly-matching chain can
             // only resolve to one element short of a malformed document
-            // (e.g. two <html> roots). Re-deriving that guarantee via a
+            // (e.g. two <html> roots) -- true as long as the walk above
+            // never stops short of a genuinely unique anchor/root, which is
+            // exactly what `stopAtMatchedRoot` now guarantees (see its own
+            // comment above; a multi-root contextSelector scan stopping
+            // early used to violate this invariant silently). Re-deriving
+            // that guarantee via a
             // document-wide :nth-of-type scan was measured to cost O(total
             // same-tag siblings) per call — pathological on pages with many
             // flat, unidentified siblings (e.g. hundreds of unlabeled
@@ -15129,6 +15219,9 @@ const runCore = (function runCore(pageUrl, contextSelector, engineOptions, runOn
 
     // Default on: opt OUT with `includeShadowDom: false`, not opt in.
     const includeShadowDom = !(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.includeShadowDom === false);
+    // Default off: hidden/collapsed content is excluded from rule evaluation
+    // unless the caller explicitly opts in.
+    const includeHiddenElements = !!(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.includeHiddenElements === true);
     const excludeSelectors = normalizeSelectorList(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.excludeSelectors);
 
     const url = pageUrl || (document.location && document.location.href) || null;
@@ -15139,11 +15232,27 @@ const runCore = (function runCore(pageUrl, contextSelector, engineOptions, runOn
             ? engineOptionsResolved.timestamp.trim()
             : null;
 
+    // createDomHelpers()/createContrastHelpers() persist their element-keyed
+    // caches (outerHtmlCache, selectorCache, etc.) on window.__a11ycoreSharedCache
+    // so multiple helper instances created *within this run* can share them
+    // deterministically. But a window/document is frequently reused across
+    // SEPARATE runs -- e.g. Jest's jsdom environment creates one window per
+    // test file, and mutating document.body between it() blocks is standard.
+    // Those caches are keyed by element reference, not content, so a run that
+    // reuses an already-cached element (document.body never changes identity)
+    // would otherwise read stale data cached by an earlier, unrelated run on
+    // the same window. Clearing at the start of every run keeps sharing scoped
+    // to "this run" as intended, without leaking across runs.
+    try {
+        if (window && window.__a11ycoreSharedCache) window.__a11ycoreSharedCache = {};
+    } catch {}
+
     const sharedHelpers = createDomHelpers({
         document,
         window,
         root: roots,
         includeShadowDom,
+        includeHiddenElements,
         excludeSelectors,
         // Optional perf counters (bench/debug only). Deterministic and per-run.
         perfStats: !!(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.perfStats)
@@ -21247,8 +21356,8 @@ function runa11yCoreInPage(pageUrl, contextSelector, engineOptions, runOnly) {
   },
   {
     "ruleId": "skip-link",
-    "title": "Skip link must have a resolvable target",
-    "description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real element in the document.",
+    "title": "Skip link must have a resolvable, usable target",
+    "description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real, currently usable element in the document.",
     "i18n": {
       "titleKey": "skipLink_title",
       "descriptionKey": "skipLink_description"
@@ -22840,13 +22949,7 @@ function runa11yCoreInPage(pageUrl, contextSelector, engineOptions, runOnly) {
   const RULE_IMPLS = {
     "accesskeys": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
   const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-
-  let nodes = [];
-  try {
-    nodes = document.querySelectorAll('[accesskey]');
-  } catch {
-    nodes = [];
-  }
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[accesskey]') : helpers.queryAll('[accesskey]');
 
   const groups = new Map(); // normalized key -> elements[]
   for (const el of nodes) {
@@ -23437,8 +23540,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-allowed-attr": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -23502,7 +23604,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   };
 
   const globalSet = new Set(GLOBAL_ATTRS);
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -23567,15 +23669,14 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-allowed-role": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -23622,8 +23723,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-braille-equivalent": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
@@ -23644,8 +23744,8 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   }
 
   const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart
-    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-braillelabel], [aria-brailleroledescription]', safeRoot)
-    : helpers.queryAll('[aria-braillelabel], [aria-brailleroledescription]', safeRoot);
+    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-braillelabel], [aria-brailleroledescription]')
+    : helpers.queryAll('[aria-braillelabel], [aria-brailleroledescription]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -23706,14 +23806,13 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-checked-state-mismatch": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
   const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart
-    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('input[type="checkbox"][aria-checked], input[type="radio"][aria-checked]', safeRoot)
-    : helpers.queryAll('input[type="checkbox"][aria-checked], input[type="radio"][aria-checked]', safeRoot);
+    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('input[type="checkbox"][aria-checked], input[type="radio"][aria-checked]')
+    : helpers.queryAll('input[type="checkbox"][aria-checked], input[type="radio"][aria-checked]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -23775,16 +23874,15 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-conditional-attr": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
   const TRUTHY_INVALID_VALUES = new Set(['true', 'grammar', 'spelling']);
 
   const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart
-    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-errormessage]', safeRoot)
-    : helpers.queryAll('[aria-errormessage]', safeRoot);
+    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-errormessage]')
+    : helpers.queryAll('[aria-errormessage]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -23829,15 +23927,14 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-deprecated-role": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -24349,8 +24446,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'fail', severity: rule.defaultSeverity || 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-prohibited-attr": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -24370,7 +24466,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
 
   const PROHIBITED_NAMING_ATTRS = ['aria-label', 'aria-labelledby'];
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -24421,8 +24517,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-prohibited-children": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -24511,7 +24606,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     }
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -24583,8 +24678,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-required-attr": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -24608,7 +24702,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return v != null && String(v).trim().toLowerCase() === 'true';
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -24665,8 +24759,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-required-children": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -24697,7 +24790,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   // ("runInPage MUST be self-contained").
   const CANDIDATE_SELECTOR = '[role], li, option, tr, td, th, thead, tbody, tfoot, ul, ol, table, select, input[type="radio"]';
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -24856,8 +24949,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-required-parent": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -24943,7 +25035,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     const idTok = elId && String(elId).trim();
     if (!idTok) return false;
 
-    const owners = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-owns]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[aria-owns]', safeRoot);
+    const owners = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-owns]') : helpers.queryAll('[aria-owns]');
     for (const owner of owners) {
       if (!owner || !owner.getAttribute) continue;
       const ownsAttr = owner.getAttribute('aria-owns') || '';
@@ -24956,7 +25048,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -25169,15 +25261,14 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'fail', severity: rule.defaultSeverity || 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-roles-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -25232,13 +25323,12 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-text": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const FOCUSABLE_DESCENDANT_SELECTOR =
     'a[href], button, input, select, textarea, [tabindex], iframe, [contenteditable]:not([contenteditable="false"])';
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role="text"]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role="text"]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role="text"]') : helpers.queryAll('[role="text"]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -25292,15 +25382,14 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-valid-attr": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('*', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('*', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('*') : helpers.queryAll('*');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -25354,15 +25443,14 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-valid-attr-value": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('*', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('*', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('*') : helpers.queryAll('*');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -25419,8 +25507,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "autocomplete-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   // Declared inside runInPage — see scripts/build-core.js header
   // ("runInPage MUST be self-contained").
@@ -25455,7 +25542,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return FIELD_NAMES.has(remaining[0]);
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('input, select, textarea', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('input, select, textarea', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('input, select, textarea') : helpers.queryAll('input, select, textarea');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -25498,12 +25585,11 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "avoid-inline-spacing": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const SPACING_PROPS = ['line-height', 'letter-spacing', 'word-spacing'];
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[style]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[style]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[style]') : helpers.queryAll('[style]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -25556,11 +25642,10 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "binary-control-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -25692,7 +25777,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = 'input[type="checkbox"], input[type="radio"], [role="checkbox"], [role="radio"], [role="switch"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   // Precompute label[for] associations once for speed/determinism.
@@ -25824,8 +25909,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "button-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -25862,7 +25946,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   }
 
   const selector = 'button, input[type="button"], input[type="submit"], input[type="reset"], [role="button"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   for (const el of nodes) {
     // isAccTreeEligible returns { eligible, reasons }, not a boolean.
@@ -25874,6 +25958,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
 
     const tag = (el.tagName || '').toLowerCase();
     const role = el.getAttribute ? el.getAttribute('role') : null;
+    const roleNorm = normalizeWs(role).toLowerCase();
 
     const nameInfo = helpers.getAccessibleNameInfo ? helpers.getAccessibleNameInfo(el, ctx) : null;
 
@@ -25889,7 +25974,17 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
       inputValueName = getInputButtonValueName(el);
     }
 
