@sous-io/sous 0.1.1 → 0.2.0

package/src/lib/repos/resolver.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,789 @@
+/**
+ * The resolver.
+ *
+ * Given what a project asked for (its subscriptions, or the refs named on a
+ * command line), the resolver decides exactly which recipe versions that means.
+ * It works the way apt does: a ref is looked up across the cached indexes of
+ * EVERY added repository at once, and a ref that genuinely exists in more than
+ * one of them is an error demanding the qualified form, never a silent
+ * first-match-wins.
+ *
+ * It then walks the dependency closure. Each resolved recipe's manifest names
+ * more refs, through `depends` (fetched and addressable, but not added to the
+ * project) and `subscribes` (co-subscribed with full semantics), and those refs
+ * resolve the same way. The manifest lives inside the recipe's own files, so
+ * the caller supplies a loader; that is also the seam where a caller decides
+ * whether it is willing to fetch anything at this point.
+ *
+ * Two things the resolver deliberately does NOT do: it never downloads
+ * anything, and it never resolves against a repository the project has not
+ * added. A dependency on an unknown repository comes back as a `MissingRepo`
+ * carrying its provenance, so the trust layer can ask about it by name.
+ */
+
+import semver from "semver";
+import { ConfigError } from "../errors.js";
+import type { IndexFile } from "./formats/index-file.js";
+import type { LockKind } from "./formats/lockfile.js";
+import type { RecipeManifest } from "./formats/recipe-manifest.js";
+import {
+  dependencyRefKey,
+  dependencyRepoUrl,
+  formatRef,
+  parseDependencyRef,
+  refKey,
+  type DependencyRef,
+  type ParsedRef,
+} from "./ref.js";
+import { shortNameFromIdentity } from "./identity.js";
+import type { IndexDependency } from "./formats/index-file.js";
+
+/** The `requestedBy` holder meaning "the project asked for this directly". */
+export const PROJECT_REQUESTER = "project";
+
+/** One thing to resolve. */
+export type RefRequest = {
+  /** The ref, already parsed. */
+  ref: ParsedRef;
+  /** Whether prerelease versions may take part in range matching. */
+  prerelease?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * Who asked: the literal "project" for a subscription the project holds
+   * directly, or the recipe key of the recipe whose manifest asked.
+   */
+  requestedBy: string;
+  /**
+   * Whether this is a co-subscription or a build dependency. Defaults to
+   * "subscribes", which is what a project's own subscriptions are.
+   */
+  kind?: LockKind;
+};
+
+/** What the resolver needs to know about a repository the project has added. */
+export type ResolverRepo = {
+  /** Where the repository lives. */
+  url: string;
+  /**
+   * The repository's canonical identity, `<host>/<owner path>/<name>`. A
+   * dependency that names another repository names it by location, so this is
+   * what decides whether the project has already added it, whatever short name
+   * the project gave it.
+   */
+  identity: string;
+  /** The provider it names, when it names one. */
+  provider?: string;
+  /** Whether it prefers a newer in-range version over the locked one. */
+  alwaysPull?: boolean;
+};
+
+/**
+ * Loads a resolved recipe's manifest, which is what names its dependencies.
+ * Returning undefined means "not available", and the recipe is reported under
+ * `missingManifests` rather than having its dependencies walked.
