@stonyx/orm 0.3.2-beta.327 → 0.3.2-beta.328

package/config/environment.js

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ const {
   MYSQL_DATABASE,
   MYSQL_CONNECTION_LIMIT,
   MYSQL_MIGRATIONS_DIR,
+  MYSQL_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE,
+  MYSQL_WRITE_QUEUE_LIMIT,
   PG_HOST,
   PG_PORT,
   PG_USER,
@@ -70,6 +72,8 @@ export default {
     connectionLimit: parseInt(MYSQL_CONNECTION_LIMIT ?? '10'),
     migrationsDir: MYSQL_MIGRATIONS_DIR ?? 'migrations',
     migrationsTable: '__migrations',
+    writeBatchSize: parseInt(MYSQL_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE ?? '500'),
+    writeQueueLimit: parseInt(MYSQL_WRITE_QUEUE_LIMIT ?? '10000'),
   } : undefined,
   postgres: PG_HOST ? {
     host: PG_HOST ?? 'localhost',

package/dist/mysql/connection.d.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ interface MysqlConfig {
     migrationsTable?: string;
     migrationsDir?: string;
     autoMigrate?: boolean;
+    writeBatchSize?: number;
+    writeQueueLimit?: number;
 }
 export declare function getPool(mysqlConfig: MysqlConfig): Promise<Pool>;
 export declare function closePool(): Promise<void>;

package/dist/mysql/mysql-db.d.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import type { MysqlConfig } from './connection.js';
 import { ensureMigrationsTable, getAppliedMigrations, getMigrationFiles, applyMigration, parseMigrationFile } from './migration-runner.js';
 import { introspectModels, introspectViews, getTopologicalOrder, schemasToSnapshot } from './schema-introspector.js';
 import { loadLatestSnapshot, detectSchemaDrift } from './migration-generator.js';
-import { buildInsert, buildUpdate, buildDelete, buildSelect } from './query-builder.js';
+import { buildInsert, buildInsertMany, buildUpdate, buildDelete, buildSelect } from './query-builder.js';
 import { createRecord } from '../manage-record.js';
 import { confirm } from '@stonyx/utils/prompt';
 import { readFile } from '@stonyx/utils/file';
@@ -23,6 +23,13 @@ interface PersistResponse {
         id?: unknown;
     };
 }
+type ExitEmitter = Pick<NodeJS.Process, 'once' | 'removeListener'>;
+export declare class WriteQueueFullError extends Error {
+    constructor(limit: number);
+}
+export declare class WriteQueueClosedError extends Error {
+    constructor();
+}
 interface OrmStore {
     get(key: string): Map<number | string, unknown> | undefined;
     get(key: string, id: number | string): unknown;
@@ -44,6 +51,7 @@ interface MysqlDBDeps {
     loadLatestSnapshot: typeof loadLatestSnapshot;
     detectSchemaDrift: typeof detectSchemaDrift;
     buildInsert: typeof buildInsert;
+    buildInsertMany: typeof buildInsertMany;
     buildUpdate: typeof buildUpdate;
     buildDelete: typeof buildDelete;
     buildSelect: typeof buildSelect;
@@ -55,25 +63,29 @@ interface MysqlDBDeps {
     config: typeof config;
     log: Record<string, ((...args: unknown[]) => void) | undefined>;
     path: typeof path;
+    process: ExitEmitter;
 }
 export default class MysqlDB {
     static instance: MysqlDB | undefined;
     deps: MysqlDBDeps;
     pool: Pool | null;
     mysqlConfig: MysqlConfig;
-    /**
-     * Promise-chain mutex for write serialization (#156).
-     * All persist() calls chain through this single queue so concurrent
-     * fire-and-forget writes never produce parallel InnoDB transactions
-     * on FK-linked rows (which cause deadlocks).
-     * Reads are NOT affected — only persist() serializes.
-     */
-    private _writeQueue;
+    private _queuedWrites;
+    private _inFlightWrites;
+    private _drainingWrites;
+    private _acceptingWrites;
+    private _exitReport;
     constructor(deps?: Partial<MysqlDBDeps>);
     private requirePool;
     init(): Promise<void>;
+    get writeBatchSize(): number;
+    get writeQueueLimit(): number;
+    get pendingWriteCount(): number;
     startup(): Promise<void>;
     shutdown(): Promise<void>;
+    private _registerExitReport;
+    private _unregisterExitReport;
+    private _reportUnpersistedWrites;
     save(): Promise<void>;
     /**
      * Loads only models with memory: true into the in-memory store on startup.
@@ -101,7 +113,16 @@ export default class MysqlDB {
     private _evictIfNotMemory;
     private _rowToRawData;
     persist(operation: string, modelName: string, context: PersistContext, response: PersistResponse): Promise<void>;
-    private _persistCreate;
+    private _drainWritesInBackground;
+    private _drainQueuedWrites;
+    private _takeNextWriteGroup;
+    private _executeWriteGroup;
+    private _persistCreates;
+    private _prepareCreate;
+    private _chunkForSingleInsert;
+    private _insertCreates;
+    private _insertCreatesOneByOne;
+    private _adoptGeneratedId;
     private _persistUpdate;
     private _persistDelete;
     private _recordToRow;

