@su-record/vibe 2.9.24 → 2.9.32

package/skills/ui-ux-pro-max/reference/interaction-design.md

@@ -1,544 +1,544 @@
-# Interaction Design Reference
-
-Deep reference for building interactive UI that is accessible, predictable, and polished. Covers the full lifecycle of a component's states, focus handling, form behavior, overlays, menus, touch targets, and loading feedback.
-
----
-
-## 8 Interactive States
-
-Every interactive element must account for eight distinct states. Missing even one breaks accessibility or trust.
-
-### State Definitions and Implementation
-
-**Default** — the element at rest. Provide enough visual affordance that the user knows it is interactive. Borders, shadows, and color contrast carry this signal.
-
-**Hover** — pointer is over the element but not pressed. Communicate interactivity with a cursor change and a subtle visual shift. Never rely on hover alone to reveal essential UI.
-
-**Focus** — keyboard or programmatic focus. Must be visible at all times for keyboard users. Use `:focus-visible` so mouse users are not shown an outline on click.
-
-**Active** — element is being pressed (mousedown / touchstart). Provide immediate feedback: a slight scale-down or darker background confirms the press registered.
-
-**Disabled** — element exists but cannot be interacted with. Reduce opacity, change cursor to `not-allowed`, and remove from tab order with `disabled` attribute (not just `aria-disabled`).
-
-**Loading** — action has been triggered and the system is working. Replace interactive content with a spinner or skeleton. Disable the trigger to prevent double-submission.
-
-**Error** — the action failed or input is invalid. Show a message in red near the source. Use `aria-describedby` to associate the message with the input.
-
-**Success** — the action completed. Provide a brief confirmation (green checkmark, toast, inline message). Auto-dismiss non-critical confirmations after 3–5 seconds.
-
-```tsx
-// Button covering all 8 states
-type ButtonState = 'default' | 'loading' | 'error' | 'success';
-
-interface ButtonProps {
-  label: string;
-  state?: ButtonState;
-  disabled?: boolean;
-  onClick: () => void;
-}
-
-export function Button({ label, state = 'default', disabled = false, onClick }: ButtonProps) {
-  const isLoading = state === 'loading';
-  const isDisabled = disabled || isLoading;
-
-  return (
-    <button
-      onClick={onClick}
-      disabled={isDisabled}
-      aria-busy={isLoading}
-      className={[
-        'btn',
-        `btn--${state}`,
-        isDisabled ? 'btn--disabled' : '',
-      ].join(' ')}
-    >
-      {isLoading ? <Spinner size={16} /> : label}
-    </button>
-  );
-}
-```
-
-```css
-.btn {
-  cursor: pointer;
-  transition: background 120ms ease, transform 80ms ease, opacity 120ms ease;
-}
-.btn:hover:not(:disabled) { background: var(--color-primary-hover); }
-.btn:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--color-focus); outline-offset: 2px; }
-.btn:active:not(:disabled) { transform: scale(0.97); }
-.btn:disabled, .btn--disabled { opacity: 0.4; cursor: not-allowed; }
-.btn--error { border-color: var(--color-error); color: var(--color-error); }
-.btn--success { background: var(--color-success); }
-```
-
-### DO / DON'T
-
-- DO define all 8 states in your design system before building components.
-- DO use CSS custom properties so states share a single token source.
-- DON'T use `pointer-events: none` as the sole disabled mechanism — it does not remove the element from tab order.
-- DON'T rely on color alone to communicate state — pair color with an icon or label change.
-- DON'T skip the active state; it is the only immediate feedback on slow networks.
-
----
-
-## Focus Management
-
-### Visible Focus Indicators
-
-The browser default outline is intentionally visible. Never remove it without replacing it.
-
-```css
-/* Wrong: removes focus for everyone */
-*:focus { outline: none; }
-
-/* Correct: hides outline on mouse click, keeps it for keyboard */
-*:focus-visible {
-  outline: 2px solid var(--color-focus, #0066cc);
-  outline-offset: 2px;
-  border-radius: 2px;
-}
-```
-
-A minimum 3:1 contrast ratio between the focus indicator and adjacent colors is required by WCAG 2.2 (Success Criterion 2.4.11).