+ */
+export type RecipeManifestLoader = (
+  recipe: ResolvedRecipe
+) => Promise<RecipeManifest | undefined> | RecipeManifest | undefined;
+
+/** Everything the resolver reads. */
+export type ResolveContext = {
+  /** The cached index of every added repository, keyed by its short name. */
+  indexes: Map<string, IndexFile>;
+  /** The added repositories, keyed by short name; the trust list, in other words. */
+  repos: Record<string, ResolverRepo>;
+  /** How a resolved recipe's manifest is loaded. */
+  loadManifest: RecipeManifestLoader;
+  /** Whether prereleases are allowed when a request does not say. Defaults to false. */
+  prerelease?: boolean;
+};
+
+/** One recipe version the resolver settled on. */
+export type ResolvedRecipe = {
+  /** The recipe key, `namespace/recipe`. */
+  key: string;
+  namespace: string;
+  name: string;
+  /** The short name of the repository it resolves in, as this project calls it. */
+  repo: string;
+  /** That repository's canonical identity, which the machine-wide store is keyed by. */
+  identity: string;
+  /** The exact version chosen. */
+  version: string;
+  /** The content hash the index publishes for that version. */
+  hash: string;
+  /** The git tag carrying that version. */
+  tag: string;
+  /** The recipe folder, relative to the repository root. */
+  path: string;
+  /** Whether anything holds it as a co-subscription; otherwise a build dependency. */
+  kind: LockKind;
+  /** Everyone holding it: "project", and the key of every recipe that asked. */
+  requestedBy: string[];
+  /** Every range that had to be satisfied at once, with who asked for it. */
+  ranges: Array<{ range: string; requestedBy: string }>;
+  /** Whether prereleases took part in the match. */
+  prerelease: boolean;
+  /**
+   * What the repository's index says this exact version depends on, when the
+   * index records it. These are the versions the release resolved, so a
+   * dependency of an indexed recipe is installed at the version it was
+   * published against rather than at whatever its range would reach today.
+   */
+  dependencies?: Record<string, IndexDependency>;
+};
+
+/** A repository something needs that the project has not added. */
+export type MissingRepo = {
+  /**
+   * The short name to record it under: the one a ref qualified it with, or one
+   * derived from its location when a dependency named it by URL.
+   */
+  name: string;
+  /** Its URL, which a dependency's locator carries. */
+  url?: string;
+  /** Its canonical identity, when the dependency named a location. */
+  identity?: string;
+  /** The provider its locator named, when it named one. */
+  provider?: string;
+  /** Every ref that needs it, and who asked for that ref. */
+  requiredBy: Array<{ ref: string; requestedBy: string }>;
+};
+
+/** What a resolution produced. */
+export type ResolveResult = {
+  /** Every recipe version to install, in a stable order (by key). */
+  resolved: ResolvedRecipe[];
+  /** Repositories a dependency needs that the project has not added. */
+  missingRepos: MissingRepo[];
+  /** Resolved recipes whose manifest the loader could not produce. */
+  missingManifests: string[];
+  /** Any dependency cycle found, as the chain of recipe keys forming it. */
+  cycles: string[][];
+};
+
+/** A pending piece of work: one ref to resolve on behalf of one holder. */
+type WorkItem = RefRequest & {
+  kind: LockKind;
+  /**
+   * Where the ref said the recipe lives, when a manifest named another
+   * repository by location. The project may already have added that repository
+   * under any short name at all, so it is matched by identity.
+   */
+  remote?: {
+    /** The repository's canonical identity. */
+    identity: string;
+    /** Its HTTPS location, which is what adding it would be handed. */
+    url: string;
+    /** The provider the locator named. */
+    provider?: string;
+    /** The dependency exactly as the manifest wrote it, for messages. */
+    written: string;
+  };
+};
+
+/**
+ * Turns one entry of a manifest's `depends` or `subscribes` into a piece of
+ * work.
+ *
+ * Two things are decided here. A SIBLING ref resolves inside the declaring
+ * recipe's own repository, never across the others, because that is what
+ * writing it without a location means. And when the repository's index records
+ * what this exact version of the parent was released against, that exact
+ * version is what gets asked for, rather than whatever the declared range would
+ * reach today.
+ *
+ * @param written - The dependency as the manifest wrote it.
+ * @param parent - The recipe whose manifest declared it.
+ * @param kind - Whether it was declared as a dependency or a co-subscription.
+ */
+function dependencyRequest(
+  written: string,
+  parent: ResolvedRecipe,
+  kind: LockKind
+): WorkItem {
+  const parsed = parseDependencyRef(written);
+  const pinned = parent.dependencies?.[dependencyRefKey(parsed)];
+
+  const ref: ParsedRef = { namespace: parsed.namespace };
+  if (parsed.recipe !== undefined) {
+    ref.recipe = parsed.recipe;
+    const range = pinned?.version ?? parsed.range ?? pinned?.range;
+    if (range !== undefined) ref.range = range;
+  }
+
+  const base = {
+    requestedBy: parent.key,
+    kind,
+    ...(parent.prerelease ? { prerelease: true } : {}),
+  };
+
+  if (parsed.kind === "sibling") {
+    return { ref: { ...ref, repo: parent.repo }, ...base };
+  }
+
+  return {
+    ref,
+    ...base,
+    remote: {
+      identity: pinned?.repo ?? parsed.canonicalRepo!,
+      url: dependencyRepoUrl(parsed)!,
+      ...(parsed.provider === undefined ? {} : { provider: parsed.provider }),
+      written: written.trim(),
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * The short name of the added repository with this identity, or undefined when
+ * the project has added none. Short names are a project's own labels, so the
+ * identity is what a dependency is matched on.