package/dist/mysql/mysql-db.js

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { getPool, closePool } from './connection.js';
 import { ensureMigrationsTable, getAppliedMigrations, getMigrationFiles, applyMigration, parseMigrationFile } from './migration-runner.js';
 import { introspectModels, introspectViews, getTopologicalOrder, schemasToSnapshot } from './schema-introspector.js';
 import { loadLatestSnapshot, detectSchemaDrift } from './migration-generator.js';
-import { buildInsert, buildUpdate, buildDelete, buildSelect } from './query-builder.js';
+import { buildInsert, buildInsertMany, buildUpdate, buildDelete, buildSelect } from './query-builder.js';
 import { store } from '@stonyx/orm';
 import { createRecord } from '../manage-record.js';
 import { confirm } from '@stonyx/utils/prompt';
@@ -12,28 +12,40 @@ import { isDbError } from '../utils.js';
 import config from 'stonyx/config';
 import log from 'stonyx/log';
 import path from 'path';
+const MYSQL_MAX_PLACEHOLDERS = 65535;
+const DEFAULT_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE = 500;
+const DEFAULT_WRITE_QUEUE_LIMIT = 10000;
+export class WriteQueueFullError extends Error {
+    constructor(limit) {
+        super(`MysqlDB write queue is full (${limit} queued writes, writeQueueLimit); the write was rejected`);
+        this.name = 'WriteQueueFullError';
+    }
+}
+export class WriteQueueClosedError extends Error {
+    constructor() {
+        super('MysqlDB is shutting down; the write was rejected');
+        this.name = 'WriteQueueClosedError';
+    }
+}
 const defaultDeps = {
     getPool, closePool, ensureMigrationsTable, getAppliedMigrations,
     getMigrationFiles, applyMigration, parseMigrationFile,
     introspectModels, introspectViews, getTopologicalOrder, schemasToSnapshot,
     loadLatestSnapshot, detectSchemaDrift,
-    buildInsert, buildUpdate, buildDelete, buildSelect,
+    buildInsert, buildInsertMany, buildUpdate, buildDelete, buildSelect,
     createRecord, store: store, confirm, readFile, getPluralName,
-    config, log, path
+    config, log, path, process
 };
 export default class MysqlDB {
     static instance;
     deps;
     pool;
     mysqlConfig;
-    /**
-     * Promise-chain mutex for write serialization (#156).
-     * All persist() calls chain through this single queue so concurrent
-     * fire-and-forget writes never produce parallel InnoDB transactions
-     * on FK-linked rows (which cause deadlocks).
-     * Reads are NOT affected — only persist() serializes.
-     */
-    _writeQueue = Promise.resolve();
+    _queuedWrites = [];
+    _inFlightWrites = new Set();
+    _drainingWrites = null;
+    _acceptingWrites = true;
+    _exitReport = null;
     constructor(deps = {}) {
         if (MysqlDB.instance)
             return MysqlDB.instance;
@@ -54,6 +66,17 @@ export default class MysqlDB {
         this.pool = await this.deps.getPool(this.mysqlConfig);
         await this.deps.ensureMigrationsTable(this.pool, this.mysqlConfig.migrationsTable);
         await this.loadMemoryRecords();
+        this._acceptingWrites = true;
+        this._registerExitReport();
+    }
+    get writeBatchSize() {
+        return Number(this.mysqlConfig?.writeBatchSize) || DEFAULT_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE;
+    }
+    get writeQueueLimit() {
+        return Number(this.mysqlConfig?.writeQueueLimit) || DEFAULT_WRITE_QUEUE_LIMIT;
+    }
+    get pendingWriteCount() {
+        return this._inFlightWrites.size + this._queuedWrites.length;
     }
     async startup() {
         if (!this.mysqlConfig.migrationsDir)
@@ -134,9 +157,35 @@ export default class MysqlDB {
         }
     }
     async shutdown() {
+        this._acceptingWrites = false;
+        while (this._drainingWrites)
+            await this._drainingWrites;
+        this._unregisterExitReport();
         await this.deps.closePool();
         this.pool = null;
     }
+    _registerExitReport() {
+        if (this._exitReport)
+            return;
+        this._exitReport = () => this._reportUnpersistedWrites();
+        this.deps.process.once('exit', this._exitReport);
+    }
+    _unregisterExitReport() {
+        if (!this._exitReport)
+            return;
+        this.deps.process.removeListener('exit', this._exitReport);
+        this._exitReport = null;
+    }
+    _reportUnpersistedWrites() {
+        const lostWrites = [...this._inFlightWrites, ...this._queuedWrites];
+        if (lostWrites.length === 0)
+            return;
+        const lostByModel = new Map();
+        for (const { modelName } of lostWrites)
+            lostByModel.set(modelName, (lostByModel.get(modelName) ?? 0) + 1);
+        const breakdown = [...lostByModel].map(([modelName, count]) => `${modelName}: ${count}`).join(', ');