-    const isContentNameCandidate = tag === 'button' || role === 'button';
+    // A native <button> (or [role="button"]) whose role has been overridden to
+    // one of these roles is no longer semantically a button — per the WAI-ARIA
+    // Accessible Name and Description Computation spec these roles are
+    // name-from-author-only, and their rendered content represents a VALUE,
+    // not a NAME (mirrors axe-core's controlValueRoles, verified against its
+    // source). Found on a real page (Spotify's "sort by" control): a
+    // <button role="combobox">List</button> where "List" is the combobox's
+    // currently selected value, not a label for what the combobox is —
+    // crediting it as the accessible name masked a real missing-name bug.
+    const VALUE_ROLES = ['textbox', 'progressbar', 'scrollbar', 'slider', 'spinbutton', 'combobox', 'listbox'];
+    const isContentNameCandidate = (tag === 'button' || role === 'button') && !VALUE_ROLES.includes(roleNorm);
     const contentName =
       (!trustedProgrammaticName && !inputValueName && isContentNameCandidate)
         ? getConservativeSubtreeText(el)
@@ -25949,12 +26044,41 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  function hasMainLandmark() {
+  const isAccTreeEligible = helpers && typeof helpers.isAccTreeEligible === 'function' ? helpers.isAccTreeEligible : null;
+
+  function isExposedToAt(el) {
+    if (!isAccTreeEligible) return true;
     try {
-      return !!document.querySelector('main, [role="main"]');
+      const r = isAccTreeEligible(el, ctx);
+      if (typeof r === 'boolean') return r;
+      return !!(r && r.eligible);
     } catch {
-      return false;
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function queryAll(selector) {
+    try {
+      return helpers && typeof helpers.queryAllSmart === 'function'
+        ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector)
+        : document.querySelectorAll(selector);
+    } catch {
+      return [];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Filters through isAccTreeEligible (hidden/aria-hidden/display:none/inert
+  // don't count as "a bypass mechanism is present") -- see page-has-heading-
+  // one-manual.js's identical fix for the real-world trigger (CDC's flu
+  // page, 2026-07-30: its only <h1> sits inside a display:none ancestor,
+  // unreachable by sighted and screen reader users alike). A fully
+  // non-rendered <main>/heading was previously credited here too, wrongly
+  // returning `pass` for a page with zero actual bypass mechanisms.
+  function hasMainLandmark() {
+    for (const el of queryAll('main, [role="main"]')) {
+      if (el && isExposedToAt(el)) return true;
     }
+    return false;
   }
 
   function hasWorkingAnchorLink() {
@@ -25996,11 +26120,10 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   }
 
   function hasHeading() {
-    try {
-      return !!document.querySelector('h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, [role="heading"]');
-    } catch {
-      return false;
+    for (const el of queryAll('h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, [role="heading"]')) {
+      if (el && isExposedToAt(el)) return true;
     }
+    return false;
   }
 
   const mainLandmark = hasMainLandmark();
@@ -26258,11 +26381,10 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "combobox-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -26394,7 +26516,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="combobox"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for combobox elements that are labelable
   // native form controls (e.g. <input role="combobox">).
@@ -28121,14 +28243,13 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'fail', severity: rule.defaultSeverity || 'serious', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "definition-list-children-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   // Declared inside runInPage — see scripts/build-core.js header
   // ("runInPage MUST be self-contained").
   const PASSTHROUGH_TAGS = new Set(['dt', 'dd', 'script', 'template', 'style']);
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('dl', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('dl', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('dl') : helpers.queryAll('dl');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -28212,10 +28333,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "deprecated-elements-not-used": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('blink, marquee', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('blink, marquee', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('blink, marquee') : helpers.queryAll('blink, marquee');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -28254,11 +28374,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "dialog-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -28372,7 +28491,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="dialog"],[role="alertdialog"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -28437,10 +28556,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "dlitem-parent-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('dt, dd', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('dt, dd', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('dt, dd') : helpers.queryAll('dt, dd');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -29092,8 +29210,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "focus-order-semantics": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const NON_INTERACTIVE_ROLES = new Set([
     'generic', 'group', 'text', 'presentation', 'none', 'img', 'heading',
@@ -29103,7 +29220,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     'definition', 'paragraph', 'caption', 'status', 'alert', 'log', 'tooltip'
   ]);
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[tabindex][role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[tabindex][role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[tabindex][role]') : helpers.queryAll('[tabindex][role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -29744,11 +29861,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [], data: { details: { metrics } } };
 }), applicability: null },
     "form-control-single-label": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const selector = 'input:not([type="hidden"]):not([type="submit"]):not([type="reset"]):not([type="button"]):not([type="image"]),select,textarea';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Build a for-value -> label[] map once (avoids per-control dynamic
   // attribute-selector construction / CSS.escape, which is not guaranteed
@@ -30026,14 +30142,13 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'fail', severity: rule.defaultSeverity || 'serious', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "identical-links-same-purpose": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function normName(s) {
     return (s == null ? '' : String(s)).replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim().toLowerCase();
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('a[href]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('a[href]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('a[href]') : helpers.queryAll('a[href]');
 
   const groups = new Map(); // normName -> [{ el, href }]
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -30113,8 +30228,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "iframe-focusable-content": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function hasFocusableCandidate(doc) {
     if (!doc || !doc.querySelectorAll) return false;
@@ -30146,7 +30260,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return !Number.isNaN(n) && n < 0;
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame') : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -30196,10 +30310,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "iframe-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame') : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -30251,10 +30364,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "iframe-title-unique": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame') : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame');
 
   const groups = new Map(); // trimmed title -> elements[]
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -30309,8 +30421,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "image-redundant-alt": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
     return String(s || '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
@@ -30329,7 +30440,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return normalizeWs(text);
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('img[alt]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('img[alt]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('img[alt]') : helpers.queryAll('img[alt]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -31117,8 +31228,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "label-in-name": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -31127,7 +31237,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   // NOTE: aria-hidden is intentionally NOT excluded here; it does not affect visual rendering.
   const selector = ':is(button, a[href], summary, input:not([type="hidden"]), textarea, select, [role="button"], [role="link"], [role="checkbox"], [role="radio"], [role="switch"], [role="searchbox"], [role="tab"], [role="menuitem"], [role="menuitemcheckbox"], [role="menuitemradio"], [role="option"], [role="treeitem"], [role="gridcell"]):not([hidden]):not([disabled]):not([aria-disabled="true"]):is([aria-label], [aria-labelledby])';
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   function norm(s) {
     const v = (s == null ? '' : String(s));
@@ -31265,11 +31375,11 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     }
 
     // Fallback: label[for=id]. Uses `document` directly rather than
-    // ctx.root/safeRoot -- label[for] association is a document-wide
-    // relationship (IDs are document-unique), not bounded by whatever
-    // contextSelector region happens to be scanned, and ctx.root is an
-    // array (multi-region contextSelector support), not a single element
-    // with its own .querySelector to call directly.
+    // ctx.root -- label[for] association is a document-wide relationship
+    // (IDs are document-unique), not bounded by whatever contextSelector
+    // region happens to be scanned, and ctx.root is an array (multi-region
+    // contextSelector support), not a single element with its own
+    // .querySelector to call directly.
     try {
       const idAttribute = control && control.getAttribute ? (control.getAttribute('id') || '') : '';
       const key = String(idAttribute || '').trim();
@@ -31410,11 +31520,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "label-title-only": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const selector = 'input:not([type="hidden"]):not([type="submit"]):not([type="reset"]):not([type="button"]):not([type="image"]),select,textarea';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   const labelsByFor = new Map();
   const allLabels = document.getElementsByTagName ? document.getElementsByTagName('label') : [];
@@ -32461,8 +32570,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: rule.defaultSeverity || 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "link-in-text-block": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule, engineOptions } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule, engineOptions } = ctx;
 
   function safeComputedStyle(el) {
     try {
@@ -32508,7 +32616,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   const c = helpers && helpers.contrast ? helpers.contrast : null;
 
   const selector = 'a[href]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -32608,8 +32716,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "link-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -32630,7 +32737,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   }
 
   const selector = 'a[href], area[href], [role="link"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   for (const el of nodes) {
     // isAccTreeEligible returns { eligible, reasons }, not a boolean.
@@ -32643,7 +32750,20 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     const nameInfo = helpers.getAccessibleNameInfo ? helpers.getAccessibleNameInfo(el, ctx) : null;
     const programmaticName = (nameInfo && typeof nameInfo.value === 'string') ? nameInfo.value : '';
 
-    const contentName = programmaticName.trim().length === 0 ? getConservativeSubtreeText(el) : '';
+    // A native <a href>/<area href> (or [role="link"]) whose role has been
+    // overridden to one of these roles is no longer semantically a link —
+    // per the WAI-ARIA Accessible Name and Description Computation spec
+    // these roles are name-from-author-only, and their rendered content
+    // represents a VALUE, not a NAME (mirrors axe-core's controlValueRoles,
+    // verified against its source; see button-name-present.js's identical
+    // fix for a real-world example — <button role="combobox">List</button> —
+    // of the same class of bug on a different host tag).
+    const role = el.getAttribute ? el.getAttribute('role') : null;
+    const roleNorm = String(role || '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim().toLowerCase();
+    const VALUE_ROLES = ['textbox', 'progressbar', 'scrollbar', 'slider', 'spinbutton', 'combobox', 'listbox'];
+    const isContentNameCandidate = !VALUE_ROLES.includes(roleNorm);
+
+    const contentName = (programmaticName.trim().length === 0 && isContentNameCandidate) ? getConservativeSubtreeText(el) : '';
     const finalName = (programmaticName.trim().length ? programmaticName : contentName).trim();
 
     if (finalName.length === 0) {
@@ -32695,8 +32815,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "link-name-quality": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const GENERIC_LINK_TEXT = new Set([
     'click here', 'here', 'click', 'more', 'more info', 'more information',
@@ -32715,7 +32834,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   }
 
   const selector = 'a[href]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -32775,14 +32894,13 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "list-children-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   // Declared inside runInPage — see scripts/build-core.js header
   // ("runInPage MUST be self-contained").
   const ALLOWED_CHILD_TAGS = new Set(['li', 'script', 'template']);
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('ul, ol', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('ul, ol', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('ul, ol') : helpers.queryAll('ul, ol');
 
   const isAccTreeEligible = helpers && typeof helpers.isAccTreeEligible === 'function' ? helpers.isAccTreeEligible : null;
 
@@ -32853,11 +32971,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "listbox-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -32962,7 +33079,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"listbox\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for listbox elements that are labelable
   // native form controls (e.g. <select multiple role="listbox">).
@@ -33063,10 +33180,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "listitem-parent-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('li', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('li', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('li') : helpers.queryAll('li');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -33495,11 +33611,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "menuitem-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -33605,7 +33720,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="menuitem"],[role="menuitemcheckbox"],[role="menuitemradio"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -33911,11 +34026,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "meter-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -33979,7 +34093,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="meter"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -34045,8 +34159,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "mouse-only-event-handlers": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const MOUSE_ONLY_ATTRS = [
     'onmouseover', 'onmouseout', 'onmousedown', 'onmouseup',
@@ -34057,7 +34170,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
   const selector = MOUSE_ONLY_ATTRS.map((a) => `[${a}]`).join(', ');
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -34109,8 +34222,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "nested-interactive-controls-absent": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   // Declared inside runInPage — see scripts/build-core.js header
   // ("runInPage MUST be self-contained").
@@ -34139,7 +34251,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     '[role="treeitem"]'
   ].join(', ');
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(INTERACTIVE_SELECTOR, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(INTERACTIVE_SELECTOR, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(INTERACTIVE_SELECTOR) : helpers.queryAll(INTERACTIVE_SELECTOR);
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -34188,10 +34300,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "no-autoplay-audio": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('audio[autoplay], video[autoplay]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('audio[autoplay], video[autoplay]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('audio[autoplay], video[autoplay]') : helpers.queryAll('audio[autoplay], video[autoplay]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -34545,11 +34656,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return {ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: 'minor', occurrences};
 }), applicability: null },
     "option-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -34613,7 +34723,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"option\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function hasName(el) {
@@ -34676,8 +34786,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "p-as-heading": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const MAX_HEADING_LIKE_CHARS = 120;
   const MIN_FONT_SIZE_PX = 18;
@@ -34729,7 +34838,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return Number.isFinite(px) ? px : 0;
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('p', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('p', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('p') : helpers.queryAll('p');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -34811,14 +34920,31 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return tag === 'h1';
   }
 
