@start9labs/start-sdk 1.5.2 → 2.0.0

package/node_modules/@noble/curves/src/abstract/weierstrass.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,1884 @@
+/**
+ * Short Weierstrass curve methods. The formula is: y² = x³ + ax + b.
+ *
+ * ### Design rationale for types
+ *
+ * * Interaction between classes from different curves should fail:
+ *   `k256.Point.BASE.add(p256.Point.BASE)`
+ * * For this purpose we want to use `instanceof` operator, which is fast and works during runtime
+ * * Different calls of `curve()` would return different classes -
+ *   `curve(params) !== curve(params)`: if somebody decided to monkey-patch their curve,
+ *   it won't affect others
+ *
+ * TypeScript can't infer types for classes created inside a function. Classes is one instance
+ * of nominative types in TypeScript and interfaces only check for shape, so it's hard to create
+ * unique type for every function call.
+ *
+ * We can use generic types via some param, like curve opts, but that would:
+ *     1. Enable interaction between `curve(params)` and `curve(params)` (curves of same params)
+ *     which is hard to debug.
+ *     2. Params can be generic and we can't enforce them to be constant value:
+ *     if somebody creates curve from non-constant params,
+ *     it would be allowed to interact with other curves with non-constant params
+ *
+ * @todo https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-7.html#unique-symbol
+ * @module
+ */
+/*! noble-curves - MIT License (c) 2022 Paul Miller (paulmillr.com) */
+import { hmac as nobleHmac } from '@noble/hashes/hmac.js';
+import { ahash } from '@noble/hashes/utils';
+import {
+  _validateObject,
+  _abool2 as abool,
+  _abytes2 as abytes,
+  aInRange,
+  bitLen,
+  bitMask,
+  bytesToHex,
+  bytesToNumberBE,
+  concatBytes,
+  createHmacDrbg,
+  ensureBytes,
+  hexToBytes,
+  inRange,
+  isBytes,
+  memoized,
+  numberToHexUnpadded,
+  randomBytes as randomBytesWeb,
+  type CHash,
+  type Hex,
+  type PrivKey,
+} from '../utils.ts';
+import {
+  _createCurveFields,
+  mulEndoUnsafe,
+  negateCt,
+  normalizeZ,
+  pippenger,
+  wNAF,
+  type AffinePoint,
+  type BasicCurve,
+  type CurveLengths,
+  type CurvePoint,
+  type CurvePointCons,
+} from './curve.ts';
+import {
+  Field,
+  FpInvertBatch,
+  getMinHashLength,
+  mapHashToField,
+  nLength,
+  validateField,
+  type IField,
+  type NLength,
+} from './modular.ts';
+
+export type { AffinePoint };
+export type HmacFnSync = (key: Uint8Array, ...messages: Uint8Array[]) => Uint8Array;
+
+type EndoBasis = [[bigint, bigint], [bigint, bigint]];
+/**
+ * When Weierstrass curve has `a=0`, it becomes Koblitz curve.
+ * Koblitz curves allow using **efficiently-computable GLV endomorphism ψ**.
+ * Endomorphism uses 2x less RAM, speeds up precomputation by 2x and ECDH / key recovery by 20%.
+ * For precomputed wNAF it trades off 1/2 init time & 1/3 ram for 20% perf hit.
+ *
+ * Endomorphism consists of beta, lambda and splitScalar:
+ *
+ * 1. GLV endomorphism ψ transforms a point: `P = (x, y) ↦ ψ(P) = (β·x mod p, y)`
+ * 2. GLV scalar decomposition transforms a scalar: `k ≡ k₁ + k₂·λ (mod n)`
+ * 3. Then these are combined: `k·P = k₁·P + k₂·ψ(P)`
+ * 4. Two 128-bit point-by-scalar multiplications + one point addition is faster than
+ *    one 256-bit multiplication.
+ *
+ * where
+ * * beta: β ∈ Fₚ with β³ = 1, β ≠ 1
+ * * lambda: λ ∈ Fₙ with λ³ = 1, λ ≠ 1
+ * * splitScalar decomposes k ↦ k₁, k₂, by using reduced basis vectors.
+ *   Gauss lattice reduction calculates them from initial basis vectors `(n, 0), (-λ, 0)`
+ *
+ * Check out `test/misc/endomorphism.js` and
+ * [gist](https://gist.github.com/paulmillr/eb670806793e84df628a7c434a873066).
+ */
+export type EndomorphismOpts = {
+  beta: bigint;
+  basises?: EndoBasis;
+  splitScalar?: (k: bigint) => { k1neg: boolean; k1: bigint; k2neg: boolean; k2: bigint };
+};
+
+// We construct basis in such way that den is always positive and equals n, but num sign depends on basis (not on secret value)
+const divNearest = (num: bigint, den: bigint) => (num + (num >= 0 ? den : -den) / _2n) / den;
+
+export type ScalarEndoParts = { k1neg: boolean; k1: bigint; k2neg: boolean; k2: bigint };
+
+/**
+ * Splits scalar for GLV endomorphism.
+ */
+export function _splitEndoScalar(k: bigint, basis: EndoBasis, n: bigint): ScalarEndoParts {
+  // Split scalar into two such that part is ~half bits: `abs(part) < sqrt(N)`
+  // Since part can be negative, we need to do this on point.
+  // TODO: verifyScalar function which consumes lambda
+  const [[a1, b1], [a2, b2]] = basis;
+  const c1 = divNearest(b2 * k, n);
+  const c2 = divNearest(-b1 * k, n);
+  // |k1|/|k2| is < sqrt(N), but can be negative.
+  // If we do `k1 mod N`, we'll get big scalar (`> sqrt(N)`): so, we do cheaper negation instead.
+  let k1 = k - c1 * a1 - c2 * a2;
+  let k2 = -c1 * b1 - c2 * b2;
+  const k1neg = k1 < _0n;
+  const k2neg = k2 < _0n;
+  if (k1neg) k1 = -k1;
+  if (k2neg) k2 = -k2;
+  // Double check that resulting scalar less than half bits of N: otherwise wNAF will fail.
+  // This should only happen on wrong basises. Also, math inside is too complex and I don't trust it.
+  const MAX_NUM = bitMask(Math.ceil(bitLen(n) / 2)) + _1n; // Half bits of N
+  if (k1 < _0n || k1 >= MAX_NUM || k2 < _0n || k2 >= MAX_NUM) {
+    throw new Error('splitScalar (endomorphism): failed, k=' + k);
+  }
+  return { k1neg, k1, k2neg, k2 };
+}
+
+export type ECDSASigFormat = 'compact' | 'recovered' | 'der';
+export type ECDSARecoverOpts = {
+  prehash?: boolean;
+};
+export type ECDSAVerifyOpts = {
+  prehash?: boolean;
+  lowS?: boolean;
+  format?: ECDSASigFormat;
+};
+export type ECDSASignOpts = {
+  prehash?: boolean;
+  lowS?: boolean;
+  format?: ECDSASigFormat;
+  extraEntropy?: Uint8Array | boolean;
+};
+
+function validateSigFormat(format: string): ECDSASigFormat {
+  if (!['compact', 'recovered', 'der'].includes(format))
+    throw new Error('Signature format must be "compact", "recovered", or "der"');
+  return format as ECDSASigFormat;
+}
+
+function validateSigOpts<T extends ECDSASignOpts, D extends Required<ECDSASignOpts>>(
+  opts: T,
+  def: D
+): Required<ECDSASignOpts> {
+  const optsn: ECDSASignOpts = {};
+  for (let optName of Object.keys(def)) {
+    // @ts-ignore
+    optsn[optName] = opts[optName] === undefined ? def[optName] : opts[optName];
+  }
+  abool(optsn.lowS!, 'lowS');
+  abool(optsn.prehash!, 'prehash');
+  if (optsn.format !== undefined) validateSigFormat(optsn.format);
+  return optsn as Required<ECDSASignOpts>;
+}
+
+/** Instance methods for 3D XYZ projective points. */
+export interface WeierstrassPoint<T> extends CurvePoint<T, WeierstrassPoint<T>> {
+  /** projective X coordinate. Different from affine x. */
+  readonly X: T;
+  /** projective Y coordinate. Different from affine y. */
+  readonly Y: T;
+  /** projective z coordinate */
+  readonly Z: T;
+  /** affine x coordinate. Different from projective X. */
+  get x(): T;
+  /** affine y coordinate. Different from projective Y. */
+  get y(): T;
+  /** Encodes point using IEEE P1363 (DER) encoding. First byte is 2/3/4. Default = isCompressed. */
+  toBytes(isCompressed?: boolean): Uint8Array;
+  toHex(isCompressed?: boolean): string;
+
+  /** @deprecated use `.X` */
+  readonly px: T;
+  /** @deprecated use `.Y` */
+  readonly py: T;
+  /** @deprecated use `.Z` */
+  readonly pz: T;
+  /** @deprecated use `toBytes` */
+  toRawBytes(isCompressed?: boolean): Uint8Array;
+  /** @deprecated use `multiplyUnsafe` */
+  multiplyAndAddUnsafe(
+    Q: WeierstrassPoint<T>,
+    a: bigint,
+    b: bigint
+  ): WeierstrassPoint<T> | undefined;
+  /** @deprecated use `p.y % 2n === 0n` */
+  hasEvenY(): boolean;
+  /** @deprecated use `p.precompute(windowSize)` */
+  _setWindowSize(windowSize: number): void;
+}
+
+/** Static methods for 3D XYZ projective points. */
+export interface WeierstrassPointCons<T> extends CurvePointCons<WeierstrassPoint<T>> {
+  /** Does NOT validate if the point is valid. Use `.assertValidity()`. */
+  new (X: T, Y: T, Z: T): WeierstrassPoint<T>;
+  CURVE(): WeierstrassOpts<T>;
+  /** @deprecated use `Point.BASE.multiply(Point.Fn.fromBytes(privateKey))` */
+  fromPrivateKey(privateKey: PrivKey): WeierstrassPoint<T>;
+  /** @deprecated use `import { normalizeZ } from '@noble/curves/abstract/curve.js';` */
+  normalizeZ(points: WeierstrassPoint<T>[]): WeierstrassPoint<T>[];
+  /** @deprecated use `import { pippenger } from '@noble/curves/abstract/curve.js';` */
+  msm(points: WeierstrassPoint<T>[], scalars: bigint[]): WeierstrassPoint<T>;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Weierstrass curve options.