+ *
+ * @param repos - The repositories the project has added.
+ * @param identity - The canonical identity to look for.
+ */
+function repoNamedByIdentity(
+  repos: Record<string, ResolverRepo>,
+  identity: string
+): string | undefined {
+  for (const [name, entry] of Object.entries(repos)) {
+    if (entry.identity === identity) return name;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+/**
+ * A short name for a repository the project has not added yet, derived from its
+ * location and made unique against the names already in use.
+ *
+ * @param repos - The repositories the project has added.
+ * @param identity - The canonical identity of the repository being named.
+ */
+function proposeRepoName(
+  repos: Record<string, ResolverRepo>,
+  identity: string
+): string {
+  const base = shortNameFromIdentity(identity);
+  if (!Object.hasOwn(repos, base)) return base;
+  for (let suffix = 2; ; suffix++) {
+    const candidate = `${base}-${suffix}`;
+    if (!Object.hasOwn(repos, candidate)) return candidate;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolves a set of refs and the whole dependency closure beneath them.
+ *
+ * @param requests - What the project (or the command line) asked for.
+ * @param context - The cached indexes, the added repositories and a manifest loader.
+ */
+export async function resolveRefs(
+  requests: RefRequest[],
+  context: ResolveContext
+): Promise<ResolveResult> {
+  const resolved = new Map<string, ResolvedRecipe>();
+  const missingRepos = new Map<string, MissingRepo>();
+  const missingManifests = new Set<string>();
+  const cycles: string[][] = [];
+  /** Which recipe pulled each recipe in, used to find a cycle's chain. */
+  const parents = new Map<string, string>();
+  /** Recipes whose manifest has already been walked, at the version noted. */
+  const walked = new Map<string, string>();
+
+  const queue: WorkItem[] = requests.map((request) => ({
+    ...request,
+    kind: request.kind ?? "subscribes",
+  }));
+
+  while (queue.length > 0) {
+    const item = queue.shift()!;
+
+    // A ref naming a repository the project has not added never resolves and
+    // never downloads anything; it comes back as a missing repository instead,
+    // so the trust layer can ask about it by name.
+    const qualifier = item.ref.repo;
+    if (qualifier !== undefined && !Object.hasOwn(context.repos, qualifier)) {
+      recordMissingRepo(missingRepos, {
+        name: qualifier,
+        requiredBy: [{ ref: formatRef(item.ref), requestedBy: item.requestedBy }],
+      });
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // A dependency that named another repository by location is matched on that
+    // location, so a project that already added it under some other short name
+    // resolves against the copy it has. One it has not added carries its URL and
+    // its provider, which is everything the trust round needs to offer to add it.
+    if (item.remote !== undefined) {
+      const added = repoNamedByIdentity(context.repos, item.remote.identity);
+      if (added === undefined) {
+        recordMissingRepo(missingRepos, {
+          name: proposeRepoName(context.repos, item.remote.identity),
+          url: item.remote.url,
+          identity: item.remote.identity,
+          ...(item.remote.provider === undefined ? {} : { provider: item.remote.provider }),
+          requiredBy: [{ ref: item.remote.written, requestedBy: item.requestedBy }],
+        });
+        continue;
+      }
+      item.ref = { ...item.ref, repo: added };
+    }
+
+    if (item.ref.recipe === undefined) {
+      queue.push(...expandNamespace(item, context));
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    const recipe = resolveRecipeRef(item, context, resolved);
+    resolved.set(recipe.key, recipe);
+
+    if (item.requestedBy !== PROJECT_REQUESTER && !parents.has(recipe.key)) {
+      parents.set(recipe.key, item.requestedBy);
+    }
+
+    // Walking a manifest is only worth doing once per version. A second holder
+    // of an already-walked version adds itself and stops there; that is also
+    // what keeps a dependency cycle finite.