-
-### Skip Links
-
-The first focusable element on every page must be a skip link that jumps past repeated navigation.
-
-```tsx
-export function SkipLink() {
-  return (
-    <a
-      href="#main-content"
-      className="skip-link"
-    >
-      Skip to main content
-    </a>
-  );
-}
-```
-
-```css
-.skip-link {
-  position: absolute;
-  top: -100%;
-  left: 1rem;
-  z-index: 9999;
-  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
-  background: var(--color-surface);
-  border: 2px solid var(--color-focus);
-}
-.skip-link:focus { top: 1rem; }
-```
-
-### Programmatic Focus Management
-
-When content changes dynamically — modal opens, error appears, route changes — move focus deliberately.
-
-```tsx
-import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
-
-function ErrorMessage({ message }: { message: string }) {
-  const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (message) ref.current?.focus();
-  }, [message]);
-
-  return (
-    <div
-      ref={ref}
-      role="alert"
-      tabIndex={-1}
-      className="error-message"
-    >
-      {message}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-```
-
-### DO / DON'T
-
-- DO use `:focus-visible` exclusively — never `:focus` for visual indicators.
-- DO include a skip link as the first interactive element on every page.
-- DON'T use `tabIndex` values above 0; they break the natural tab order.
-- DON'T move focus on scroll or hover — only move it in response to user-initiated actions.
-
----
-
-## Form Design
-
-### Labels Are Non-Negotiable
-
-Every input requires a visible, persistent label. Placeholder text is not a label — it disappears on input and has low contrast.
-
-```tsx
-interface FieldProps {
-  id: string;
-  label: string;
-  error?: string;
-  required?: boolean;
-}
-
-export function TextField({ id, label, error, required, ...inputProps }: FieldProps) {
-  const errorId = `${id}-error`;
-  return (
-    <div className="field">
-      <label htmlFor={id} className="field__label">
-        {label}
-        {required && <span aria-hidden="true" className="field__required"> *</span>}
-      </label>
-      <input
-        id={id}
-        aria-describedby={error ? errorId : undefined}
-        aria-invalid={!!error}
-        aria-required={required}
-        className={`field__input ${error ? 'field__input--error' : ''}`}
-        {...inputProps}
-      />
-      {error && (
-        <p id={errorId} role="alert" className="field__error">
-          {error}
-        </p>
-      )}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-```
-
-### Inline Validation Timing
-
-Validate on blur (when the user leaves the field), not on every keystroke. Re-validate on change after the first error is shown. This prevents premature errors while still giving fast feedback.
-
-```tsx
-function useFieldValidation(validate: (v: string) => string | undefined) {
-  const [value, setValue] = useState('');
-  const [error, setError] = useState<string | undefined>();
-  const [touched, setTouched] = useState(false);
-
-  const handleChange = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
-    setValue(e.target.value);
-    if (touched) setError(validate(e.target.value));
-  };
-
-  const handleBlur = () => {
-    setTouched(true);
-    setError(validate(value));
-  };
-
-  return { value, error, handleChange, handleBlur };
-}
-```
-
-### Submit Button States
-
-The submit button must reflect loading and result states to prevent double-submission.
-
-```tsx
-type SubmitState = 'idle' | 'submitting' | 'submitted' | 'error';
-
-function SubmitButton({ state }: { state: SubmitState }) {
-  const labels: Record<SubmitState, string> = {
-    idle: 'Submit',
-    submitting: 'Submitting…',
-    submitted: 'Submitted',
-    error: 'Try again',
-  };
-  return (
-    <button type="submit" disabled={state === 'submitting'} aria-busy={state === 'submitting'}>
-      {labels[state]}
-    </button>
-  );
-}
-```
-
-### DO / DON'T
-
-- DO place error messages directly below the relevant field, not in a summary at the top.
-- DO use `aria-describedby` to associate the error with the input programmatically.