+ *
+ * * p: prime characteristic (order) of finite field, in which arithmetics is done
+ * * n: order of prime subgroup a.k.a total amount of valid curve points
+ * * h: cofactor, usually 1. h*n is group order; n is subgroup order
+ * * a: formula param, must be in field of p
+ * * b: formula param, must be in field of p
+ * * Gx: x coordinate of generator point a.k.a. base point
+ * * Gy: y coordinate of generator point
+ */
+export type WeierstrassOpts<T> = Readonly<{
+  p: bigint;
+  n: bigint;
+  h: bigint;
+  a: T;
+  b: T;
+  Gx: T;
+  Gy: T;
+}>;
+
+// When a cofactor != 1, there can be an effective methods to:
+// 1. Determine whether a point is torsion-free
+// 2. Clear torsion component
+// wrapPrivateKey: bls12-381 requires mod(n) instead of rejecting keys >= n
+export type WeierstrassExtraOpts<T> = Partial<{
+  Fp: IField<T>;
+  Fn: IField<bigint>;
+  allowInfinityPoint: boolean;
+  endo: EndomorphismOpts;
+  isTorsionFree: (c: WeierstrassPointCons<T>, point: WeierstrassPoint<T>) => boolean;
+  clearCofactor: (c: WeierstrassPointCons<T>, point: WeierstrassPoint<T>) => WeierstrassPoint<T>;
+  fromBytes: (bytes: Uint8Array) => AffinePoint<T>;
+  toBytes: (
+    c: WeierstrassPointCons<T>,
+    point: WeierstrassPoint<T>,
+    isCompressed: boolean
+  ) => Uint8Array;
+}>;
+
+/**
+ * Options for ECDSA signatures over a Weierstrass curve.
+ *
+ * * lowS: (default: true) whether produced / verified signatures occupy low half of ecdsaOpts.p. Prevents malleability.
+ * * hmac: (default: noble-hashes hmac) function, would be used to init hmac-drbg for k generation.
+ * * randomBytes: (default: webcrypto os-level CSPRNG) custom method for fetching secure randomness.
+ * * bits2int, bits2int_modN: used in sigs, sometimes overridden by curves
+ */
+export type ECDSAOpts = Partial<{
+  lowS: boolean;
+  hmac: HmacFnSync;
+  randomBytes: (bytesLength?: number) => Uint8Array;
+  bits2int: (bytes: Uint8Array) => bigint;
+  bits2int_modN: (bytes: Uint8Array) => bigint;
+}>;
+
+/**
+ * Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman interface.
+ * Provides keygen, secret-to-public conversion, calculating shared secrets.
+ */
+export interface ECDH {
+  keygen: (seed?: Uint8Array) => { secretKey: Uint8Array; publicKey: Uint8Array };
+  getPublicKey: (secretKey: PrivKey, isCompressed?: boolean) => Uint8Array;
+  getSharedSecret: (secretKeyA: PrivKey, publicKeyB: Hex, isCompressed?: boolean) => Uint8Array;
+  Point: WeierstrassPointCons<bigint>;
+  utils: {
+    isValidSecretKey: (secretKey: PrivKey) => boolean;
+    isValidPublicKey: (publicKey: Uint8Array, isCompressed?: boolean) => boolean;
+    randomSecretKey: (seed?: Uint8Array) => Uint8Array;
+    /** @deprecated use `randomSecretKey` */
+    randomPrivateKey: (seed?: Uint8Array) => Uint8Array;
+    /** @deprecated use `isValidSecretKey` */
+    isValidPrivateKey: (secretKey: PrivKey) => boolean;
+    /** @deprecated use `Point.Fn.fromBytes()` */
+    normPrivateKeyToScalar: (key: PrivKey) => bigint;
+    /** @deprecated use `point.precompute()` */
+    precompute: (windowSize?: number, point?: WeierstrassPoint<bigint>) => WeierstrassPoint<bigint>;
+  };
+  lengths: CurveLengths;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ECDSA interface.
+ * Only supported for prime fields, not Fp2 (extension fields).
+ */
+export interface ECDSA extends ECDH {
+  sign: (message: Hex, secretKey: PrivKey, opts?: ECDSASignOpts) => ECDSASigRecovered;
+  verify: (
+    signature: Uint8Array,
+    message: Uint8Array,
+    publicKey: Uint8Array,
+    opts?: ECDSAVerifyOpts
+  ) => boolean;
+  recoverPublicKey(signature: Uint8Array, message: Uint8Array, opts?: ECDSARecoverOpts): Uint8Array;
+  Signature: ECDSASignatureCons;
+}
+export class DERErr extends Error {
+  constructor(m = '') {
+    super(m);
+  }
+}
+export type IDER = {
+  // asn.1 DER encoding utils
+  Err: typeof DERErr;
+  // Basic building block is TLV (Tag-Length-Value)
+  _tlv: {
+    encode: (tag: number, data: string) => string;
+    // v - value, l - left bytes (unparsed)
+    decode(tag: number, data: Uint8Array): { v: Uint8Array; l: Uint8Array };
+  };
+  // https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/57734 Leftmost bit of first byte is 'negative' flag,
+  // since we always use positive integers here. It must always be empty:
+  // - add zero byte if exists
+  // - if next byte doesn't have a flag, leading zero is not allowed (minimal encoding)
+  _int: {
+    encode(num: bigint): string;
+    decode(data: Uint8Array): bigint;
+  };
+  toSig(hex: string | Uint8Array): { r: bigint; s: bigint };
+  hexFromSig(sig: { r: bigint; s: bigint }): string;
+};
+/**
+ * ASN.1 DER encoding utilities. ASN is very complex & fragile. Format:
+ *
+ *     [0x30 (SEQUENCE), bytelength, 0x02 (INTEGER), intLength, R, 0x02 (INTEGER), intLength, S]
+ *
+ * Docs: https://letsencrypt.org/docs/a-warm-welcome-to-asn1-and-der/, https://luca.ntop.org/Teaching/Appunti/asn1.html
+ */
+export const DER: IDER = {
+  // asn.1 DER encoding utils
+  Err: DERErr,
+  // Basic building block is TLV (Tag-Length-Value)
+  _tlv: {
+    encode: (tag: number, data: string): string => {
+      const { Err: E } = DER;
+      if (tag < 0 || tag > 256) throw new E('tlv.encode: wrong tag');
+      if (data.length & 1) throw new E('tlv.encode: unpadded data');
+      const dataLen = data.length / 2;
+      const len = numberToHexUnpadded(dataLen);
+      if ((len.length / 2) & 0b1000_0000) throw new E('tlv.encode: long form length too big');
+      // length of length with long form flag
+      const lenLen = dataLen > 127 ? numberToHexUnpadded((len.length / 2) | 0b1000_0000) : '';
+      const t = numberToHexUnpadded(tag);
+      return t + lenLen + len + data;
+    },
+    // v - value, l - left bytes (unparsed)
+    decode(tag: number, data: Uint8Array): { v: Uint8Array; l: Uint8Array } {
+      const { Err: E } = DER;
+      let pos = 0;
+      if (tag < 0 || tag > 256) throw new E('tlv.encode: wrong tag');
+      if (data.length < 2 || data[pos++] !== tag) throw new E('tlv.decode: wrong tlv');
+      const first = data[pos++];
+      const isLong = !!(first & 0b1000_0000); // First bit of first length byte is flag for short/long form
+      let length = 0;
+      if (!isLong) length = first;
+      else {
+        // Long form: [longFlag(1bit), lengthLength(7bit), length (BE)]
+        const lenLen = first & 0b0111_1111;
+        if (!lenLen) throw new E('tlv.decode(long): indefinite length not supported');
+        if (lenLen > 4) throw new E('tlv.decode(long): byte length is too big'); // this will overflow u32 in js
+        const lengthBytes = data.subarray(pos, pos + lenLen);
+        if (lengthBytes.length !== lenLen) throw new E('tlv.decode: length bytes not complete');
+        if (lengthBytes[0] === 0) throw new E('tlv.decode(long): zero leftmost byte');
+        for (const b of lengthBytes) length = (length << 8) | b;
+        pos += lenLen;
+        if (length < 128) throw new E('tlv.decode(long): not minimal encoding');
+      }
+      const v = data.subarray(pos, pos + length);
+      if (v.length !== length) throw new E('tlv.decode: wrong value length');
+      return { v, l: data.subarray(pos + length) };
+    },
+  },
+  // https://crypto.stackexchange.com/a/57734 Leftmost bit of first byte is 'negative' flag,
+  // since we always use positive integers here. It must always be empty:
+  // - add zero byte if exists
+  // - if next byte doesn't have a flag, leading zero is not allowed (minimal encoding)
+  _int: {
+    encode(num: bigint): string {
+      const { Err: E } = DER;
+      if (num < _0n) throw new E('integer: negative integers are not allowed');
+      let hex = numberToHexUnpadded(num);
+      // Pad with zero byte if negative flag is present
+      if (Number.parseInt(hex[0], 16) & 0b1000) hex = '00' + hex;
+      if (hex.length & 1) throw new E('unexpected DER parsing assertion: unpadded hex');
+      return hex;
+    },
+    decode(data: Uint8Array): bigint {
+      const { Err: E } = DER;
+      if (data[0] & 0b1000_0000) throw new E('invalid signature integer: negative');
+      if (data[0] === 0x00 && !(data[1] & 0b1000_0000))
+        throw new E('invalid signature integer: unnecessary leading zero');
+      return bytesToNumberBE(data);
+    },
+  },
+  toSig(hex: string | Uint8Array): { r: bigint; s: bigint } {
+    // parse DER signature
+    const { Err: E, _int: int, _tlv: tlv } = DER;
+    const data = ensureBytes('signature', hex);
+    const { v: seqBytes, l: seqLeftBytes } = tlv.decode(0x30, data);
+    if (seqLeftBytes.length) throw new E('invalid signature: left bytes after parsing');
+    const { v: rBytes, l: rLeftBytes } = tlv.decode(0x02, seqBytes);
+    const { v: sBytes, l: sLeftBytes } = tlv.decode(0x02, rLeftBytes);
+    if (sLeftBytes.length) throw new E('invalid signature: left bytes after parsing');
+    return { r: int.decode(rBytes), s: int.decode(sBytes) };
+  },
+  hexFromSig(sig: { r: bigint; s: bigint }): string {
+    const { _tlv: tlv, _int: int } = DER;
+    const rs = tlv.encode(0x02, int.encode(sig.r));
+    const ss = tlv.encode(0x02, int.encode(sig.s));
+    const seq = rs + ss;
+    return tlv.encode(0x30, seq);
+  },
+};
+
+// Be friendly to bad ECMAScript parsers by not using bigint literals
+// prettier-ignore
+const _0n = BigInt(0), _1n = BigInt(1), _2n = BigInt(2), _3n = BigInt(3), _4n = BigInt(4);
+
+export function _normFnElement(Fn: IField<bigint>, key: PrivKey): bigint {
+  const { BYTES: expected } = Fn;
+  let num: bigint;
+  if (typeof key === 'bigint') {
+    num = key;
+  } else {
+    let bytes = ensureBytes('private key', key);
+    try {
+      num = Fn.fromBytes(bytes);
+    } catch (error) {
+      throw new Error(`invalid private key: expected ui8a of size ${expected}, got ${typeof key}`);
+    }
+  }
+  if (!Fn.isValidNot0(num)) throw new Error('invalid private key: out of range [1..N-1]');
+  return num;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates weierstrass Point constructor, based on specified curve options.