+        this.deps.log.error?.(`[MysqlDB] Process exiting with ${lostWrites.length} queued write(s) not persisted; they are lost (${breakdown})`);
+    }
     async save() {
         // No-op: MySQL persists data immediately via persist()
     }
@@ -326,64 +375,174 @@ export default class MysqlDB {
         return rawData;
     }
     async persist(operation, modelName, context, response) {
-        // Views are read-only — no-op for all write operations
         const Orm = (await import('@stonyx/orm')).default;
         if (Orm.instance?.isView?.(modelName))
             return;
-        const work = async () => {
-            switch (operation) {
-                case 'create':
-                    return this._persistCreate(modelName, context, response);
-                case 'update':
-                    return this._persistUpdate(modelName, context, response);
-                case 'delete':
-                    return this._persistDelete(modelName, context);
-            }
-        };
-        // Chain through the write queue — .then(work, work) ensures the queue
-        // advances even when a previous persist rejects (#156).
-        this._writeQueue = this._writeQueue.then(work, work);
-        return this._writeQueue;
-    }
-    async _persistCreate(modelName, context, response) {
-        const schemas = this.deps.introspectModels();
-        const schema = schemas[modelName];
-        if (!schema)
+        if (!this._acceptingWrites)
+            throw new WriteQueueClosedError();
+        if (this._queuedWrites.length >= this.writeQueueLimit)
+            throw new WriteQueueFullError(this.writeQueueLimit);
+        return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+            const write = {
+                operation, modelName, context, response,
+                resolve: () => {
+                    this._inFlightWrites.delete(write);
+                    resolve();
+                },
+                reject: (error) => {
+                    this._inFlightWrites.delete(write);
+                    reject(error);
+                },
+            };
+            this._queuedWrites.push(write);
+            this._drainWritesInBackground();
+        });
+    }
+    _drainWritesInBackground() {
+        if (this._drainingWrites)
             return;
+        this._drainingWrites = this._drainQueuedWrites().finally(() => {
+            this._drainingWrites = null;
+        });
+    }
+    async _drainQueuedWrites() {
+        while (this._queuedWrites.length > 0) {
+            const writes = this._takeNextWriteGroup();
+            writes.forEach(write => this._inFlightWrites.add(write));
+            try {
+                await this._executeWriteGroup(writes);
+            }
+            catch (error) {
+                writes.filter(write => this._inFlightWrites.has(write)).forEach(write => write.reject(error));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    _takeNextWriteGroup() {
+        const [first] = this._queuedWrites;
+        let groupSize = 1;
+        if (first.operation === 'create') {
+            while (groupSize < this.writeBatchSize
+                && groupSize < this._queuedWrites.length
+                && this._queuedWrites[groupSize].operation === 'create'
+                && this._queuedWrites[groupSize].modelName === first.modelName)
+                groupSize++;
+        }
+        return this._queuedWrites.splice(0, groupSize);
+    }
+    async _executeWriteGroup(writes) {
+        const [first] = writes;
+        if (first.operation === 'create')
+            return this._persistCreates(first.modelName, writes);
+        try {
+            if (first.operation === 'update')
+                await this._persistUpdate(first.modelName, first.context, first.response);
+            if (first.operation === 'delete')
+                await this._persistDelete(first.modelName, first.context);
+            first.resolve();
+        }
+        catch (error) {
+            first.reject(error);
+        }
+    }
+    async _persistCreates(modelName, writes) {
+        const schema = this.deps.introspectModels()[modelName];
+        const prepared = [];
+        for (const write of writes) {
+            try {
+                const create = schema ? this._prepareCreate(modelName, schema, write) : null;
+                if (create)
+                    prepared.push(create);
+                else
+                    write.resolve();
+            }
+            catch (error) {
+                write.reject(error);
+            }
+        }
+        for (const chunk of this._chunkForSingleInsert(prepared)) {
+            await this._insertCreates(schema, chunk);
+        }
+    }
+    _prepareCreate(modelName, schema, write) {
+        const { context, response } = write;
         const recordId = response?.data?.id;