-- DON'T use placeholder text as a substitute for labels.
-- DON'T validate on every keystroke for the first visit to a field.
-- DON'T disable the submit button before the user attempts submission — let them try and show specific errors.
-
----
-
-## Modal Patterns
-
-### Focus Trap
-
-When a modal opens, focus must stay inside it. Tabbing past the last focusable element wraps back to the first.
-
-```tsx
-import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
-
-const FOCUSABLE = 'a, button, input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])';
-
-export function Modal({ isOpen, onClose, children }: ModalProps) {
-  const dialogRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
-
-  useEffect(() => {
-    if (!isOpen) return;
-
-    const dialog = dialogRef.current;
-    if (!dialog) return;
-
-    const focusable = Array.from(dialog.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>(FOCUSABLE));
-    const first = focusable[0];
-    const last = focusable[focusable.length - 1];
-
-    first?.focus();
-
-    const trap = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
-      if (e.key !== 'Tab') return;
-      if (e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === first) {
-        e.preventDefault();
-        last.focus();
-      } else if (!e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === last) {
-        e.preventDefault();
-        first.focus();
-      }
-    };
-
-    const escape = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
-      if (e.key === 'Escape') onClose();
-    };
-
-    document.addEventListener('keydown', trap);
-    document.addEventListener('keydown', escape);
-    return () => {
-      document.removeEventListener('keydown', trap);
-      document.removeEventListener('keydown', escape);
-    };
-  }, [isOpen, onClose]);
-
-  if (!isOpen) return null;
-
-  return (
-    <>
-      <div className="modal-backdrop" onClick={onClose} aria-hidden="true" />
-      <div
-        ref={dialogRef}
-        role="dialog"
-        aria-modal="true"
-        className="modal"
-      >
-        {children}
-      </div>
-    </>
-  );
-}
-```
-
-### Scroll Lock
-
-Prevent the page from scrolling behind an open modal.
-
-```css
-body.modal-open {
-  overflow: hidden;
-  /* Compensate for scrollbar width to prevent layout shift */
-  padding-right: var(--scrollbar-width, 0);
-}
-```
-
-### DO / DON'T
-
-- DO return focus to the trigger element when the modal closes.
-- DO lock scroll on `<body>` when a modal is open.
-- DON'T make backdrop click the only way to close — always support Escape.
-- DON'T autofocus a destructive action (e.g., "Delete") as the first focusable element.
-
----
-
-## Dropdown and Menu Patterns
-
-### Keyboard Navigation
-
-ARIA `menu` and `menuitem` roles carry expected keyboard contracts: arrow keys move between items, Enter/Space activate, Escape closes, and Home/End jump to first/last.
-
-```tsx
-function useMenuKeyboard(items: HTMLElement[], onClose: () => void) {
-  return (e: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
-    const current = document.activeElement as HTMLElement;
-    const idx = items.indexOf(current);
-
-    switch (e.key) {
-      case 'ArrowDown':
-        e.preventDefault();
-        items[(idx + 1) % items.length]?.focus();
-        break;
-      case 'ArrowUp':
-        e.preventDefault();
-        items[(idx - 1 + items.length) % items.length]?.focus();
-        break;
-      case 'Home':
-        e.preventDefault();
-        items[0]?.focus();
-        break;
-      case 'End':
-        e.preventDefault();
-        items[items.length - 1]?.focus();
-        break;
-      case 'Escape':
-        onClose();
-        break;
-    }
-  };
-}
-```
-
-### Typeahead Search
-
-Users expect to type a letter to jump to the matching item in a list.
-
-```tsx
-function useTypeahead(items: string[]) {
-  const buffer = useRef('');
-  const timer = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>();
-
-  return (key: string): number => {
-    clearTimeout(timer.current);
-    buffer.current += key.toLowerCase();
-    timer.current = setTimeout(() => { buffer.current = ''; }, 500);
-    return items.findIndex(item => item.toLowerCase().startsWith(buffer.current));
-  };
-}
-```
-
-### Anchor Positioning
-
-Position the dropdown below its trigger by default. Flip above if there is not enough viewport space below.