+ *
+ * @example
+```js
+const opts = {
+  p: BigInt('0xffffffff00000001000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff'),
+  n: BigInt('0xffffffff00000000ffffffffffffffffbce6faada7179e84f3b9cac2fc632551'),
+  h: BigInt(1),
+  a: BigInt('0xffffffff00000001000000000000000000000000fffffffffffffffffffffffc'),
+  b: BigInt('0x5ac635d8aa3a93e7b3ebbd55769886bc651d06b0cc53b0f63bce3c3e27d2604b'),
+  Gx: BigInt('0x6b17d1f2e12c4247f8bce6e563a440f277037d812deb33a0f4a13945d898c296'),
+  Gy: BigInt('0x4fe342e2fe1a7f9b8ee7eb4a7c0f9e162bce33576b315ececbb6406837bf51f5'),
+};
+const p256_Point = weierstrass(opts);
+```
+ */
+export function weierstrassN<T>(
+  params: WeierstrassOpts<T>,
+  extraOpts: WeierstrassExtraOpts<T> = {}
+): WeierstrassPointCons<T> {
+  const validated = _createCurveFields('weierstrass', params, extraOpts);
+  const { Fp, Fn } = validated;
+  let CURVE = validated.CURVE as WeierstrassOpts<T>;
+  const { h: cofactor, n: CURVE_ORDER } = CURVE;
+  _validateObject(
+    extraOpts,
+    {},
+    {
+      allowInfinityPoint: 'boolean',
+      clearCofactor: 'function',
+      isTorsionFree: 'function',
+      fromBytes: 'function',
+      toBytes: 'function',
+      endo: 'object',
+      wrapPrivateKey: 'boolean',
+    }
+  );
+
+  const { endo } = extraOpts;
+  if (endo) {
+    // validateObject(endo, { beta: 'bigint', splitScalar: 'function' });
+    if (!Fp.is0(CURVE.a) || typeof endo.beta !== 'bigint' || !Array.isArray(endo.basises)) {
+      throw new Error('invalid endo: expected "beta": bigint and "basises": array');
+    }
+  }
+
+  const lengths = getWLengths(Fp, Fn);
+
+  function assertCompressionIsSupported() {
+    if (!Fp.isOdd) throw new Error('compression is not supported: Field does not have .isOdd()');
+  }
+
+  // Implements IEEE P1363 point encoding
+  function pointToBytes(
+    _c: WeierstrassPointCons<T>,
+    point: WeierstrassPoint<T>,
+    isCompressed: boolean
+  ): Uint8Array {
+    const { x, y } = point.toAffine();
+    const bx = Fp.toBytes(x);
+    abool(isCompressed, 'isCompressed');
+    if (isCompressed) {
+      assertCompressionIsSupported();
+      const hasEvenY = !Fp.isOdd!(y);
+      return concatBytes(pprefix(hasEvenY), bx);
+    } else {
+      return concatBytes(Uint8Array.of(0x04), bx, Fp.toBytes(y));
+    }
+  }
+  function pointFromBytes(bytes: Uint8Array) {
+    abytes(bytes, undefined, 'Point');
+    const { publicKey: comp, publicKeyUncompressed: uncomp } = lengths; // e.g. for 32-byte: 33, 65
+    const length = bytes.length;
+    const head = bytes[0];
+    const tail = bytes.subarray(1);
+    // No actual validation is done here: use .assertValidity()
+    if (length === comp && (head === 0x02 || head === 0x03)) {
+      const x = Fp.fromBytes(tail);
+      if (!Fp.isValid(x)) throw new Error('bad point: is not on curve, wrong x');
+      const y2 = weierstrassEquation(x); // y² = x³ + ax + b
+      let y: T;
+      try {
+        y = Fp.sqrt(y2); // y = y² ^ (p+1)/4
+      } catch (sqrtError) {
+        const err = sqrtError instanceof Error ? ': ' + sqrtError.message : '';
+        throw new Error('bad point: is not on curve, sqrt error' + err);
+      }
+      assertCompressionIsSupported();
+      const isYOdd = Fp.isOdd!(y); // (y & _1n) === _1n;
+      const isHeadOdd = (head & 1) === 1; // ECDSA-specific
+      if (isHeadOdd !== isYOdd) y = Fp.neg(y);
+      return { x, y };
+    } else if (length === uncomp && head === 0x04) {
+      // TODO: more checks
+      const L = Fp.BYTES;
+      const x = Fp.fromBytes(tail.subarray(0, L));
+      const y = Fp.fromBytes(tail.subarray(L, L * 2));
+      if (!isValidXY(x, y)) throw new Error('bad point: is not on curve');
+      return { x, y };
+    } else {
+      throw new Error(
+        `bad point: got length ${length}, expected compressed=${comp} or uncompressed=${uncomp}`
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  const encodePoint = extraOpts.toBytes || pointToBytes;
+  const decodePoint = extraOpts.fromBytes || pointFromBytes;
+  function weierstrassEquation(x: T): T {
+    const x2 = Fp.sqr(x); // x * x
+    const x3 = Fp.mul(x2, x); // x² * x
+    return Fp.add(Fp.add(x3, Fp.mul(x, CURVE.a)), CURVE.b); // x³ + a * x + b
+  }
+
+  // TODO: move top-level
+  /** Checks whether equation holds for given x, y: y² == x³ + ax + b */
+  function isValidXY(x: T, y: T): boolean {
+    const left = Fp.sqr(y); // y²
+    const right = weierstrassEquation(x); // x³ + ax + b
+    return Fp.eql(left, right);
+  }
+
+  // Validate whether the passed curve params are valid.
+  // Test 1: equation y² = x³ + ax + b should work for generator point.
+  if (!isValidXY(CURVE.Gx, CURVE.Gy)) throw new Error('bad curve params: generator point');
+
+  // Test 2: discriminant Δ part should be non-zero: 4a³ + 27b² != 0.
+  // Guarantees curve is genus-1, smooth (non-singular).
+  const _4a3 = Fp.mul(Fp.pow(CURVE.a, _3n), _4n);
+  const _27b2 = Fp.mul(Fp.sqr(CURVE.b), BigInt(27));
+  if (Fp.is0(Fp.add(_4a3, _27b2))) throw new Error('bad curve params: a or b');
+
+  /** Asserts coordinate is valid: 0 <= n < Fp.ORDER. */
+  function acoord(title: string, n: T, banZero = false) {
+    if (!Fp.isValid(n) || (banZero && Fp.is0(n))) throw new Error(`bad point coordinate ${title}`);
+    return n;
+  }
+
+  function aprjpoint(other: unknown) {
+    if (!(other instanceof Point)) throw new Error('ProjectivePoint expected');
+  }
+
+  function splitEndoScalarN(k: bigint) {
+    if (!endo || !endo.basises) throw new Error('no endo');
+    return _splitEndoScalar(k, endo.basises, Fn.ORDER);
+  }
+
+  // Memoized toAffine / validity check. They are heavy. Points are immutable.
+
+  // Converts Projective point to affine (x, y) coordinates.
+  // Can accept precomputed Z^-1 - for example, from invertBatch.
+  // (X, Y, Z) ∋ (x=X/Z, y=Y/Z)
+  const toAffineMemo = memoized((p: Point, iz?: T): AffinePoint<T> => {
+    const { X, Y, Z } = p;
+    // Fast-path for normalized points
+    if (Fp.eql(Z, Fp.ONE)) return { x: X, y: Y };
+    const is0 = p.is0();
+    // If invZ was 0, we return zero point. However we still want to execute
+    // all operations, so we replace invZ with a random number, 1.
+    if (iz == null) iz = is0 ? Fp.ONE : Fp.inv(Z);
+    const x = Fp.mul(X, iz);
+    const y = Fp.mul(Y, iz);
+    const zz = Fp.mul(Z, iz);
+    if (is0) return { x: Fp.ZERO, y: Fp.ZERO };
+    if (!Fp.eql(zz, Fp.ONE)) throw new Error('invZ was invalid');
+    return { x, y };
+  });
+  // NOTE: on exception this will crash 'cached' and no value will be set.
+  // Otherwise true will be return
+  const assertValidMemo = memoized((p: Point) => {
+    if (p.is0()) {
+      // (0, 1, 0) aka ZERO is invalid in most contexts.
+      // In BLS, ZERO can be serialized, so we allow it.
+      // (0, 0, 0) is invalid representation of ZERO.
+      if (extraOpts.allowInfinityPoint && !Fp.is0(p.Y)) return;
+      throw new Error('bad point: ZERO');
+    }
+    // Some 3rd-party test vectors require different wording between here & `fromCompressedHex`
+    const { x, y } = p.toAffine();
+    if (!Fp.isValid(x) || !Fp.isValid(y)) throw new Error('bad point: x or y not field elements');
+    if (!isValidXY(x, y)) throw new Error('bad point: equation left != right');
+    if (!p.isTorsionFree()) throw new Error('bad point: not in prime-order subgroup');
+    return true;
+  });
+
+  function finishEndo(
+    endoBeta: EndomorphismOpts['beta'],
+    k1p: Point,
+    k2p: Point,
+    k1neg: boolean,
+    k2neg: boolean
+  ) {
+    k2p = new Point(Fp.mul(k2p.X, endoBeta), k2p.Y, k2p.Z);
+    k1p = negateCt(k1neg, k1p);
+    k2p = negateCt(k2neg, k2p);
+    return k1p.add(k2p);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Projective Point works in 3d / projective (homogeneous) coordinates:(X, Y, Z) ∋ (x=X/Z, y=Y/Z).
+   * Default Point works in 2d / affine coordinates: (x, y).
+   * We're doing calculations in projective, because its operations don't require costly inversion.