+  const isAccTreeEligible = helpers && typeof helpers.isAccTreeEligible === 'function' ? helpers.isAccTreeEligible : null;
+
+  function isExposedToAt(el) {
+    if (!isAccTreeEligible) return true;
+    try {
+      const r = isAccTreeEligible(el, ctx);
+      if (typeof r === 'boolean') return r;
+      return !!(r && r.eligible);
+    } catch {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // queryAllSmart (shadow-DOM-aware) instead of plain document.querySelectorAll -- see
+  // landmark-one-main-manual.js's identical precedent.
   let nodes = [];
   try {
-    nodes = document.querySelectorAll('h1, [role]');
+    nodes = helpers && typeof helpers.queryAllSmart === 'function'
+      ? helpers.queryAllSmart('h1, [role]')
+      : document.querySelectorAll('h1, [role]');
   } catch {
     nodes = [];
   }
 
-  const hasH1 = Array.from(nodes).some((el) => el && isLevelOneHeading(el));
+  const hasH1 = Array.from(nodes).some((el) => el && isLevelOneHeading(el) && isExposedToAt(el));
 
   if (hasH1) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
@@ -35142,8 +35268,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "presentation-role-conflict": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   // The full set of ARIA attributes marked `global: true` per the WAI-ARIA
   // spec (confirmed against a widely-used reference engine's own
@@ -35160,8 +35285,8 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   const getFocusableInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getFocusableInfo === 'function' ? helpers.getFocusableInfo : null;
 
   const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart
-      ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role="presentation"], [role="none"], img[alt=""]', safeRoot)
-      : helpers.queryAll('[role="presentation"], [role="none"], img[alt=""]', safeRoot);
+      ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role="presentation"], [role="none"], img[alt=""]')
+      : helpers.queryAll('[role="presentation"], [role="none"], img[alt=""]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -35225,11 +35350,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "progressbar-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -35293,7 +35417,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="progressbar"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -35705,8 +35829,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "scrollable-region-focusable": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function safeComputedStyle(el) {
     try {
@@ -35751,7 +35874,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   }
 
   const CANDIDATE_SELECTOR = 'div, section, article, aside, main, nav, pre, table, blockquote, ul, ol, textarea';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(CANDIDATE_SELECTOR, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(CANDIDATE_SELECTOR, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(CANDIDATE_SELECTOR) : helpers.queryAll(CANDIDATE_SELECTOR);
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -35806,11 +35929,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "searchbox-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -35915,7 +36037,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"searchbox\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for searchbox elements that are labelable
   // native form controls (e.g. <input role="searchbox">).
@@ -36016,10 +36138,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "server-side-image-map-absent": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('img[ismap]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('img[ismap]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('img[ismap]') : helpers.queryAll('img[ismap]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -36057,8 +36178,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "skip-link": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
     return String(s || '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
@@ -36085,7 +36205,31 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return normalizeWs(el.textContent);
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('a[href]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('a[href]', safeRoot);
+  function hasReliableGeometrySupport() {
+    const probe = document.documentElement || document.body || null;
+    if (!probe || !probe.getClientRects || !probe.getBoundingClientRect) return false;
+    try {
+      const rects = probe.getClientRects();
+      const rectCount = rects ? rects.length : 0;
+      const r = probe.getBoundingClientRect();
+      const w = r && Number.isFinite(r.width) ? r.width : 0;
+      const h = r && Number.isFinite(r.height) ? r.height : 0;
+      return rectCount > 0 && (w > 0 || h > 0);
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function toEligibility(info) {
+    return {
+      eligible: !!(info && info.eligible),
+      reasons: info && Array.isArray(info.reasons) ? info.reasons.slice(0) : []
+    };
+  }
+
+  const geometrySupported = hasReliableGeometrySupport();
+
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('a[href]') : helpers.queryAll('a[href]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -36123,7 +36267,63 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
       }
     }
 
-    if (target) continue;
+    if (target) {
+      const accEligibility = toEligibility(
+        helpers.getEligibilityInfo
+          ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo(target, ctx, { targetSet: 'acc' })
+          : (helpers.isAccTreeEligible ? helpers.isAccTreeEligible(target, ctx) : { eligible: true, reasons: [] })
+      );
+
+      let geometryEligibility = null;
+      let geometryReasonCode = null;
+      if (geometrySupported && helpers.isDomVisibleEligible) {
+        geometryEligibility = toEligibility(
+          helpers.isDomVisibleEligible(target, ctx, { visibilityMode: 'styleAndGeometry', ignoreOpacity: true })
+        );
+        if (!geometryEligibility.eligible && geometryEligibility.reasons.includes('noClientRects')) {
+          geometryReasonCode = 'NO_CLIENT_RECTS';
+        } else if (!geometryEligibility.eligible && geometryEligibility.reasons.includes('zeroArea')) {
+          geometryReasonCode = 'ZERO_AREA_TARGET';
+        }
+      }
+
+      const unusableByAcc = !accEligibility.eligible;
+      const unusableByGeometry = !!geometryReasonCode;
+      if (!unusableByAcc && !unusableByGeometry) continue;
+
+      const stableSelector = helpers.buildSelector ? helpers.buildSelector(el) : 'html';
+      const html = helpers.getOuterHtmlSnippet ? helpers.getOuterHtmlSnippet(el) : (el.outerHTML || '');
+
+      occurrences.push({
+        selector: stableSelector,
+        html,
+        summary: 'This skip link points to a target that exists but is not currently usable.',
+        hint: 'Point this skip link to a target that is exposed and usable as a navigation destination.',
+        i18n: {
+          summaryKey: 'skipLink_summary_unusableTarget_cantTell',
+          hintKey: 'skipLink_hint_unusableTarget_cantTell',
+          params: { href }
+        },
+        data: {
+          details: {
+            reasonCode: 'SKIP_LINK_TARGET_UNUSABLE',
+            href,
+            unusableReasonCode: unusableByAcc ? 'ACC_TREE_INELIGIBLE' : geometryReasonCode,
+            targetSelector: helpers.buildSelector ? helpers.buildSelector(target) : null,
+            geometryCheckEnabled: geometrySupported
+          },
+          visibilityFilter: {
+            targetSet: 'acc',
+            accEligible: accEligibility.eligible,
+            reasons: accEligibility.reasons
+          },
+          targetGeometry: geometryEligibility
+            ? { eligible: geometryEligibility.eligible, reasons: geometryEligibility.reasons }
+            : { eligible: null, reasons: [] }
+        }
+      });
+      continue;
+    }
 
     const stableSelector = helpers.buildSelector ? helpers.buildSelector(el) : 'html';
     const html = helpers.getOuterHtmlSnippet ? helpers.getOuterHtmlSnippet(el) : (el.outerHTML || '');
@@ -36153,11 +36353,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "slider-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -36289,7 +36488,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = 'input[type="range"], [role="slider"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for native range inputs.
@@ -36403,11 +36602,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "spinbutton-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -36512,7 +36710,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"spinbutton\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for spinbutton elements that are labelable
   // native form controls (e.g. <input role="spinbutton">).
@@ -36613,11 +36811,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "summary-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -36680,7 +36877,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('summary', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('summary', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('summary') : helpers.queryAll('summary');
 
   function evaluate(el) {
     const ariaLabel = getAttr(el, 'aria-label');
@@ -37319,11 +37516,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return {ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: 'minor', occurrences};
 }), applicability: null },
     "tab-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -37429,7 +37625,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="tab"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -37544,14 +37740,13 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "table-duplicate-name": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
     return String(s || '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table[summary]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('table[summary]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table[summary]') : helpers.queryAll('table[summary]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -37597,12 +37792,11 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "table-fake-caption": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('table', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table') : helpers.queryAll('table');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -37665,10 +37859,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "table-headers-attr-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('td[headers], th[headers]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('td[headers], th[headers]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('td[headers], th[headers]') : helpers.queryAll('td[headers], th[headers]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -37742,10 +37935,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "table-th-has-data-cells": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const tables = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('table', safeRoot);
+  const tables = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table') : helpers.queryAll('table');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -38304,14 +38496,13 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: RULE_ID, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "td-has-header": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const MIN_SIZE = 4;
 