+    if (walked.get(recipe.key) === recipe.version) {
+      const cycle = findCycle(recipe.key, item.requestedBy, parents);
+      if (cycle !== undefined) cycles.push(cycle);
+      continue;
+    }
+    walked.set(recipe.key, recipe.version);
+
+    const manifest = await context.loadManifest(recipe);
+    if (manifest === undefined) {
+      missingManifests.add(recipe.key);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    for (const [kind, refs] of [
+      ["depends", manifest.depends ?? []],
+      ["subscribes", manifest.subscribes ?? []],
+    ] as Array<[LockKind, string[]]>) {
+      for (const written of refs) {
+        queue.push(dependencyRequest(written, recipe, kind));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // A recipe whose version was narrowed by a later holder has had TWO of its
+  // versions walked, and the dependencies discovered from the version that was
+  // replaced are still sitting in `resolved`. Walk the closure once more over
+  // the versions actually settled on, and keep only what that reaches.
+  await keepOnlyReachable(resolved, context);
+
+  const ordered = [...resolved.values()].sort((left, right) =>
+    left.key < right.key ? -1 : left.key > right.key ? 1 : 0
+  );
+  for (const recipe of ordered) recipe.requestedBy.sort();
+
+  return {
+    resolved: ordered,
+    missingRepos: [...missingRepos.values()].sort((left, right) =>
+      left.name < right.name ? -1 : 1
+    ),
+    missingManifests: [...missingManifests].sort(),
+    cycles,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Drops every resolved recipe the settled closure no longer reaches, and trims
+ * the holders and ranges of the ones that stay.
+ *
+ * The walk resolves refs in the order it meets them, so a recipe can be walked
+ * at one version and then walked again at a lower one once a second holder
+ * narrows its range. The lower version is what the closure settles on, but the
+ * dependencies discovered from the higher one are already in `resolved`, held by
+ * a parent that no longer declares them. Installing those is wrong twice over:
+ * they are content nothing asked for, and the lockfile would record a holder
+ * that does not hold them.
+ *
+ * So the closure is walked once more over the versions actually settled on. This
+ * re-reads manifests that have already been read, which the loader serves from
+ * the store; nothing is fetched. A recipe the loader cannot produce a manifest
+ * for keeps everything it reached, since the alternative is dropping a
+ * dependency because a manifest was unreadable.
+ *
+ * Versions are NOT re-picked. Trimming can only remove constraints, so the
+ * version already chosen still satisfies every holder that remains; re-picking
+ * could raise it and undo the narrowing that made this pass necessary.
+ *
+ * @param resolved - What the walk produced, edited in place.
+ * @param context - The manifest loader.
+ */
+async function keepOnlyReachable(
+  resolved: Map<string, ResolvedRecipe>,
+  context: ResolveContext
+): Promise<void> {
+  /** Who declares each key, and under which kind, in the settled closure. */
+  const holders = new Map<string, Map<string, LockKind>>();
+
+  /** Records one declaration, and reports whether the child is newly reached. */
+  const declare = (parent: string, child: string, kind: LockKind): boolean => {
+    const existing = holders.get(child);
+    if (existing === undefined) {
+      holders.set(child, new Map([[parent, kind]]));
+      return true;
+    }
+    const previous = existing.get(parent);
+    existing.set(parent, previous === "subscribes" || kind === "subscribes" ? "subscribes" : kind);
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  const queue: string[] = [];
+  for (const recipe of resolved.values()) {
+    if (!recipe.requestedBy.includes(PROJECT_REQUESTER)) continue;
+    if (declare(PROJECT_REQUESTER, recipe.key, "subscribes")) queue.push(recipe.key);
+  }
+
+  while (queue.length > 0) {
+    const key = queue.shift()!;
+    const recipe = resolved.get(key);
+    if (recipe === undefined) continue;
+
+    let manifest;
+    try {
+      manifest = await context.loadManifest(recipe);
+    } catch {
+      manifest = undefined;
+    }
+
+    if (manifest === undefined) {
+      // An unreadable manifest is already reported as a missing manifest. Keep
+      // everything this recipe held rather than dropping a dependency over it.
