@stdlib/stats-array-variancepn 0.1.0

package/LICENSE

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package/NOTICE

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+Copyright (c) 2016-2026 The Stdlib Authors.

package/README.md

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+<!--
+
+@license Apache-2.0
+
+Copyright (c) 2025 The Stdlib Authors.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
+
+-->
+
+
+<details>
+  <summary>
+    About stdlib...
+  </summary>
+  <p>We believe in a future in which the web is a preferred environment for numerical computation. To help realize this future, we've built stdlib. stdlib is a standard library, with an emphasis on numerical and scientific computation, written in JavaScript (and C) for execution in browsers and in Node.js.</p>
+  <p>The library is fully decomposable, being architected in such a way that you can swap out and mix and match APIs and functionality to cater to your exact preferences and use cases.</p>
+  <p>When you use stdlib, you can be absolutely certain that you are using the most thorough, rigorous, well-written, studied, documented, tested, measured, and high-quality code out there.</p>
+  <p>To join us in bringing numerical computing to the web, get started by checking us out on <a href="https://github.com/stdlib-js/stdlib">GitHub</a>, and please consider <a href="https://opencollective.com/stdlib">financially supporting stdlib</a>. We greatly appreciate your continued support!</p>
+</details>
+
+# variancepn
+
+[![NPM version][npm-image]][npm-url] [![Build Status][test-image]][test-url] [![Coverage Status][coverage-image]][coverage-url] <!-- [![dependencies][dependencies-image]][dependencies-url] -->
+
+> Calculate the [variance][variance] of an array using a two-pass algorithm.
+
+<section class="intro">
+
+The population [variance][variance] of a finite size population of size `N` is given by
+
+<!-- <equation class="equation" label="eq:population_variance" align="center" raw="\sigma^2 = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} (x_i - \mu)^2" alt="Equation for the population variance."> -->
+
+<!-- </equation> -->
+
+where the population mean is given by
+
+<!-- <equation class="equation" label="eq:population_mean" align="center" raw="\mu = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=0}^{N-1} x_i" alt="Equation for the population mean."> -->
+
+<!-- </equation> -->
+
+Often in the analysis of data, the true population [variance][variance] is not known _a priori_ and must be estimated from a sample drawn from the population distribution. If one attempts to use the formula for the population [variance][variance], the result is biased and yields a **biased sample variance**. To compute an **unbiased sample variance** for a sample of size `n`,
+
+<!-- <equation class="equation" label="eq:unbiased_sample_variance" align="center" raw="s^2 = \frac{1}{n-1} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} (x_i - \bar{x})^2" alt="Equation for computing an unbiased sample variance."> -->
+
+<!-- </equation> -->
+
+where the sample mean is given by
+
+<!-- <equation class="equation" label="eq:sample_mean" align="center" raw="\bar{x} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} x_i" alt="Equation for the sample mean."> -->
+
+<!-- </equation> -->
+
+The use of the term `n-1` is commonly referred to as Bessel's correction. Note, however, that applying Bessel's correction can increase the mean squared error between the sample variance and population variance. Depending on the characteristics of the population distribution, other correction factors (e.g., `n-1.5`, `n+1`, etc) can yield better estimators.
+
+</section>
+
+<!-- /.intro -->
+
+<section class="installation">
+
+## Installation
+
+```bash
+npm install @stdlib/stats-array-variancepn
+```
+
+</section>
+
+<section class="usage">
+
+## Usage
+
+```javascript
+var variancepn = require( '@stdlib/stats-array-variancepn' );
+```
+
+#### variancepn( x\[, correction] )
+
+Computes the variance of an array.
+
+```javascript
+var x = [ 1.0, -2.0, 2.0 ];
+
+var v = variancepn( x );
+// returns ~4.3333
+```
+
+The function has the following parameters:
+
+-   **x**: input array.
+-   **correction**: degrees of freedom adjustment. Setting this parameter to a value other than `0` has the effect of adjusting the divisor during the calculation of the [variance][variance] according to `N-c` where  `N` corresponds to the number of array elements and `c` corresponds to the provided degrees of freedom adjustment. When computing the [variance][variance] of a population, setting this parameter to `0` is the standard choice (i.e., the provided array contains data constituting an entire population). When computing the unbiased sample [variance][variance], setting this parameter to `1` is the standard choice (i.e., the provided array contains data sampled from a larger population; this is commonly referred to as Bessel's correction). Default: `1.0`.
+
+By default, the function computes the sample [variance][variance]. To adjust the degrees of freedom when computing the [variance][variance], provide a `correction` argument.