+   */
+  class Point implements WeierstrassPoint<T> {
+    // base / generator point
+    static readonly BASE = new Point(CURVE.Gx, CURVE.Gy, Fp.ONE);
+    // zero / infinity / identity point
+    static readonly ZERO = new Point(Fp.ZERO, Fp.ONE, Fp.ZERO); // 0, 1, 0
+    // math field
+    static readonly Fp = Fp;
+    // scalar field
+    static readonly Fn = Fn;
+
+    readonly X: T;
+    readonly Y: T;
+    readonly Z: T;
+
+    /** Does NOT validate if the point is valid. Use `.assertValidity()`. */
+    constructor(X: T, Y: T, Z: T) {
+      this.X = acoord('x', X);
+      this.Y = acoord('y', Y, true);
+      this.Z = acoord('z', Z);
+      Object.freeze(this);
+    }
+
+    static CURVE(): WeierstrassOpts<T> {
+      return CURVE;
+    }
+
+    /** Does NOT validate if the point is valid. Use `.assertValidity()`. */
+    static fromAffine(p: AffinePoint<T>): Point {
+      const { x, y } = p || {};
+      if (!p || !Fp.isValid(x) || !Fp.isValid(y)) throw new Error('invalid affine point');
+      if (p instanceof Point) throw new Error('projective point not allowed');
+      // (0, 0) would've produced (0, 0, 1) - instead, we need (0, 1, 0)
+      if (Fp.is0(x) && Fp.is0(y)) return Point.ZERO;
+      return new Point(x, y, Fp.ONE);
+    }
+
+    static fromBytes(bytes: Uint8Array): Point {
+      const P = Point.fromAffine(decodePoint(abytes(bytes, undefined, 'point')));
+      P.assertValidity();
+      return P;
+    }
+    static fromHex(hex: Hex): Point {
+      return Point.fromBytes(ensureBytes('pointHex', hex));
+    }
+
+    get x(): T {
+      return this.toAffine().x;
+    }
+    get y(): T {
+      return this.toAffine().y;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     *
+     * @param windowSize
+     * @param isLazy true will defer table computation until the first multiplication
+     * @returns
+     */
+    precompute(windowSize: number = 8, isLazy = true): Point {
+      wnaf.createCache(this, windowSize);
+      if (!isLazy) this.multiply(_3n); // random number
+      return this;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: return `this`
+    /** A point on curve is valid if it conforms to equation. */
+    assertValidity(): void {
+      assertValidMemo(this);
+    }
+
+    hasEvenY(): boolean {
+      const { y } = this.toAffine();
+      if (!Fp.isOdd) throw new Error("Field doesn't support isOdd");
+      return !Fp.isOdd(y);
+    }
+
+    /** Compare one point to another. */
+    equals(other: Point): boolean {
+      aprjpoint(other);
+      const { X: X1, Y: Y1, Z: Z1 } = this;
+      const { X: X2, Y: Y2, Z: Z2 } = other;
+      const U1 = Fp.eql(Fp.mul(X1, Z2), Fp.mul(X2, Z1));
+      const U2 = Fp.eql(Fp.mul(Y1, Z2), Fp.mul(Y2, Z1));
+      return U1 && U2;
+    }
+
+    /** Flips point to one corresponding to (x, -y) in Affine coordinates. */
+    negate(): Point {
+      return new Point(this.X, Fp.neg(this.Y), this.Z);
+    }
+
+    // Renes-Costello-Batina exception-free doubling formula.
+    // There is 30% faster Jacobian formula, but it is not complete.
+    // https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1060, algorithm 3
+    // Cost: 8M + 3S + 3*a + 2*b3 + 15add.
+    double() {
+      const { a, b } = CURVE;
+      const b3 = Fp.mul(b, _3n);
+      const { X: X1, Y: Y1, Z: Z1 } = this;
+      let X3 = Fp.ZERO, Y3 = Fp.ZERO, Z3 = Fp.ZERO; // prettier-ignore
+      let t0 = Fp.mul(X1, X1); // step 1
+      let t1 = Fp.mul(Y1, Y1);
+      let t2 = Fp.mul(Z1, Z1);
+      let t3 = Fp.mul(X1, Y1);
+      t3 = Fp.add(t3, t3); // step 5
+      Z3 = Fp.mul(X1, Z1);
+      Z3 = Fp.add(Z3, Z3);
+      X3 = Fp.mul(a, Z3);
+      Y3 = Fp.mul(b3, t2);
+      Y3 = Fp.add(X3, Y3); // step 10
+      X3 = Fp.sub(t1, Y3);
+      Y3 = Fp.add(t1, Y3);
+      Y3 = Fp.mul(X3, Y3);
+      X3 = Fp.mul(t3, X3);
+      Z3 = Fp.mul(b3, Z3); // step 15
+      t2 = Fp.mul(a, t2);
+      t3 = Fp.sub(t0, t2);
+      t3 = Fp.mul(a, t3);
+      t3 = Fp.add(t3, Z3);
+      Z3 = Fp.add(t0, t0); // step 20
+      t0 = Fp.add(Z3, t0);
+      t0 = Fp.add(t0, t2);
+      t0 = Fp.mul(t0, t3);
+      Y3 = Fp.add(Y3, t0);
+      t2 = Fp.mul(Y1, Z1); // step 25
+      t2 = Fp.add(t2, t2);
+      t0 = Fp.mul(t2, t3);
+      X3 = Fp.sub(X3, t0);
+      Z3 = Fp.mul(t2, t1);
+      Z3 = Fp.add(Z3, Z3); // step 30
+      Z3 = Fp.add(Z3, Z3);
+      return new Point(X3, Y3, Z3);
+    }
+
+    // Renes-Costello-Batina exception-free addition formula.
+    // There is 30% faster Jacobian formula, but it is not complete.
+    // https://eprint.iacr.org/2015/1060, algorithm 1
+    // Cost: 12M + 0S + 3*a + 3*b3 + 23add.
+    add(other: Point): Point {
+      aprjpoint(other);
+      const { X: X1, Y: Y1, Z: Z1 } = this;
+      const { X: X2, Y: Y2, Z: Z2 } = other;
+      let X3 = Fp.ZERO, Y3 = Fp.ZERO, Z3 = Fp.ZERO; // prettier-ignore
+      const a = CURVE.a;
+      const b3 = Fp.mul(CURVE.b, _3n);
+      let t0 = Fp.mul(X1, X2); // step 1
+      let t1 = Fp.mul(Y1, Y2);
+      let t2 = Fp.mul(Z1, Z2);
+      let t3 = Fp.add(X1, Y1);
+      let t4 = Fp.add(X2, Y2); // step 5
+      t3 = Fp.mul(t3, t4);
+      t4 = Fp.add(t0, t1);
+      t3 = Fp.sub(t3, t4);
+      t4 = Fp.add(X1, Z1);
+      let t5 = Fp.add(X2, Z2); // step 10
+      t4 = Fp.mul(t4, t5);
+      t5 = Fp.add(t0, t2);
+      t4 = Fp.sub(t4, t5);
+      t5 = Fp.add(Y1, Z1);
+      X3 = Fp.add(Y2, Z2); // step 15
+      t5 = Fp.mul(t5, X3);
+      X3 = Fp.add(t1, t2);
+      t5 = Fp.sub(t5, X3);
+      Z3 = Fp.mul(a, t4);
+      X3 = Fp.mul(b3, t2); // step 20
+      Z3 = Fp.add(X3, Z3);
+      X3 = Fp.sub(t1, Z3);
+      Z3 = Fp.add(t1, Z3);
+      Y3 = Fp.mul(X3, Z3);
+      t1 = Fp.add(t0, t0); // step 25
+      t1 = Fp.add(t1, t0);
+      t2 = Fp.mul(a, t2);
+      t4 = Fp.mul(b3, t4);
+      t1 = Fp.add(t1, t2);
+      t2 = Fp.sub(t0, t2); // step 30
+      t2 = Fp.mul(a, t2);
+      t4 = Fp.add(t4, t2);
+      t0 = Fp.mul(t1, t4);
+      Y3 = Fp.add(Y3, t0);
+      t0 = Fp.mul(t5, t4); // step 35
+      X3 = Fp.mul(t3, X3);
+      X3 = Fp.sub(X3, t0);
+      t0 = Fp.mul(t3, t1);
+      Z3 = Fp.mul(t5, Z3);
+      Z3 = Fp.add(Z3, t0); // step 40
+      return new Point(X3, Y3, Z3);
+    }
+
+    subtract(other: Point) {
+      return this.add(other.negate());
+    }
+
+    is0(): boolean {
+      return this.equals(Point.ZERO);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constant time multiplication.
+     * Uses wNAF method. Windowed method may be 10% faster,
+     * but takes 2x longer to generate and consumes 2x memory.
+     * Uses precomputes when available.
+     * Uses endomorphism for Koblitz curves.
+     * @param scalar by which the point would be multiplied
+     * @returns New point
+     */
+    multiply(scalar: bigint): Point {
+      const { endo } = extraOpts;
+      if (!Fn.isValidNot0(scalar)) throw new Error('invalid scalar: out of range'); // 0 is invalid
+      let point: Point, fake: Point; // Fake point is used to const-time mult
+      const mul = (n: bigint) => wnaf.cached(this, n, (p) => normalizeZ(Point, p));
+      /** See docs for {@link EndomorphismOpts} */
+      if (endo) {
+        const { k1neg, k1, k2neg, k2 } = splitEndoScalarN(scalar);
+        const { p: k1p, f: k1f } = mul(k1);
+        const { p: k2p, f: k2f } = mul(k2);
+        fake = k1f.add(k2f);
+        point = finishEndo(endo.beta, k1p, k2p, k1neg, k2neg);
+      } else {
+        const { p, f } = mul(scalar);
+        point = p;
+        fake = f;
+      }
+      // Normalize `z` for both points, but return only real one
+      return normalizeZ(Point, [point, fake])[0];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Non-constant-time multiplication. Uses double-and-add algorithm.
+     * It's faster, but should only be used when you don't care about
+     * an exposed secret key e.g. sig verification, which works over *public* keys.
+     */
+    multiplyUnsafe(sc: bigint): Point {
+      const { endo } = extraOpts;
+      const p = this as Point;
+      if (!Fn.isValid(sc)) throw new Error('invalid scalar: out of range'); // 0 is valid
+      if (sc === _0n || p.is0()) return Point.ZERO;
+      if (sc === _1n) return p; // fast-path
+      if (wnaf.hasCache(this)) return this.multiply(sc);
+      if (endo) {
+        const { k1neg, k1, k2neg, k2 } = splitEndoScalarN(sc);
+        const { p1, p2 } = mulEndoUnsafe(Point, p, k1, k2); // 30% faster vs wnaf.unsafe
+        return finishEndo(endo.beta, p1, p2, k1neg, k2neg);
+      } else {
+        return wnaf.unsafe(p, sc);
+      }
+    }
+
+    multiplyAndAddUnsafe(Q: Point, a: bigint, b: bigint): Point | undefined {
+      const sum = this.multiplyUnsafe(a).add(Q.multiplyUnsafe(b));
+      return sum.is0() ? undefined : sum;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Converts Projective point to affine (x, y) coordinates.
+     * @param invertedZ Z^-1 (inverted zero) - optional, precomputation is useful for invertBatch
+     */
+    toAffine(invertedZ?: T): AffinePoint<T> {
+      return toAffineMemo(this, invertedZ);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Checks whether Point is free of torsion elements (is in prime subgroup).
+     * Always torsion-free for cofactor=1 curves.
+     */
+    isTorsionFree(): boolean {
+      const { isTorsionFree } = extraOpts;
+      if (cofactor === _1n) return true;
+      if (isTorsionFree) return isTorsionFree(Point, this);
+      return wnaf.unsafe(this, CURVE_ORDER).is0();
+    }
+
+    clearCofactor(): Point {
+      const { clearCofactor } = extraOpts;
+      if (cofactor === _1n) return this; // Fast-path
+      if (clearCofactor) return clearCofactor(Point, this) as Point;
+      return this.multiplyUnsafe(cofactor);
+    }
+
+    isSmallOrder(): boolean {
+      // can we use this.clearCofactor()?