+      for (const other of resolved.values()) {
+        if (!other.requestedBy.includes(key)) continue;
+        const kind = other.kind;
+        if (declare(key, other.key, kind)) queue.push(other.key);
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    for (const [kind, refs] of [
+      ["depends", manifest.depends ?? []],
+      ["subscribes", manifest.subscribes ?? []],
+    ] as Array<[LockKind, string[]]>) {
+      for (const written of refs) {
+        let parsed: DependencyRef;
+        try {
+          parsed = parseDependencyRef(written);
+        } catch {
+          continue;
+        }
+        // A namespace ref means every recipe in it, exactly as the walk expanded it.
+        const targets =
+          parsed.recipe === undefined
+            ? [...resolved.keys()].filter((entry) =>
+                entry.startsWith(`${parsed.namespace}/`)
+              )
+            : [dependencyRefKey(parsed)];
+        for (const target of targets) {
+          if (!resolved.has(target)) continue;
+          if (declare(key, target, kind)) queue.push(target);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const [key, recipe] of [...resolved]) {
+    const reached = holders.get(key);
+    if (reached === undefined) {
+      resolved.delete(key);
+      continue;
+    }
+    recipe.requestedBy = [...reached.keys()];
+    recipe.ranges = recipe.ranges.filter((entry) => reached.has(entry.requestedBy));
+    recipe.kind = [...reached.values()].includes("subscribes") ? "subscribes" : "depends";
+  }
+}
+
+/** Records one more reason a repository is needed. */
+function recordMissingRepo(into: Map<string, MissingRepo>, missing: MissingRepo): void {
+  const existing = into.get(missing.name);
+  if (existing === undefined) {
+    into.set(missing.name, missing);
+    return;
+  }
+  for (const entry of missing.requiredBy) {
+    const duplicate = existing.requiredBy.some(
+      (known) => known.ref === entry.ref && known.requestedBy === entry.requestedBy
+    );
+    if (!duplicate) existing.requiredBy.push(entry);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Expands a namespace ref into one request per recipe in that namespace. A
+ * namespace subscription means "everything in here, including whatever is added
+ * later", so the expansion happens fresh on every resolution.
+ *
+ * @param item - The namespace request.
+ * @param context - The cached indexes and added repositories.
+ */
+function expandNamespace(item: WorkItem, context: ResolveContext): WorkItem[] {
+  const { namespace } = item.ref;
+  const qualifier = item.ref.repo;
+  const expanded: WorkItem[] = [];
+  const seen = new Set<string>();
+  let namespaceFound = false;
+
+  for (const [repoName, index] of context.indexes) {
+    if (qualifier !== undefined && repoName !== qualifier) continue;
+    if (!Object.hasOwn(index.namespaces, namespace)) continue;
+    namespaceFound = true;
+
+    for (const key of Object.keys(index.recipes)) {
+      if (!key.startsWith(`${namespace}/`)) continue;
+      if (seen.has(key)) continue;
+      seen.add(key);
+      expanded.push({
+        ref: {
+          namespace,
+          recipe: key.slice(namespace.length + 1),
+          ...(qualifier === undefined ? {} : { repo: qualifier }),
+          // A namespace ref cannot carry a range when it is WRITTEN, but a
+          // namespace subscription entry can carry one, and a caller builds the
+          // request from that entry. When it does, the range applies to every
+          // recipe in the namespace; that is how the built-in `core`
+          // subscription stays pinned to the running sous version.
+          ...(item.ref.range === undefined ? {} : { range: item.ref.range }),
+        },
+        requestedBy: item.requestedBy,
+        kind: item.kind,
+        ...(item.prerelease === undefined ? {} : { prerelease: item.prerelease }),
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!namespaceFound) throw unknownRefError(item, context, "namespace");
+
+  return expanded;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Resolves one recipe ref against every added repository, merging it with
+ * anything already resolved for the same recipe key.
+ *
+ * @param item - The request being resolved.
+ * @param context - The cached indexes and added repositories.
+ * @param resolved - What is resolved so far, so ranges accumulate.