-
-```css
-.dropdown {
-  position: absolute;
-  top: calc(100% + 4px);
-  left: 0;
-  min-width: 100%;
-  z-index: var(--z-dropdown, 100);
-}
-```
-
-### DO / DON'T
-
-- DO implement full arrow-key navigation in every menu and listbox.
-- DO support typeahead in long lists (more than 7 items).
-- DON'T close the menu on blur from any item — close only when focus leaves the entire menu widget.
-- DON'T open a dropdown on hover for primary navigation; hover reveals are invisible to keyboard and touch users.
-
----
-
-## Touch Targets
-
-### Minimum Size Requirements
-
-WCAG 2.5.5 (Level AAA) and WCAG 2.5.8 (Level AA, 2.2) require a minimum 24×24px target size with adequate spacing. Apple HIG and Material Design both recommend 44×44px as a practical minimum.
-
-```css
-.touch-target {
-  min-width: 44px;
-  min-height: 44px;
-  display: inline-flex;
-  align-items: center;
-  justify-content: center;
-}
-```
-
-When the visual element must be smaller (e.g., a 16px icon), expand the hit area with padding or a pseudo-element.
-
-```css
-.icon-button {
-  position: relative;
-  width: 20px;
-  height: 20px;
-}
-.icon-button::before {
-  content: '';
-  position: absolute;
-  inset: -12px; /* extends 12px on each side → 44px total */
-}
-```
-
-### Spacing Between Targets
-
-Adjacent targets need at least 8px of gap so accidental activation is unlikely.
-
-```css
-.toolbar {
-  display: flex;
-  gap: 8px;
-}
-```
-
-### DO / DON'T
-
-- DO expand hit areas with padding or pseudo-elements rather than enlarging the visual element.
-- DO maintain at least 8px spacing between adjacent interactive elements.
-- DON'T place two destructive actions (e.g., "Delete" and "Archive") adjacent with minimal spacing.
-- DON'T measure touch targets by their visual size — measure the actual interactive area.
-
----
-
-## Loading Patterns
-
-### Choosing the Right Pattern
-
-Three loading patterns serve different situations.
-
-**Skeleton screens** — use when you know the shape of the incoming content (a card, a table row, a list). They set accurate spatial expectations and feel faster because they show structure immediately.
-
-**Spinners** — use when you do not know the shape of the result (a search, a file upload) or when the operation is fast enough (under 300ms) that a skeleton would flash.
-
-**Progress bars** — use only when you have a real percentage to report (file upload, batch processing). A fake animated progress bar is worse than a spinner because it lies to the user.
-
-```tsx
-function SkeletonCard() {
-  return (
-    <div className="skeleton-card" aria-hidden="true">
-      <div className="skeleton skeleton--avatar" />
-      <div className="skeleton skeleton--line skeleton--line-80" />
-      <div className="skeleton skeleton--line skeleton--line-60" />
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-```
-
-```css
-@keyframes shimmer {
-  from { background-position: -200% 0; }
-  to   { background-position:  200% 0; }
-}
-
-.skeleton {
-  background: linear-gradient(
-    90deg,
-    var(--color-skeleton-base) 25%,
-    var(--color-skeleton-highlight) 50%,
-    var(--color-skeleton-base) 75%
-  );
-  background-size: 200% 100%;
-  animation: shimmer 1.4s ease infinite;
-  border-radius: 4px;
-}
-```
-
-### Announcing Loading State to Screen Readers
-
-```tsx
-function LoadingRegion({ isLoading, children }: { isLoading: boolean; children: React.ReactNode }) {
-  return (
-    <div aria-live="polite" aria-busy={isLoading}>
-      {isLoading ? <SkeletonCard /> : children}
-    </div>
-  );
-}
-```
-
-### DO / DON'T
-
-- DO use skeleton screens for content with a known layout.
-- DO add `aria-busy="true"` and `aria-live="polite"` to regions that load asynchronously.
-- DON'T use a fake animated progress bar that does not reflect real progress.