+
+```javascript
+var x = [ 1.0, -2.0, 2.0 ];
+
+var v = variancepn( x, 0.0 );
+// returns ~2.8889
+```
+
+</section>
+
+<!-- /.usage -->
+
+<section class="notes">
+
+## Notes
+
+-   If provided an empty array, the function returns `NaN`.
+-   If provided a `correction` argument which is greater than or equal to the number of elements in a provided input array, the function returns `NaN`.
+-   The function supports array-like objects having getter and setter accessors for array element access (e.g., [`@stdlib/array-base/accessor`][@stdlib/array/base/accessor]).
+
+</section>
+
+<!-- /.notes -->
+
+<section class="examples">
+
+## Examples
+
+<!-- eslint no-undef: "error" -->
+
+```javascript
+var discreteUniform = require( '@stdlib/random-array-discrete-uniform' );
+var variancepn = require( '@stdlib/stats-array-variancepn' );
+
+var x = discreteUniform( 10, -50, 50, {
+    'dtype': 'float64'
+});
+console.log( x );
+
+var v = variancepn( x );
+console.log( v );
+```
+
+</section>
+
+<!-- /.examples -->
+
+* * *
+
+<section class="references">
+
+## References
+
+-   Neely, Peter M. 1966. "Comparison of Several Algorithms for Computation of Means, Standard Deviations and Correlation Coefficients." _Communications of the ACM_ 9 (7). Association for Computing Machinery: 496–99. doi:[10.1145/365719.365958][@neely:1966a].
+-   Schubert, Erich, and Michael Gertz. 2018. "Numerically Stable Parallel Computation of (Co-)Variance." In _Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management_. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. doi:[10.1145/3221269.3223036][@schubert:2018a].
+
+</section>
+
+<!-- /.references -->
+
+<!-- Section for related `stdlib` packages. Do not manually edit this section, as it is automatically populated. -->
+
+<section class="related">
+
+</section>
+
+<!-- /.related -->
+
+<!-- Section for all links. Make sure to keep an empty line after the `section` element and another before the `/section` close. -->
+
+
+<section class="main-repo" >
+
+* * *
+
+## Notice
+
+This package is part of [stdlib][stdlib], a standard library for JavaScript and Node.js, with an emphasis on numerical and scientific computing. The library provides a collection of robust, high performance libraries for mathematics, statistics, streams, utilities, and more.
+
+For more information on the project, filing bug reports and feature requests, and guidance on how to develop [stdlib][stdlib], see the main project [repository][stdlib].
+
+#### Community
+
+[![Chat][chat-image]][chat-url]
+
+---
+
+## License
+
+See [LICENSE][stdlib-license].
+
+
+## Copyright
+
+Copyright &copy; 2016-2026. The Stdlib [Authors][stdlib-authors].
+
+</section>
+
+<!-- /.stdlib -->
+
+<!-- Section for all links. Make sure to keep an empty line after the `section` element and another before the `/section` close. -->
+
+<section class="links">
+
+[npm-image]: http://img.shields.io/npm/v/@stdlib/stats-array-variancepn.svg
+[npm-url]: https://npmjs.org/package/@stdlib/stats-array-variancepn
+
+[test-image]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg?branch=v0.1.0
+[test-url]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/actions/workflows/test.yml?query=branch:v0.1.0
+
+[coverage-image]: https://img.shields.io/codecov/c/github/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/main.svg
+[coverage-url]: https://codecov.io/github/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn?branch=main
+
+<!--
+
+[dependencies-image]: https://img.shields.io/david/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn.svg
+[dependencies-url]: https://david-dm.org/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/main
+
+-->
+
+[chat-image]: https://img.shields.io/badge/zulip-join_chat-brightgreen.svg
+[chat-url]: https://stdlib.zulipchat.com
+
+[stdlib]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stdlib
+
+[stdlib-authors]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stdlib/graphs/contributors
+
+[umd]: https://github.com/umdjs/umd
+[es-module]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Modules
+
+[deno-url]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/tree/deno
+[deno-readme]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/blob/deno/README.md
+[umd-url]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/tree/umd
+[umd-readme]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/blob/umd/README.md
+[esm-url]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/tree/esm
+[esm-readme]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/blob/esm/README.md
+[branches-url]: https://github.com/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/blob/main/branches.md
+
+[stdlib-license]: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/stdlib-js/stats-array-variancepn/main/LICENSE
+
+[variance]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variance
+
+[@neely:1966a]: https://doi.org/10.1145/365719.365958
+
+[@schubert:2018a]: https://doi.org/10.1145/3221269.3223036
+
+[@stdlib/array/base/accessor]: https://www.npmjs.com/package/@stdlib/array-base-accessor
+
+</section>
+
+<!-- /.links -->