+ */
+function resolveRecipeRef(
+  item: WorkItem,
+  context: ResolveContext,
+  resolved: Map<string, ResolvedRecipe>
+): ResolvedRecipe {
+  const key = refKey(item.ref);
+  const qualifier = item.ref.repo;
+
+  const candidates: Array<{ repo: string; index: IndexFile }> = [];
+  for (const [repoName, index] of context.indexes) {
+    if (qualifier !== undefined && repoName !== qualifier) continue;
+    if (Object.hasOwn(index.recipes, key)) candidates.push({ repo: repoName, index });
+  }
+
+  if (candidates.length === 0) throw unknownRefError(item, context, "recipe");
+  if (candidates.length > 1) throw ambiguousRefError(item, candidates.map((c) => c.repo));
+
+  const chosen = candidates[0]!;
+  const entry = chosen.index.recipes[key]!;
+  const previous = resolved.get(key);
+
+  if (previous !== undefined && previous.repo !== chosen.repo) {
+    throw new ConfigError(
+      `The recipe '${key}' is being taken from two different repositories at once: ` +
+        `'${previous.repo}' and '${chosen.repo}'.\n` +
+        `  Qualify the refs that ask for it, so each one says which repository it means.`
+    );
+  }
+
+  const ranges = [...(previous?.ranges ?? [])];
+  const range = item.ref.range ?? "*";
+  if (!ranges.some((known) => known.range === range && known.requestedBy === item.requestedBy)) {
+    ranges.push({ range, requestedBy: item.requestedBy });
+  }
+
+  const prerelease =
+    (previous?.prerelease ?? false) ||
+    (item.prerelease ?? context.prerelease ?? false);
+
+  const version = pickVersion(key, entry, ranges, prerelease);
+  const versionEntry = entry.versions[version]!;
+
+  const requestedBy = [...(previous?.requestedBy ?? [])];
+  if (!requestedBy.includes(item.requestedBy)) requestedBy.push(item.requestedBy);
+
+  const namespace = key.slice(0, key.indexOf("/"));
+  return {
+    key,
+    namespace,
+    name: key.slice(namespace.length + 1),
+    repo: chosen.repo,
+    identity: context.repos[chosen.repo]?.identity ?? chosen.repo,
+    version,
+    hash: versionEntry.hash,
+    tag: versionEntry.tag,
+    path: entry.path,
+    ...(versionEntry.dependencies === undefined
+      ? {}
+      : { dependencies: versionEntry.dependencies }),
+    // A recipe held as a co-subscription by anyone is a co-subscription; a
+    // build dependency only stays one while nothing subscribes to it.
+    kind: previous?.kind === "subscribes" || item.kind === "subscribes" ? "subscribes" : "depends",
+    requestedBy,
+    ranges,
+    prerelease,
+  };
+}
+
+/**
+ * Picks the highest published version satisfying every range at once.
+ * Prereleases stay out of the match unless they were opted into.
+ *
+ * @param key - The recipe key, for error messages.
+ * @param entry - The recipe's index entry.
+ * @param ranges - Every range that has to hold, with who asked for it.
+ * @param prerelease - Whether prereleases may match.
+ */
+function pickVersion(
+  key: string,
+  entry: IndexFile["recipes"][string],
+  ranges: Array<{ range: string; requestedBy: string }>,
+  prerelease: boolean
+): string {
+  const published = Object.keys(entry.versions);
+  const eligible = prerelease
+    ? published
+    : published.filter((version) => entry.versions[version]!.prerelease !== true);
+
+  let candidates = eligible;
+  for (const { range } of ranges) {
+    candidates = candidates.filter((version) =>
+      semver.satisfies(version, range, { includePrerelease: prerelease })
+    );
+  }
+
+  const best = semver.maxSatisfying(candidates, "*", { includePrerelease: prerelease });
+  if (best !== null) return best;
+
+  const asked = ranges
+    .map(({ range, requestedBy }) => `    ${range} (required by ${requestedBy})`)
+    .join("\n");
+  const available = sortVersions(published).join(", ");
+  const prereleaseNote = prerelease
+    ? ""
+    : "\n  Prerelease versions were not considered. A subscription may opt into them " +
+      "with 'prerelease: true', and 'sous subscribe' with '--prerelease'.";
+
+  throw new ConfigError(
+    `No published version of '${key}' satisfies what was asked for.\n` +
+      `  Version ${ranges.length === 1 ? "range" : "ranges"} asked for:\n${asked}\n` +
+      `  Versions this repository publishes: ${available}.${prereleaseNote}`
+  );
+}
+
+/** Sorts version strings newest first, leaving anything unparsable at the end. */
+function sortVersions(versions: string[]): string[] {
+  return [...versions].sort((left, right) => semver.rcompare(left, right, { loose: true }));
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds the error for a ref that no added repository publishes. It names the
+ * repositories that were searched, because "not found" almost always means
+ * "the repository publishing it has not been added yet".