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
-  const tables = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('table', safeRoot);
+  const tables = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table') : helpers.queryAll('table');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -38397,11 +38588,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "textbox-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -38506,7 +38696,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"textbox\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for textbox elements that are labelable
   // native form controls (e.g. <input role="textbox">).
@@ -38607,11 +38797,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "tooltip-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -38675,7 +38864,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="tooltip"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -38739,11 +38928,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "treeitem-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -38807,7 +38995,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"treeitem\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function hasName(el) {
@@ -38870,12 +39058,11 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "valid-lang": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const BCP47_RE = /^[a-zA-Z]{2,3}(-[a-zA-Z0-9]{2,8})*$/;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[lang]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[lang]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[lang]') : helpers.queryAll('[lang]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -38920,10 +39107,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "video-caption": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('video', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('video', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('video') : helpers.queryAll('video');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -39645,10 +39831,12 @@ const I18N = {
     "region_description": "Checks that direct children of <body> with visible text content are contained within a landmark region.",
     "region_summary_cantTell": "This content is not contained within a landmark region.",
     "region_hint_cantTell": "Move this content inside a landmark region (main, nav, aside, a labeled section, etc.).",
-    "skipLink_title": "Skip link must have a resolvable target",
-    "skipLink_description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real element in the document.",
+    "skipLink_title": "Skip link must have a resolvable, usable target",
+    "skipLink_description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real, currently usable element in the document.",
     "skipLink_summary_cantTell": "This skip link's target does not exist.",
     "skipLink_hint_cantTell": "Point the skip link's href at an id that exists in the document, or add the missing target element.",
+    "skipLink_summary_unusableTarget_cantTell": "This skip link points to a target that exists but is not currently usable.",
+    "skipLink_hint_unusableTarget_cantTell": "Point this skip link to a target that is exposed and usable as a navigation destination.",
     "autocompleteValid_title": "autocomplete attribute must be a valid autofill value",
     "autocompleteValid_description": "Checks that a non-empty autocomplete attribute is \"on\"/\"off\" or a well-formed autofill detail token list.",
     "autocompleteValid_summary_fail": "This autocomplete attribute value is not a valid autofill value.",
@@ -40247,10 +40435,12 @@ const I18N = {
     "region_description": "Vérifie que les enfants directs de <body> ayant un contenu textuel visible sont contenus dans un point de repère.",
     "region_summary_cantTell": "Ce contenu n’est contenu dans aucun point de repère.",
     "region_hint_cantTell": "Déplacez ce contenu à l’intérieur d’un point de repère (main, nav, aside, une section nommée, etc.).",
-    "skipLink_title": "Un lien d’évitement doit avoir une cible qui se résout",
-    "skipLink_description": "Vérifie que le fragment href d’un lien « aller au... » se résout vers un élément réel du document.",
+    "skipLink_title": "Un lien d’évitement doit avoir une cible qui se résout et qui est utilisable",
+    "skipLink_description": "Vérifie que le fragment href d’un lien « aller au... » se résout vers un élément réel et actuellement utilisable du document.",
     "skipLink_summary_cantTell": "La cible de ce lien d’évitement n’existe pas.",
     "skipLink_hint_cantTell": "Faites pointer le href du lien d’évitement vers un id qui existe dans le document, ou ajoutez l’élément cible manquant.",
+    "skipLink_summary_unusableTarget_cantTell": "Ce lien d’évitement pointe vers une cible qui existe mais qui n’est pas actuellement utilisable.",
+    "skipLink_hint_unusableTarget_cantTell": "Faites pointer ce lien d’évitement vers une cible exposée et utilisable comme destination de navigation.",
     "autocompleteValid_title": "L’attribut autocomplete doit être une valeur d’auto-remplissage valide",
     "autocompleteValid_description": "Vérifie qu’un attribut autocomplete non vide vaut « on »/« off » ou une liste de jetons d’auto-remplissage bien formée.",
     "autocompleteValid_summary_fail": "Cette valeur d’attribut autocomplete n’est pas une valeur d’auto-remplissage valide.",
@@ -43056,6 +43246,10 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
     })();
     // Default on: opt OUT with `includeShadowDom: false`, not opt in.
     const includeShadowDom = !(opts && opts.includeShadowDom === false);
+    // Default off: by default, helper queries skip structurally/CSS-hidden
+    // subtrees (display:none, [hidden], closed <details>, etc.). Callers can
+    // opt out with includeHiddenElements:true.
+    const includeHiddenElements = !!(opts && opts.includeHiddenElements === true);
     const excludeSelectors = Array.isArray(opts && opts.excludeSelectors) ? opts.excludeSelectors : [];
 
     // Rule-scoped excludes (engineOptions.rules[ruleId].excludeSelectors), set
@@ -44022,8 +44216,55 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
         return results;
     }
 
+    const HARD_HIDDEN_REASONS = new Set([
+        'displayNone',
+        'hiddenAttr',
+        'detailsClosed',
+        'templateContent',
+        'nonRenderedElement',
+        'inputHidden',
+        'visibilityHidden',
+        'contentVisibilityHidden'
+    ]);
+
     function queryAllSmart(sel) {
-        const list = includeShadowDom ? queryAllDeep(sel) : queryAll(sel);
+        let list = includeShadowDom ? queryAllDeep(sel) : queryAll(sel);
+
+        // Global hidden-content policy: skip nodes that are fully excluded from
+        // rendered visibility by default (unless includeHiddenElements:true).
+        if (!includeHiddenElements) {
+            list = list.filter((el) => {
+                try {
+                    const vis = isAccTreeEligible(el);
+                    if (!vis || vis.eligible !== false) return true;
+                    const reasons = Array.isArray(vis.reasons) ? vis.reasons : [];
+                    for (const r of reasons) {
+                        if (HARD_HIDDEN_REASONS.has(r)) return false;
+                    }
+
+                    // `isAccTreeEligible` can short-circuit on an inert ancestor
+                    // before it reaches an outer hard-hidden ancestor (e.g.
+                    // display:none wrapper). In that case the node is still
+                    // structurally hidden and should be excluded by the default
+                    // hidden-content policy.
+                    if (reasons.includes('inert')) {
+                        const domVis = isDomVisibleEligible(el, null, {
+                            visibilityMode: 'styleOnly',
+                            disableGeometry: true,
+                            ignoreOpacity: true
+                        });
+                        const domReasons = Array.isArray(domVis && domVis.reasons) ? domVis.reasons : [];
+                        for (const r of domReasons) {
+                            if (HARD_HIDDEN_REASONS.has(r)) return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                } catch {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
         return __getEffectiveExcludeSelectors().length ? list.filter((el) => !isExcluded(el)) : list;
     }
 
@@ -46593,6 +46834,36 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
             let node = el;
             let safety = 0;
 
+            // Only apply the "stop climbing once we reach a contextSelector-
+            // matched root" shortcut when there's a single (or no) matched
+            // root -- resolveContextRoots() falls back to `[documentElement]`
+            // when no contextSelector is given, so this is the overwhelmingly
+            // common case and behaves exactly as before.
+            //
+            // With MULTIPLE matched roots (multi-region contextSelector
+            // scans), stopping there without recording anything about which
+            // root produced an ambiguous, non-unique selector string for two
+            // structurally-identical regions -- a real, confirmed bug (found
+            // 2026-07-29 via the cross-engine comparisons project): two
+            // wrapper <div>s, each containing two identical ".widget"
+            // sections scanned via `contextSelector: '.widget'`, produced the
+            // *same* selector string ("section:nth-of-type(1) > div > div >
+            // button") for the equivalent button in each wrapper --
+            // resolving to 2 elements instead of 1 when queried, and pointing
+            // at the wrong one for at least one of the two occurrences. The
+            // existing `el.matches(candidate)` safety check below couldn't
+            // catch this: it only verifies THIS element matches the string,
+            // never that the string is unique document-wide.
+            //
+            // Fix: when multiple roots are in play, don't stop early --
+            // keep climbing (same as the always-correct no-contextSelector
+            // path) until finding a genuinely unique anchor or reaching the
+            // true document root, which is always singular. That restores
+            // the invariant the final safety-check comment below relies on,
+            // rather than needing a separate (more expensive) document-wide
+            // uniqueness re-check.
+            const stopAtMatchedRoot = roots.length <= 1;
+
             while (node && node.nodeType === 1 && safety++ < 20) {
                 let anchor = null;
 
@@ -46632,7 +46903,7 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
                     parts.unshift(nthOfType(node));
                 }
 
-                if (!node.parentElement || roots.includes(node)) break;
+                if (!node.parentElement || (stopAtMatchedRoot && roots.includes(node))) break;
                 node = node.parentElement;
             }
 
@@ -46651,7 +46922,12 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
             // position relative to its own parent via `>` (child, not
             // descendant) combinators, so a correctly-matching chain can
             // only resolve to one element short of a malformed document
-            // (e.g. two <html> roots). Re-deriving that guarantee via a
+            // (e.g. two <html> roots) -- true as long as the walk above
+            // never stops short of a genuinely unique anchor/root, which is
+            // exactly what `stopAtMatchedRoot` now guarantees (see its own
+            // comment above; a multi-root contextSelector scan stopping
+            // early used to violate this invariant silently). Re-deriving
+            // that guarantee via a
             // document-wide :nth-of-type scan was measured to cost O(total
             // same-tag siblings) per call — pathological on pages with many
             // flat, unidentified siblings (e.g. hundreds of unlabeled
@@ -47218,6 +47494,9 @@ const runCore = (function runCore(pageUrl, contextSelector, engineOptions, runOn
 
     // Default on: opt OUT with `includeShadowDom: false`, not opt in.
     const includeShadowDom = !(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.includeShadowDom === false);
+    // Default off: hidden/collapsed content is excluded from rule evaluation
+    // unless the caller explicitly opts in.
+    const includeHiddenElements = !!(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.includeHiddenElements === true);
     const excludeSelectors = normalizeSelectorList(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.excludeSelectors);
 
     const url = pageUrl || (document.location && document.location.href) || null;
@@ -47228,11 +47507,27 @@ const runCore = (function runCore(pageUrl, contextSelector, engineOptions, runOn
             ? engineOptionsResolved.timestamp.trim()
             : null;
 