-- DON'T show a spinner for operations that complete in under 100ms — the flash is disorienting.
-- DON'T leave a spinner visible indefinitely without a timeout and an error fallback.
+# Interaction Design Reference
+
+Deep reference for building interactive UI that is accessible, predictable, and polished. Covers the full lifecycle of a component's states, focus handling, form behavior, overlays, menus, touch targets, and loading feedback.
+
+---
+
+## 8 Interactive States
+
+Every interactive element must account for eight distinct states. Missing even one breaks accessibility or trust.
+
+### State Definitions and Implementation
+
+**Default** — the element at rest. Provide enough visual affordance that the user knows it is interactive. Borders, shadows, and color contrast carry this signal.
+
+**Hover** — pointer is over the element but not pressed. Communicate interactivity with a cursor change and a subtle visual shift. Never rely on hover alone to reveal essential UI.
+
+**Focus** — keyboard or programmatic focus. Must be visible at all times for keyboard users. Use `:focus-visible` so mouse users are not shown an outline on click.
+
+**Active** — element is being pressed (mousedown / touchstart). Provide immediate feedback: a slight scale-down or darker background confirms the press registered.
+
+**Disabled** — element exists but cannot be interacted with. Reduce opacity, change cursor to `not-allowed`, and remove from tab order with `disabled` attribute (not just `aria-disabled`).
+
+**Loading** — action has been triggered and the system is working. Replace interactive content with a spinner or skeleton. Disable the trigger to prevent double-submission.
+
+**Error** — the action failed or input is invalid. Show a message in red near the source. Use `aria-describedby` to associate the message with the input.
+
+**Success** — the action completed. Provide a brief confirmation (green checkmark, toast, inline message). Auto-dismiss non-critical confirmations after 3–5 seconds.
+
+```tsx
+// Button covering all 8 states
+type ButtonState = 'default' | 'loading' | 'error' | 'success';
+
+interface ButtonProps {
+  label: string;
+  state?: ButtonState;
+  disabled?: boolean;
+  onClick: () => void;
+}
+
+export function Button({ label, state = 'default', disabled = false, onClick }: ButtonProps) {
+  const isLoading = state === 'loading';
+  const isDisabled = disabled || isLoading;
+
+  return (
+    <button
+      onClick={onClick}
+      disabled={isDisabled}
+      aria-busy={isLoading}
+      className={[
+        'btn',
+        `btn--${state}`,
+        isDisabled ? 'btn--disabled' : '',
+      ].join(' ')}
+    >
+      {isLoading ? <Spinner size={16} /> : label}
+    </button>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+```css
+.btn {
+  cursor: pointer;
+  transition: background 120ms ease, transform 80ms ease, opacity 120ms ease;
+}
+.btn:hover:not(:disabled) { background: var(--color-primary-hover); }
+.btn:focus-visible { outline: 2px solid var(--color-focus); outline-offset: 2px; }
+.btn:active:not(:disabled) { transform: scale(0.97); }
+.btn:disabled, .btn--disabled { opacity: 0.4; cursor: not-allowed; }
+.btn--error { border-color: var(--color-error); color: var(--color-error); }
+.btn--success { background: var(--color-success); }
+```
+
+### DO / DON'T
+
+- DO define all 8 states in your design system before building components.
+- DO use CSS custom properties so states share a single token source.
+- DON'T use `pointer-events: none` as the sole disabled mechanism — it does not remove the element from tab order.
+- DON'T rely on color alone to communicate state — pair color with an icon or label change.
+- DON'T skip the active state; it is the only immediate feedback on slow networks.
+
+---
+
+## Focus Management
+
+### Visible Focus Indicators
+
+The browser default outline is intentionally visible. Never remove it without replacing it.
+
+```css
+/* Wrong: removes focus for everyone */
+*:focus { outline: none; }
+
+/* Correct: hides outline on mouse click, keeps it for keyboard */
+*:focus-visible {
+  outline: 2px solid var(--color-focus, #0066cc);
+  outline-offset: 2px;
+  border-radius: 2px;
+}
+```
+
+A minimum 3:1 contrast ratio between the focus indicator and adjacent colors is required by WCAG 2.2 (Success Criterion 2.4.11).