+      return this.multiplyUnsafe(cofactor).is0();
+    }
+
+    toBytes(isCompressed = true): Uint8Array {
+      abool(isCompressed, 'isCompressed');
+      this.assertValidity();
+      return encodePoint(Point, this, isCompressed);
+    }
+
+    toHex(isCompressed = true): string {
+      return bytesToHex(this.toBytes(isCompressed));
+    }
+
+    toString() {
+      return `<Point ${this.is0() ? 'ZERO' : this.toHex()}>`;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: remove
+    get px(): T {
+      return this.X;
+    }
+    get py(): T {
+      return this.X;
+    }
+    get pz(): T {
+      return this.Z;
+    }
+    toRawBytes(isCompressed = true): Uint8Array {
+      return this.toBytes(isCompressed);
+    }
+    _setWindowSize(windowSize: number) {
+      this.precompute(windowSize);
+    }
+    static normalizeZ(points: Point[]): Point[] {
+      return normalizeZ(Point, points);
+    }
+    static msm(points: Point[], scalars: bigint[]): Point {
+      return pippenger(Point, Fn, points, scalars);
+    }
+    static fromPrivateKey(privateKey: PrivKey) {
+      return Point.BASE.multiply(_normFnElement(Fn, privateKey));
+    }
+  }
+  const bits = Fn.BITS;
+  const wnaf = new wNAF(Point, extraOpts.endo ? Math.ceil(bits / 2) : bits);
+  Point.BASE.precompute(8); // Enable precomputes. Slows down first publicKey computation by 20ms.
+  return Point;
+}
+
+/** Methods of ECDSA signature instance. */
+export interface ECDSASignature {
+  readonly r: bigint;
+  readonly s: bigint;
+  readonly recovery?: number;
+  addRecoveryBit(recovery: number): ECDSASigRecovered;
+  hasHighS(): boolean;
+  toBytes(format?: string): Uint8Array;
+  toHex(format?: string): string;
+
+  /** @deprecated */
+  assertValidity(): void;
+  /** @deprecated */
+  normalizeS(): ECDSASignature;
+  /** @deprecated use standalone method `curve.recoverPublicKey(sig.toBytes('recovered'), msg)` */
+  recoverPublicKey(msgHash: Hex): WeierstrassPoint<bigint>;
+  /** @deprecated use `.toBytes('compact')` */
+  toCompactRawBytes(): Uint8Array;
+  /** @deprecated use `.toBytes('compact')` */
+  toCompactHex(): string;
+  /** @deprecated use `.toBytes('der')` */
+  toDERRawBytes(): Uint8Array;
+  /** @deprecated use `.toBytes('der')` */
+  toDERHex(): string;
+}
+export type ECDSASigRecovered = ECDSASignature & {
+  readonly recovery: number;
+};
+/** Methods of ECDSA signature constructor. */
+export type ECDSASignatureCons = {
+  new (r: bigint, s: bigint, recovery?: number): ECDSASignature;
+  fromBytes(bytes: Uint8Array, format?: ECDSASigFormat): ECDSASignature;
+  fromHex(hex: string, format?: ECDSASigFormat): ECDSASignature;
+
+  /** @deprecated use `.fromBytes(bytes, 'compact')` */
+  fromCompact(hex: Hex): ECDSASignature;
+  /** @deprecated use `.fromBytes(bytes, 'der')` */
+  fromDER(hex: Hex): ECDSASignature;
+};
+
+// Points start with byte 0x02 when y is even; otherwise 0x03
+function pprefix(hasEvenY: boolean): Uint8Array {
+  return Uint8Array.of(hasEvenY ? 0x02 : 0x03);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Implementation of the Shallue and van de Woestijne method for any weierstrass curve.
+ * TODO: check if there is a way to merge this with uvRatio in Edwards; move to modular.
+ * b = True and y = sqrt(u / v) if (u / v) is square in F, and
+ * b = False and y = sqrt(Z * (u / v)) otherwise.
+ * @param Fp
+ * @param Z
+ * @returns
+ */
+export function SWUFpSqrtRatio<T>(
+  Fp: IField<T>,
+  Z: T
+): (u: T, v: T) => { isValid: boolean; value: T } {
+  // Generic implementation
+  const q = Fp.ORDER;
+  let l = _0n;
+  for (let o = q - _1n; o % _2n === _0n; o /= _2n) l += _1n;
+  const c1 = l; // 1. c1, the largest integer such that 2^c1 divides q - 1.
+  // We need 2n ** c1 and 2n ** (c1-1). We can't use **; but we can use <<.
+  // 2n ** c1 == 2n << (c1-1)
+  const _2n_pow_c1_1 = _2n << (c1 - _1n - _1n);
+  const _2n_pow_c1 = _2n_pow_c1_1 * _2n;
+  const c2 = (q - _1n) / _2n_pow_c1; // 2. c2 = (q - 1) / (2^c1)  # Integer arithmetic
+  const c3 = (c2 - _1n) / _2n; // 3. c3 = (c2 - 1) / 2            # Integer arithmetic
+  const c4 = _2n_pow_c1 - _1n; // 4. c4 = 2^c1 - 1                # Integer arithmetic
+  const c5 = _2n_pow_c1_1; // 5. c5 = 2^(c1 - 1)                  # Integer arithmetic
+  const c6 = Fp.pow(Z, c2); // 6. c6 = Z^c2
+  const c7 = Fp.pow(Z, (c2 + _1n) / _2n); // 7. c7 = Z^((c2 + 1) / 2)
+  let sqrtRatio = (u: T, v: T): { isValid: boolean; value: T } => {
+    let tv1 = c6; // 1. tv1 = c6
+    let tv2 = Fp.pow(v, c4); // 2. tv2 = v^c4
+    let tv3 = Fp.sqr(tv2); // 3. tv3 = tv2^2
+    tv3 = Fp.mul(tv3, v); // 4. tv3 = tv3 * v
+    let tv5 = Fp.mul(u, tv3); // 5. tv5 = u * tv3
+    tv5 = Fp.pow(tv5, c3); // 6. tv5 = tv5^c3
+    tv5 = Fp.mul(tv5, tv2); // 7. tv5 = tv5 * tv2
+    tv2 = Fp.mul(tv5, v); // 8. tv2 = tv5 * v
+    tv3 = Fp.mul(tv5, u); // 9. tv3 = tv5 * u
+    let tv4 = Fp.mul(tv3, tv2); // 10. tv4 = tv3 * tv2
+    tv5 = Fp.pow(tv4, c5); // 11. tv5 = tv4^c5
+    let isQR = Fp.eql(tv5, Fp.ONE); // 12. isQR = tv5 == 1
+    tv2 = Fp.mul(tv3, c7); // 13. tv2 = tv3 * c7
+    tv5 = Fp.mul(tv4, tv1); // 14. tv5 = tv4 * tv1
+    tv3 = Fp.cmov(tv2, tv3, isQR); // 15. tv3 = CMOV(tv2, tv3, isQR)
+    tv4 = Fp.cmov(tv5, tv4, isQR); // 16. tv4 = CMOV(tv5, tv4, isQR)
+    // 17. for i in (c1, c1 - 1, ..., 2):
+    for (let i = c1; i > _1n; i--) {
+      let tv5 = i - _2n; // 18.    tv5 = i - 2
+      tv5 = _2n << (tv5 - _1n); // 19.    tv5 = 2^tv5
+      let tvv5 = Fp.pow(tv4, tv5); // 20.    tv5 = tv4^tv5
+      const e1 = Fp.eql(tvv5, Fp.ONE); // 21.    e1 = tv5 == 1
+      tv2 = Fp.mul(tv3, tv1); // 22.    tv2 = tv3 * tv1
+      tv1 = Fp.mul(tv1, tv1); // 23.    tv1 = tv1 * tv1
+      tvv5 = Fp.mul(tv4, tv1); // 24.    tv5 = tv4 * tv1
+      tv3 = Fp.cmov(tv2, tv3, e1); // 25.    tv3 = CMOV(tv2, tv3, e1)
+      tv4 = Fp.cmov(tvv5, tv4, e1); // 26.    tv4 = CMOV(tv5, tv4, e1)
+    }
+    return { isValid: isQR, value: tv3 };
+  };
+  if (Fp.ORDER % _4n === _3n) {
+    // sqrt_ratio_3mod4(u, v)
+    const c1 = (Fp.ORDER - _3n) / _4n; // 1. c1 = (q - 3) / 4     # Integer arithmetic
+    const c2 = Fp.sqrt(Fp.neg(Z)); // 2. c2 = sqrt(-Z)
+    sqrtRatio = (u: T, v: T) => {
+      let tv1 = Fp.sqr(v); // 1. tv1 = v^2
+      const tv2 = Fp.mul(u, v); // 2. tv2 = u * v
+      tv1 = Fp.mul(tv1, tv2); // 3. tv1 = tv1 * tv2
+      let y1 = Fp.pow(tv1, c1); // 4. y1 = tv1^c1
+      y1 = Fp.mul(y1, tv2); // 5. y1 = y1 * tv2
+      const y2 = Fp.mul(y1, c2); // 6. y2 = y1 * c2
+      const tv3 = Fp.mul(Fp.sqr(y1), v); // 7. tv3 = y1^2; 8. tv3 = tv3 * v
+      const isQR = Fp.eql(tv3, u); // 9. isQR = tv3 == u
+      let y = Fp.cmov(y2, y1, isQR); // 10. y = CMOV(y2, y1, isQR)
+      return { isValid: isQR, value: y }; // 11. return (isQR, y) isQR ? y : y*c2
+    };
+  }
+  // No curves uses that
+  // if (Fp.ORDER % _8n === _5n) // sqrt_ratio_5mod8
+  return sqrtRatio;
+}
+/**
+ * Simplified Shallue-van de Woestijne-Ulas Method
+ * https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9380#section-6.6.2
+ */
+export function mapToCurveSimpleSWU<T>(
+  Fp: IField<T>,
+  opts: {
+    A: T;
+    B: T;
+    Z: T;
+  }
+): (u: T) => { x: T; y: T } {
+  validateField(Fp);
+  const { A, B, Z } = opts;
+  if (!Fp.isValid(A) || !Fp.isValid(B) || !Fp.isValid(Z))
+    throw new Error('mapToCurveSimpleSWU: invalid opts');
+  const sqrtRatio = SWUFpSqrtRatio(Fp, Z);
+  if (!Fp.isOdd) throw new Error('Field does not have .isOdd()');
+  // Input: u, an element of F.
+  // Output: (x, y), a point on E.