         const record = recordId != null ? this.deps.store.get(modelName, (isNaN(recordId) ? recordId : parseInt(recordId))) : null;
         if (!record)
-            return;
-        const insertData = this._recordToRow(record, schema);
-        // For auto-increment models, remove the pending ID.
-        // Check context.rawData (not record.__data) because __pendingSqlId is not a model
-        // attribute and gets lost during serialization.
+            return null;
+        const row = this._recordToRow(record, schema);
         const isPendingId = context.rawData?.__pendingSqlId === true;
-        if (isPendingId) {
-            delete insertData.id;
+        if (isPendingId)
+            delete row.id;
+        return { write, modelName, record, row, isPendingId };
+    }
+    _chunkForSingleInsert(prepared) {
+        const chunks = [];
+        let chunk = [];
+        let chunkColumns = new Set();
+        for (const create of prepared) {
+            const columnsWithCreate = new Set([...chunkColumns, ...Object.keys(create.row)]);
+            const mixesIdSources = chunk.length > 0 && chunk[0].isPendingId !== create.isPendingId;
+            const exceedsPlaceholders = (chunk.length + 1) * columnsWithCreate.size > MYSQL_MAX_PLACEHOLDERS;
+            if (chunk.length > 0 && (mixesIdSources || exceedsPlaceholders)) {
+                chunks.push(chunk);
+                chunk = [];
+                chunkColumns = new Set(Object.keys(create.row));
+            }
+            else {
+                chunkColumns = columnsWithCreate;
+            }
+            chunk.push(create);
         }
-        else if (insertData.id !== undefined) {
-            // Keep user-provided ID (string IDs or explicit numeric IDs)
+        if (chunk.length > 0)
+            chunks.push(chunk);
+        return chunks;
+    }
+    async _insertCreates(schema, creates) {
+        if (creates.length === 1)
+            return this._insertCreatesOneByOne(schema, creates);
+        let firstInsertId;
+        try {
+            const { sql, values } = this.deps.buildInsertMany(schema.table, creates.map(({ row }) => row));
+            const [result] = await this.requirePool().execute(sql, values);
+            firstInsertId = result.insertId;
         }
-        const { sql, values } = this.deps.buildInsert(schema.table, insertData);
-        const [result] = await this.requirePool().execute(sql, values);
-        // Re-key the record in the store if MySQL generated the ID
-        if (isPendingId && result.insertId) {
-            const pendingId = record.id;
-            const realId = result.insertId;
-            const modelStore = this.deps.store.get(modelName);
-            if (!modelStore)
-                throw new Error(`Model "${modelName}" not found in store during ID re-key`);
-            modelStore.delete(pendingId);
-            record.__data.id = realId;
-            record.id = realId;
-            modelStore.set(realId, record);
-            // Update the response data with the real ID
-            if (response?.data) {
-                response.data.id = realId;
-            }
-            delete record.__data.__pendingSqlId;
+        catch {
+            return this._insertCreatesOneByOne(schema, creates);
         }
+        creates.forEach((create, index) => {
+            if (firstInsertId)
+                this._adoptGeneratedId(create, firstInsertId + index);
+            create.write.resolve();
+        });
+    }
+    async _insertCreatesOneByOne(schema, creates) {
+        for (const create of creates) {
+            try {
+                const { sql, values } = this.deps.buildInsert(schema.table, create.row);
+                const [result] = await this.requirePool().execute(sql, values);
+                if (result.insertId)
+                    this._adoptGeneratedId(create, result.insertId);
+                create.write.resolve();
+            }
+            catch (error) {
+                create.write.reject(error);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    _adoptGeneratedId({ modelName, record, isPendingId, write }, realId) {
+        if (!isPendingId)
+            return;
+        const pendingId = record.id;
+        const modelStore = this.deps.store.get(modelName);
+        if (!modelStore)
+            throw new Error(`Model "${modelName}" not found in store during ID re-key`);
+        modelStore.delete(pendingId);
+        record.__data.id = realId;
+        record.id = realId;
+        modelStore.set(realId, record);
+        if (write.response?.data)
+            write.response.data.id = realId;
+        delete record.__data.__pendingSqlId;
     }
     async _persistUpdate(modelName, context, response) {
         const schemas = this.deps.introspectModels();