+
+### Skip Links
+
+The first focusable element on every page must be a skip link that jumps past repeated navigation.
+
+```tsx
+export function SkipLink() {
+  return (
+    <a
+      href="#main-content"
+      className="skip-link"
+    >
+      Skip to main content
+    </a>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+```css
+.skip-link {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: -100%;
+  left: 1rem;
+  z-index: 9999;
+  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
+  background: var(--color-surface);
+  border: 2px solid var(--color-focus);
+}
+.skip-link:focus { top: 1rem; }
+```
+
+### Programmatic Focus Management
+
+When content changes dynamically — modal opens, error appears, route changes — move focus deliberately.
+
+```tsx
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
+
+function ErrorMessage({ message }: { message: string }) {
+  const ref = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (message) ref.current?.focus();
+  }, [message]);
+
+  return (
+    <div
+      ref={ref}
+      role="alert"
+      tabIndex={-1}
+      className="error-message"
+    >
+      {message}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+### DO / DON'T
+
+- DO use `:focus-visible` exclusively — never `:focus` for visual indicators.
+- DO include a skip link as the first interactive element on every page.
+- DON'T use `tabIndex` values above 0; they break the natural tab order.
+- DON'T move focus on scroll or hover — only move it in response to user-initiated actions.
+
+---
+
+## Form Design
+
+### Labels Are Non-Negotiable
+
+Every input requires a visible, persistent label. Placeholder text is not a label — it disappears on input and has low contrast.
+
+```tsx
+interface FieldProps {
+  id: string;
+  label: string;
+  error?: string;
+  required?: boolean;
+}
+
+export function TextField({ id, label, error, required, ...inputProps }: FieldProps) {
+  const errorId = `${id}-error`;
+  return (
+    <div className="field">
+      <label htmlFor={id} className="field__label">
+        {label}
+        {required && <span aria-hidden="true" className="field__required"> *</span>}
+      </label>
+      <input
+        id={id}
+        aria-describedby={error ? errorId : undefined}
+        aria-invalid={!!error}
+        aria-required={required}
+        className={`field__input ${error ? 'field__input--error' : ''}`}
+        {...inputProps}
+      />
+      {error && (
+        <p id={errorId} role="alert" className="field__error">
+          {error}
+        </p>
+      )}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+### Inline Validation Timing
+
+Validate on blur (when the user leaves the field), not on every keystroke. Re-validate on change after the first error is shown. This prevents premature errors while still giving fast feedback.
+
+```tsx
+function useFieldValidation(validate: (v: string) => string | undefined) {
+  const [value, setValue] = useState('');
+  const [error, setError] = useState<string | undefined>();
+  const [touched, setTouched] = useState(false);
+
+  const handleChange = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
+    setValue(e.target.value);
+    if (touched) setError(validate(e.target.value));
+  };
+
+  const handleBlur = () => {
+    setTouched(true);
+    setError(validate(value));
+  };
+
+  return { value, error, handleChange, handleBlur };
+}
+```
+
+### Submit Button States
+
+The submit button must reflect loading and result states to prevent double-submission.
+
+```tsx
+type SubmitState = 'idle' | 'submitting' | 'submitted' | 'error';
+
+function SubmitButton({ state }: { state: SubmitState }) {
+  const labels: Record<SubmitState, string> = {
+    idle: 'Submit',
+    submitting: 'Submitting…',
+    submitted: 'Submitted',
+    error: 'Try again',
+  };
+  return (
+    <button type="submit" disabled={state === 'submitting'} aria-busy={state === 'submitting'}>
+      {labels[state]}
+    </button>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+### DO / DON'T
+
+- DO place error messages directly below the relevant field, not in a summary at the top.
+- DO use `aria-describedby` to associate the error with the input programmatically.
+- DON'T use placeholder text as a substitute for labels.
+- DON'T validate on every keystroke for the first visit to a field.