+    // createDomHelpers()/createContrastHelpers() persist their element-keyed
+    // caches (outerHtmlCache, selectorCache, etc.) on window.__a11ycoreSharedCache
+    // so multiple helper instances created *within this run* can share them
+    // deterministically. But a window/document is frequently reused across
+    // SEPARATE runs -- e.g. Jest's jsdom environment creates one window per
+    // test file, and mutating document.body between it() blocks is standard.
+    // Those caches are keyed by element reference, not content, so a run that
+    // reuses an already-cached element (document.body never changes identity)
+    // would otherwise read stale data cached by an earlier, unrelated run on
+    // the same window. Clearing at the start of every run keeps sharing scoped
+    // to "this run" as intended, without leaking across runs.
+    try {
+        if (window && window.__a11ycoreSharedCache) window.__a11ycoreSharedCache = {};
+    } catch {}
+
     const sharedHelpers = createDomHelpers({
         document,
         window,
         root: roots,
         includeShadowDom,
+        includeHiddenElements,
         excludeSelectors,
         // Optional perf counters (bench/debug only). Deterministic and per-run.
         perfStats: !!(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.perfStats)
@@ -53296,8 +53591,8 @@ const __a11yCoreCrossFrameApi = (function () {
   },
   {
     "ruleId": "skip-link",
-    "title": "Skip link must have a resolvable target",
-    "description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real element in the document.",
+    "title": "Skip link must have a resolvable, usable target",
+    "description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real, currently usable element in the document.",
     "i18n": {
       "titleKey": "skipLink_title",
       "descriptionKey": "skipLink_description"
@@ -54884,13 +55179,7 @@ const __a11yCoreCrossFrameApi = (function () {
   const RULE_IMPLS = {
     "accesskeys": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
   const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-
-  let nodes = [];
-  try {
-    nodes = document.querySelectorAll('[accesskey]');
-  } catch {
-    nodes = [];
-  }
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[accesskey]') : helpers.queryAll('[accesskey]');
 
   const groups = new Map(); // normalized key -> elements[]
   for (const el of nodes) {
@@ -55481,8 +55770,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-allowed-attr": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -55546,7 +55834,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   };
 
   const globalSet = new Set(GLOBAL_ATTRS);
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -55611,15 +55899,14 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-allowed-role": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -55666,8 +55953,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-braille-equivalent": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
@@ -55688,8 +55974,8 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   }
 
   const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart
-    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-braillelabel], [aria-brailleroledescription]', safeRoot)
-    : helpers.queryAll('[aria-braillelabel], [aria-brailleroledescription]', safeRoot);
+    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-braillelabel], [aria-brailleroledescription]')
+    : helpers.queryAll('[aria-braillelabel], [aria-brailleroledescription]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -55750,14 +56036,13 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-checked-state-mismatch": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
   const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart
-    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('input[type="checkbox"][aria-checked], input[type="radio"][aria-checked]', safeRoot)
-    : helpers.queryAll('input[type="checkbox"][aria-checked], input[type="radio"][aria-checked]', safeRoot);
+    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('input[type="checkbox"][aria-checked], input[type="radio"][aria-checked]')
+    : helpers.queryAll('input[type="checkbox"][aria-checked], input[type="radio"][aria-checked]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -55819,16 +56104,15 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-conditional-attr": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
   const TRUTHY_INVALID_VALUES = new Set(['true', 'grammar', 'spelling']);
 
   const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart
-    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-errormessage]', safeRoot)
-    : helpers.queryAll('[aria-errormessage]', safeRoot);
+    ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-errormessage]')
+    : helpers.queryAll('[aria-errormessage]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -55873,15 +56157,14 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-deprecated-role": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -56393,8 +56676,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'fail', severity: rule.defaultSeverity || 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-prohibited-attr": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -56414,7 +56696,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
 
   const PROHIBITED_NAMING_ATTRS = ['aria-label', 'aria-labelledby'];
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -56465,8 +56747,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-prohibited-children": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -56555,7 +56836,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     }
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -56627,8 +56908,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-required-attr": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -56652,7 +56932,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return v != null && String(v).trim().toLowerCase() === 'true';
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -56709,8 +56989,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-required-children": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -56741,7 +57020,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   // ("runInPage MUST be self-contained").
   const CANDIDATE_SELECTOR = '[role], li, option, tr, td, th, thead, tbody, tfoot, ul, ol, table, select, input[type="radio"]';
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -56900,8 +57179,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-required-parent": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
@@ -56987,7 +57265,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     const idTok = elId && String(elId).trim();
     if (!idTok) return false;
 
-    const owners = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-owns]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[aria-owns]', safeRoot);
+    const owners = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[aria-owns]') : helpers.queryAll('[aria-owns]');
     for (const owner of owners) {
       if (!owner || !owner.getAttribute) continue;
       const ownsAttr = owner.getAttribute('aria-owns') || '';
@@ -57000,7 +57278,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return false;
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -57213,15 +57491,14 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'fail', severity: rule.defaultSeverity || 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-roles-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role]') : helpers.queryAll('[role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -57276,13 +57553,12 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-text": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const FOCUSABLE_DESCENDANT_SELECTOR =
     'a[href], button, input, select, textarea, [tabindex], iframe, [contenteditable]:not([contenteditable="false"])';
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role="text"]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[role="text"]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role="text"]') : helpers.queryAll('[role="text"]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -57336,15 +57612,14 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-valid-attr": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('*', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('*', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('*') : helpers.queryAll('*');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -57398,15 +57673,14 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "aria-valid-attr-value": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const ariaHelpers = helpers && helpers.aria ? helpers.aria : null;
   if (!ariaHelpers) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('*', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('*', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('*') : helpers.queryAll('*');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -57463,8 +57737,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "autocomplete-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   // Declared inside runInPage — see scripts/build-core.js header
   // ("runInPage MUST be self-contained").
@@ -57499,7 +57772,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return FIELD_NAMES.has(remaining[0]);
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('input, select, textarea', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('input, select, textarea', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('input, select, textarea') : helpers.queryAll('input, select, textarea');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -57542,12 +57815,11 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "avoid-inline-spacing": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const SPACING_PROPS = ['line-height', 'letter-spacing', 'word-spacing'];
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[style]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[style]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[style]') : helpers.queryAll('[style]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -57600,11 +57872,10 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "binary-control-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -57736,7 +58007,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = 'input[type="checkbox"], input[type="radio"], [role="checkbox"], [role="radio"], [role="switch"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   // Precompute label[for] associations once for speed/determinism.
@@ -57868,8 +58139,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "button-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -57906,7 +58176,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   }
 
   const selector = 'button, input[type="button"], input[type="submit"], input[type="reset"], [role="button"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   for (const el of nodes) {
     // isAccTreeEligible returns { eligible, reasons }, not a boolean.
@@ -57918,6 +58188,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
 
     const tag = (el.tagName || '').toLowerCase();
     const role = el.getAttribute ? el.getAttribute('role') : null;
+    const roleNorm = normalizeWs(role).toLowerCase();
 
     const nameInfo = helpers.getAccessibleNameInfo ? helpers.getAccessibleNameInfo(el, ctx) : null;
 
@@ -57933,7 +58204,17 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
       inputValueName = getInputButtonValueName(el);
     }
 
-    const isContentNameCandidate = tag === 'button' || role === 'button';
+    // A native <button> (or [role="button"]) whose role has been overridden to
+    // one of these roles is no longer semantically a button — per the WAI-ARIA
+    // Accessible Name and Description Computation spec these roles are
+    // name-from-author-only, and their rendered content represents a VALUE,
+    // not a NAME (mirrors axe-core's controlValueRoles, verified against its
+    // source). Found on a real page (Spotify's "sort by" control): a
+    // <button role="combobox">List</button> where "List" is the combobox's
+    // currently selected value, not a label for what the combobox is —
+    // crediting it as the accessible name masked a real missing-name bug.
+    const VALUE_ROLES = ['textbox', 'progressbar', 'scrollbar', 'slider', 'spinbutton', 'combobox', 'listbox'];
+    const isContentNameCandidate = (tag === 'button' || role === 'button') && !VALUE_ROLES.includes(roleNorm);
     const contentName =
       (!trustedProgrammaticName && !inputValueName && isContentNameCandidate)
         ? getConservativeSubtreeText(el)
@@ -57993,12 +58274,41 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
   }
 
-  function hasMainLandmark() {
+  const isAccTreeEligible = helpers && typeof helpers.isAccTreeEligible === 'function' ? helpers.isAccTreeEligible : null;
+
+  function isExposedToAt(el) {
+    if (!isAccTreeEligible) return true;
     try {
-      return !!document.querySelector('main, [role="main"]');
+      const r = isAccTreeEligible(el, ctx);
+      if (typeof r === 'boolean') return r;
+      return !!(r && r.eligible);
     } catch {
-      return false;
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function queryAll(selector) {
+    try {
+      return helpers && typeof helpers.queryAllSmart === 'function'
+        ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector)
+        : document.querySelectorAll(selector);
+    } catch {
+      return [];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Filters through isAccTreeEligible (hidden/aria-hidden/display:none/inert
+  // don't count as "a bypass mechanism is present") -- see page-has-heading-
+  // one-manual.js's identical fix for the real-world trigger (CDC's flu
+  // page, 2026-07-30: its only <h1> sits inside a display:none ancestor,
+  // unreachable by sighted and screen reader users alike). A fully
+  // non-rendered <main>/heading was previously credited here too, wrongly
+  // returning `pass` for a page with zero actual bypass mechanisms.
+  function hasMainLandmark() {
+    for (const el of queryAll('main, [role="main"]')) {
+      if (el && isExposedToAt(el)) return true;
     }
+    return false;
   }
 
   function hasWorkingAnchorLink() {
@@ -58040,11 +58350,10 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   }
 
   function hasHeading() {
-    try {
-      return !!document.querySelector('h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, [role="heading"]');
-    } catch {
-      return false;
+    for (const el of queryAll('h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, [role="heading"]')) {
+      if (el && isExposedToAt(el)) return true;
     }
+    return false;
   }
 