package/dist/mysql/query-builder.d.ts

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ interface QueryResult {
 }
 export declare function validateIdentifier(name: string, context?: string): string;
 export declare function buildInsert(table: string, data: Record<string, unknown>): QueryResult;
+export declare function buildInsertMany(table: string, rows: Record<string, unknown>[]): QueryResult;
 export declare function buildUpdate(table: string, id: unknown, data: Record<string, unknown>): QueryResult;
 export declare function buildDelete(table: string, id: unknown): QueryResult;
 export declare function buildSelect(table: string, conditions?: Record<string, unknown>): QueryResult;

package/dist/mysql/query-builder.js

@@ -14,6 +14,23 @@ export function buildInsert(table, data) {
     const sql = `INSERT INTO \`${table}\` (${keys.map(k => `\`${k}\``).join(', ')}) VALUES (${placeholders.join(', ')})`;
     return { sql, values };
 }
+export function buildInsertMany(table, rows) {
+    validateIdentifier(table, 'table name');
+    const columns = [...new Set(rows.flatMap(row => Object.keys(row)))];
+    columns.forEach(column => validateIdentifier(column, 'column name'));
+    const values = [];
+    const tuples = rows.map(row => {
+        const cells = columns.map(column => {
+            if (!Object.hasOwn(row, column))
+                return 'DEFAULT';
+            values.push(row[column]);
+            return '?';
+        });
+        return `(${cells.join(', ')})`;
+    });
+    const sql = `INSERT INTO \`${table}\` (${columns.map(column => `\`${column}\``).join(', ')}) VALUES ${tuples.join(', ')}`;
+    return { sql, values };
+}
 export function buildUpdate(table, id, data) {
     validateIdentifier(table, 'table name');
     const keys = Object.keys(data);

package/package.json

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
     "stonyx-async",
     "stonyx-module"
   ],
-  "version": "0.3.2-beta.327",
+  "version": "0.3.2-beta.328",
   "description": "",
   "main": "dist/index.js",
   "type": "module",

package/src/mysql/connection.ts

@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ interface MysqlConfig {
   migrationsTable?: string;
   migrationsDir?: string;
   autoMigrate?: boolean;
+  writeBatchSize?: number;
+  writeQueueLimit?: number;
 }
 
 let pool: Pool | null = null;

package/src/mysql/mysql-db.ts

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { ensureMigrationsTable, getAppliedMigrations, getMigrationFiles, applyMi
 import { introspectModels, introspectViews, getTopologicalOrder, schemasToSnapshot } from './schema-introspector.js';
 import type { ModelSchema, ViewSchema, SnapshotEntry } from './schema-introspector.js';
 import { loadLatestSnapshot, detectSchemaDrift } from './migration-generator.js';
-import { buildInsert, buildUpdate, buildDelete, buildSelect } from './query-builder.js';
+import { buildInsert, buildInsertMany, buildUpdate, buildDelete, buildSelect } from './query-builder.js';
 import { store } from '@stonyx/orm';
 import { createRecord } from '../manage-record.js';
 import { confirm } from '@stonyx/utils/prompt';
@@ -32,6 +32,43 @@ interface ExecuteResult {
   insertId?: number;
 }
 
+interface QueuedWrite {
+  operation: string;
+  modelName: string;
+  context: PersistContext;
+  response: PersistResponse;
+  resolve: () => void;
+  reject: (error: unknown) => void;
+}
+
+interface PreparedCreate {
+  write: QueuedWrite;
+  modelName: string;
+  record: OrmRecord;
+  row: Record<string, unknown>;
+  isPendingId: boolean;
+}
+
+type ExitEmitter = Pick<NodeJS.Process, 'once' | 'removeListener'>;
+
+const MYSQL_MAX_PLACEHOLDERS = 65535;
+const DEFAULT_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE = 500;
+const DEFAULT_WRITE_QUEUE_LIMIT = 10000;
+
+export class WriteQueueFullError extends Error {
+  constructor(limit: number) {
+    super(`MysqlDB write queue is full (${limit} queued writes, writeQueueLimit); the write was rejected`);
+    this.name = 'WriteQueueFullError';
+  }
+}
+
+export class WriteQueueClosedError extends Error {
+  constructor() {
+    super('MysqlDB is shutting down; the write was rejected');
+    this.name = 'WriteQueueClosedError';
+  }
+}
+
 interface OrmStore {
   get(key: string): Map<number | string, unknown> | undefined;
   get(key: string, id: number | string): unknown;
@@ -54,6 +91,7 @@ interface MysqlDBDeps {
   loadLatestSnapshot: typeof loadLatestSnapshot;
   detectSchemaDrift: typeof detectSchemaDrift;
   buildInsert: typeof buildInsert;
+  buildInsertMany: typeof buildInsertMany;
   buildUpdate: typeof buildUpdate;
   buildDelete: typeof buildDelete;
   buildSelect: typeof buildSelect;
@@ -65,6 +103,7 @@ interface MysqlDBDeps {
   config: typeof config;
   log: Record<string, ((...args: unknown[]) => void) | undefined>;
   path: typeof path;
+  process: ExitEmitter;
 }
 