package/SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Security
+
+> Policy for reporting security vulnerabilities.
+
+See the security policy [in the main project repository](https://github.com/stdlib-js/stdlib/security).

package/dist/index.d.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+/// <reference path="../docs/types/index.d.ts" />
+import variancepn from '../docs/types/index';
+export = variancepn;

package/dist/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+"use strict";var s=function(e,r){return function(){return r||e((r={exports:{}}).exports,r),r.exports}};var u=s(function(h,n){
+var o=require('@stdlib/assert-is-collection/dist'),v=require('@stdlib/assert-is-number/dist').isPrimitive,m=require('@stdlib/array-dtypes/dist'),l=require('@stdlib/array-dtype/dist'),g=require('@stdlib/array-base-assert-contains/dist'),c=require('@stdlib/array-base-join/dist'),d=require('@stdlib/stats-strided-variancepn/dist').ndarray,i=require('@stdlib/error-tools-fmtprodmsg/dist'),t=m("real_and_generic"),p="generic";function q(e){var r,a;if(!o(e))throw new TypeError(i('2PT2O',e));if(a=l(e)||p,!g(t,a))throw new TypeError(i('2PTHZ',c(t,'", "'),a));if(arguments.length>1){if(r=arguments[1],!v(r))throw new TypeError(i('2PT4A',r))}else r=1;return d(e.length,r,e,1,0)}n.exports=q
+});var y=u();module.exports=y;
+/** @license Apache-2.0 */
+//# sourceMappingURL=index.js.map