+- DON'T disable the submit button before the user attempts submission — let them try and show specific errors.
+
+---
+
+## Modal Patterns
+
+### Focus Trap
+
+When a modal opens, focus must stay inside it. Tabbing past the last focusable element wraps back to the first.
+
+```tsx
+import { useEffect, useRef } from 'react';
+
+const FOCUSABLE = 'a, button, input, select, textarea, [tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])';
+
+export function Modal({ isOpen, onClose, children }: ModalProps) {
+  const dialogRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null);
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!isOpen) return;
+
+    const dialog = dialogRef.current;
+    if (!dialog) return;
+
+    const focusable = Array.from(dialog.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>(FOCUSABLE));
+    const first = focusable[0];
+    const last = focusable[focusable.length - 1];
+
+    first?.focus();
+
+    const trap = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (e.key !== 'Tab') return;
+      if (e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === first) {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        last.focus();
+      } else if (!e.shiftKey && document.activeElement === last) {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        first.focus();
+      }
+    };
+
+    const escape = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
+      if (e.key === 'Escape') onClose();
+    };
+
+    document.addEventListener('keydown', trap);
+    document.addEventListener('keydown', escape);
+    return () => {
+      document.removeEventListener('keydown', trap);
+      document.removeEventListener('keydown', escape);
+    };
+  }, [isOpen, onClose]);
+
+  if (!isOpen) return null;
+
+  return (
+    <>
+      <div className="modal-backdrop" onClick={onClose} aria-hidden="true" />
+      <div
+        ref={dialogRef}
+        role="dialog"
+        aria-modal="true"
+        className="modal"
+      >
+        {children}
+      </div>
+    </>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+### Scroll Lock
+
+Prevent the page from scrolling behind an open modal.
+
+```css
+body.modal-open {
+  overflow: hidden;
+  /* Compensate for scrollbar width to prevent layout shift */
+  padding-right: var(--scrollbar-width, 0);
+}
+```
+
+### DO / DON'T
+
+- DO return focus to the trigger element when the modal closes.
+- DO lock scroll on `<body>` when a modal is open.
+- DON'T make backdrop click the only way to close — always support Escape.
+- DON'T autofocus a destructive action (e.g., "Delete") as the first focusable element.
+
+---
+
+## Dropdown and Menu Patterns
+
+### Keyboard Navigation
+
+ARIA `menu` and `menuitem` roles carry expected keyboard contracts: arrow keys move between items, Enter/Space activate, Escape closes, and Home/End jump to first/last.
+
+```tsx
+function useMenuKeyboard(items: HTMLElement[], onClose: () => void) {
+  return (e: React.KeyboardEvent) => {
+    const current = document.activeElement as HTMLElement;
+    const idx = items.indexOf(current);
+
+    switch (e.key) {
+      case 'ArrowDown':
+        e.preventDefault();
+        items[(idx + 1) % items.length]?.focus();
+        break;
+      case 'ArrowUp':
+        e.preventDefault();
+        items[(idx - 1 + items.length) % items.length]?.focus();
+        break;
+      case 'Home':
+        e.preventDefault();
+        items[0]?.focus();
+        break;
+      case 'End':
+        e.preventDefault();
+        items[items.length - 1]?.focus();
+        break;
+      case 'Escape':
+        onClose();
+        break;
+    }
+  };
+}
+```
+
+### Typeahead Search
+
+Users expect to type a letter to jump to the matching item in a list.
+
+```tsx
+function useTypeahead(items: string[]) {
+  const buffer = useRef('');
+  const timer = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>();
+
+  return (key: string): number => {
+    clearTimeout(timer.current);
+    buffer.current += key.toLowerCase();
+    timer.current = setTimeout(() => { buffer.current = ''; }, 500);
+    return items.findIndex(item => item.toLowerCase().startsWith(buffer.current));
+  };
+}
+```
+
+### Anchor Positioning
+
+Position the dropdown below its trigger by default. Flip above if there is not enough viewport space below.