 const defaultDeps: MysqlDBDeps = {
@@ -72,9 +111,9 @@ const defaultDeps: MysqlDBDeps = {
   getMigrationFiles, applyMigration, parseMigrationFile,
   introspectModels, introspectViews, getTopologicalOrder, schemasToSnapshot,
   loadLatestSnapshot, detectSchemaDrift,
-  buildInsert, buildUpdate, buildDelete, buildSelect,
+  buildInsert, buildInsertMany, buildUpdate, buildDelete, buildSelect,
   createRecord, store: store as OrmStore, confirm, readFile, getPluralName,
-  config, log, path
+  config, log, path, process
 };
 
 export default class MysqlDB {
@@ -84,14 +123,11 @@ export default class MysqlDB {
   pool!: Pool | null;
   mysqlConfig!: MysqlConfig;
 
-  /**
-   * Promise-chain mutex for write serialization (#156).
-   * All persist() calls chain through this single queue so concurrent
-   * fire-and-forget writes never produce parallel InnoDB transactions
-   * on FK-linked rows (which cause deadlocks).
-   * Reads are NOT affected — only persist() serializes.
-   */
-  private _writeQueue: Promise<void> = Promise.resolve();
+  private _queuedWrites: QueuedWrite[] = [];
+  private _inFlightWrites = new Set<QueuedWrite>();
+  private _drainingWrites: Promise<void> | null = null;
+  private _acceptingWrites = true;
+  private _exitReport: (() => void) | null = null;
 
   constructor(deps: Partial<MysqlDBDeps> = {}) {
     if (MysqlDB.instance) return MysqlDB.instance;
@@ -113,6 +149,20 @@ export default class MysqlDB {
     this.pool = await this.deps.getPool(this.mysqlConfig);
     await this.deps.ensureMigrationsTable(this.pool, this.mysqlConfig.migrationsTable);
     await this.loadMemoryRecords();
+    this._acceptingWrites = true;
+    this._registerExitReport();
+  }
+
+  get writeBatchSize(): number {
+    return Number(this.mysqlConfig?.writeBatchSize) || DEFAULT_WRITE_BATCH_SIZE;
+  }
+
+  get writeQueueLimit(): number {
+    return Number(this.mysqlConfig?.writeQueueLimit) || DEFAULT_WRITE_QUEUE_LIMIT;
+  }
+
+  get pendingWriteCount(): number {
+    return this._inFlightWrites.size + this._queuedWrites.length;
   }
 
   async startup(): Promise<void> {
@@ -200,10 +250,36 @@ export default class MysqlDB {
   }
 
   async shutdown(): Promise<void> {
+    this._acceptingWrites = false;
+    while (this._drainingWrites) await this._drainingWrites;
+    this._unregisterExitReport();
     await this.deps.closePool();
     this.pool = null;
   }
 
+  private _registerExitReport(): void {
+    if (this._exitReport) return;
+    this._exitReport = () => this._reportUnpersistedWrites();
+    this.deps.process.once('exit', this._exitReport);
+  }
+
+  private _unregisterExitReport(): void {
+    if (!this._exitReport) return;
+    this.deps.process.removeListener('exit', this._exitReport);
+    this._exitReport = null;
+  }
+
+  private _reportUnpersistedWrites(): void {
+    const lostWrites = [...this._inFlightWrites, ...this._queuedWrites];
+    if (lostWrites.length === 0) return;
+
+    const lostByModel = new Map<string, number>();
+    for (const { modelName } of lostWrites) lostByModel.set(modelName, (lostByModel.get(modelName) ?? 0) + 1);
+    const breakdown = [...lostByModel].map(([modelName, count]) => `${modelName}: ${count}`).join(', ');
+
+    this.deps.log.error?.(`[MysqlDB] Process exiting with ${lostWrites.length} queued write(s) not persisted; they are lost (${breakdown})`);
+  }
+
   async save(): Promise<void> {
     // No-op: MySQL persists data immediately via persist()
   }
@@ -419,76 +495,185 @@ export default class MysqlDB {
   }
 
   async persist(operation: string, modelName: string, context: PersistContext, response: PersistResponse): Promise<void> {
-    // Views are read-only — no-op for all write operations
     const Orm = (await import('@stonyx/orm')).default;
     if ((Orm as unknown as { instance?: { isView?: (name: string) => boolean } }).instance?.isView?.(modelName)) return;
 