package/dist/index.js.map

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+{
+  "version": 3,
+  "sources": ["../lib/main.js", "../lib/index.js"],
+  "sourcesContent": ["/**\n* @license Apache-2.0\n*\n* Copyright (c) 2025 The Stdlib Authors.\n*\n* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n* You may obtain a copy of the License at\n*\n*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n*\n* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n* distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n* limitations under the License.\n*/\n\n'use strict';\n\n// MODULES //\n\nvar isCollection = require( '@stdlib/assert-is-collection' );\nvar isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert-is-number' ).isPrimitive;\nvar dtypes = require( '@stdlib/array-dtypes' );\nvar dtype = require( '@stdlib/array-dtype' );\nvar contains = require( '@stdlib/array-base-assert-contains' );\nvar join = require( '@stdlib/array-base-join' );\nvar strided = require( '@stdlib/stats-strided-variancepn' ).ndarray;\nvar format = require( '@stdlib/string-format' );\n\n\n// VARIABLES //\n\nvar IDTYPES = dtypes( 'real_and_generic' );\nvar GENERIC_DTYPE = 'generic';\n\n\n// MAIN //\n\n/**\n* Computes the variance of an array using a two-pass algorithm.\n*\n* ## Method\n*\n* -   This implementation uses a two-pass approach, as suggested by Neely (1966).\n*\n* ## References\n*\n* -   Neely, Peter M. 1966. \"Comparison of Several Algorithms for Computation of Means, Standard Deviations and Correlation Coefficients.\" _Communications of the ACM_ 9 (7). Association for Computing Machinery: 496\u201399. doi:[10.1145/365719.365958](https://doi.org/10.1145/365719.365958).\n* -   Schubert, Erich, and Michael Gertz. 2018. \"Numerically Stable Parallel Computation of (Co-)Variance.\" In _Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management_. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. doi:[10.1145/3221269.3223036](https://doi.org/10.1145/3221269.3223036).\n*\n* @param {NumericArray} x - input array\n* @param {number} [correction=1.0] - degrees of freedom adjustment\n* @throws {TypeError} first argument must be an array-like object\n* @throws {TypeError} first argument must have a supported data type\n* @throws {TypeError} second argument must be a number\n* @returns {number} variance\n*\n* @example\n* var x = [ 1.0, -2.0, 2.0 ];\n*\n* var v = variancepn( x, 1.0 );\n* // returns ~4.3333\n*/\nfunction variancepn( x ) {\n\tvar correction;\n\tvar dt;\n\tif ( !isCollection( x ) ) {\n\t\tthrow new TypeError( format( 'invalid argument. First argument must be an array-like object. Value: `%s`.', x ) );\n\t}\n\tdt = dtype( x ) || GENERIC_DTYPE;\n\tif ( !contains( IDTYPES, dt ) ) {\n\t\tthrow new TypeError( format( 'invalid argument. First argument must have one of the following data types: \"%s\". Data type: `%s`.', join( IDTYPES, '\", \"' ), dt ) );\n\t}\n\tif ( arguments.length > 1 ) {\n\t\tcorrection = arguments[ 1 ];\n\t\tif ( !isNumber( correction ) ) {\n\t\t\tthrow new TypeError( format( 'invalid argument. Second argument must be a number. Value: `%s`.', correction ) );\n\t\t}\n\t} else {\n\t\tcorrection = 1.0;\n\t}\n\treturn strided( x.length, correction, x, 1, 0 );\n}\n\n\n// EXPORTS //\n\nmodule.exports = variancepn;\n", "/**\n* @license Apache-2.0\n*\n* Copyright (c) 2025 The Stdlib Authors.\n*\n* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n* You may obtain a copy of the License at\n*\n*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n*\n* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n* distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n* limitations under the License.\n*/\n\n'use strict';\n\n/**\n* Compute the variance of an array using a two-pass algorithm.\n*\n* @module @stdlib/stats-array-variancepn\n*\n* @example\n* var variance = require( '@stdlib/stats-array-variancepn' );\n*\n* var x = [ 1.0, -2.0, 2.0 ];\n*\n* var v = variance( x, 1.0 );\n* // returns ~4.3333\n*/\n\n// MODULES //\n\nvar main = require( './main.js' );\n\n\n// EXPORTS //\n\nmodule.exports = main;\n"],
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package/docs/img/equation_unbiased_sample_variance.svg

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package/docs/types/index.d.ts

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+/*
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2025 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+// TypeScript Version: 4.1
+
+/// <reference types="@stdlib/types"/>
+
+import { NumericArray, Collection, AccessorArrayLike } from '@stdlib/types/array';
+
+/**
+* Input array.
+*/
+type InputArray = NumericArray | Collection<number> | AccessorArrayLike<number>;
+
+/**
+* Computes the variance of an array using a two-pass algorithm.
+*
+* ## Notes
+*
+* -   Setting the correction parameter to a value other than `0` has the effect of adjusting the divisor during the calculation of the variance according to `N-c` where `c` corresponds to the provided degrees of freedom adjustment. When computing the variance of a population, setting the correction parameter to `0` is the standard choice (i.e., the provided array contains data constituting an entire population). When computing the corrected sample variance, setting the correction parameter to `1` is the standard choice (i.e., the provided array contains data sampled from a larger population; this is commonly referred to as Bessel's correction).
+*
+* @param x - input array
+* @param correction - degrees of freedom adjustment (default: 1.0)
+* @returns variance
+*
+* @example
+* var x = [ 1.0, -2.0, 2.0 ];
+*
+* var v = variancepn( x, 1.0 );
+* // returns ~4.3333
+*/
+declare function variancepn( x: InputArray, correction?: number ): number;
+
+
+// EXPORTS //
+
+export = variancepn;