+  return (u: T): { x: T; y: T } => {
+    // prettier-ignore
+    let tv1, tv2, tv3, tv4, tv5, tv6, x, y;
+    tv1 = Fp.sqr(u); // 1.  tv1 = u^2
+    tv1 = Fp.mul(tv1, Z); // 2.  tv1 = Z * tv1
+    tv2 = Fp.sqr(tv1); // 3.  tv2 = tv1^2
+    tv2 = Fp.add(tv2, tv1); // 4.  tv2 = tv2 + tv1
+    tv3 = Fp.add(tv2, Fp.ONE); // 5.  tv3 = tv2 + 1
+    tv3 = Fp.mul(tv3, B); // 6.  tv3 = B * tv3
+    tv4 = Fp.cmov(Z, Fp.neg(tv2), !Fp.eql(tv2, Fp.ZERO)); // 7.  tv4 = CMOV(Z, -tv2, tv2 != 0)
+    tv4 = Fp.mul(tv4, A); // 8.  tv4 = A * tv4
+    tv2 = Fp.sqr(tv3); // 9.  tv2 = tv3^2
+    tv6 = Fp.sqr(tv4); // 10. tv6 = tv4^2
+    tv5 = Fp.mul(tv6, A); // 11. tv5 = A * tv6
+    tv2 = Fp.add(tv2, tv5); // 12. tv2 = tv2 + tv5
+    tv2 = Fp.mul(tv2, tv3); // 13. tv2 = tv2 * tv3
+    tv6 = Fp.mul(tv6, tv4); // 14. tv6 = tv6 * tv4
+    tv5 = Fp.mul(tv6, B); // 15. tv5 = B * tv6
+    tv2 = Fp.add(tv2, tv5); // 16. tv2 = tv2 + tv5
+    x = Fp.mul(tv1, tv3); // 17.   x = tv1 * tv3
+    const { isValid, value } = sqrtRatio(tv2, tv6); // 18. (is_gx1_square, y1) = sqrt_ratio(tv2, tv6)
+    y = Fp.mul(tv1, u); // 19.   y = tv1 * u  -> Z * u^3 * y1
+    y = Fp.mul(y, value); // 20.   y = y * y1
+    x = Fp.cmov(x, tv3, isValid); // 21.   x = CMOV(x, tv3, is_gx1_square)
+    y = Fp.cmov(y, value, isValid); // 22.   y = CMOV(y, y1, is_gx1_square)
+    const e1 = Fp.isOdd!(u) === Fp.isOdd!(y); // 23.  e1 = sgn0(u) == sgn0(y)
+    y = Fp.cmov(Fp.neg(y), y, e1); // 24.   y = CMOV(-y, y, e1)
+    const tv4_inv = FpInvertBatch(Fp, [tv4], true)[0];
+    x = Fp.mul(x, tv4_inv); // 25.   x = x / tv4
+    return { x, y };
+  };
+}
+
+function getWLengths<T>(Fp: IField<T>, Fn: IField<bigint>) {
+  return {
+    secretKey: Fn.BYTES,
+    publicKey: 1 + Fp.BYTES,
+    publicKeyUncompressed: 1 + 2 * Fp.BYTES,
+    publicKeyHasPrefix: true,
+    signature: 2 * Fn.BYTES,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Sometimes users only need getPublicKey, getSharedSecret, and secret key handling.
+ * This helper ensures no signature functionality is present. Less code, smaller bundle size.
+ */
+export function ecdh(
+  Point: WeierstrassPointCons<bigint>,
+  ecdhOpts: { randomBytes?: (bytesLength?: number) => Uint8Array } = {}
+): ECDH {
+  const { Fn } = Point;
+  const randomBytes_ = ecdhOpts.randomBytes || randomBytesWeb;
+  const lengths = Object.assign(getWLengths(Point.Fp, Fn), { seed: getMinHashLength(Fn.ORDER) });
+
+  function isValidSecretKey(secretKey: PrivKey) {
+    try {
+      return !!_normFnElement(Fn, secretKey);
+    } catch (error) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function isValidPublicKey(publicKey: Uint8Array, isCompressed?: boolean): boolean {
+    const { publicKey: comp, publicKeyUncompressed } = lengths;
+    try {
+      const l = publicKey.length;
+      if (isCompressed === true && l !== comp) return false;
+      if (isCompressed === false && l !== publicKeyUncompressed) return false;
+      return !!Point.fromBytes(publicKey);
+    } catch (error) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Produces cryptographically secure secret key from random of size
+   * (groupLen + ceil(groupLen / 2)) with modulo bias being negligible.
+   */
+  function randomSecretKey(seed = randomBytes_(lengths.seed)): Uint8Array {
+    return mapHashToField(abytes(seed, lengths.seed, 'seed'), Fn.ORDER);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Computes public key for a secret key. Checks for validity of the secret key.
+   * @param isCompressed whether to return compact (default), or full key
+   * @returns Public key, full when isCompressed=false; short when isCompressed=true
+   */
+  function getPublicKey(secretKey: PrivKey, isCompressed = true): Uint8Array {
+    return Point.BASE.multiply(_normFnElement(Fn, secretKey)).toBytes(isCompressed);
+  }
+
+  function keygen(seed?: Uint8Array) {
+    const secretKey = randomSecretKey(seed);
+    return { secretKey, publicKey: getPublicKey(secretKey) };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Quick and dirty check for item being public key. Does not validate hex, or being on-curve.
+   */
+  function isProbPub(item: PrivKey | PubKey): boolean | undefined {
+    if (typeof item === 'bigint') return false;
+    if (item instanceof Point) return true;
+    const { secretKey, publicKey, publicKeyUncompressed } = lengths;
+    if (Fn.allowedLengths || secretKey === publicKey) return undefined;
+    const l = ensureBytes('key', item).length;
+    return l === publicKey || l === publicKeyUncompressed;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * ECDH (Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman).
+   * Computes shared public key from secret key A and public key B.
+   * Checks: 1) secret key validity 2) shared key is on-curve.
+   * Does NOT hash the result.
+   * @param isCompressed whether to return compact (default), or full key
+   * @returns shared public key
+   */
+  function getSharedSecret(secretKeyA: PrivKey, publicKeyB: Hex, isCompressed = true): Uint8Array {
+    if (isProbPub(secretKeyA) === true) throw new Error('first arg must be private key');
+    if (isProbPub(publicKeyB) === false) throw new Error('second arg must be public key');
+    const s = _normFnElement(Fn, secretKeyA);
+    const b = Point.fromHex(publicKeyB); // checks for being on-curve
+    return b.multiply(s).toBytes(isCompressed);
+  }
+
+  const utils = {
+    isValidSecretKey,
+    isValidPublicKey,
+    randomSecretKey,
+
+    // TODO: remove
+    isValidPrivateKey: isValidSecretKey,
+    randomPrivateKey: randomSecretKey,
+    normPrivateKeyToScalar: (key: PrivKey) => _normFnElement(Fn, key),
+    precompute(windowSize = 8, point = Point.BASE): WeierstrassPoint<bigint> {
+      return point.precompute(windowSize, false);
+    },
+  };
+
+  return Object.freeze({ getPublicKey, getSharedSecret, keygen, Point, utils, lengths });
+}
+
+/**
+ * Creates ECDSA signing interface for given elliptic curve `Point` and `hash` function.
+ * We need `hash` for 2 features:
+ * 1. Message prehash-ing. NOT used if `sign` / `verify` are called with `prehash: false`
+ * 2. k generation in `sign`, using HMAC-drbg(hash)
+ *
+ * ECDSAOpts are only rarely needed.
+ *
+ * @example
+ * ```js
+ * const p256_Point = weierstrass(...);
+ * const p256_sha256 = ecdsa(p256_Point, sha256);
+ * const p256_sha224 = ecdsa(p256_Point, sha224);
+ * const p256_sha224_r = ecdsa(p256_Point, sha224, { randomBytes: (length) => { ... } });
+ * ```
+ */
+export function ecdsa(
+  Point: WeierstrassPointCons<bigint>,
+  hash: CHash,
+  ecdsaOpts: ECDSAOpts = {}
+): ECDSA {
+  ahash(hash);
+  _validateObject(
+    ecdsaOpts,
+    {},
+    {
+      hmac: 'function',
+      lowS: 'boolean',
+      randomBytes: 'function',
+      bits2int: 'function',
+      bits2int_modN: 'function',
+    }
+  );
+
+  const randomBytes = ecdsaOpts.randomBytes || randomBytesWeb;
+  const hmac: HmacFnSync =
+    ecdsaOpts.hmac ||
+    (((key, ...msgs) => nobleHmac(hash, key, concatBytes(...msgs))) satisfies HmacFnSync);
+
+  const { Fp, Fn } = Point;
+  const { ORDER: CURVE_ORDER, BITS: fnBits } = Fn;
+  const { keygen, getPublicKey, getSharedSecret, utils, lengths } = ecdh(Point, ecdsaOpts);
+  const defaultSigOpts: Required<ECDSASignOpts> = {
+    prehash: false,
+    lowS: typeof ecdsaOpts.lowS === 'boolean' ? ecdsaOpts.lowS : false,
+    format: undefined as any, //'compact' as ECDSASigFormat,
+    extraEntropy: false,
+  };
+  const defaultSigOpts_format = 'compact';
+
+  function isBiggerThanHalfOrder(number: bigint) {
+    const HALF = CURVE_ORDER >> _1n;
+    return number > HALF;
+  }
+  function validateRS(title: string, num: bigint): bigint {
+    if (!Fn.isValidNot0(num))
+      throw new Error(`invalid signature ${title}: out of range 1..Point.Fn.ORDER`);
+    return num;
+  }
+  function validateSigLength(bytes: Uint8Array, format: ECDSASigFormat) {
+    validateSigFormat(format);
+    const size = lengths.signature!;
+    const sizer = format === 'compact' ? size : format === 'recovered' ? size + 1 : undefined;
+    return abytes(bytes, sizer, `${format} signature`);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * ECDSA signature with its (r, s) properties. Supports compact, recovered & DER representations.
+   */
+  class Signature implements ECDSASignature {
+    readonly r: bigint;
+    readonly s: bigint;
+    readonly recovery?: number;
+    constructor(r: bigint, s: bigint, recovery?: number) {
+      this.r = validateRS('r', r); // r in [1..N-1];
+      this.s = validateRS('s', s); // s in [1..N-1];
+      if (recovery != null) this.recovery = recovery;
+      Object.freeze(this);
+    }
+
+    static fromBytes(bytes: Uint8Array, format: ECDSASigFormat = defaultSigOpts_format): Signature {
+      validateSigLength(bytes, format);
+      let recid: number | undefined;
+      if (format === 'der') {
+        const { r, s } = DER.toSig(abytes(bytes));
+        return new Signature(r, s);
+      }
+      if (format === 'recovered') {
+        recid = bytes[0];
+        format = 'compact';
+        bytes = bytes.subarray(1);
+      }
+      const L = Fn.BYTES;
+      const r = bytes.subarray(0, L);
+      const s = bytes.subarray(L, L * 2);
+      return new Signature(Fn.fromBytes(r), Fn.fromBytes(s), recid);
+    }
+
+    static fromHex(hex: string, format?: ECDSASigFormat) {
+      return this.fromBytes(hexToBytes(hex), format);
+    }
+
+    addRecoveryBit(recovery: number): RecoveredSignature {
+      return new Signature(this.r, this.s, recovery) as RecoveredSignature;
+    }
+
+    recoverPublicKey(messageHash: Hex): WeierstrassPoint<bigint> {
+      const FIELD_ORDER = Fp.ORDER;
+      const { r, s, recovery: rec } = this;
+      if (rec == null || ![0, 1, 2, 3].includes(rec)) throw new Error('recovery id invalid');
+
+      // ECDSA recovery is hard for cofactor > 1 curves.
+      // In sign, `r = q.x mod n`, and here we recover q.x from r.
+      // While recovering q.x >= n, we need to add r+n for cofactor=1 curves.
+      // However, for cofactor>1, r+n may not get q.x:
+      // r+n*i would need to be done instead where i is unknown.
+      // To easily get i, we either need to:
+      // a. increase amount of valid recid values (4, 5...); OR
+      // b. prohibit non-prime-order signatures (recid > 1).