-    const work = async () => {
-      switch (operation) {
-        case 'create':
-          return this._persistCreate(modelName, context, response);
-        case 'update':
-          return this._persistUpdate(modelName, context, response);
-        case 'delete':
-          return this._persistDelete(modelName, context);
+    if (!this._acceptingWrites) throw new WriteQueueClosedError();
+    if (this._queuedWrites.length >= this.writeQueueLimit) throw new WriteQueueFullError(this.writeQueueLimit);
+
+    return new Promise<void>((resolve, reject) => {
+      const write: QueuedWrite = {
+        operation, modelName, context, response,
+        resolve: () => {
+          this._inFlightWrites.delete(write);
+          resolve();
+        },
+        reject: (error: unknown) => {
+          this._inFlightWrites.delete(write);
+          reject(error);
+        },
+      };
+      this._queuedWrites.push(write);
+      this._drainWritesInBackground();
+    });
+  }
+
+  private _drainWritesInBackground(): void {
+    if (this._drainingWrites) return;
+    this._drainingWrites = this._drainQueuedWrites().finally(() => {
+      this._drainingWrites = null;
+    });
+  }
+
+  private async _drainQueuedWrites(): Promise<void> {
+    while (this._queuedWrites.length > 0) {
+      const writes = this._takeNextWriteGroup();
+      writes.forEach(write => this._inFlightWrites.add(write));
+      try {
+        await this._executeWriteGroup(writes);
+      } catch (error) {
+        writes.filter(write => this._inFlightWrites.has(write)).forEach(write => write.reject(error));
       }
-    };
+    }
+  }
+
+  private _takeNextWriteGroup(): QueuedWrite[] {
+    const [first] = this._queuedWrites;
+    let groupSize = 1;
+
+    if (first.operation === 'create') {
+      while (
+        groupSize < this.writeBatchSize
+        && groupSize < this._queuedWrites.length
+        && this._queuedWrites[groupSize].operation === 'create'
+        && this._queuedWrites[groupSize].modelName === first.modelName
+      ) groupSize++;
+    }
 
-    // Chain through the write queue — .then(work, work) ensures the queue
-    // advances even when a previous persist rejects (#156).
-    this._writeQueue = this._writeQueue.then(work, work);
-    return this._writeQueue;
+    return this._queuedWrites.splice(0, groupSize);
   }
 
-  private async _persistCreate(modelName: string, context: PersistContext, response: PersistResponse): Promise<void> {
-    const schemas = this.deps.introspectModels();
-    const schema = schemas[modelName];
+  private async _executeWriteGroup(writes: QueuedWrite[]): Promise<void> {
+    const [first] = writes;
+    if (first.operation === 'create') return this._persistCreates(first.modelName, writes);
 
-    if (!schema) return;
+    try {
+      if (first.operation === 'update') await this._persistUpdate(first.modelName, first.context, first.response);
+      if (first.operation === 'delete') await this._persistDelete(first.modelName, first.context);
+      first.resolve();
+    } catch (error) {
+      first.reject(error);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async _persistCreates(modelName: string, writes: QueuedWrite[]): Promise<void> {
+    const schema = this.deps.introspectModels()[modelName];
+    const prepared: PreparedCreate[] = [];
+
+    for (const write of writes) {
+      try {
+        const create = schema ? this._prepareCreate(modelName, schema, write) : null;
+        if (create) prepared.push(create);
+        else write.resolve();
+      } catch (error) {
+        write.reject(error);
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const chunk of this._chunkForSingleInsert(prepared)) {
+      await this._insertCreates(schema, chunk);
+    }
+  }
 
+  private _prepareCreate(modelName: string, schema: ModelSchema, write: QueuedWrite): PreparedCreate | null {
+    const { context, response } = write;
     const recordId = response?.data?.id;
     const record = recordId != null ? this.deps.store.get(modelName, (isNaN(recordId as number) ? recordId : parseInt(recordId as string)) as number | string) as OrmRecord | null : null;
 
-    if (!record) return;
-
-    const insertData = this._recordToRow(record, schema);
+    if (!record) return null;
 
-    // For auto-increment models, remove the pending ID.
-    // Check context.rawData (not record.__data) because __pendingSqlId is not a model
-    // attribute and gets lost during serialization.
+    const row = this._recordToRow(record, schema);
     const isPendingId = context.rawData?.__pendingSqlId === true;
 
-    if (isPendingId) {
-      delete insertData.id;
-    } else if (insertData.id !== undefined) {
-      // Keep user-provided ID (string IDs or explicit numeric IDs)
+    if (isPendingId) delete row.id;
+
+    return { write, modelName, record, row, isPendingId };
+  }
+
+  private _chunkForSingleInsert(prepared: PreparedCreate[]): PreparedCreate[][] {
+    const chunks: PreparedCreate[][] = [];
+    let chunk: PreparedCreate[] = [];
+    let chunkColumns = new Set<string>();
+
+    for (const create of prepared) {
+      const columnsWithCreate = new Set([...chunkColumns, ...Object.keys(create.row)]);
+      const mixesIdSources = chunk.length > 0 && chunk[0].isPendingId !== create.isPendingId;
+      const exceedsPlaceholders = (chunk.length + 1) * columnsWithCreate.size > MYSQL_MAX_PLACEHOLDERS;
+
+      if (chunk.length > 0 && (mixesIdSources || exceedsPlaceholders)) {
+        chunks.push(chunk);
+        chunk = [];
+        chunkColumns = new Set(Object.keys(create.row));
+      } else {
+        chunkColumns = columnsWithCreate;
+      }
+
+      chunk.push(create);
     }
 