   const mainLandmark = hasMainLandmark();
@@ -58302,11 +58611,10 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "combobox-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -58438,7 +58746,7 @@ if (isAccTreeEligible) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="combobox"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for combobox elements that are labelable
   // native form controls (e.g. <input role="combobox">).
@@ -60165,14 +60473,13 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'fail', severity: rule.defaultSeverity || 'serious', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "definition-list-children-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   // Declared inside runInPage — see scripts/build-core.js header
   // ("runInPage MUST be self-contained").
   const PASSTHROUGH_TAGS = new Set(['dt', 'dd', 'script', 'template', 'style']);
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('dl', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('dl', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('dl') : helpers.queryAll('dl');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -60256,10 +60563,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "deprecated-elements-not-used": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('blink, marquee', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('blink, marquee', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('blink, marquee') : helpers.queryAll('blink, marquee');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -60298,11 +60604,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "dialog-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -60416,7 +60721,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="dialog"],[role="alertdialog"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -60481,10 +60786,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "dlitem-parent-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('dt, dd', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('dt, dd', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('dt, dd') : helpers.queryAll('dt, dd');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -61136,8 +61440,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "focus-order-semantics": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const NON_INTERACTIVE_ROLES = new Set([
     'generic', 'group', 'text', 'presentation', 'none', 'img', 'heading',
@@ -61147,7 +61450,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     'definition', 'paragraph', 'caption', 'status', 'alert', 'log', 'tooltip'
   ]);
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[tabindex][role]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[tabindex][role]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[tabindex][role]') : helpers.queryAll('[tabindex][role]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -61788,11 +62091,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [], data: { details: { metrics } } };
 }), applicability: null },
     "form-control-single-label": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const selector = 'input:not([type="hidden"]):not([type="submit"]):not([type="reset"]):not([type="button"]):not([type="image"]),select,textarea';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Build a for-value -> label[] map once (avoids per-control dynamic
   // attribute-selector construction / CSS.escape, which is not guaranteed
@@ -62070,14 +62372,13 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'fail', severity: rule.defaultSeverity || 'serious', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "identical-links-same-purpose": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function normName(s) {
     return (s == null ? '' : String(s)).replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim().toLowerCase();
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('a[href]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('a[href]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('a[href]') : helpers.queryAll('a[href]');
 
   const groups = new Map(); // normName -> [{ el, href }]
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -62157,8 +62458,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "iframe-focusable-content": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function hasFocusableCandidate(doc) {
     if (!doc || !doc.querySelectorAll) return false;
@@ -62190,7 +62490,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return !Number.isNaN(n) && n < 0;
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame') : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -62240,10 +62540,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "iframe-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame') : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -62295,10 +62594,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "iframe-title-unique": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('iframe, frame') : helpers.queryAll('iframe, frame');
 
   const groups = new Map(); // trimmed title -> elements[]
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -62353,8 +62651,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "image-redundant-alt": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
     return String(s || '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
@@ -62373,7 +62670,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return normalizeWs(text);
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('img[alt]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('img[alt]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('img[alt]') : helpers.queryAll('img[alt]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -63161,8 +63458,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "label-in-name": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -63171,7 +63467,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   // NOTE: aria-hidden is intentionally NOT excluded here; it does not affect visual rendering.
   const selector = ':is(button, a[href], summary, input:not([type="hidden"]), textarea, select, [role="button"], [role="link"], [role="checkbox"], [role="radio"], [role="switch"], [role="searchbox"], [role="tab"], [role="menuitem"], [role="menuitemcheckbox"], [role="menuitemradio"], [role="option"], [role="treeitem"], [role="gridcell"]):not([hidden]):not([disabled]):not([aria-disabled="true"]):is([aria-label], [aria-labelledby])';
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   function norm(s) {
     const v = (s == null ? '' : String(s));
@@ -63309,11 +63605,11 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     }
 
     // Fallback: label[for=id]. Uses `document` directly rather than
-    // ctx.root/safeRoot -- label[for] association is a document-wide
-    // relationship (IDs are document-unique), not bounded by whatever
-    // contextSelector region happens to be scanned, and ctx.root is an
-    // array (multi-region contextSelector support), not a single element
-    // with its own .querySelector to call directly.
+    // ctx.root -- label[for] association is a document-wide relationship
+    // (IDs are document-unique), not bounded by whatever contextSelector
+    // region happens to be scanned, and ctx.root is an array (multi-region
+    // contextSelector support), not a single element with its own
+    // .querySelector to call directly.
     try {
       const idAttribute = control && control.getAttribute ? (control.getAttribute('id') || '') : '';
       const key = String(idAttribute || '').trim();
@@ -63454,11 +63750,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "label-title-only": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const selector = 'input:not([type="hidden"]):not([type="submit"]):not([type="reset"]):not([type="button"]):not([type="image"]),select,textarea';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   const labelsByFor = new Map();
   const allLabels = document.getElementsByTagName ? document.getElementsByTagName('label') : [];
@@ -64505,8 +64800,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: rule.defaultSeverity || 'minor', occurrences };
 }), applicability: null },
     "link-in-text-block": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule, engineOptions } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule, engineOptions } = ctx;
 
   function safeComputedStyle(el) {
     try {
@@ -64552,7 +64846,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   const c = helpers && helpers.contrast ? helpers.contrast : null;
 
   const selector = 'a[href]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -64652,8 +64946,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "link-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -64674,7 +64967,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   }
 
   const selector = 'a[href], area[href], [role="link"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   for (const el of nodes) {
     // isAccTreeEligible returns { eligible, reasons }, not a boolean.
@@ -64687,7 +64980,20 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     const nameInfo = helpers.getAccessibleNameInfo ? helpers.getAccessibleNameInfo(el, ctx) : null;
     const programmaticName = (nameInfo && typeof nameInfo.value === 'string') ? nameInfo.value : '';
 
-    const contentName = programmaticName.trim().length === 0 ? getConservativeSubtreeText(el) : '';
+    // A native <a href>/<area href> (or [role="link"]) whose role has been
+    // overridden to one of these roles is no longer semantically a link —
+    // per the WAI-ARIA Accessible Name and Description Computation spec
+    // these roles are name-from-author-only, and their rendered content
+    // represents a VALUE, not a NAME (mirrors axe-core's controlValueRoles,
+    // verified against its source; see button-name-present.js's identical
+    // fix for a real-world example — <button role="combobox">List</button> —
+    // of the same class of bug on a different host tag).
+    const role = el.getAttribute ? el.getAttribute('role') : null;
+    const roleNorm = String(role || '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim().toLowerCase();
+    const VALUE_ROLES = ['textbox', 'progressbar', 'scrollbar', 'slider', 'spinbutton', 'combobox', 'listbox'];
+    const isContentNameCandidate = !VALUE_ROLES.includes(roleNorm);
+
+    const contentName = (programmaticName.trim().length === 0 && isContentNameCandidate) ? getConservativeSubtreeText(el) : '';
     const finalName = (programmaticName.trim().length ? programmaticName : contentName).trim();
 
     if (finalName.length === 0) {
@@ -64739,8 +65045,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "link-name-quality": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const GENERIC_LINK_TEXT = new Set([
     'click here', 'here', 'click', 'more', 'more info', 'more information',
@@ -64759,7 +65064,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   }
 
   const selector = 'a[href]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -64819,14 +65124,13 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "list-children-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   // Declared inside runInPage — see scripts/build-core.js header
   // ("runInPage MUST be self-contained").
   const ALLOWED_CHILD_TAGS = new Set(['li', 'script', 'template']);
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('ul, ol', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('ul, ol', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('ul, ol') : helpers.queryAll('ul, ol');
 
   const isAccTreeEligible = helpers && typeof helpers.isAccTreeEligible === 'function' ? helpers.isAccTreeEligible : null;
 
@@ -64897,11 +65201,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "listbox-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -65006,7 +65309,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"listbox\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for listbox elements that are labelable
   // native form controls (e.g. <select multiple role="listbox">).
@@ -65107,10 +65410,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "listitem-parent-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('li', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('li', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('li') : helpers.queryAll('li');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -65539,11 +65841,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "menuitem-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -65649,7 +65950,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="menuitem"],[role="menuitemcheckbox"],[role="menuitemradio"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -65955,11 +66256,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "meter-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -66023,7 +66323,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="meter"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -66089,8 +66389,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "mouse-only-event-handlers": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const MOUSE_ONLY_ATTRS = [
     'onmouseover', 'onmouseout', 'onmousedown', 'onmouseup',
@@ -66101,7 +66400,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
   const selector = MOUSE_ONLY_ATTRS.map((a) => `[${a}]`).join(', ');
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -66153,8 +66452,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "nested-interactive-controls-absent": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   // Declared inside runInPage — see scripts/build-core.js header
   // ("runInPage MUST be self-contained").
@@ -66183,7 +66481,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     '[role="treeitem"]'
   ].join(', ');
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(INTERACTIVE_SELECTOR, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(INTERACTIVE_SELECTOR, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(INTERACTIVE_SELECTOR) : helpers.queryAll(INTERACTIVE_SELECTOR);
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -66232,10 +66530,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "no-autoplay-audio": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('audio[autoplay], video[autoplay]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('audio[autoplay], video[autoplay]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('audio[autoplay], video[autoplay]') : helpers.queryAll('audio[autoplay], video[autoplay]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -66589,11 +66886,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return {ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: 'minor', occurrences};
 }), applicability: null },
     "option-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -66657,7 +66953,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"option\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function hasName(el) {
@@ -66720,8 +67016,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "p-as-heading": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const MAX_HEADING_LIKE_CHARS = 120;
   const MIN_FONT_SIZE_PX = 18;
@@ -66773,7 +67068,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return Number.isFinite(px) ? px : 0;
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('p', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('p', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('p') : helpers.queryAll('p');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -66855,14 +67150,31 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return tag === 'h1';
   }
 
+  const isAccTreeEligible = helpers && typeof helpers.isAccTreeEligible === 'function' ? helpers.isAccTreeEligible : null;
+
+  function isExposedToAt(el) {
+    if (!isAccTreeEligible) return true;
+    try {
+      const r = isAccTreeEligible(el, ctx);
+      if (typeof r === 'boolean') return r;
+      return !!(r && r.eligible);
+    } catch {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // queryAllSmart (shadow-DOM-aware) instead of plain document.querySelectorAll -- see
+  // landmark-one-main-manual.js's identical precedent.
   let nodes = [];
   try {
-    nodes = document.querySelectorAll('h1, [role]');
+    nodes = helpers && typeof helpers.queryAllSmart === 'function'
+      ? helpers.queryAllSmart('h1, [role]')
+      : document.querySelectorAll('h1, [role]');
   } catch {
     nodes = [];
   }
 