package/lib/index.js

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2025 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+/**
+* Compute the variance of an array using a two-pass algorithm.
+*
+* @module @stdlib/stats-array-variancepn
+*
+* @example
+* var variance = require( '@stdlib/stats-array-variancepn' );
+*
+* var x = [ 1.0, -2.0, 2.0 ];
+*
+* var v = variance( x, 1.0 );
+* // returns ~4.3333
+*/
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var main = require( './main.js' );
+
+
+// EXPORTS //
+
+module.exports = main;

package/lib/main.js

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/**
+* @license Apache-2.0
+*
+* Copyright (c) 2025 The Stdlib Authors.
+*
+* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+* You may obtain a copy of the License at
+*
+*    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+*
+* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+* limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+'use strict';
+
+// MODULES //
+
+var isCollection = require( '@stdlib/assert-is-collection' );
+var isNumber = require( '@stdlib/assert-is-number' ).isPrimitive;
+var dtypes = require( '@stdlib/array-dtypes' );
+var dtype = require( '@stdlib/array-dtype' );
+var contains = require( '@stdlib/array-base-assert-contains' );
+var join = require( '@stdlib/array-base-join' );
+var strided = require( '@stdlib/stats-strided-variancepn' ).ndarray;
+var format = require( '@stdlib/string-format' );
+
+
+// VARIABLES //
+
+var IDTYPES = dtypes( 'real_and_generic' );
+var GENERIC_DTYPE = 'generic';
+
+
+// MAIN //
+
+/**
+* Computes the variance of an array using a two-pass algorithm.
+*
+* ## Method
+*
+* -   This implementation uses a two-pass approach, as suggested by Neely (1966).
+*
+* ## References
+*
+* -   Neely, Peter M. 1966. "Comparison of Several Algorithms for Computation of Means, Standard Deviations and Correlation Coefficients." _Communications of the ACM_ 9 (7). Association for Computing Machinery: 496–99. doi:[10.1145/365719.365958](https://doi.org/10.1145/365719.365958).
+* -   Schubert, Erich, and Michael Gertz. 2018. "Numerically Stable Parallel Computation of (Co-)Variance." In _Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management_. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery. doi:[10.1145/3221269.3223036](https://doi.org/10.1145/3221269.3223036).
+*
+* @param {NumericArray} x - input array
+* @param {number} [correction=1.0] - degrees of freedom adjustment
+* @throws {TypeError} first argument must be an array-like object
+* @throws {TypeError} first argument must have a supported data type
+* @throws {TypeError} second argument must be a number
+* @returns {number} variance
+*
+* @example
+* var x = [ 1.0, -2.0, 2.0 ];
+*
+* var v = variancepn( x, 1.0 );
+* // returns ~4.3333
+*/
+function variancepn( x ) {
+	var correction;
+	var dt;
+	if ( !isCollection( x ) ) {
+		throw new TypeError( format( 'invalid argument. First argument must be an array-like object. Value: `%s`.', x ) );
+	}
+	dt = dtype( x ) || GENERIC_DTYPE;
+	if ( !contains( IDTYPES, dt ) ) {
+		throw new TypeError( format( 'invalid argument. First argument must have one of the following data types: "%s". Data type: `%s`.', join( IDTYPES, '", "' ), dt ) );
+	}
+	if ( arguments.length > 1 ) {
+		correction = arguments[ 1 ];
+		if ( !isNumber( correction ) ) {
+			throw new TypeError( format( 'invalid argument. Second argument must be a number. Value: `%s`.', correction ) );
+		}
+	} else {
+		correction = 1.0;
+	}
+	return strided( x.length, correction, x, 1, 0 );
+}
+
+
+// EXPORTS //
+
+module.exports = variancepn;

package/package.json

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+{
+  "name": "@stdlib/stats-array-variancepn",
+  "version": "0.1.0",
+  "description": "Calculate the variance of an array using a two-pass algorithm.",
+  "license": "Apache-2.0",
+  "author": {
+    "name": "The Stdlib Authors",
+    "url": "https://github.com/stdlib-js/stdlib/graphs/contributors"
+  },
+  "contributors": [
+    {
+      "name": "The Stdlib Authors",
+      "url": "https://github.com/stdlib-js/stdlib/graphs/contributors"
+    }
+  ],
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