-    const { sql, values } = this.deps.buildInsert(schema.table, insertData);
+    if (chunk.length > 0) chunks.push(chunk);
+    return chunks;
+  }
 
-    const [result] = await this.requirePool().execute(sql, values) as [ExecuteResult, unknown];
+  private async _insertCreates(schema: ModelSchema, creates: PreparedCreate[]): Promise<void> {
+    if (creates.length === 1) return this._insertCreatesOneByOne(schema, creates);
 
-    // Re-key the record in the store if MySQL generated the ID
-    if (isPendingId && result.insertId) {
-      const pendingId = record.id;
-      const realId = result.insertId;
-      const modelStore = this.deps.store.get(modelName);
-      if (!modelStore) throw new Error(`Model "${modelName}" not found in store during ID re-key`);
+    let firstInsertId: number | undefined;
 
-      modelStore.delete(pendingId as number | string);
-      record.__data.id = realId;
-      record.id = realId;
-      modelStore.set(realId as number | string, record);
+    try {
+      const { sql, values } = this.deps.buildInsertMany(schema.table, creates.map(({ row }) => row));
+      const [result] = await this.requirePool().execute(sql, values) as [ExecuteResult, unknown];
+      firstInsertId = result.insertId;
+    } catch {
+      return this._insertCreatesOneByOne(schema, creates);
+    }
 
-      // Update the response data with the real ID
-      if (response?.data) {
-        response.data.id = realId;
-      }
+    creates.forEach((create, index) => {
+      if (firstInsertId) this._adoptGeneratedId(create, firstInsertId + index);
+      create.write.resolve();
+    });
+  }
 
-      delete record.__data.__pendingSqlId;
+  private async _insertCreatesOneByOne(schema: ModelSchema, creates: PreparedCreate[]): Promise<void> {
+    for (const create of creates) {
+      try {
+        const { sql, values } = this.deps.buildInsert(schema.table, create.row);
+        const [result] = await this.requirePool().execute(sql, values) as [ExecuteResult, unknown];
+        if (result.insertId) this._adoptGeneratedId(create, result.insertId);
+        create.write.resolve();
+      } catch (error) {
+        create.write.reject(error);
+      }
     }
   }
 
+  private _adoptGeneratedId({ modelName, record, isPendingId, write }: PreparedCreate, realId: number): void {
+    if (!isPendingId) return;
+
+    const pendingId = record.id;
+    const modelStore = this.deps.store.get(modelName);
+    if (!modelStore) throw new Error(`Model "${modelName}" not found in store during ID re-key`);
+
+    modelStore.delete(pendingId as number | string);
+    record.__data.id = realId;
+    record.id = realId;
+    modelStore.set(realId, record);
+
+    if (write.response?.data) write.response.data.id = realId;
+
+    delete record.__data.__pendingSqlId;
+  }
+
   private async _persistUpdate(modelName: string, context: PersistContext, response: PersistResponse): Promise<void> {
     const schemas = this.deps.introspectModels();
     const schema = schemas[modelName];

package/src/mysql/query-builder.ts

@@ -27,6 +27,27 @@ export function buildInsert(table: string, data: Record<string, unknown>): Query
   return { sql, values };
 }
 
+export function buildInsertMany(table: string, rows: Record<string, unknown>[]): QueryResult {
+  validateIdentifier(table, 'table name');
+
+  const columns = [...new Set(rows.flatMap(row => Object.keys(row)))];
+  columns.forEach(column => validateIdentifier(column, 'column name'));
+
+  const values: unknown[] = [];
+  const tuples = rows.map(row => {
+    const cells = columns.map(column => {
+      if (!Object.hasOwn(row, column)) return 'DEFAULT';
+      values.push(row[column]);
+      return '?';
+    });
+    return `(${cells.join(', ')})`;
+  });
+
+  const sql = `INSERT INTO \`${table}\` (${columns.map(column => `\`${column}\``).join(', ')}) VALUES ${tuples.join(', ')}`;
+
+  return { sql, values };
+}
+
 export function buildUpdate(table: string, id: unknown, data: Record<string, unknown>): QueryResult {
   validateIdentifier(table, 'table name');