+ *
+ * @param item - The request that could not be resolved.
+ * @param context - The cached indexes and added repositories.
+ * @param what - Whether a namespace or a recipe was being looked for.
+ */
+function unknownRefError(
+  item: WorkItem,
+  context: ResolveContext,
+  what: "namespace" | "recipe"
+): ConfigError {
+  const written = item.remote?.written ?? formatRef(item.ref);
+  const searched = [...context.indexes.keys()];
+  const where =
+    searched.length === 0
+      ? "  This project has added no repositories yet."
+      : `  Repositories searched: ${searched.join(", ")}.`;
+  const asker =
+    item.requestedBy === PROJECT_REQUESTER
+      ? ""
+      : `\n  It was required by the recipe '${item.requestedBy}'.`;
+
+  // When the ref said WHICH repository, the useful answer is what that
+  // repository does publish: a dependency that names something it has never
+  // heard of is almost always a typo or a recipe that was renamed.
+  const named = item.ref.repo;
+  const index = named === undefined ? undefined : context.indexes.get(named);
+  const publishes =
+    index === undefined
+      ? ""
+      : `\n  The repository '${named}' publishes: ${
+          Object.keys(index.recipes).length === 0
+            ? "nothing yet"
+            : Object.keys(index.recipes).sort().join(", ")
+        }.`;
+
+  return new ConfigError(
+    `No added repository publishes the ${what} '${written}'.\n` +
+      `${where}${asker}${publishes}\n` +
+      `  Add the repository that publishes it with 'sous repo add <url>', then try again.`
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Builds the error for a ref that resolves in more than one repository. Sous
+ * never picks a winner; it shows the qualified form for each repository and
+ * asks which one was meant.
+ *
+ * @param item - The ambiguous request.
+ * @param repos - The repositories that publish it.
+ */
+function ambiguousRefError(item: WorkItem, repos: string[]): ConfigError {
+  const key = refKey(item.ref);
+  const range = item.ref.range === undefined ? "" : `@${item.ref.range}`;
+  const qualified = repos.map((repo) => `    ${repo}:${key}${range}`).join("\n");
+  const asker =
+    item.requestedBy === PROJECT_REQUESTER
+      ? ""
+      : ` It was required by the recipe '${item.requestedBy}'.`;
+
+  return new ConfigError(
+    `The ref '${key}' is published by more than one added repository: ${repos.join(", ")}.` +
+      `${asker}\n` +
+      `  Say which repository you mean by qualifying the ref with its name:\n${qualified}`
+  );
+}
+
+/**
+ * Finds the chain of recipes leading from a recipe back to itself, or undefined
+ * when there is none. A cycle is reported rather than treated as an error: the
+ * closure is still finite, and two recipes that co-subscribe to each other are
+ * unusual but not broken.
+ *
+ * @param key - The recipe reached a second time.
+ * @param from - The recipe that reached it.
+ * @param parents - Who pulled each recipe in.
+ */
+function findCycle(
+  key: string,
+  from: string,
+  parents: Map<string, string>
+): string[] | undefined {
+  if (from === PROJECT_REQUESTER) return undefined;
+
+  const chain = [key];
+  let current: string | undefined = from;
+  const guard = new Set<string>();
+  while (current !== undefined && current !== PROJECT_REQUESTER) {
+    chain.push(current);
+    if (current === key) return chain.reverse();
+    if (guard.has(current)) return undefined;
+    guard.add(current);
+    current = parents.get(current);
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}