+      const hasCofactor = CURVE_ORDER * _2n < FIELD_ORDER;
+      if (hasCofactor && rec > 1) throw new Error('recovery id is ambiguous for h>1 curve');
+
+      const radj = rec === 2 || rec === 3 ? r + CURVE_ORDER : r;
+      if (!Fp.isValid(radj)) throw new Error('recovery id 2 or 3 invalid');
+      const x = Fp.toBytes(radj);
+      const R = Point.fromBytes(concatBytes(pprefix((rec & 1) === 0), x));
+      const ir = Fn.inv(radj); // r^-1
+      const h = bits2int_modN(ensureBytes('msgHash', messageHash)); // Truncate hash
+      const u1 = Fn.create(-h * ir); // -hr^-1
+      const u2 = Fn.create(s * ir); // sr^-1
+      // (sr^-1)R-(hr^-1)G = -(hr^-1)G + (sr^-1). unsafe is fine: there is no private data.
+      const Q = Point.BASE.multiplyUnsafe(u1).add(R.multiplyUnsafe(u2));
+      if (Q.is0()) throw new Error('point at infinify');
+      Q.assertValidity();
+      return Q;
+    }
+
+    // Signatures should be low-s, to prevent malleability.
+    hasHighS(): boolean {
+      return isBiggerThanHalfOrder(this.s);
+    }
+
+    toBytes(format: ECDSASigFormat = defaultSigOpts_format) {
+      validateSigFormat(format);
+      if (format === 'der') return hexToBytes(DER.hexFromSig(this));
+      const r = Fn.toBytes(this.r);
+      const s = Fn.toBytes(this.s);
+      if (format === 'recovered') {
+        if (this.recovery == null) throw new Error('recovery bit must be present');
+        return concatBytes(Uint8Array.of(this.recovery), r, s);
+      }
+      return concatBytes(r, s);
+    }
+
+    toHex(format?: ECDSASigFormat) {
+      return bytesToHex(this.toBytes(format));
+    }
+
+    // TODO: remove
+    assertValidity(): void {}
+    static fromCompact(hex: Hex) {
+      return Signature.fromBytes(ensureBytes('sig', hex), 'compact');
+    }
+    static fromDER(hex: Hex) {
+      return Signature.fromBytes(ensureBytes('sig', hex), 'der');
+    }
+    normalizeS() {
+      return this.hasHighS() ? new Signature(this.r, Fn.neg(this.s), this.recovery) : this;
+    }
+    toDERRawBytes() {
+      return this.toBytes('der');
+    }
+    toDERHex() {
+      return bytesToHex(this.toBytes('der'));
+    }
+    toCompactRawBytes() {
+      return this.toBytes('compact');
+    }
+    toCompactHex() {
+      return bytesToHex(this.toBytes('compact'));
+    }
+  }
+  type RecoveredSignature = Signature & { recovery: number };
+
+  // RFC6979: ensure ECDSA msg is X bytes and < N. RFC suggests optional truncating via bits2octets.
+  // FIPS 186-4 4.6 suggests the leftmost min(nBitLen, outLen) bits, which matches bits2int.
+  // bits2int can produce res>N, we can do mod(res, N) since the bitLen is the same.
+  // int2octets can't be used; pads small msgs with 0: unacceptatble for trunc as per RFC vectors
+  const bits2int =
+    ecdsaOpts.bits2int ||
+    function bits2int_def(bytes: Uint8Array): bigint {
+      // Our custom check "just in case", for protection against DoS
+      if (bytes.length > 8192) throw new Error('input is too large');
+      // For curves with nBitLength % 8 !== 0: bits2octets(bits2octets(m)) !== bits2octets(m)
+      // for some cases, since bytes.length * 8 is not actual bitLength.
+      const num = bytesToNumberBE(bytes); // check for == u8 done here
+      const delta = bytes.length * 8 - fnBits; // truncate to nBitLength leftmost bits
+      return delta > 0 ? num >> BigInt(delta) : num;
+    };
+  const bits2int_modN =
+    ecdsaOpts.bits2int_modN ||
+    function bits2int_modN_def(bytes: Uint8Array): bigint {
+      return Fn.create(bits2int(bytes)); // can't use bytesToNumberBE here
+    };
+  // Pads output with zero as per spec
+  const ORDER_MASK = bitMask(fnBits);
+  /** Converts to bytes. Checks if num in `[0..ORDER_MASK-1]` e.g.: `[0..2^256-1]`. */
+  function int2octets(num: bigint): Uint8Array {
+    // IMPORTANT: the check ensures working for case `Fn.BYTES != Fn.BITS * 8`
+    aInRange('num < 2^' + fnBits, num, _0n, ORDER_MASK);
+    return Fn.toBytes(num);
+  }
+
+  function validateMsgAndHash(message: Uint8Array, prehash: boolean) {
+    abytes(message, undefined, 'message');
+    return prehash ? abytes(hash(message), undefined, 'prehashed message') : message;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Steps A, D of RFC6979 3.2.
+   * Creates RFC6979 seed; converts msg/privKey to numbers.
+   * Used only in sign, not in verify.
+   *
+   * Warning: we cannot assume here that message has same amount of bytes as curve order,
+   * this will be invalid at least for P521. Also it can be bigger for P224 + SHA256.
+   */
+  function prepSig(message: Uint8Array, privateKey: PrivKey, opts: ECDSASignOpts) {
+    if (['recovered', 'canonical'].some((k) => k in opts))
+      throw new Error('sign() legacy options not supported');
+    const { lowS, prehash, extraEntropy } = validateSigOpts(opts, defaultSigOpts);
+    message = validateMsgAndHash(message, prehash); // RFC6979 3.2 A: h1 = H(m)
+    // We can't later call bits2octets, since nested bits2int is broken for curves
+    // with fnBits % 8 !== 0. Because of that, we unwrap it here as int2octets call.
+    // const bits2octets = (bits) => int2octets(bits2int_modN(bits))
+    const h1int = bits2int_modN(message);
+    const d = _normFnElement(Fn, privateKey); // validate secret key, convert to bigint
+    const seedArgs = [int2octets(d), int2octets(h1int)];
+    // extraEntropy. RFC6979 3.6: additional k' (optional).
+    if (extraEntropy != null && extraEntropy !== false) {
+      // K = HMAC_K(V || 0x00 || int2octets(x) || bits2octets(h1) || k')
+      // gen random bytes OR pass as-is
+      const e = extraEntropy === true ? randomBytes(lengths.secretKey) : extraEntropy;
+      seedArgs.push(ensureBytes('extraEntropy', e)); // check for being bytes
+    }
+    const seed = concatBytes(...seedArgs); // Step D of RFC6979 3.2
+    const m = h1int; // NOTE: no need to call bits2int second time here, it is inside truncateHash!
+    // Converts signature params into point w r/s, checks result for validity.
+    // To transform k => Signature:
+    // q = k⋅G
+    // r = q.x mod n
+    // s = k^-1(m + rd) mod n
+    // Can use scalar blinding b^-1(bm + bdr) where b ∈ [1,q−1] according to
+    // https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/view/7337/6509. We've decided against it:
+    // a) dependency on CSPRNG b) 15% slowdown c) doesn't really help since bigints are not CT
+    function k2sig(kBytes: Uint8Array): RecoveredSignature | undefined {
+      // RFC 6979 Section 3.2, step 3: k = bits2int(T)
+      // Important: all mod() calls here must be done over N
+      const k = bits2int(kBytes); // mod n, not mod p
+      if (!Fn.isValidNot0(k)) return; // Valid scalars (including k) must be in 1..N-1
+      const ik = Fn.inv(k); // k^-1 mod n
+      const q = Point.BASE.multiply(k).toAffine(); // q = k⋅G
+      const r = Fn.create(q.x); // r = q.x mod n
+      if (r === _0n) return;
+      const s = Fn.create(ik * Fn.create(m + r * d)); // Not using blinding here, see comment above
+      if (s === _0n) return;
+      let recovery = (q.x === r ? 0 : 2) | Number(q.y & _1n); // recovery bit (2 or 3, when q.x > n)
+      let normS = s;
+      if (lowS && isBiggerThanHalfOrder(s)) {
+        normS = Fn.neg(s); // if lowS was passed, ensure s is always
+        recovery ^= 1; // // in the bottom half of N
+      }
+      return new Signature(r, normS, recovery) as RecoveredSignature; // use normS, not s
+    }
+    return { seed, k2sig };
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Signs message hash with a secret key.
+   *
+   * ```
+   * sign(m, d) where
+   *   k = rfc6979_hmac_drbg(m, d)
+   *   (x, y) = G × k
+   *   r = x mod n
+   *   s = (m + dr) / k mod n
+   * ```
+   */
+  function sign(message: Hex, secretKey: PrivKey, opts: ECDSASignOpts = {}): RecoveredSignature {
+    message = ensureBytes('message', message);
+    const { seed, k2sig } = prepSig(message, secretKey, opts); // Steps A, D of RFC6979 3.2.
+    const drbg = createHmacDrbg<RecoveredSignature>(hash.outputLen, Fn.BYTES, hmac);
+    const sig = drbg(seed, k2sig); // Steps B, C, D, E, F, G
+    return sig;
+  }
+
+  function tryParsingSig(sg: Hex | SignatureLike) {
+    // Try to deduce format
+    let sig: Signature | undefined = undefined;
+    const isHex = typeof sg === 'string' || isBytes(sg);
+    const isObj =
+      !isHex &&
+      sg !== null &&
+      typeof sg === 'object' &&
+      typeof sg.r === 'bigint' &&
+      typeof sg.s === 'bigint';
+    if (!isHex && !isObj)
+      throw new Error('invalid signature, expected Uint8Array, hex string or Signature instance');
+    if (isObj) {
+      sig = new Signature(sg.r, sg.s);
+    } else if (isHex) {
+      try {
+        sig = Signature.fromBytes(ensureBytes('sig', sg), 'der');
+      } catch (derError) {
+        if (!(derError instanceof DER.Err)) throw derError;
+      }
+      if (!sig) {
+        try {
+          sig = Signature.fromBytes(ensureBytes('sig', sg), 'compact');
+        } catch (error) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!sig) return false;
+    return sig;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Verifies a signature against message and public key.
+   * Rejects lowS signatures by default: see {@link ECDSAVerifyOpts}.