+
+```css
+.dropdown {
+  position: absolute;
+  top: calc(100% + 4px);
+  left: 0;
+  min-width: 100%;
+  z-index: var(--z-dropdown, 100);
+}
+```
+
+### DO / DON'T
+
+- DO implement full arrow-key navigation in every menu and listbox.
+- DO support typeahead in long lists (more than 7 items).
+- DON'T close the menu on blur from any item — close only when focus leaves the entire menu widget.
+- DON'T open a dropdown on hover for primary navigation; hover reveals are invisible to keyboard and touch users.
+
+---
+
+## Touch Targets
+
+### Minimum Size Requirements
+
+WCAG 2.5.5 (Level AAA) and WCAG 2.5.8 (Level AA, 2.2) require a minimum 24×24px target size with adequate spacing. Apple HIG and Material Design both recommend 44×44px as a practical minimum.
+
+```css
+.touch-target {
+  min-width: 44px;
+  min-height: 44px;
+  display: inline-flex;
+  align-items: center;
+  justify-content: center;
+}
+```
+
+When the visual element must be smaller (e.g., a 16px icon), expand the hit area with padding or a pseudo-element.
+
+```css
+.icon-button {
+  position: relative;
+  width: 20px;
+  height: 20px;
+}
+.icon-button::before {
+  content: '';
+  position: absolute;
+  inset: -12px; /* extends 12px on each side → 44px total */
+}
+```
+
+### Spacing Between Targets
+
+Adjacent targets need at least 8px of gap so accidental activation is unlikely.
+
+```css
+.toolbar {
+  display: flex;
+  gap: 8px;
+}
+```
+
+### DO / DON'T
+
+- DO expand hit areas with padding or pseudo-elements rather than enlarging the visual element.
+- DO maintain at least 8px spacing between adjacent interactive elements.
+- DON'T place two destructive actions (e.g., "Delete" and "Archive") adjacent with minimal spacing.
+- DON'T measure touch targets by their visual size — measure the actual interactive area.
+
+---
+
+## Loading Patterns
+
+### Choosing the Right Pattern
+
+Three loading patterns serve different situations.
+
+**Skeleton screens** — use when you know the shape of the incoming content (a card, a table row, a list). They set accurate spatial expectations and feel faster because they show structure immediately.
+
+**Spinners** — use when you do not know the shape of the result (a search, a file upload) or when the operation is fast enough (under 300ms) that a skeleton would flash.
+
+**Progress bars** — use only when you have a real percentage to report (file upload, batch processing). A fake animated progress bar is worse than a spinner because it lies to the user.
+
+```tsx
+function SkeletonCard() {
+  return (
+    <div className="skeleton-card" aria-hidden="true">
+      <div className="skeleton skeleton--avatar" />
+      <div className="skeleton skeleton--line skeleton--line-80" />
+      <div className="skeleton skeleton--line skeleton--line-60" />
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+```css
+@keyframes shimmer {
+  from { background-position: -200% 0; }
+  to   { background-position:  200% 0; }
+}
+
+.skeleton {
+  background: linear-gradient(
+    90deg,
+    var(--color-skeleton-base) 25%,
+    var(--color-skeleton-highlight) 50%,
+    var(--color-skeleton-base) 75%
+  );
+  background-size: 200% 100%;
+  animation: shimmer 1.4s ease infinite;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+}
+```
+
+### Announcing Loading State to Screen Readers
+
+```tsx
+function LoadingRegion({ isLoading, children }: { isLoading: boolean; children: React.ReactNode }) {
+  return (
+    <div aria-live="polite" aria-busy={isLoading}>
+      {isLoading ? <SkeletonCard /> : children}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+### DO / DON'T
+
+- DO use skeleton screens for content with a known layout.
+- DO add `aria-busy="true"` and `aria-live="polite"` to regions that load asynchronously.
+- DON'T use a fake animated progress bar that does not reflect real progress.
+- DON'T show a spinner for operations that complete in under 100ms — the flash is disorienting.
+- DON'T leave a spinner visible indefinitely without a timeout and an error fallback.