-  const hasH1 = Array.from(nodes).some((el) => el && isLevelOneHeading(el));
+  const hasH1 = Array.from(nodes).some((el) => el && isLevelOneHeading(el) && isExposedToAt(el));
 
   if (hasH1) {
     return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
@@ -67186,8 +67498,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "presentation-role-conflict": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   // The full set of ARIA attributes marked `global: true` per the WAI-ARIA
   // spec (confirmed against a widely-used reference engine's own
@@ -67204,8 +67515,8 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   const getFocusableInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getFocusableInfo === 'function' ? helpers.getFocusableInfo : null;
 
   const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart
-      ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role="presentation"], [role="none"], img[alt=""]', safeRoot)
-      : helpers.queryAll('[role="presentation"], [role="none"], img[alt=""]', safeRoot);
+      ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[role="presentation"], [role="none"], img[alt=""]')
+      : helpers.queryAll('[role="presentation"], [role="none"], img[alt=""]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -67269,11 +67580,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "progressbar-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -67337,7 +67647,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="progressbar"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -67749,8 +68059,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "scrollable-region-focusable": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function safeComputedStyle(el) {
     try {
@@ -67795,7 +68104,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   }
 
   const CANDIDATE_SELECTOR = 'div, section, article, aside, main, nav, pre, table, blockquote, ul, ol, textarea';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(CANDIDATE_SELECTOR, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(CANDIDATE_SELECTOR, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(CANDIDATE_SELECTOR) : helpers.queryAll(CANDIDATE_SELECTOR);
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -67850,11 +68159,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "searchbox-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -67959,7 +68267,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"searchbox\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for searchbox elements that are labelable
   // native form controls (e.g. <input role="searchbox">).
@@ -68060,10 +68368,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "server-side-image-map-absent": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('img[ismap]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('img[ismap]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('img[ismap]') : helpers.queryAll('img[ismap]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -68101,8 +68408,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "skip-link": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
     return String(s || '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
@@ -68129,7 +68435,31 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return normalizeWs(el.textContent);
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('a[href]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('a[href]', safeRoot);
+  function hasReliableGeometrySupport() {
+    const probe = document.documentElement || document.body || null;
+    if (!probe || !probe.getClientRects || !probe.getBoundingClientRect) return false;
+    try {
+      const rects = probe.getClientRects();
+      const rectCount = rects ? rects.length : 0;
+      const r = probe.getBoundingClientRect();
+      const w = r && Number.isFinite(r.width) ? r.width : 0;
+      const h = r && Number.isFinite(r.height) ? r.height : 0;
+      return rectCount > 0 && (w > 0 || h > 0);
+    } catch {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function toEligibility(info) {
+    return {
+      eligible: !!(info && info.eligible),
+      reasons: info && Array.isArray(info.reasons) ? info.reasons.slice(0) : []
+    };
+  }
+
+  const geometrySupported = hasReliableGeometrySupport();
+
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('a[href]') : helpers.queryAll('a[href]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -68167,7 +68497,63 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
       }
     }
 
-    if (target) continue;
+    if (target) {
+      const accEligibility = toEligibility(
+        helpers.getEligibilityInfo
+          ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo(target, ctx, { targetSet: 'acc' })
+          : (helpers.isAccTreeEligible ? helpers.isAccTreeEligible(target, ctx) : { eligible: true, reasons: [] })
+      );
+
+      let geometryEligibility = null;
+      let geometryReasonCode = null;
+      if (geometrySupported && helpers.isDomVisibleEligible) {
+        geometryEligibility = toEligibility(
+          helpers.isDomVisibleEligible(target, ctx, { visibilityMode: 'styleAndGeometry', ignoreOpacity: true })
+        );
+        if (!geometryEligibility.eligible && geometryEligibility.reasons.includes('noClientRects')) {
+          geometryReasonCode = 'NO_CLIENT_RECTS';
+        } else if (!geometryEligibility.eligible && geometryEligibility.reasons.includes('zeroArea')) {
+          geometryReasonCode = 'ZERO_AREA_TARGET';
+        }
+      }
+
+      const unusableByAcc = !accEligibility.eligible;
+      const unusableByGeometry = !!geometryReasonCode;
+      if (!unusableByAcc && !unusableByGeometry) continue;
+
+      const stableSelector = helpers.buildSelector ? helpers.buildSelector(el) : 'html';
+      const html = helpers.getOuterHtmlSnippet ? helpers.getOuterHtmlSnippet(el) : (el.outerHTML || '');
+
+      occurrences.push({
+        selector: stableSelector,
+        html,
+        summary: 'This skip link points to a target that exists but is not currently usable.',
+        hint: 'Point this skip link to a target that is exposed and usable as a navigation destination.',
+        i18n: {
+          summaryKey: 'skipLink_summary_unusableTarget_cantTell',
+          hintKey: 'skipLink_hint_unusableTarget_cantTell',
+          params: { href }
+        },
+        data: {
+          details: {
+            reasonCode: 'SKIP_LINK_TARGET_UNUSABLE',
+            href,
+            unusableReasonCode: unusableByAcc ? 'ACC_TREE_INELIGIBLE' : geometryReasonCode,
+            targetSelector: helpers.buildSelector ? helpers.buildSelector(target) : null,
+            geometryCheckEnabled: geometrySupported
+          },
+          visibilityFilter: {
+            targetSet: 'acc',
+            accEligible: accEligibility.eligible,
+            reasons: accEligibility.reasons
+          },
+          targetGeometry: geometryEligibility
+            ? { eligible: geometryEligibility.eligible, reasons: geometryEligibility.reasons }
+            : { eligible: null, reasons: [] }
+        }
+      });
+      continue;
+    }
 
     const stableSelector = helpers.buildSelector ? helpers.buildSelector(el) : 'html';
     const html = helpers.getOuterHtmlSnippet ? helpers.getOuterHtmlSnippet(el) : (el.outerHTML || '');
@@ -68197,11 +68583,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "slider-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -68333,7 +68718,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = 'input[type="range"], [role="slider"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for native range inputs.
@@ -68447,11 +68832,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "spinbutton-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -68556,7 +68940,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"spinbutton\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for spinbutton elements that are labelable
   // native form controls (e.g. <input role="spinbutton">).
@@ -68657,11 +69041,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "summary-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -68724,7 +69107,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('summary', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('summary', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('summary') : helpers.queryAll('summary');
 
   function evaluate(el) {
     const ariaLabel = getAttr(el, 'aria-label');
@@ -69363,11 +69746,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
     return {ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'cantTell', severity: 'minor', occurrences};
 }), applicability: null },
     "tab-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -69473,7 +69855,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="tab"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -69588,14 +69970,13 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "table-duplicate-name": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
     return String(s || '').replace(/\s+/g, ' ').trim();
   }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table[summary]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('table[summary]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table[summary]') : helpers.queryAll('table[summary]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -69641,12 +70022,11 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "table-fake-caption": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('table', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table') : helpers.queryAll('table');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -69709,10 +70089,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'notApplicable', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "table-headers-attr-valid": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('td[headers], th[headers]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('td[headers], th[headers]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('td[headers], th[headers]') : helpers.queryAll('td[headers], th[headers]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -69786,10 +70165,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "table-th-has-data-cells": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const tables = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('table', safeRoot);
+  const tables = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table') : helpers.queryAll('table');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -70348,14 +70726,13 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: RULE_ID, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "td-has-header": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const MIN_SIZE = 4;
 
   function trim(v) { return (v == null ? '' : String(v)).trim(); }
 
-  const tables = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('table', safeRoot);
+  const tables = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('table') : helpers.queryAll('table');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -70441,11 +70818,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "textbox-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -70550,7 +70926,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"textbox\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
   // Precompute label[for] map for textbox elements that are labelable
   // native form controls (e.g. <input role="textbox">).
@@ -70651,11 +71027,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "tooltip-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -70719,7 +71094,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = '[role="tooltip"]';
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function evaluate(el) {
@@ -70783,11 +71158,10 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "treeitem-name-present": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
   const getEligibilityInfo = helpers && typeof helpers.getEligibilityInfo === 'function'
       ? helpers.getEligibilityInfo
       : null;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
 
 
   function normalizeWs(s) {
@@ -70851,7 +71225,7 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   let applicableCount = 0;
 
   const selector = "[role=\"treeitem\"]";
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector, safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll(selector, safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart(selector) : helpers.queryAll(selector);
 
 
   function hasName(el) {
@@ -70914,12 +71288,11 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "valid-lang": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
   const BCP47_RE = /^[a-zA-Z]{2,3}(-[a-zA-Z0-9]{2,8})*$/;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[lang]', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('[lang]', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('[lang]') : helpers.queryAll('[lang]');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -70964,10 +71337,9 @@ if (scan && scan.elements && Array.isArray(scan.elements)) {
   return { ruleId: rule.ruleId, outcome: 'pass', severity: 'minor', occurrences: [] };
 }), applicability: null },
     "video-caption": { run: (function runInPage(ctx) {
-  const { document, root, helpers, rule } = ctx;
-  const safeRoot = root || document;
+  const { document, helpers, rule } = ctx;
 