+   * Implements section 4.1.4 from https://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf:
+   *
+   * ```
+   * verify(r, s, h, P) where
+   *   u1 = hs^-1 mod n
+   *   u2 = rs^-1 mod n
+   *   R = u1⋅G + u2⋅P
+   *   mod(R.x, n) == r
+   * ```
+   */
+  function verify(
+    signature: Hex | SignatureLike,
+    message: Hex,
+    publicKey: Hex,
+    opts: ECDSAVerifyOpts = {}
+  ): boolean {
+    const { lowS, prehash, format } = validateSigOpts(opts, defaultSigOpts);
+    publicKey = ensureBytes('publicKey', publicKey);
+    message = validateMsgAndHash(ensureBytes('message', message), prehash);
+    if ('strict' in opts) throw new Error('options.strict was renamed to lowS');
+    const sig =
+      format === undefined
+        ? tryParsingSig(signature)
+        : Signature.fromBytes(ensureBytes('sig', signature as Hex), format);
+    if (sig === false) return false;
+    try {
+      const P = Point.fromBytes(publicKey);
+      if (lowS && sig.hasHighS()) return false;
+      const { r, s } = sig;
+      const h = bits2int_modN(message); // mod n, not mod p
+      const is = Fn.inv(s); // s^-1 mod n
+      const u1 = Fn.create(h * is); // u1 = hs^-1 mod n
+      const u2 = Fn.create(r * is); // u2 = rs^-1 mod n
+      const R = Point.BASE.multiplyUnsafe(u1).add(P.multiplyUnsafe(u2)); // u1⋅G + u2⋅P
+      if (R.is0()) return false;
+      const v = Fn.create(R.x); // v = r.x mod n
+      return v === r;
+    } catch (e) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  function recoverPublicKey(
+    signature: Uint8Array,
+    message: Uint8Array,
+    opts: ECDSARecoverOpts = {}
+  ): Uint8Array {
+    const { prehash } = validateSigOpts(opts, defaultSigOpts);
+    message = validateMsgAndHash(message, prehash);
+    return Signature.fromBytes(signature, 'recovered').recoverPublicKey(message).toBytes();
+  }
+
+  return Object.freeze({
+    keygen,
+    getPublicKey,
+    getSharedSecret,
+    utils,
+    lengths,
+    Point,
+    sign,
+    verify,
+    recoverPublicKey,
+    Signature,
+    hash,
+  });
+}
+
+// TODO: remove everything below
+/** @deprecated use ECDSASignature */
+export type SignatureType = ECDSASignature;
+/** @deprecated use ECDSASigRecovered */
+export type RecoveredSignatureType = ECDSASigRecovered;
+/** @deprecated switch to Uint8Array signatures in format 'compact' */
+export type SignatureLike = { r: bigint; s: bigint };
+export type ECDSAExtraEntropy = Hex | boolean;
+/** @deprecated use `ECDSAExtraEntropy` */
+export type Entropy = Hex | boolean;
+export type BasicWCurve<T> = BasicCurve<T> & {
+  // Params: a, b
+  a: T;
+  b: T;
+
+  // Optional params
+  allowedPrivateKeyLengths?: readonly number[]; // for P521
+  wrapPrivateKey?: boolean; // bls12-381 requires mod(n) instead of rejecting keys >= n
+  endo?: EndomorphismOpts;
+  // When a cofactor != 1, there can be an effective methods to:
+  // 1. Determine whether a point is torsion-free
+  isTorsionFree?: (c: WeierstrassPointCons<T>, point: WeierstrassPoint<T>) => boolean;
+  // 2. Clear torsion component
+  clearCofactor?: (c: WeierstrassPointCons<T>, point: WeierstrassPoint<T>) => WeierstrassPoint<T>;
+};
+/** @deprecated use ECDSASignOpts */
+export type SignOpts = ECDSASignOpts;
+/** @deprecated use ECDSASignOpts */
+export type VerOpts = ECDSAVerifyOpts;
+
+/** @deprecated use WeierstrassPoint */
+export type ProjPointType<T> = WeierstrassPoint<T>;
+/** @deprecated use WeierstrassPointCons */
+export type ProjConstructor<T> = WeierstrassPointCons<T>;
+/** @deprecated use ECDSASignatureCons */
+export type SignatureConstructor = ECDSASignatureCons;
+
+// TODO: remove
+export type CurvePointsType<T> = BasicWCurve<T> & {
+  fromBytes?: (bytes: Uint8Array) => AffinePoint<T>;
+  toBytes?: (
+    c: WeierstrassPointCons<T>,
+    point: WeierstrassPoint<T>,
+    isCompressed: boolean
+  ) => Uint8Array;
+};
+
+// LegacyWeierstrassOpts
+export type CurvePointsTypeWithLength<T> = Readonly<CurvePointsType<T> & Partial<NLength>>;
+
+// LegacyWeierstrass
+export type CurvePointsRes<T> = {
+  Point: WeierstrassPointCons<T>;
+
+  /** @deprecated use `Point.CURVE()` */
+  CURVE: CurvePointsType<T>;
+  /** @deprecated use `Point` */
+  ProjectivePoint: WeierstrassPointCons<T>;
+  /** @deprecated use `Point.Fn.fromBytes(privateKey)` */
+  normPrivateKeyToScalar: (key: PrivKey) => bigint;
+  /** @deprecated */
+  weierstrassEquation: (x: T) => T;
+  /** @deprecated use `Point.Fn.isValidNot0(num)` */
+  isWithinCurveOrder: (num: bigint) => boolean;
+};
+
+// Aliases to legacy types
+// export type CurveType = LegacyECDSAOpts;
+// export type CurveFn = LegacyECDSA;
+// export type CurvePointsRes<T> = LegacyWeierstrass<T>;
+// export type CurvePointsType<T> = LegacyWeierstrassOpts<T>;
+// export type CurvePointsTypeWithLength<T> = LegacyWeierstrassOpts<T>;
+// export type BasicWCurve<T> = LegacyWeierstrassOpts<T>;
+
+/** @deprecated use `Uint8Array` */
+export type PubKey = Hex | WeierstrassPoint<bigint>;
+export type CurveType = BasicWCurve<bigint> & {
+  hash: CHash; // CHash not FHash because we need outputLen for DRBG
+  hmac?: HmacFnSync;
+  randomBytes?: (bytesLength?: number) => Uint8Array;
+  lowS?: boolean;
+  bits2int?: (bytes: Uint8Array) => bigint;
+  bits2int_modN?: (bytes: Uint8Array) => bigint;
+};
+export type CurveFn = {
+  /** @deprecated use `Point.CURVE()` */
+  CURVE: CurvePointsType<bigint>;
+  keygen: ECDSA['keygen'];
+  getPublicKey: ECDSA['getPublicKey'];
+  getSharedSecret: ECDSA['getSharedSecret'];
+  sign: ECDSA['sign'];
+  verify: ECDSA['verify'];
+  Point: WeierstrassPointCons<bigint>;
+  /** @deprecated use `Point` */
+  ProjectivePoint: WeierstrassPointCons<bigint>;
+  Signature: ECDSASignatureCons;
+  utils: ECDSA['utils'];
+  lengths: ECDSA['lengths'];
+};
+/** @deprecated use `weierstrass` in newer releases */
+export function weierstrassPoints<T>(c: CurvePointsTypeWithLength<T>): CurvePointsRes<T> {
+  const { CURVE, curveOpts } = _weierstrass_legacy_opts_to_new(c);
+  const Point = weierstrassN(CURVE, curveOpts);
+  return _weierstrass_new_output_to_legacy(c, Point);
+}
+export type WsPointComposed<T> = {
+  CURVE: WeierstrassOpts<T>;
+  curveOpts: WeierstrassExtraOpts<T>;
+};
+export type WsComposed = {
+  /** @deprecated use `Point.CURVE()` */
+  CURVE: WeierstrassOpts<bigint>;
+  hash: CHash;
+  curveOpts: WeierstrassExtraOpts<bigint>;
+  ecdsaOpts: ECDSAOpts;
+};
+function _weierstrass_legacy_opts_to_new<T>(c: CurvePointsType<T>): WsPointComposed<T> {
+  const CURVE: WeierstrassOpts<T> = {
+    a: c.a,
+    b: c.b,
+    p: c.Fp.ORDER,
+    n: c.n,
+    h: c.h,
+    Gx: c.Gx,
+    Gy: c.Gy,
+  };
+  const Fp = c.Fp;
+  let allowedLengths = c.allowedPrivateKeyLengths
+    ? Array.from(new Set(c.allowedPrivateKeyLengths.map((l) => Math.ceil(l / 2))))
+    : undefined;
+  const Fn = Field(CURVE.n, {
+    BITS: c.nBitLength,
+    allowedLengths: allowedLengths,
+    modFromBytes: c.wrapPrivateKey,
+  });
+  const curveOpts: WeierstrassExtraOpts<T> = {
+    Fp,
+    Fn,
+    allowInfinityPoint: c.allowInfinityPoint,
+    endo: c.endo,
+    isTorsionFree: c.isTorsionFree,
+    clearCofactor: c.clearCofactor,
+    fromBytes: c.fromBytes,
+    toBytes: c.toBytes,
+  };
+  return { CURVE, curveOpts };
+}
+function _ecdsa_legacy_opts_to_new(c: CurveType): WsComposed {
+  const { CURVE, curveOpts } = _weierstrass_legacy_opts_to_new(c);
+  const ecdsaOpts: ECDSAOpts = {
+    hmac: c.hmac,
+    randomBytes: c.randomBytes,
+    lowS: c.lowS,
+    bits2int: c.bits2int,
+    bits2int_modN: c.bits2int_modN,
+  };
+  return { CURVE, curveOpts, hash: c.hash, ecdsaOpts };
+}
+export function _legacyHelperEquat<T>(Fp: IField<T>, a: T, b: T): (x: T) => T {
+  /**
+   * y² = x³ + ax + b: Short weierstrass curve formula. Takes x, returns y².
+   * @returns y²
+   */
+  function weierstrassEquation(x: T): T {
+    const x2 = Fp.sqr(x); // x * x
+    const x3 = Fp.mul(x2, x); // x² * x
+    return Fp.add(Fp.add(x3, Fp.mul(x, a)), b); // x³ + a * x + b
+  }
+  return weierstrassEquation;
+}
+function _weierstrass_new_output_to_legacy<T>(
+  c: CurvePointsType<T>,
+  Point: WeierstrassPointCons<T>
+): CurvePointsRes<T> {
+  const { Fp, Fn } = Point;
+  function isWithinCurveOrder(num: bigint): boolean {
+    return inRange(num, _1n, Fn.ORDER);
+  }
+  const weierstrassEquation = _legacyHelperEquat(Fp, c.a, c.b);
+  return Object.assign(
+    {},
+    {
+      CURVE: c,
+      Point: Point,
+      ProjectivePoint: Point,
+      normPrivateKeyToScalar: (key: PrivKey) => _normFnElement(Fn, key),
+      weierstrassEquation,
+      isWithinCurveOrder,
+    }
+  );
+}
+function _ecdsa_new_output_to_legacy(c: CurveType, _ecdsa: ECDSA): CurveFn {
+  const Point = _ecdsa.Point;
+  return Object.assign({}, _ecdsa, {
+    ProjectivePoint: Point,
+    CURVE: Object.assign({}, c, nLength(Point.Fn.ORDER, Point.Fn.BITS)),
+  });
+}
+
+// _ecdsa_legacy
+export function weierstrass(c: CurveType): CurveFn {
+  const { CURVE, curveOpts, hash, ecdsaOpts } = _ecdsa_legacy_opts_to_new(c);
+  const Point = weierstrassN(CURVE, curveOpts);
+  const signs = ecdsa(Point, hash, ecdsaOpts);
+  return _ecdsa_new_output_to_legacy(c, signs);
+}