-  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('video', safeRoot) : helpers.queryAll('video', safeRoot);
+  const nodes = helpers.queryAllSmart ? helpers.queryAllSmart('video') : helpers.queryAll('video');
 
   const occurrences = [];
   let applicableCount = 0;
@@ -71689,10 +72061,12 @@ const I18N = {
     "region_description": "Checks that direct children of <body> with visible text content are contained within a landmark region.",
     "region_summary_cantTell": "This content is not contained within a landmark region.",
     "region_hint_cantTell": "Move this content inside a landmark region (main, nav, aside, a labeled section, etc.).",
-    "skipLink_title": "Skip link must have a resolvable target",
-    "skipLink_description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real element in the document.",
+    "skipLink_title": "Skip link must have a resolvable, usable target",
+    "skipLink_description": "Checks that a \"skip to ...\" link's href fragment resolves to a real, currently usable element in the document.",
     "skipLink_summary_cantTell": "This skip link's target does not exist.",
     "skipLink_hint_cantTell": "Point the skip link's href at an id that exists in the document, or add the missing target element.",
+    "skipLink_summary_unusableTarget_cantTell": "This skip link points to a target that exists but is not currently usable.",
+    "skipLink_hint_unusableTarget_cantTell": "Point this skip link to a target that is exposed and usable as a navigation destination.",
     "autocompleteValid_title": "autocomplete attribute must be a valid autofill value",
     "autocompleteValid_description": "Checks that a non-empty autocomplete attribute is \"on\"/\"off\" or a well-formed autofill detail token list.",
     "autocompleteValid_summary_fail": "This autocomplete attribute value is not a valid autofill value.",
@@ -72291,10 +72665,12 @@ const I18N = {
     "region_description": "Vérifie que les enfants directs de <body> ayant un contenu textuel visible sont contenus dans un point de repère.",
     "region_summary_cantTell": "Ce contenu n’est contenu dans aucun point de repère.",
     "region_hint_cantTell": "Déplacez ce contenu à l’intérieur d’un point de repère (main, nav, aside, une section nommée, etc.).",
-    "skipLink_title": "Un lien d’évitement doit avoir une cible qui se résout",
-    "skipLink_description": "Vérifie que le fragment href d’un lien « aller au... » se résout vers un élément réel du document.",
+    "skipLink_title": "Un lien d’évitement doit avoir une cible qui se résout et qui est utilisable",
+    "skipLink_description": "Vérifie que le fragment href d’un lien « aller au... » se résout vers un élément réel et actuellement utilisable du document.",
     "skipLink_summary_cantTell": "La cible de ce lien d’évitement n’existe pas.",
     "skipLink_hint_cantTell": "Faites pointer le href du lien d’évitement vers un id qui existe dans le document, ou ajoutez l’élément cible manquant.",
+    "skipLink_summary_unusableTarget_cantTell": "Ce lien d’évitement pointe vers une cible qui existe mais qui n’est pas actuellement utilisable.",
+    "skipLink_hint_unusableTarget_cantTell": "Faites pointer ce lien d’évitement vers une cible exposée et utilisable comme destination de navigation.",
     "autocompleteValid_title": "L’attribut autocomplete doit être une valeur d’auto-remplissage valide",
     "autocompleteValid_description": "Vérifie qu’un attribut autocomplete non vide vaut « on »/« off » ou une liste de jetons d’auto-remplissage bien formée.",
     "autocompleteValid_summary_fail": "Cette valeur d’attribut autocomplete n’est pas une valeur d’auto-remplissage valide.",
@@ -75100,6 +75476,10 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
     })();
     // Default on: opt OUT with `includeShadowDom: false`, not opt in.
     const includeShadowDom = !(opts && opts.includeShadowDom === false);
+    // Default off: by default, helper queries skip structurally/CSS-hidden
+    // subtrees (display:none, [hidden], closed <details>, etc.). Callers can
+    // opt out with includeHiddenElements:true.
+    const includeHiddenElements = !!(opts && opts.includeHiddenElements === true);
     const excludeSelectors = Array.isArray(opts && opts.excludeSelectors) ? opts.excludeSelectors : [];
 
     // Rule-scoped excludes (engineOptions.rules[ruleId].excludeSelectors), set
@@ -76066,8 +76446,55 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
         return results;
     }
 
+    const HARD_HIDDEN_REASONS = new Set([
+        'displayNone',
+        'hiddenAttr',
+        'detailsClosed',
+        'templateContent',
+        'nonRenderedElement',
+        'inputHidden',
+        'visibilityHidden',
+        'contentVisibilityHidden'
+    ]);
+
     function queryAllSmart(sel) {
-        const list = includeShadowDom ? queryAllDeep(sel) : queryAll(sel);
+        let list = includeShadowDom ? queryAllDeep(sel) : queryAll(sel);
+
+        // Global hidden-content policy: skip nodes that are fully excluded from
+        // rendered visibility by default (unless includeHiddenElements:true).
+        if (!includeHiddenElements) {
+            list = list.filter((el) => {
+                try {
+                    const vis = isAccTreeEligible(el);
+                    if (!vis || vis.eligible !== false) return true;
+                    const reasons = Array.isArray(vis.reasons) ? vis.reasons : [];
+                    for (const r of reasons) {
+                        if (HARD_HIDDEN_REASONS.has(r)) return false;
+                    }
+
+                    // `isAccTreeEligible` can short-circuit on an inert ancestor
+                    // before it reaches an outer hard-hidden ancestor (e.g.
+                    // display:none wrapper). In that case the node is still
+                    // structurally hidden and should be excluded by the default
+                    // hidden-content policy.
+                    if (reasons.includes('inert')) {
+                        const domVis = isDomVisibleEligible(el, null, {
+                            visibilityMode: 'styleOnly',
+                            disableGeometry: true,
+                            ignoreOpacity: true
+                        });
+                        const domReasons = Array.isArray(domVis && domVis.reasons) ? domVis.reasons : [];
+                        for (const r of domReasons) {
+                            if (HARD_HIDDEN_REASONS.has(r)) return false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                } catch {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
         return __getEffectiveExcludeSelectors().length ? list.filter((el) => !isExcluded(el)) : list;
     }
 
@@ -78637,6 +79064,36 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
             let node = el;
             let safety = 0;
 
+            // Only apply the "stop climbing once we reach a contextSelector-
+            // matched root" shortcut when there's a single (or no) matched
+            // root -- resolveContextRoots() falls back to `[documentElement]`
+            // when no contextSelector is given, so this is the overwhelmingly
+            // common case and behaves exactly as before.
+            //
+            // With MULTIPLE matched roots (multi-region contextSelector
+            // scans), stopping there without recording anything about which
+            // root produced an ambiguous, non-unique selector string for two
+            // structurally-identical regions -- a real, confirmed bug (found
+            // 2026-07-29 via the cross-engine comparisons project): two
+            // wrapper <div>s, each containing two identical ".widget"
+            // sections scanned via `contextSelector: '.widget'`, produced the
+            // *same* selector string ("section:nth-of-type(1) > div > div >
+            // button") for the equivalent button in each wrapper --
+            // resolving to 2 elements instead of 1 when queried, and pointing
+            // at the wrong one for at least one of the two occurrences. The
+            // existing `el.matches(candidate)` safety check below couldn't
+            // catch this: it only verifies THIS element matches the string,
+            // never that the string is unique document-wide.
+            //
+            // Fix: when multiple roots are in play, don't stop early --
+            // keep climbing (same as the always-correct no-contextSelector
+            // path) until finding a genuinely unique anchor or reaching the
+            // true document root, which is always singular. That restores
+            // the invariant the final safety-check comment below relies on,
+            // rather than needing a separate (more expensive) document-wide
+            // uniqueness re-check.
+            const stopAtMatchedRoot = roots.length <= 1;
+
             while (node && node.nodeType === 1 && safety++ < 20) {
                 let anchor = null;
 
@@ -78676,7 +79133,7 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
                     parts.unshift(nthOfType(node));
                 }
 
-                if (!node.parentElement || roots.includes(node)) break;
+                if (!node.parentElement || (stopAtMatchedRoot && roots.includes(node))) break;
                 node = node.parentElement;
             }
 
@@ -78695,7 +79152,12 @@ const createDomHelpers = (function createDomHelpers(opts) {
             // position relative to its own parent via `>` (child, not
             // descendant) combinators, so a correctly-matching chain can
             // only resolve to one element short of a malformed document
-            // (e.g. two <html> roots). Re-deriving that guarantee via a
+            // (e.g. two <html> roots) -- true as long as the walk above
+            // never stops short of a genuinely unique anchor/root, which is
+            // exactly what `stopAtMatchedRoot` now guarantees (see its own
+            // comment above; a multi-root contextSelector scan stopping
+            // early used to violate this invariant silently). Re-deriving
+            // that guarantee via a
             // document-wide :nth-of-type scan was measured to cost O(total
             // same-tag siblings) per call — pathological on pages with many
             // flat, unidentified siblings (e.g. hundreds of unlabeled
@@ -79262,6 +79724,9 @@ const runCore = (function runCore(pageUrl, contextSelector, engineOptions, runOn
 
     // Default on: opt OUT with `includeShadowDom: false`, not opt in.
     const includeShadowDom = !(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.includeShadowDom === false);
+    // Default off: hidden/collapsed content is excluded from rule evaluation
+    // unless the caller explicitly opts in.
+    const includeHiddenElements = !!(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.includeHiddenElements === true);
     const excludeSelectors = normalizeSelectorList(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.excludeSelectors);
 
     const url = pageUrl || (document.location && document.location.href) || null;
@@ -79272,11 +79737,27 @@ const runCore = (function runCore(pageUrl, contextSelector, engineOptions, runOn
             ? engineOptionsResolved.timestamp.trim()
             : null;
 
+    // createDomHelpers()/createContrastHelpers() persist their element-keyed
+    // caches (outerHtmlCache, selectorCache, etc.) on window.__a11ycoreSharedCache
+    // so multiple helper instances created *within this run* can share them
+    // deterministically. But a window/document is frequently reused across
+    // SEPARATE runs -- e.g. Jest's jsdom environment creates one window per
+    // test file, and mutating document.body between it() blocks is standard.
+    // Those caches are keyed by element reference, not content, so a run that
+    // reuses an already-cached element (document.body never changes identity)
+    // would otherwise read stale data cached by an earlier, unrelated run on
+    // the same window. Clearing at the start of every run keeps sharing scoped
+    // to "this run" as intended, without leaking across runs.
+    try {
+        if (window && window.__a11ycoreSharedCache) window.__a11ycoreSharedCache = {};
+    } catch {}
+
     const sharedHelpers = createDomHelpers({
         document,
         window,
         root: roots,
         includeShadowDom,
+        includeHiddenElements,
         excludeSelectors,
         // Optional perf counters (bench/debug only). Deterministic and per-run.
         perfStats: !!(engineOptionsResolved && engineOptionsResolved.perfStats)